INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO
14692-4
Second edition
2017-08
Petroleum and natural gas
industries — Glass-reinforced plastics
(GRP) piping —
Part 4:
Fabrication, installation and operation
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Canalisations en plastique
renforcé de verre (PRV) —
Partie 4: Construction, installation et mise en
œuvre
Reference number
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
© ISO 2017
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Page
Contents
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... v
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ vi
1
2
3
4
Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms ....................................................................................................... 1
Fabrication and installation ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
Delivery, inspection and documentation o f GRP piping ...................................................................................... 2
Handling and storage......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
System design documentation................................................................................................................................................... 2
Installer requirements ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.4.1 Personnel qualification .............................................................................................................................................. 3
4.4.2 Health and safety ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Installation .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.5.1 General requirements .................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.5.2 Components fabricated on-site ........................................................................................................................... 4
4.5.3 Cutting....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.5.4 Above ground application — Supports ........................................................................................................ 4
4.5.5 Buried piping ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.5.6 Tolerances .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4.5.7 Jointing ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.5.8 Application o f fire-protective coating ............................................................................................................ 8
4.5.9 Electrical conductivity and electrostatic dissipative properties ............................................ 9
4.5.10 Earthing ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.5.11 Quality programme for installation ................................................................................................................. 9
System testing ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.6.1 Flushing ................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.6.2 Pressure testing ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
Certification and documentation ......................................................................................................................................... 13
4.7.1 Flushing certificate ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.7.2 Pressure test certificate .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Inspection ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Repair after installation ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.9.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.9.2 Repair methods .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Maintenance and repair ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1
Maintenance ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.2 Removal of scale and blockages ....................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.3 Earthing requirements ............................................................................................................................................ 14
5.1.4 Surface and mechanical damage ..................................................................................................................... 14
5.1.5 Fitter and inspector qualification ................................................................................................................... 14
5.2 Repair ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2.2 Replacement ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.3 Minor repairs ................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.4 Temporary repair ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.5 Quality programme for repair and maintenance .............................................................................. 15
5.3
Modifications and tie-ins ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
5.4 Requirements for testing and re-certification .......................................................................................................... 15
Annex A (normative) De fect types — Acceptance criteria and corrective actions ............................................ 16
Annex B (normative) Handling and storage .............................................................................................................................................. 26
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
(normative)
Annex C
f
supervisor and inspector.......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
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(informative) Guidance for use of jointing methods ................................................................................................. 59
Annex E (normative)
................................ 68
Annex F (informative) Guidance on inspection and NDE methods .................................................................................... 70
Annex D
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
expressions related to con formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore
structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries
Processing
equipment and systems
.
, Subcommittee SC 6,
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14692-4:2002), which has been
technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 14692-4:2002/Cor 1:2006.
A list of all parts of ISO 14692 can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
v
ISO 14692 -4:2 017(E)
Introduction
T he obj e c tive o f th i s do c ument i s to en s u re that i n s ta l le d GRP pipi ng s ys tem s wi l l me e t the s p e ci fie d
performance requirements throughout their service life. Main users of the document are envisaged to
f
f
authorities and government agencies.
b e the pri ncip a l,
vi
abric ation/i n s ta l lation contrac tors , rep a i r a nd ma i ntenance contrac tors , cer ti yi ng
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced
plastics (GRP) piping —
Part 4:
Fabrication, installation and operation
1 Scope
This document gives requirements and recommendations for the fabrication, installation, inspection
and mai ntenance o f GRP pipi ng s ys tem s
for
u s e i n oi l and natu ra l ga s i ndu s tr y pro ce s s i ng and uti l ity
s er vice appl ic ation s . T he re com mendation s apply to del iver y, i n s p e c tion, ha nd l i ng , s torage, i n s ta l lation,
s ys tem pre s s ure te s ti ng , mai ntena nce and rep ai r.
I t i s i ntende d to b e re ad i n conj u nc tion with I S O 14 69 2 -1 .
2 Normative references
T he
fol lowi ng
do c uments a re re ferre d to i n the te xt i n s uch a way that s ome or a l l o f thei r content
con s titute s re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment. For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s . For
u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c ument (i nclud i ng a ny amend ments) appl ie s .
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 14692-1, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping — Part 1 :
Vocabulary, symbols, application s and materials
ISO 14692-2:2017, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping — Part 2:
Qualification and manufacture
ASTM D1599, Standard Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Pressure ofPlastic Pipe, Tubing,
and Fittings
ASTM D2583, Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plastics by Means of a Barcol
Impressor
API Spec 5B, 2008, Specification for Threading, Gauging and Thread inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line
Pipe Threads
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
For the pu rp o s e s o f th i s do c u ment, the term s , defi nition s , s ymb ol s a nd abbrevi ate d term s given i n
I S O 14 69 2 -1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
1
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
4 Fabrication and installation
4.1 Delivery, inspection and documentation o f GRP piping
The quantity, MSP, nominal dimensions and relevant special requirements o f all piping components
and pre fabricated spools shall be verified for compliance with the purchase order. Shipments o f piping
components that do not comply with the purchase order shall be reported to the responsible personnel
and to the pipe producer for corrective actions.
