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Sleep Tight, Learn Right: The Impact of Sleep Duration on Cognitive
Performance of Senior High School Students.
__________________
An Undergraduate Thesis
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the subject
Research Project
By
Nicole M. Dimabayao
Robert E. Gonzales Jr.
Von Rockford O. Masangkay
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ABSTRACT
Title
:
Sleep Tight, Learn Right: The Impact of Sleep
Duration on Cognitive Performance of Senior
High School Students
Researchers:
Nicole M. Dimabayao
Robert E. Gonzales Jr.
Von Rockford O. Masangkay
Adviser
:
Prof. Arvie Casas
Degree
:
STEM – Senior High School
Date
:
May 2021
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page
……………………………………………………………
i
Approval Sheet ………………………………………………………… ii
Acknowledgments……………………………………………………..
iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………
v
Table of Contents……………………………………………………… viii
List of Tables …………………………………………………………
xi
List of Figures …………………………………………………………. xiii
List of Appendices …………………………………………………… xiv
Chapter
I .THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction……………………………………………………
1
Background of the Study ………………………………………. 3
Conceptual / Theoretical Framework………………………..
4
Statement of the Problem…………………………………….
6
Hypotheses………………………………………………………
9
Significance of the Study………………………………………
9
Scope and Delimitation of the Study…………………………
9
Definition of Terms……………………………………………… 13
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II .REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
History of the Concept of Competencies……………………… 15
Managerial Competencies……………………………………… 15
Core Competencies for Managers…………………………….. 21
Criteria of Competency………………………………………… 27
Components of Competencies………………………………… 31
Five Modes of Competencies…………………………………
32
Comparison of Managerial Competencies Between
Male and Female ………………………………………………
34
Comparison of Management Styles Between
Male and Female Managers………………………………….
43
Women Management Styles…………………………………
45
Five Broad and Interrelated dimensions of a
Leadership Model……………………………………………..
51
Expectations of Manager.....................................................
52
Management Functions………………………………………
53
Civil Status and Managers’ Attitude to Risk…………………
55
Synthesis………………………………………………………
57
III.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method Used……………………………………….
58
Population Frame and Sampling Scheme…………………… 59
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Description of Respondents…………………………………
59
Instruments Used..…………………………………………
60
Data Gathering Procedures…………………………………
61
Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………
61
IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Managers Profile …………………………………………….
65
Comparison of Managerial competencies of Male and
Female Managers …………………………………………..
74
Differences between Male and Female Managerial
Competencies……………………………………………….
102
Relationship of the Managerial Competencies of Male
and Female Managers and their Profile……………………
108
Challenges Encountered by Male and Female Managers in
The Management of the Operation of Organizations as
Perceived by employees (lower managers)……………….. 112
Model Developed for Effective Business Performance……
118
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings………………………………………….
121
Conclusions……………………………………………………
123
Recommendations…………………………………………….
124
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………
128
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………
137
CURRICULUM VITAE………………………………………………..
146
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1. Managers Profile as to Gender………………………………
65
2. Managers Profile as Age ……………………………………
67
3. Managers Profile as to Civil Status……………………………
69
4. Managers Profiles as to Highest Educational Attainment…
71
5. Managers Profiles as Length of Service…………………….
73
6. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Conceptual
Skills in terms of Strategic Skills …………………………….
74
7. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Conceptual
Skills in terms of Facilitative Skills………………………… ……….76
8. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Conceptual
Skills in terms of Organizational Skills………………………
79
9. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Conceptual
Skills terms of Administrative Skills……………………………
81
10. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Conceptual
Skills in terms of Innovative Skills……………………………
84
11. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Human
Skills in terms of Leadership Skills……………………………
86
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12. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Human
Skills in terms of Interpersonal Skills………………………….
88
13. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Human
Skills in terms of Negotiating Skills……………………………
90
14. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Human
Skills in terms of Customer Relations Skills…………………..
91
15. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Human
Skills in terms of Team Building Skills…………………………
93
16. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Human
Skills in terms of Business Operating Skills………………….
