Introduction to Adlerian Theory Adler: Although Adler’s individual psychology is both Individual Psychology complex and comprehensive, its main tenets can be stated in simple form which includes: Overview Adler was an original member of Freud’s psychoanalytic group, but he never saw himself as a disciple or a follower of Freud. In fact, throughout his life he carried with him the note Freud had sent to him 1. The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the striving for success or superiority. 2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality. proposing the invitation as Freud’s recognition of 3. Personality is unified and self-consistent. Adler as an equal. After Adler broke from that group, 4. The value of all human activity must be seen he built a theory of personality that was nearly diametrically opposed to that of Freud. whereas Freud’s view of humanity was pessimistic and rooted in biology. Adler’s view was optimistic, idealistic, and from the viewpoint of social interest. 5. The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s style of life. 6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power. rooted in family experiences. Biography of Alfred Adler Striving for Success or Superiority ❖ Alfred Adler was born on February 7, 1870, in ❖ The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is Rudolfsheim, a village near Vienna, a 2nd son of middle-class Jewish parents, Pauline and Leopold. ❖ Like Freud, Adler was a physician, and in 1902, he became a charter member of Freud’s organization. ❖ However, personal and professional differences the striving for success or superiority. ❖ Adler used the tern masculine protest, which implied will to power or a domination of others. ❖ The Final Goal ▪ The final goal of success or superiority between the two men led to Adler’s departure from toward which all people strive unifies the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in 1911. personality were all behavior ❖ The Striving Force as Compensation Individual Psychology. strength makes meaningful. ❖ Adler soon founded his own group, the Society for ❖ Adler’s and his energetic oral ▪ Because people are born with small, presentations and his insight and his insightful inferior bodies, they feel inferior and ability to understand family dynamics. attempt to overcome these feelings ❖ He was not a gifted writer, a limitation that may through their natural tendency to move have prevented him from attaining world toward completion. The striving force can recognition equal to that of Freud. take one of two courses—personal gain (superiority) (success). or community benefit ❖ Striving for Personal Superiority ▪ Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for personal superiority with little concern for other people. Although they may appear to be interested in other people, their basic motivation is personal benefit. ❖ Striving for Success ▪ In contrast, psychologically healthy people strive for the success of all humanity, but Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality Adler believed that all behaviors are directed toward a single purpose. When seen in the light of that sole purpose, seemingly contradictory behaviors can be seen as operating in a self-consistent manner. ❖ Organ Dialect ▪ People often use a physical disorder to they do so without losing their personal express style of life, a condition Adler identity. called organ dialect, or organ jargon. Subjective Perceptions People’s subjective view of the world—not reality— shapes their behavior. ❖ Conscious & Unconscious ▪ Conscious and unconscious processes are unified and operate to achieve a single goal. ▪ The part of our goal that is not clearly ❖ Fictionalism understood is unconscious; that part of our ▪ Fictions are ideas that have no real goal we fail to fully comprehend is existence, yet they influence people as if conscious. they really existed. ▪ Fictions are people expectations of the future. ▪ Adler held that fictions guide behavior because people act as if these fictions are true. ▪ Adler emphasized teleology over causality, Social Interest Human behavior has value to the extent that it is motivated by social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all of humanity. ❖ Origins of Social Interest ▪ social interest exists as or explanations of behavior in terms of potentiality in all people, it must be future goals rather than past causes. fostered in a social environment. Adler ❖ Physical Inferiorities ▪ Although believed that the parent-child relationship Adler believed that all humans are can be so strong that it negates the effects “blessed” with physical inferiorities, which of heredity. stimulate subjective feelings of inferiority ❖ Importance of Social Interest and move people toward perfection or completion. ▪ According to Adler, social interest is “the sole criterion of human values, “and the worthiness of all one’s actions must be seen by this standard. ▪ Without social interest, societies could not exist; individuals in antiquity could not ▪ ❖ External Factors in Maladjustment Abnormal Development have survived without cooperating