All piping components shall be visually inspected in accordance with Table A.1 for damage that can have
occurred during storage and shipment. Rejected components shall be replaced. I f doubts concerning
the extent o f de fects occur during inspection, a specialist approved by the principal shall per form a
second inspection of the delivered items.
Adhesive bonding kits shall be inspected to ensure that the kits:
— contain all necessary materials;
— are not leaking or visibly damaged; and
— have at least six months remaining lifetime before the expiration of shelf-life.
All fire protection material shall be inspected to ensure that the original packaging is not damaged.
4.2
Handling and storage
The handling of the GRP components shall follow the requirements given in Annex B and the
requirements of the pipe manufacturer.
4.3
System design documentation
The principal shall provide the installer at least with the following information:
a) operating and design parameters:
1) design pressure;
2) design temperature (maximum and minimum);
3)
4)
Tg o f the resin used in component manu facture;
Tg o f the adhesive used in component manu facture, i f appropriate;
5) MSP o f each component and MSOP o f each piping system;
6) mean and maximum velocity conditions in each piping system;
7) chemical resistance limitations, i f applicable;
8) procedures to eliminate or control water hammer and cavitation, i f applicable;
9) fire classification and location o f fire-rated pipe, i f applicable;
10) conductivity classification, location o f conductive pipe, earth linkage/grounding requirements
and location o f earthing points;
11) criticality rating;
b) system drawings and support requirements for heavy equipment;
c) pre ferred locations for connection o f final joint in pipe loops, i f appropriate;
2
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
d) system criticality and minimum requirements for inspection during installation.
4.4 Installer requirements
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All pipe, fittings and related items shall be installed by qualified GRP pipe fitters, bonders or spoolbuilders and therea fter approved by a qualified GRP piping inspector. GRP pipe fitters and GRP piping
inspectors shall be qualified according to the minimum requirements detailed in Annex C.
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In general, all sa fety precautions set forth by the manu facturer o f pipes and fittings, chemicals, etc.
shall be adopted. Materials sa fety data sheets should always be read be fore commencing work.
4.5
Installation
4.5.1
General requirements
All piping components shall be installed so that they are ideally stress- free and at least not over-
stressed, meaning that:
a) bending o f pipes to achieve changes in direction, or forcing misaligned flanges together by overtorquing bolts is not permitted;
b) the manufacturer’s recommendations for bolt-torquing sequence, torque increments and maximum
bolt torque shall be followed;
c) all supports shall be installed (location and function) as per system design.
Pre fabricated pipework shall be fabricated in accordance with fully dimensioned piping isometrics.
Overall spool dimensions shall be sized, taking the following into consideration:
— site transport and handling equipment limitations;
— installation and erection limitations;
— limitations caused by the necessity to allow a fitting tolerance for installation (“cut-to-fit”
requirements).
I f shown on isometric drawings, the fabrication shall include “cut-to-fit” lengths and field joints on
abricated pieces to allow for the setting up o f pipework accurately on-site between fixed points. “Cutto-fit” lengths shall be le ft square and plain.
f
The installer shall take the following considerations into account.
a) The need to avoid overstressing o f GRP components by the forced pulling o f GRP pipework to
facilitate alignment at joints, and particularly at flanged joints.
b) The need to prevent damage to joints when handling small-diameter thick-walled pipe, e.g. due to
fire protection.
NOTE
This is because the high rigidity o f the pipe concentrates loading at the thinner sections o f pipe
wall adjacent to the joint.
c) The pre ferred location o f the last site joint in a piping loop to ensure that necessary access is
available, since this joint is o ften the most di fficult to complete.
d) Delays caused by the time required for adhesive or laminated joints to cure without being
disturbed. The scheduling of surrounding construction activities shall take into account the risk of
possible disturbances to such joints.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
3
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
e)
f)
T he ne e d to provide temp orar y pro te c tion
for
i n s ta l le d GRP pipi ng i f ri s k o f me cha nic a l damage i s
high. The installer shall also consider correct sequencing of fabrication activities to minimize risk
of damage.
T he ne e d to prevent overhe ati ng o f the GRP pip e materia l b y ele c tric s ur face he ati ng , i f appl ie d .
H e at trac i ng s hou ld b e lo o s ely s pi ra l ly wou nd onto GRP pip e i n order to d i s tribute the he at even ly
arou nd the pip e wa l l . He at d i s tribution ca n b e i mprove d i f a lu m i n iu m
the pipe.
g)
P rovi s ion o f s u itable j oi nts to
4.5.2
fac i l itate
i s ol ation or acce s s to the pip e
foi l
for
i s fi rs t wrapp e d arou nd
mai ntenance pur p o s e s .
Components fabricated on-site
All processes used to fabricate spoolpieces and components on-site, e.g. mitred elbows, tee pieces and
latera l s , s ha l l have b e en qua l i fie d accord i ng to pro ce du re s given i n I S O 14 69 2 -2 : 2 017, C lau s e 5 .
4.5.3
Cutting
GRP pipe shall be cut according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
For adhesive-bonded connections, the pipe end shall be machined with a pipe shaver according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
4.5.4
Above ground application — Supports
GRP pipi ng s ys tem s may b e s upp or te d u s i ng the s ame pri nciple s a s tho s e
for
me ta l l ic pipi ng s ys tem s .