95
17. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Technical
Skills in terms of Communicating Skills ……………………
97
18. Comparison of Managerial Competencies between
Male and Female Managers as regards Technical
Skills in terms of Information Management Skills …………
100
19. Difference between Male and Female
Managerial Competencies ……………………………………
103
20. Relationship of the Managerial Competencies of
Male and Female Managers and their Profile……………..
107
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1. Research Paradigm……………………………………………
Page
5
2. An Ideal Model for Effective Business Performance……. ..
145
3. Comparisons of Managerial Competencies of Male
and Female Managers……….....…..………………………
118
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
A. Letter of Request ..……………………………........... 137
B. Questionnaire………………………………………… 138
C. Action Plan ………………………………………….. 143
D. An Ideal Model for Effective Business
Performance………………………………………….. 145
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CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
The word, “Sleep Deprivation” is a state that resulted from
having not enough sleep. This is commonly experienced by adult
people due to the stress and lack of time in their life. And a student
who is between their high school and college life. Did you know that
the duration of your sleep greatly affects your cognitive skills? Past
research has shown the effect of not having enough sleep on the
students’ academic performance and personal behavior. Oftentimes,
experiencing this may result in more serious diseases of sickness
such as weakening of immunity, sudden mood changes, the risk for
diabetes, weight gain, etc.
Aside from its effects that are stated above, this research will
focus on sleep deprivations’ effect in the aspect of cognitive skills
and a student’s performance. As I said, sleep deprivation is a state
wherein a person experiences the effect of not having enough sleep
due to several reasons. May it be from sadness, tiredness from school
works or workload, lack of time to finish a task resulting in overtime
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on work, etc. Ages 14 - 15 is the period where we tend to experience
the greatest hours of sleep per night.
The main purpose of this research is to identify how a students’
sleep duration could greatly affect their school performance. The
research approach that the researchers are going to use is the
quantitative approach. Researchers believed that this type of data
collection approach is best for a study that correlates on the sleeping
pattern and the cognitive skills of a student. Questionnaires will be
used to gather information from sample population to suffice the
needed information. That would later be computed to conclude the
result of the research. The research will be comprised of Chapters 15,
from
introduction
up
to
the
summary
conclusion
and
recommendation to consolidate the data gathered and information
concluded.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Sleep is an essential function of a human; it keeps the body
and mind healthy and recharged. Which can
make a person feel
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relaxed and alert when he or she wakes up. Without enough sleep,
the mind and body can't function properly.
We
conducted this research to know how
can sleep quality
affects the students’ way of learning and academic performances.
According to Sleep Foundation (A One Care Media Company),
that sleep empowers effective thinking and school performance. For
adolescents, the recommended amount of sleep is 8 - 10 hours a
day. Without enough sleep, children and teens can have
problems
with awareness, memory, and problem-solving. Sleep deprivation has
an impact to mental and emotional issues, behavioral problems and
physical effects that may affect academic performance of the students.
In addition to that, students often feel more active during the afternoon
or evening which results, the students to struggle with classes and
exams the next day.
Most of the common causes of sleep duration are mainly:
because of the students give more time to studying, social life and
other activities. The students had no limit when it comes to using their
gadgets. And the last possible cause is sleep disorders. Insomnia is
the most common sleep disorder that many adolescents experience
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nowadays. Which can result in poor making decision, decreased
attention, slowed processing, worsened sequential thinking.
CONCEPTUAL / THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Competence – Base - Education Theory
According to Eric Suni (2020), the high school years are the
development period. During this time, the mind and body
experiences huge turn of events, and sleep is crucial. It works in
the background to permit teenagers to perform well, but recent
studies demonstrate that numerous students get small amount of
this necessity. Simultaneously, students face various difficulties to
getting reliable and remedial sleep. They may keep awake until late
during the week to complete school works or during the end of the
week when spending time with companions which can fortify their
evening personal plan and affect the academic cognitive
performance of the student.
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Conceptual Framework
This study is design to discover the consequences of sleep
duration on the academic performances and productivity of the senior
high school students. An adult should get at least 7 or more hours
of sleep every night for the brain to function really well. Sleep loss
can be a hindrance to have a good academic performance, it slows
down the ability of the students to think clearly and can become more
forgetful. And this sleep loss might lead to a long - term cognitive
problem.