with ▪ Exaggerated physical deficiencies. others to protect themselves from danger. ▪ Each person is blessed with physical Even today an infant’s helplessness deficiencies and these deficiencies lead to a predisposes it toward a nurturing person. feeling of inferiority. ▪ Style of Life they life, a pattern that is relatively well set by 4 or 5 years of age. sometimes physical develop ❖ However, Adler believed that healthy individuals Creative Power Style of life is partially a product of heredity and environment—the building blocks of personality—but ultimately style of life is shaped by people’s creative power, that is, by their ability to freely choose a course of action. their They tend to be overly concerned with others. Pampered style of life ▪ Pampered people have week social interest. ▪ But strong desire to be pampered. ▪ They expect others to look after them, over protect them and satisfy their needs. ▪ Indecisive, impatient and oversensitivity Neglect style of life ▪ Abnormal Development Children that are unloved and unwanted are likely to borrow heavily from these Creative power is not limited to heathy people; create with themselves and lack consideration for are marked by flexible behavior and that they have some limited ability to change their style of life. overcompensate inadequacy. ▪ also exaggerated exaggerated feelings of inferiority because ❖ The manner of a person’s striving is called style of individuals with deficiencies ❖ Flavor of a person’s life. unhealthy People their feelings in creating neglect style of life. own ▪ Little confidence personalities. Thus, each of us is free to choose either ▪ Overestimate difficulties a useful or a useless style of life. ▪ Distrustful ▪ Alienated from all other people. ▪ Sense of envy towards other suspicions and ❖ General Description ▪ The most important factor in abnormal more likely to be dangerous to others. development is lack social of social interest. ▪ People with useless style of life tend to (1) set their goals too high, (2) have a dogmatic ❖ Safeguarding Tendencies ▪ Both normal and neurotic people create style of life, and (3) live in their own private symptoms as a means of protecting their world. fragile self-esteem. ▪ ▪ Maintain a neurotic lifestyle and protect a historical person from public disgrace. learning. • ▪ ▪ Excuses dominant. ▪ people’s achievements and Accusation – blaming others for one’s failures. Self-accusation – Self torture and Guilty, devaluate themselves to inflict suffering to other people. Withdrawal • People run away from difficulties. Moving backward – reverting to a more secure period of life ▪ Standing still – not moving in any direction thus they avoid all responsibility ensuring themselves against any threat or failure. ▪ Hesitating – Procrastination eventually gives them excuses that it’s too late now. ▪ Constructing obstacles – people create barriers to their own success. ❖ Masculine Protest ▪ Both men and women sometimes overemphasize the desirability of being manly. ▪ ▪ Girls often learn to be passive and to accept an inferior position in society. Applications of Individual Psychology ❖ Family Constellations – birth order, gender of their siblings, age spread between them. ❖ Early recollections – Adler believed that recalled memories yield clues for understanding patients’ style of life. ❖ Dreams – cannot foretell the future but can Four modes of withdrawal: ▪ The ultimate accomplishment for boys is to win, to be powerful, to be on top. overvalue one’s own. ▪ Boys are taught that being masculine but” “if only.” Depreciation – Undervalue other • social means being courageous, strong, and May take in the form of • and Typically expressed in the “yes, Aggression • developments The frequently found inferior status of women is not based on physiology but on provide clues for solving future problems. Adlerian Psychotherapy ❖ Collaborative relationship ❖ Encouragement – the most powerful method available for changing a person’s beliefs. ❖ Goals ▪ Foster social interest. ▪ Overcome discouragement and inferiority. ▪ Modify clients’ views and goals. ▪ Change faulty motivation. ▪ Recognize equality. ▪ Help people become useful. ❖ Phase 1 – Establish the relationship. ❖ Phase 2 – Explore individual dynamics. ❖ Phase 3 – Encourage self-understanding and insight. ❖ Phase 4 – Reorientation and Reeducation. Critique of Adlerian Theory ❖ Individual psychology rates high on it ability to generate research, organize data, and guide the practitioner. ❖ It receives a moderate rating on parsimony, but because it lacks operational definitions, it rates low on internal consistency. ❖ It also rates low on falsification because many of its related research findings can be explained by other theories. Concept of Humanity ❖ Adler saw people as forward moving, social animals who are motivated by goals they set (both consciously and unconsciously) for the future. ❖ People are ultimately responsible for their own unique style of life. ❖ Adler’s theory rates high on free-choice, social influences, and uniqueness; very high on optimism and teleology; and average on unconscious influences.