However, due to the proprie tar y natu re o f pipi ng s ys tem s , s tandard- s i ze s upp or ts do no t ne ce s s ari ly
match the pip e outs ide d i ame ters . T he u s e o f s add le s and ela s tomeric (ne oprene) p ad s may a l low the
use of standard-size supports.
The following guidelines to GRP piping support shall be followed.
a)
Supp or ts i n a l l c as e s shou ld have s u fficient width to s upp or t the pipi ng without c au s i ng damage
and should be lined with an elastomer or other suitable soft material.
b) Clamping forces, if applied, should be such that crushing of the pipe does not occur. Local crushing
c an re s u lt
from
a p o or fit and a l l-rou nd cr u sh i ng c an re s u lt
from
over-tighten i ng.
c) In all cases, support design should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines.
d)
Supp or ts s hou ld pre ferably b e lo c ate d on pla i n pip e s e c tion s rather th an at fitti ngs or j oi nts .
e) Supports shall be spaced to avoid sag (excessive displacement over time) and/or excessive vibration
for
f)
the de s ign l i fe o f the pipi ng s ys tem .
Va lve s or o ther he av y attache d e qu ipment sh a l l b e ade quately and i f ne ce s s ar y (a s de term i ne d
from
s ys tem de s ign c a lc u lation s) i ndep endently s upp or te d .
g) GRP pipe shall not be used to support other piping, unless agreed with the principal.
h)
C on s ideration sh a l l b e given to the s upp or t cond ition s o f fi re -pro te c te d GRP pipi ng. Supp or ts pl ace d
on the outs ide o f fi re pro te c tion c an re s u lt i n lo ad s i rre gu la rly tran s m itte d th rough the co ati ng ,
wh ich c an re s u lt i n she ar/cr u sh i ng d amage and con s e quent lo s s o f s upp or t i nte grity.
i)
GRP pipi ng shou ld b e ade quately s upp or te d to en s u re that the attach ment o f ho s e s at lo c ation s
s uch a s uti l ity or lo ad i ng s tation s do e s no t re s u lt i n the pip e b ei ng pu l le d i n a man ner that cou ld
overstress the material.
j)
T he anchor or l i ne s top s upp or t sha l l b e c ap able o f tran s ferri ng the re qu i re d a xi a l lo ad s to the
4
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
supporting structure without causing overstress of the GRP pipe material.
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
k) Anchor or linestop clamps are recommended to be placed between two double 180° saddles,
adhesive-bonded or laminated to the outer surface of the pipe. The manufacturer’s standard
saddles are recommended and shall be bonded using standard procedures.
4.5.5
Buried piping
The following guidelines to buried piping shall be followed.
a) In-situ conditions — an appreciation of the local soil conditions and water table should be obtained
prior to trench excavation.
b) Embedment materials — the local soil type should be identified in order to determine the support
that can be provided to the buried GRP pipe system. Other issues to consider include moisture
content and permeability which, i f inappropriately selected, could lead to improper settlement.
c) Considerations for use o f soil in backfill — the soil properties should be assessed in terms o f
potential compaction. A too large compaction load can damage the GRP pipe.
d) Trench excavation — the trench sides should be stable under all working conditions. Excavated soil
material should not be placed near the edge o f the trench. Ideally, water should be removed from
the trench prior to pipe laying and backfilling.
e) The minimum width of the bottom of the trench for a single pipe should be a least 1,5 times the pipe
diameter. For multiple pipes, the distance between pipes should be at least 0,5 times the larger pipe
diameter and the gap between the outer pipe and the trench wall should be at least the same width
as for a single pipe.
f
) Trench bottom — all rock, hard pan and sharp objects shall be removed.
g) Preparation of the trench — the bedding material on the trench bottom should be a least 100 mm
thick and provide the correct gradation and pipe support. All localized loading should be minimized,
e.g. through the presence o f other subsur face structures by providing at least a 300 mm bedding or
compacted backfill layer.
h) Placing and joining pipe — the GRP pipe shall be placed in the trench, such that it is uni formly
supported. Extra backfill or bedding material should not be added or extra backfill should not be
forced in to provide this support. All joints should be installed according to the manu facturer’s
installation guideline.
i)
Placing and compacting backfill materials — backfill materials should be placed around the GRP
pipe, such that they will not disturb or damage the pipe. The backfill material should be worked
into the underside o f the pipe be fore backfilling the trench.
j)
Compacting the backfill material — the backfill material should be compacted in the trench but it
should be ensured that the compacting loads will not damage the buried pipe. The minimum cover
vehicle weight. . Design guidance on burial depth is provided in section 5.7.3 of AWWA Manual M45
(second edition).
k) Thrust blocks, if required, shall be capable of transferring the axial loads to the supporting
o f backfill material should be such that no damage to the buried pipe is caused by sur face loads, e.g.
structure without causing overstress o f the GRP pipe system.
Further guidance on GRP buried pipe installation is provided in Clause 6 of AWWA M45:2013 (second
edition) and design of thrust blocks in Clause 7 of AWWA M45:2013.