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RESEARCH PARADIGM
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
1. What is the
demographic
profile of the
respondents in
terms
Through the use of
survey
questionnaires
containing
questions that will
gather data to
suffice the
information needed
to conclude the
research.
Researchers
expect to gather
information that
would determine
the effect of sleep
duration to a senior
high school
students’ cognitive
performance.
of:
1.1
Gender
1.2
Age
1.3
Enrolled
program/str
and
2. What could be
the effects of
sleep duration
on the working
memory of the
students?
3. Base on the
findings,
what
propose
enhancemen
t on class
schedule
may be
develop for
the next
phase?
The gathered data
will be compiled to
be used as basis
regarding the
expected outcome
of this research
Recommendations
to daily routine
adjustments to
adjust the sleep
schedule of the
students for them
to improve their
cognitive
performance.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms
of;
1.1
Gender
1.2
Age
1.3
Enrolled program/strand
2. What could be the effects of sleep duration on the working
memory of the students?
3. Base on the findings, what propose enhancement on class
schedule may be develop for the next phase?
HYPOTHESES
This study entitled "Sleep Tight, Learn Right: The Impact of
Sleep Duration on Cognitive Performance of Senior High School
Students." Has one expected outcome among the following hypothesis:
N0. The sleep duration has no impact on cognitive performance of
senior high school students.
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N1. The sleep duration has an impact on cognitive performance of
senior high school students.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Due to the on – going Covid - 19 pandemic, a new normal has
been established by the government for the society to continue its
function amidst the Covid - 19. With that, a new way of learning is
being used the school year 2020 - 2021. Affecting everything on its
way, the sleep schedule of a student is also disturbed which affects
their performance.
Now this research from the Grade 12 students of STEM strand
Senior High School program from the Rizal Technological University
aims to identify the students’ sleep duration and its effect on their
cognitive performance. More than that, the researchers aim to help
and recommend for an enhancement of the current program with their
information gathered.
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SCOPE AND DEFINITION OF THE STUDY
The research entitled, “Sleep Tight, Learn Right: The Impact
of Sleep Duration on Cognitive Performance of Senior High School
Students” covers the essence on how the effects of sleep duration
on academic skills and learning of a student. This study was made
with the purpose of providing knowledge for the people regarding on
how those factors are having effects on both fields. Meanwhile, this
research is limited to research students on Rizal Technological
University, Senior High School - STEM strand as primary respondents
for the researchers to get the needed data for this research.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Sleep Deprivation - used to describe a state of not having enough
sleep.
Cognitive - Aspect that is being greatly affected by sleep duration.
Diabetes - One of the diseases that increases its chance to a sleep
- deprived person.
Insomnia - Cause or factor that greatly affects sleep duration.
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COVID – 19 - The Virus that forced us to develop a new normal set
- up.
Sleep Foundation - A company that conducts researchers that are
related to sleep.
Athlete- A person who's performance is greatly affected by the amount
sleep done.
Coronary Heart Disease- A type of heart disease that increases its
risk by having short sleep duration.
Questionnaires - Consisting of a set of questions designed to gather
information from respondents.
Psychological Condition – A mental condition that is affected by the
quality of sleep.
General Weighted Average – Is the average of all grades received in
all subjects.
Random Sampling – A sampling approach that allows for sample
selection to be randomized.
Scholastic Achievement - An ability while you are at school that is
affected by sleeping routine.
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Graveyard Shift – A work shift that lasts till the early hours of the
morning.
Obesity - An abnormal fat accumulation that boosts the risk of cognitive
decline and neurodegenerative disorder.
Neurodegenerative Disorder – A form of illness that is affected by
obesity.
Cerebral Blood Flow – Refers to the rate at which arterial blood is
delivered to the capillary bed in brain tissue, which can have an
impact on cognitive ability.
Brain Ischemia – Is a condition in which there is insufficient cerebral
blood flow.