4.5.6
Tolerances
Global tolerances shall be within ±6 mm in all directions, unless otherwise shown on the approved
drawings. Dimensional tolerances for finished piping are given in Table 1. The dimension numbers are
shown in Figure 1.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
5
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
T he accep table tolerance s
com mon prac tice
for
for
Table 2. It is
m i s a l ign ment o f flange s duri ng i n s ta l lation a re given i n
s ome fl anges to b e ma nu fac ture d with b olt hole s la rger th an the s i ze o f b olt b ei ng
us e d with the flange . Typic a l ly, the hole wi l l b e 3 m m l arger. T h i s shou ld b e ta ken i nto accou nt when
as s e s s i ng the flange m i s a l ign ment tolera nce i n
Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 — Maximum dimensional tolerances
Tolerances (relative)
Internal pipe
diameter
Dimension number (see Figure 1)
mm
25 to 200
250 to 300
350 to 400
450 to 600
700 to 900
1,000 to 1,200
1,200 to 4,000
1
2
3
mm
±5
±5
±5
±10
±10
±10
±15
mm
±3
±3
±3
±5
±5
±5
±10
°
(degrees)
±0,5
±0,4
±0,3
±0,3
±0,2
±0,15
±0,15
The maximum gap shall be limited to 6 mm.
T
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5
mm
±3
±3
±3
±3
±5
±6
±10
mm
±1
±1
±2
±2
±3
±3
±5
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d
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°
(degrees)
±0,5
±0,5
±0,5
±0,5
±0,5
±0,5
±1
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Tolerances
Misalignment
Flange misalignment (mm)
Separation between spools (mm)
6
Diameter range
50 mm to
300 mm
±1,6
±2
300 mm to
1 200 mm
±3,2
±5
1 200 mm to
4 000 mm
±5
±10
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Key
1 face-to-face dimensions, or centre-to-face dimensions, or location of attachments, or centre-to-centre
dimensions
2 lateral translation of branches or connections
3 rotation o f flanges, from the indicated position
4 end preparations
5 cut o f alignment o f flanges from the indicated position, measured across the full gasket face
6 angular deflection
Figure 1 — Tolerance dimensions
4.5.7
4.5.7.1
Jointing
General requirements
All jointing shall be per formed in accordance with the manu facturer’s recommendations. The selection
o f joint type shall take into account the following:
a) the ease o f access required by fitters to assemble the connection correctly;
b) the need to accommodate possible minor misalignments.
I f adhesive joints are used, the installer shall ensure that the adhesive bead, which is created when
the joint is made up, does not protrude significantly into the bore o f the pipe. Such a protrusion can
create a substantial blockage factor, as well as a source for erosion and cavitation damage. The height of
whichever is smaller.
Guidance on joint type and assembly is given in Annex D.
adhesive bead shall be such that the maximum flow obstruction is 5 % o f the inner diameter or 10 mm,
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
7
ISO 1 469 2 -4: 2 01 7(E)
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I f so required by the principal, the following requirements shall be included for installation.
a) The frequency o f hydrotesting shall be agreed between the installer and the principal.
b) The adhesive or resin used shall be in accordance with the manu facturer's recommendation and
its degree of cure shall be determined according to the requirements given in ISO 14692-2:2017,
Table 3.
c) The laminate surface shall be a minimum of 3 °C above the dewpoint.
The glass transition temperature, Tg , of the cured adhesive or resin shall not be less than 95 % of the
minimum value quoted by the manu facturer. This quoted value shall be demonstrated as an acceptable
criterion from the qualification test results.
For polyester and vinyl ester resins, the residual styrene monomer content may be determined by
measuring on a dummy joint made up prior to starting the jointing work. The styrene content shall be
less than or equal to 2 % (mass fraction) o f the resin content.
The Barcol hardness shall be measured on all laminated joints using GRV or GRUP. The number o f
readings shall be determined from ASTM D2583. The minimum number of readings shall be ten. The
two highest and two lowest readings may be discarded, with the remaining six to be used to calculate
an average reading that shall not be less than 90 % o f the minimum value quoted by the manu facturer.
For small diameter pipework, the outside curvature of the pipe can make it awkward to measure
consistent readings. Care is required, therefore, when measuring Barcol hardness on small diameter
pipework.
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The coating should pre ferably be applied a fter hydrotesting, to facilitate inspection o f possible leaks.
The application o f fire-protective materials to meet requirements concerning either flame spread,
smoke or toxicity shall be integral to the pipe construction. On-site application o f such material shall be
limited to that required for installation purposes, e.g. field joints.
I f a fire-protective coating is used for the sole purpose o f meeting the fire endurance requirements,
the coating shall pre ferably be applied by the pipe manu facturer, or an approved company, at the pipe
manu facturer’s location or approved company’s location. The pipes may be coated on-site in accordance
with the approved procedure, subject to on-site inspection and verification.
All fire protection applied to piping components shall be subjected to the following requirements.
a) The contractor, i f used, for fire-protection application shall have a quality management system and
shall, in addition, have written application procedures, covering environmental control, application
and inspection aspects, which are approved by the principal.
b) The following methods are acceptable for applying or covering piping components with fire
protection:
1) conventional hand application;
2) automated process;
3) use of moulded half-shells or sections of different shapes and lengths.
c) Be fore initiating fire-protection work on piping components, the contractor’s personnel intending
to apply the fire insulation material shall
1) have received training both in the application method and actual application o f the fireprotection materials under the instruction o f the fire-protection manu facturer,
8
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692 -4:2 017(E)
2) have applied fire protection to a sample pipe and fitting that is approved by the fire-insulation
manu facturer and by the principal.
The contractor shall use application equipment recommended by the fire-protection manu facturer.
Be fore fire-protection material is applied to any piping components, the sur faces shall be free from
moisture, grease or any other contaminants.
A fter the fire-protection material is applied to the piping components, an inspection o f the fire
protection shall be carried out to approve or reject the work. Inspection shall include the following
aspects:
— the fire-protection thickness shall be randomly measured in the cured state; the thickness shall not
be less than the minimum required thickness;
— both the finish and the appearance o f the fire protection shall be o f the same quality as the sample
submitted for approval by the fire-insulation manu facturer and the principal.
In fire-protection applications where the protection is to be removable for inspection purposes, e.g.
valves and flanges, one o f the following situations shall apply:
a) the fire protection shall be inside or outside a box or container so as to provide structural integrity; or
b) a complete structural rein forcing mesh integrated in the fire-protection material shall be used.
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I f electrical conductivity requirements are specified, the installer shall veri fy the electrical conductivity
and/or earth linkage o f the piping is installed according to the requirements documented by the system
designer. Further requirements are given in Annex E.
4.5.10 Earthing
I f an electrostatic hazard is reported in the documentation provided by the system designer, the
contents o f the pipes shall be directly connected to earth by at least one exposed earthing point on the
inside o f the system.
The location and/or maximum distance between earthing points shall be determined from the
documentation provided by the system designer.
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The contractor shall maintain a high level o f inspection and quality assurance to ensure compliance
with all requirements o f this document, and shall have a quality management system.
The contractor shall designate one individual, experienced in all aspects o f GRP piping field fabrication,
to be responsible for quality control throughout the installation o f the GRP piping system.
Quality control shall be based on the implementation o f:
a) records o f adhesive and lamination jointing procedure qualification;
b) requirements by the principal for inspection o f all types o f joints used;
c) inspection register for all types o f joints used;
d) inspection o f finished fabricated pipework for compliance with design drawings, within tolerances
as detailed in 4.5.6.
For quality assurance and quality control during the installation phase, the principal shall have the
right to inspect the ongoing work, as well as inspect the contractor’s quality control routines.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
9
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Each pipe joint shall be permanently marked for identification purposes and inspected. A log book
containing key values relevant for the bonding process and inspection shall be maintained. The key
values are the following:
— date;
— temperature and relative humidity;
— connection identification number;
— curing temperature and time;
— joint preparation procedure and elapsed time between sur face preparation and application o f
adhesive;
— signature o f pipe fitter and inspector;
— bolt torque;
— electrical continuity and resistance to earth, i f appropriate.
Each site and field joint between pipes, fittings or flanges shall be inspected by an approved inspector
as defined in 4.4.1.
It is recommended that the principal carry out hydrotesting o f representative site- fabricated joints and
fittings soon a fter the start o f installation to veri fy the standard o f workmanship irrespective o f the
pipe diameter.
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Flushing
On completion o f installation, GRP piping systems shall be flushed. The medium used for flushing shall
be seawater or fresh water. Flushing should pre ferably be carried out at temperatures above 5 °C. When
flushing with fresh water in sub-zero temperatures, precautions shall be taken to avoid freezing o f the
water in the piping system, i.e. the water should be continually circulating, or glycol anti freeze added,
or the system should be drained for the duration o f sub-zero temperatures.
4.6.2
4.6.2.1
Pressure testing
General
All closed GRP piping systems shall be hydrostatically pressure-tested a fter installation. Pre ferably, the
system should be installed, such that smaller parts o f a system can be pressure-tested separately and at
the earliest opportunity during construction.
NOTE
Early testing avoids having a pressure test o f the entire system late in a project phase, when joint
ailures could have a schedule impact on project completion.
f
Systems that are open to atmosphere (e.g. drains) shall be subjected to a hydrostatic joint leak test.
4.6.2.2
Preparation
A formal risk assessment should be carried out prior to the hydrotest. All supports, guides and anchors
shall be in place prior to pressure testing. Temporary supports and restraints shall be added based on
the system design from the hydrotest load case, i f required. Unless stated otherwise, all valves shall be
through-body tested. Piping containing check valves shall have the source o f test pressure located on
the downstream side.
10
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
All adhesive-bonded joints and laminated joints shall be fully cured prior to pressure testing. Threaded
connections and the bolts o f flanged joints shall be made up to the correct torque prior to pressure
testing.
4.6.2.3
Testing
Field hydrotesting testing shall be carried out on all piping systems and shall involve both a strength
test and a leak test.