Neurogenesis - A complicated process that is a key for sustaining
homeostasis and promoting neural plasticity.
Hippocampus – A complex brain structure that influence stress
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
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Maheshwari G., Shaukat F., (2019). Impact of Poor Sleep Quality
on the Academic Performance of Medical Students
This study aims to know whether if the poor academic
performance of the students is a result of poor sleep quality. Poor
nighttime sleep quality results in daytime sleepiness and affects the
physical and cognitive health of the students as well as their
academic performances. A person with enough quality sleep
facilitates memory processing and learning. It is recommended that
young and old adults should have at least 8 - 10 hours of sleep.
However, recent literature predominantly shows that most young
adults are sleeping for less than the said sleep duration. Poor sleep
quality can lead to increased mortality, unable to process short-term
and long-term information, irritability, and agitation.
This study provides strong evidence regarding the association
of sleep disturbances with a declining pattern in mean GPA scores.
However, this study has its limitations too. It has not taken into
account the other factors such as exam stress, exam difficulty, etc.
that can contribute to poor academic performance.
Chiang, Y. C., Arendt S., Sapp S., (March 2020). Academic
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Performance, Employment, and Sleep Health: A Comparison
between Working and Nonworking Students
This study aims to: evaluate sleep health and related
behaviors, examine connection between sleep health and work
conditions, and to find if there is a relationship between sleep
health and academic performance of the students. A persons' health
is very important for success. For students who are studying and
working but at the same time maintaining their good health, sleep is
the key aspect. Sleep is the basic need of a human so that the
brain can function properly. Poor sleep has been associated with
absenteeism, accidents, and various diseases.
In a thorough review, Hershner and Chervin (2014) indicated
that daytime sleepiness, sleep loss, and irregular sleep schedules
are the common sleep problems for students. They summarized the
causes of sleep problems including class schedules, sleep disorders,
and bad habits such as intake of caffeine and using of gadgets or
technology before bed. These sleep problems can harm a students'
mood and academic performance. One study found a weak
relationship between sleep and academic performance. Some
students may achieve high grades using strategies. For example,
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drinking coffee or eating chocolates to cope up with their sleeping
problems. It is said that, it is recommended that the students also
know how to balance studying, working, and sleeping.
Jorge II, M., Villalobos R., Nuñal J., (April 2020). A Descriptive
Study on the Sleeping Habits and Correlation of Sleepiness
with Academic Performance in a State University-run Medical
School in the Philippines
Medical students are very prone to sleep deprivation and poor
sleep quality, since it requires a lot of studying. That is why
students like them are most likely to have poor academic
performance. The average medical student is “sleep-deprived”, they
are sleeping 2 or more hours less than the recommended sleep
duration. This may be the result of the student’s “adjustment period”
to the demands of medical school. Based on the report, the firstyear medical students has the shortest duration of sleep, which
could also be probably due to this “adjustment period”. According to
the result of the study, there is no difference between the GWA
and the level of sleepiness of the medical students. It also states
that the poor academic performance of the students can also be
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the effects of other factors.
Delos Reyes, RC., Ababao, AML., Cabatay, AGA., Fernandez,
SMD., Homoroc, ZCV., Luna., SMA., (June 2019). School and
Sleep Participation of University Students
Sleep is a basic need of a person to function optimally. For
a person to achieve the benefits of good quality of sleep, this study
suggests that the right amount of sleep duration that an individual
should obtain is 8 hours to 10 hours of daily sleep. This study also
shows that the majority of the respondents which has a 57.5%,
sleep for only 6 hours a day. Although the relationship between the
number of hours of sleep and grade point average was indecisive,
it is still alarming that most of the students don't get the right
amount of sleep. So, there is a big possibility that the number of
hours of sleep can affect the school performance of the students.
One of the studies revealed that poor sleep quality has resulted in
impaired learning and memory performance in early adolescence.
Furthermore, lack of sleep also has an impact on school
performance indirectly through school absence and tardiness.