Water shall be admitted at a low point in the system and provision shall be made for bleeding the air
at high points. Any compressed air in the system can give erroneous results. Removal o f air pockets
prevents damage to piping and personnel in the event of an unexpected failure during the pressure test.
4.6.2.3.1
Integrity test
The purpose o f the integrity test is to locate any inherent weaknesses in the piping system that could
result in failure within the design life.
For process piping, the integrity test pressure shall be 1,5 times Pdes , where Pdes is the client-specified
system design pressure expressed in MPa.
For pipelines, the integrity test pressure shall be the lower o f 1,5 times Pdes . The test condition shall be
within the occasional load ( f2 = 0,89) allowable design stress envelope; however, the test pressure shall
not be less than 1,25 times Pdes .
For pipeline systems with elevation variations, the required pressure should be achieved at the system
low point. However, the high point test pressure should not be less than 1,25 times Pdes . This may result
in sections with large elevation variations requiring multiple test sections.
The test pressure shall be gradually raised over a period o f 30 min or longer to the required test
pressure.
The integrity test shall be conducted for a minimum hold period o f 2 h, during which time the test
pressure shall be maintained with ±2,5 % o f the required test pressure with no test fluid being added
or removed during the hold period of the test.
To accommodate the e ffects o f air adsorption, temperature change or creep test fluid may be added or
removed until these conditions stabilize. The test hold period should begin once stable conditions have
been achieved.
4.6.2.3.2
Leak test
The purpose o f the leak test is to ensure that the piping system is leak- free at the time o f the test. The
leak test pressure shall be 1,1 times Pdes . For systems with elevation variations, the required pressure
should be achieved at the system low point and system high point test pressure should not be less than
1,0 time Pdes . For large elevation variations, the system low point test pressure may be increased above
the required test pressure; however, this should not exceed 1,25 times Pdes .
The leak test minimum hold period shall be as follows:
a)
or piping systems with the joints and other potential leak sources exposed for inspection:
f
1) su fficient time to inspect all joints and potential leak sources;
2) a minimum duration o f 2 h;
b)
or pipelines or piping systems where the joints and other potential leak sources are not exposed
f
for inspection:
1) su fficient time to determine by calculation or otherwise that the pipe is not leaking;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
11
ISO 1 469 2 -4: 2 01 7(E)
2) a minimum 24 h, or time long enough to determine leakage by pressure drop.
Combined integrity and leak tests may be carried out at the higher integrity test pressure for plant
piping and pipelines with the joints exposed. For pipelines where the joints are not exposed, a combined
pressure test for 24 h should not be carried out at the higher integrity test pressure.
No test fluid may be added or removed during the leak test hold period. I f test fluid is added or removed,
the test hold period shall begin again.
NOTE
Determining leakage by calculation is di fficult due to the low E-modulus o f GRE materials and the
uncertainty o f the temperature profile over time over the entire length o f the system. The low E-modulus can
cause slight creep in the system and is very di fficult to predict with calculations.
I f the test section pressure is falling, then a "step test" should be considered to help identi fy i f this is due
to stabilizing or due to a leak. The pressure should be raised to the required test pressure and the test
section closed off. After a 30-min hold period, the pressure should be recorded and then a measured
quantity o f test fluid should be added to return to the required test pressure. This process o f 30-min
hold periods should be repeated and the following should be plotted for each interval:
a) pressure versus time;
b) pressure drop versus time;
c) test fluid volume added;
d) pressure drop divided by fluid volume added.
Rising trends on a) and d) suggest a stabilizing transient. Falling trends on b) and c) suggest a stabilizing
transient. I f both trends are flattening out over time, this suggests that the test section has no leaks.
For both the integrity test and the leak test, checks shall be carried out by visual inspection o f the
complete piping system. Any leaking or weeping shall constitute a failure and the test shall be
terminated and a repair e ffected. The test procedure shall then be repeated. Over-torquing o f flanges
to stop leaks shall not be permitted. Leaking flanges shall be remade with new gaskets and retested. I f
leakage still occurs, flanges shall be replaced.
The system shall be considered to have passed the hydrotest i f there is no leaking or weeping o f water
rom the piping during the hold period and there is no significant pressure loss that cannot be accounted
for by reasonable engineering considerations.
f
The following should be taken into account:
— the hydrotest condition should be fully examined as an occasional load design case;
— the hydrotest condition can, in some instances, be the critical case for determining the minimum
required pipe wall thickness;
— end users who enforce a 1,5 times Pdes hydrotest should be aware that this can lead to additional
pipe wall thickness, and so costs, being required for their applications.
The following factors influence the choice o f test duration:
a) e ffect o f joint expansion and material creep, particularly when long runs o f pipe are being tested;
b) water uptake properties o f the GRP material, e.g. phenolic materials;
c) e ffect o f temperature, which is noticeable when testing is per formed in a climate where relatively
large changes in temperature can occur during the time period o f the test;
d) the length o f the system being tested — longer piping systems require more time to visually inspect
the system during the test, whereas short systems may require less time.
12
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
4.6.2.4
After completion of test
Gaskets at flanged joints which have been broken for testing shall be renewed.