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Watson, Andrew M. MD, MS., (November 2017). Sleep and
Athletic Performance, Current Sports Medicine Reports
Sleep greatly affects athletes due to the needs of their bodies
since they're always trying their best to deliver their full potential. This
study concludes that a great amount and quality of sleep would result
in improved performance and competitive success of the athletes’.
Aside from the improvement that they could get from a good nights
sleep, it would also reduce injury and/or illness of the athlete; while
also improving their performance due to the increase of participation
during training. Regardless of these facts, athletes in real-life situations
often have a compressed schedule of things that they carry as their
responsibility such as academic demands, exhaustion from travels,
stress, etc. The goal of this literature is to review the sleep issues
of an athlete and to know how it affects their performance, and to
conclude a solution that would enhance the quality of sleep in athletes.
Lao, X. Q., Liu, X., Deng, H. B., Chan, T. C., Ho, K. F., Wang,
F., Vermeulen, R., Tam, T., Wong, M. C., Tse, L., Chang, L. Y., &
Yeoh, E. K. (2018). Sleep Quality, Sleep Duration, and the Risk
of Coronary Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study With
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60,586 Adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(01), 109–117.
This literature aimed to investigate the cause and effect
relationship between sleep quality and duration on the development
of coronary heart disease. The study gathered data and analyze
information thru the help of over 60,000 sample populations aged 40
years or older through the use of survey questionnaires. To conclude
short sleep duration and its poor quality would speed up the
deterioration of our health and immune system and are associated
with the risk of developing coronary heart disease. A lower sleep
score rallies the risk of coronary heart disease; suggesting the
improvement of sleep duration and its quality.
(February 2020). What Impact Does Sleep Have on Mental
Health? (n.d.). Verywell Mind.
The purpose of the research article is to elaborate and discuss
the effects of sleep on our mental health. The research article states
that sleep deprivation has short-term and long-term consequences to
our physical and mental health. Sleep plays a vital role in the
development and maintenance of mental health problems. Poor sleep
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quality may be a result of many factors such as stress, sadness,
overtime at work, and even a psychological condition. Stress could
also be a cause of depression, deteriorating physical energy, and
mental exhaustion that would impact our lives. Addressing sleep
problems early is a must for us to protect our overall mental health
and wellness. It could be done by changing our lifestyle or by
changing our usual daily routine to dodge its negative impact in the
future.
(April 2020). View of A Descriptive Study on the Sleeping Habits
and Correlation of Sleepiness with Academic Performance in a
State University-run Medical School in the Philippines. (n.d.). Acta
Medica Philippina.
This research aims to investigate how sleeping habits and
sleepiness impact the Academic Performance of medical students
in the Philippines. The researchers examined the sleeping habits of
medical students using a descriptive tool then correlated to the
academic performance using their general weighted average among
medical student in a state university in the Philippines. To conclude
their study, they found out that there is no observable difference in
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academic performance for those who are excessively sleepy compared
to those who are not. Increased level of sleepiness is not a factor of
poorer academic performance among medical students; regardless of
them sleeping less than the recommended sleep for adults. But again,
the conclusion is only based only on GWA as the tool to measure
academic performance. For recommendation, a broader population and
use of more validated tools to measure sleepiness and academic
performance.
Toyong, P. J. A. (2020). (December 2020). Sleeping Habits,
Classroom Behaviour and Academic Performance of Senior High
School Students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied
Business and Education Research, 1(1), 54–63.
The study examines the behaviour of students from the Senior
High School sector. Regarding the reasons for their abnormal sleep
schedule and its effect on their behaviour during class discussion and
time on school. The study used a descriptive and correlational design
to examine the 119 students that were selected through simple random
sampling. The majority of them usually sleep for less than 6 hours.
Two of the main reasons concluded on their abnormal sleeping
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routines are using messenger and playing mobile games. Doing
assignments of schoolwork was placed in the third place of the
concluded date. Students who sleep abnormally have a common trait
when in the classroom which is: sleepy during class discussions,
sleeping during vacant periods, and tiredness during class. To
conclude, the Sleeping routine of the students shall be changed, and
self-disciplined must be imposed to follow it. In doing this, school
administrators and teachers must produce a well-designed policy on
giving assignments and homework to attain scholastic achievement
and at the same time having a good quality of sleep.