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Upon completion o f flushing, a flushing certificate delineating the flushing boundary limits shall be
endorsed by the principal. As one flush may extend over more than one pressure or leak test, the flushes
shall be numbered separately and cross-re ferenced on applicable test isometric drawings. A copy o f the
completed flushing certificate shall be incorporated into the relevant test packs.
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Upon completion o f success ful testing, a pressure test certificate showing the limits o f the test shall be
endorsed by the principal and incorporated into the relevant test pack.
4.8 Inspection
Visual inspection, both internally (as far as physical access allows) and externally, shall be carried out
o f all joints and all sur faces. An illumination source, mirrors and other suitable aids may be used to
maximize the extent and accuracy o f the visual inspection. Possible de fects that can occur during either
manufacture, installation or operation are listed in Table A.1. Acceptance criteria and corrective action
are also presented. Further guidance on defect detection using NDE/NDT methods is given in Annex F.
A pipe visual inspection may also include looking for signs o f pipe movement near changes o f diameter
or pipe direction.
The presence o f a uni form fillet o f adhesive is an indicator that an adhesive joint has been assembled
correctly.
4.9
Repair after installation
4.9.1
General
Rejected components shall, in general, be replaced by the manu facturer. A fter the pipe spools are
installed, repair can be an alternative to replacement. The repair methods proposed by the contractor
or manu facturer shall be approved by the principal.
4.9.2
4.9.2.1
Repair methods
Replacement
Pipe sections with major damage shall be replaced in accordance with procedures qualified in
ISO 14692-2:2017, Clause 5. All replacement work shall be performed according to the methods and
requirements covered in 4.5 . Pipe fitter qualification requirements for the replacement of piping shall
be identical to those for the installation o f the original pipework as defined in 4.4.1.
4.9.2.2
Minor repairs
Minor repairs to pipe and fittings may be repaired on-site. Any damaged outer layer shall be ground
and cleaned, and resin/hardener mix applied as recommended by the manu facturer. It is permissible to
repair flanges by grinding and filling minor cracks with resin.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
13
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
5
Maintenance and repair
5.1
Maintenance
5.1.1
General
GRP pipes are generally maintenance- free, but attention shall be given to 5.1.2 to 5.1.5 during inspection.
5.1.2
Removal of scale and blockages
Care shall be taken in the use of conventional methods for removal of scale and other internal blockages
(e.g. high-pressure water lances, mechanical and chemical cleaning methods). The manufacturer’s
recommendations shall be followed in all cases.
5.1.3
Earthing requirements
Earthed GRP piping systems shall be periodically checked to ensure that all earthing leads are
unctional and that the requirements for continuity o f electrical path and the resistance to earth are
not greater than the specification given in the system design documentation (see 4.3).
f
If conductive paint has been applied to the outside of the pipe, the condition of the coating shall be
inspected. The maximum uncoated area on the painted surface shall be 100 cm2 . If coating has peeled
away from the pipe, the coating shall be replaced in accordance with Annex E.
5.1.4
Surface and mechanical damage
The following types o f damage can a ffect the per formance o f GRP pipes:
a) breakdown o f outer sur face (chalking) due to UV influence, which may result in exposed fibres;
b) breakdown o f outer sur face due to weld splatter and abrasion;
c) impact damage;
d) cracks in flanges caused by over-torqued bolts or incorrect flange design;
e) excessive pressure transients, e.g. water hammer.
The damage shall be assessed in accordance with Table A.1.
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GRP pipe and fittings shall be repaired or replaced by qualified GRP pipe fitters and therea fter approved
by a qualified GRP piping inspector. Approval shall be equivalent to fulfilment o f the requirements
detailed in 4.4.1.
5.2
5.2.1
Repair
General
The repair procedure shall be produced and qualified by the contractor in accordance with the GRP
pipework manu facturer’s recommendations and reviewed by the principal prior to implementation.
It shall be demonstrated that the repair method restores the specified properties. Test methods (i f
appropriate) shall be agreed between the principal and manufacturer. Areas and number of repairs
shall be reported and recorded.
14
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
5.2.2
Replacement
Pipe sections with major damage shall be replaced. All replacement work shall be per formed according
to the methods and requirements covered in 4.5 . Pipe fitter qualification requirements for the
replacement of piping shall be identical to those for the installation of the original pipework (see 4.4.1).
5.2.3
Minor repairs
Minor repairs to pipe and fittings may be carried out on-site in accordance with the manu facturer's
recommended procedures by qualified GRP fitters.
5.2.4
Temporary repair
Temporary repairs may be carried out as agreed by the principal. A range o f techniques are available,
which include, but are not limited to, adhesive-bonded saddles, laminated overwraps, tape overwraps
or clamps.
The principal shall assess the suitability o f these techniques according to the criticality o f application
and the reliability o f repair.
5.2.5
Quality programme for repair and maintenance
The requirements for the quality programme for repair and maintenance shall be the same as given
in 4.5.7.2 . Each repair shall be permanently marked for identification purposes. A log book containing
key values relevant for the repair process shall be maintained. These records should incorporate the
following:
a) date;
b) temperature and relative humidity;
c) location;
d) details o f maintenance work;
e) signature o f pipe fitter.