(May 2019). Lu, F. (n.d.). The Effect of Shift Work and Poor Sleep
On Self-Reported Skin Conditions: A Survey of Call Center Agents
in the Philippines. MDPI.
The purpose of this study the researchers developed ways to
determine whether is there an observable difference in the prevalence
and severity of self-reported skin disease between “regular” day
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workers compare to those who have “graveyard” shift workers. They
started a survey from 630 call center agents in Manila, Philippines.
To conclude the said research, there is no significant difference found
on the skin between shifts. However, nightshift workers were
considered as worse sleepers; and in relation to that poor sleepers
had a higher occurrence of skin disease with even worse severity.
Workers that are on graveyard shift have a higher chance of skin
disease severity.
Dye, L., Boyle, N. B., Champ, C., & Lawton, C. (2017). The
relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline.
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76(4), 443–454.
Individuals with obesity and cognitive impairment will bear a
considerable burden because of their impending age-related cognitive
decline and neurodegenerative disorders. This investigation evaluates
the direct and long-term impacts of obesity on cognitive performance,
as well as potential influences on cognitive aging and risk of dementia.
Obesity is strongly associated with cognitive impairment in midlife.
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Body mass index and BMI are related to decreased brain volume
(e.g. grey and white matter atrophy). As age increases, and with the
additional burden of obesity-related metabolic problems (like type 2
diabetes), dementia is likely to become more common. Stress is
associated with an increased risk of abdominal obesity and cognitive
difficulties. However, whether being overweight might prevent cognitive
decline in later life needs further research. To conclude, surgical and
whole diet interventions that help with obesity also help to protect
against cognitive decline. To summarize, obesity and its accompanying
disorders are closely linked to a range of cognitive deficits, like
cognitive decline and dementia. Interventions designed to address midlife obesity may reduce the cognitive risks of obesity.
Ogoh, S. (2017). Relationship between cognitive function and
Regulation of cerebral blood flow. The Journal of Physiological
Sciences, 67(3), 345–351.
Deterioration of cognitive abilities increases with age. As CBF
is reduced in the elderly, it may be expected that elderly-induced
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cognitive deterioration could be affected by decreased CBF, as a
result of brain ischemia and energy depletion. Cerebral blood flow
regulation may have a significant impact on the preservation of
cognitive function. However, under certain conditions (e.g. during
exercise), CBF does not always correspond to cerebral metabolism.
Cerebral metabolism influenced cognitive function to a greater extent
than changes in CBF during exercise. It's not clear how a change in
CBF affects cognitive function. CBF regulation, cerebral metabolism,
and cognitive function have all been studied by previous researchers.
De Kloet, E., Meijer, O., de Nicola, A., de Rijk, R., & Joëls, M.
(2018). Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in
metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation.
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 49, 124–145.
Bruce McEwen's work on corticosterone receptors in the rat
Hippocampus revolutionized our understanding of how stress influences
the brain. Because of this, these receptors were later found to be
involved in appraisal processes, coping styles, encoding and retrieval.
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MR-mediated actions complement the slower actions mediated by GRs
on the understanding, evaluation, and memorization of experiences.
Cognitive sequential phases are regulated by coordination between
MR and GR activation. Both receptors and coregulators/transcription
factors are recruited in the receptor activation process, which is defined
by genetic variation and (early) experience. Inflammatory responses to
damage seem to be governed by a similarly balanced MR:GR-mediated
action. And with five more challenging the MR:GR balance hypothesis.
Poulose, S. M., Miller, M. G., Scott, T., & Shukitt-Hale, B. (2017).
Nutritional Factors Affecting Adult Neurogenesis and Cognitive
Function. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal,
8(6), 804–811.
Diet plays a role in adult neurogenesis, the complex process
by which stem cells in the hippocampal brain region differentiate and
proliferate into new neurons and other brain cells. Neurogenesis is
critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and promoting neural
plasticity, as well as for preserving cognitive function and repairing
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damaged brain cells. The extrinsic and lifestyle factors such as highfat and high-sugar diets, as well as alcohol and opioid addiction,
negatively affect adult neurogenesis. Curcumin, resveratrol, blueberry
polyphenols, sulforaphane, salvionic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFAs), and caloric restriction, physical exercise, and learning have
all been found to promote neurogenesis in adults. Despite not yet
having been discovered, nutritional approaches have the potential to
stimulate adult neurogenesis and combat neurodegenerative diseases
and cognitive decline. Here, we present evidence that shows the
impact of nutritional factors on adult neurogenesis and how this
impacts cognitive ability as we age.
Dominguez, V. A. H., & Halili, B. L. B. (2018). Food for Thought:
The Socioeconomic Impact of Child Malnutrition and Maternal
Health on the Academic Performance of Filipino School Children.
European Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(4).
The research aims to discover how undernourished and ill
Filipino children perform in school. A previous study has found a
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correlation, but this study aims to determine causation. Academic
performance is academic attainment and cognitive development. The
prevalence of wasting in children under age five and the percentage
of pregnant women who receive prenatal care show child malnutrition.
GDP growth, and government spending on health and education are
all tracked as economic variables. The economic model on child
outcomes used by Christopher Ruhm showed that maternal health
was important for cognitive development while malnutrition was
important for educational attainment, but the most significant economic
variable was government expenditure on education. The researchers
therefore, recommended a focus on government policy around prenatal
care and proper nutrition for children.
De Guzman, A. B., Lacampuenga, P. E., & Lagunsad, A. P. (2015).
Examining the Structural Relationship of Physical Activity,
Cognition, Fear of Falling, and Mobility Limitation of Filipino in
Nursing Homes. Educational Gerontology, 41(7), 527–542.
Mobility issues in the elderly and frailty are typical for elderly
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patients. To continue independent and dynamic lives, maintaining
mobility is thought to be fundamental. Previously, other studies have
discovered different factors affecting mobility, but no relationship
between other factors, such as fear of falling, physical activity,
cognition, and mobility limitation, has been examined. The research
was conducted in nursing homes in the National Capital Region and
Region IV of the Philippines. 125 Filipino elderly (Aged 60 years and
above) received a five-part survey-questionnaire. The survey ran from
May to August 2013. When people are worried about falling, they
exercise less and think more slowly. Cognition levels were shown to
affect physical activity as well. Physical activity directly affects the
mobility of elderly patients. Developing programs based on the
emerging model could benefit both elderly people who are in
institutions as well as their caregivers.
SYNTHESIS
Different researches, articles, studies, and literature are gathered
in this part of the research to support the grounds of this study
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entitled, “Sleep Tight, Learn Right: The Impact of Sleep Duration on
Cognitive Performance of Senior High School Students”. In finding
those support studies, we divided the factors in our title to widen the
search and for the evidence to reinforce not just a certain part of our
title, but to strengthen it as a whole. Studies above pertain to these
three subtopics that the researchers divided from the main title; and
those are factors that affect the cognition of a person. Effects of
sleep duration on several aspects such as physical, mental, emotional,
and cognitive of the body, and impact of sleep on a student and
laborer. Works of literature that contribute to this three sub-topic were
chosen to conclude a statement that would summarize their correlation
to our research. Studies have shown that sleep schedule is a huge
factor in peoples’ daily activity and behaviour. Sleep quality at night
is essential for the body to rest. Sleep also has a great impact on
ones’ emotions that could lead to a long-term sickness on mental
state. Sleep also does affect ones’ body in terms of appearance and
toughness. To conclude, sleep stands as a great factor in a persons’
performance; specifically on the cognitive aspect of a person that is
most likely used for people to do basic tasks up to the most
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complicated ones. The recommendation for people to develop a new
routine that would benefit their sleep in terms of schedule and its
quality would do much for them to cause an observable benefit on
their lifestyle.
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHOD USED
The research entitled, “Sleep Tight, Learn Right: The
Impact of Sleep Duration on Cognitive Performance of Senior
High School Students” is descriptive research that uses survey
questionnaires through the use of Google Form to gather data that is
needed to conclude this research. We chose this method of collecting
the data whereas it is the most convenient and reliable way now that
we cannot conduct a face-to-face survey due to the pandemic and
quarantine protocols. Also, the researchers believed that the descriptive
method of analyzing the data gathered is the most appropriate to be
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paired on the design of the research. The researchers will include a
data privacy act to the Google Form that would serve as an assurance
for the confidentiality of the respondents' answers on the survey.
POPULATION FRAME AND SAMPLING SCHEME
The target population of the researchers is the Senior High
School STEM students in Rizal Technological University Boni Campus.
For the study to be validated, the researchers used the technique
probability simple random sampling where the researchers can pick a
certain number of respondents to validate the study. In probability
sampling, the researchers randomly select the respondents from a
large population to strengthen the study. To be chosen, the
respondents should have a characteristic that the researchers need.
It is the opposite of non-probability sampling.
DESCRIPTION OF RESPONDENTS
The respondents for this research are limited to the Senior
High School students of the Rizal Technological University STEM
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Strand. Researchers believed that the population from this sector
experienced most factors that could affect a students’ sleep schedule.
Respondents are given adequate time to carefully answer the
questionnaire. Respondents value the questions and answer its
question truthfully to give enough data for the researchers to conclude
the study.
INSTRUMENTS USED
The research instrument that is used in this study is in a form
of survey. By conducting surveys, it will help us to validate and verify
the reliability of the study.
Researchers provided and came up with these questions that
will help us, the researchers, and the study. The draft of the
questionnaire was drawn out based on the researchers reading,
previous study, professional literature, published and un-published
thesis relevant to the study. In the preparation of the instrument the
requirements in the designing of good data collection instrument were
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considered. We used multiple choice type of questions. The
respondents will choose their answer based on their understanding
and/or if they can relate to the question.
Interviews will be conducted through Google Form, so that the
respondents and researchers can have a better understanding and
the answer will be reliable.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
The researchers used a survey questionnaire to gather data
from target respondents that are suitable for the study and have
agreed to the terms and conditions applied throughout the whole
process of data gathering. Researchers believed that using survey
questionnaires using the Google Form as its platform would bring the
most informative data to the researchers; and convenience to the
respondents.
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Maheshwari G, & Shaukat F. (2019). Impact of Poor Sleep Quality on the
Academic Performance of Medical Students. Cureus, 11(4). Retrieved
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Chiang, Y. C., Arendt, S., & Sapp, S. (2020). Academic Performance,
Employment, and Sleep Health: A Comparison between Working and
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Lao, X. Q., Liu, X., Deng, H. B., Chan, T. C., Ho, K. F., Wang, F.,
Vermeulen, R., Tam, T., Wong, M. C., Tse, L., Chang, L. Y., & Yeoh, E. K.
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Skin Conditions: A Survey of Call Center Agents in the Philippines. MDPI.
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Dye, L., Boyle, N. B., Champ, C., & Lawton, C. (2017). The relationship
between obesity and cognitive health and decline. Proceedings of the
Nutrition Society, 76(4), 443–454. Retrieved from:
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Ogoh, S. (2017). Relationship between cognitive function and regulation of
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Poulose, S. M., Miller, M. G., Scott, T., & Shukitt-Hale, B. (2017).
Nutritional Factors Affecting Adult Neurogenesis and Cognitive Function.
Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 8(6), 804–811.
Retrieved from:
https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/8/6/804/4772193?login=true
Dominguez, V. A. H., & Halili, B. L. B. (2018). Food for Thought: The
Socioeconomic Impact of Child Malnutrition and Maternal Health on the
Academic Performance of Filipino School Children. European Journal of
Sustainable Development, 7(4). Retrieved from:
http://ojs.ecsdev.org/index.php/ejsd/article/view/712
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de Guzman, A. B., Lacampuenga, P. E., & Lagunsad, A. P. (2015).
Examining the Structural Relationship of Physical Activity, Cognition, Fear
of Falling, and Mobility Limitation of Filipino in Nursing Homes.
Educational Gerontology, 41(7), 527–542. Retrieved from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03601277.2014.986398
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