5.3
Modifications and tie-ins
Modifications and tie-ins shall be considered as a new installation and be per formed in accordance with
requirements and recommendations contained in Clause 4.
5.4 Requirements for testing and re-certification
I f repair, replacements or modification o f the piping in the piping system have been made, the section
containing the repaired or replaced piping shall be re-certified by per forming a pressure test i f
appropriate or practical. The test pressure shall be as prescribed in 4.6.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
15
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex A
(normative)
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A summary o f visible de fects, along with acceptance criteria and corrective actions, is listed in Table A.1.
Major repair to major de fects is defined as:
a) permanent replacement;
b) temporary laminated joint prior to permanent replacement;
c) temporary clamps or saddles prior to permanent replacement.
Minor repair to minor de fects comprises on-site repair by grinding, cleaning and application o f
resin/hardener or laminations as recommended by the manu facturer.
Main detectable de fects are regions in bonded pipe joints lacking adhesive, delaminations, voids and
deviations in wall thickness.
For pipe body de fects, the corrective action termed reject is defined as replace.
For female joint ends, reject is defined as replace.
For male joint ends, reject is defined as either replace or remove and re-thread.
Specification o f threading, gauging and thread inspection for all threaded joints shall be in accordance
with API Spec 5B. However, for non-standard API threaded connections, the dimensions and tolerances
o f the thread shall be according to the specifications o f the manu facturer, for that product.
The column with other potential NDE methods is for in formation only. Few o f these methods have been
tested and verified or acceptance criteria set. No re ference to these methods shall be made other than
for study purposes.
16
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
T
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Air bubbles
Blistering
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Description
a
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A
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Cause(s)
e
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Consequence(s)
e
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,
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Recommended
NDT method(s)
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N/A
N/A
Minor repair
if within outer
gel coat
Reject
Reject
Reject/
major repair
Acceptable if
no leakage
Reject (major
N/A
Reject/
major repair
Reject/
major repair
Minor discolRepair (minor
ouration and/or
repair)
limited to surface
resin layer, no
extent limit
Depth limited
Repair (minor
to surface resin
repair)
layer, sur face area
unlimited, no
N/A
Minor repair
Minor repair
Accept
Accept
Accept
Distortion and/or
burn deeper than
Exposure to UV Minor breakdown Visual inspection None
radiation
of outer surface
i
Reject
Reduced pressure Visual inspection None
to cause weepage
Radiography
t
None permitted
with diameter
greater than 3 mm
GRP material/adhesive bonds
Visual inspection
c
Corrective
action
Operation
None permitted
sur face resin layer
defect)
D
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loose fibres
Reduced pressure Visual inspection None
to cause weepage
Reduced pressure Visual inspection None
to cause weepage
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
y
Depth limited
to surface resin
layer, sur face area
unlimited, loose
Reject
Reject
Minor repair
Minor repair
None permitted
Reject
Reject
Reject
Reject/
major repair
sur face fibres
Subject to immedi -
ate action
Clean, accept Clean, accept Clean, accept Clean, accept
17
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Chemical attack Absence of resin Interaction with
surface
external chemical source
Chemical spill Minor breakInteraction with
down of surface external chemiresin
cal source
r
Corrective
action
Installation
Reduced pressure Visual inspection Ultrasonics
to cause weepage
Radiography
failure
Minor breakdown of outer
surface due to
UV radiation
o
Corrective
action
Criteria
Blisters forming Poor quality
under outer
manufacture
plies of laminate
or inner resin
by entrapped air
c
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Other potential
NDE methods
Minor effect on
performance
rich layer
loose fibres
D
Voidage within Poor quality
laminte or outer manufacture
gel coat caused
Burn/
Thermal
Interaction
discolouration decomposition with external
evidenced by
heat source
distortion or
discolouration
of the laminate
surface
Chalking and
—
D
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Chip
y
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Description
Cause(s)
Consequence(s)
Small piece
External impact Minor effect on
performance
broken from
edge or surface. Mishandling
If reinforcing
fibres are bro ken, damage is
considered to be
a crack
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Other potential
NDE methods
Visual inspection None
Criteria
If undamaged
fibres are exposed
over any area;
or no fibres are
exposed but an
area greater than
25 mm × 25 mm
lacks resin
I f no fibres are
Crack
Actual
External impact Reduced pressure Visual inspection Ultrasonics
separation of Mishandling
to cause weepage
Radiography
laminate, visible
on opposite sur- Poor quality
faces, extending manufacture
through the wall.
A continuous
crack may be
evidenced by a
Crazing
Cut roving
white area
Fine hairline
External impact Minor effect on
cracks at or
performance
quality
under surface of Poor
manufacture
laminate
Broken or cut
outer rovings
Visual inspection None
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Scraping,
Reduced pressure Visual inspection Ultrasonics
scu ffing or
to cause weepage
Radiography
manufacturing
process
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
exposed and
the area lacking
resin is less than
25 mm × 25 mm
Maximum depth
equal to or less
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
Minor repair Minor repair Minor repair
Accept
Accept
Accept
Minor repair Minor repair Minor repair
Minor repair
Accept
Accept
than resin layer
Maximum depth
greater than resin
Reject
Reject
Reject/
major repair
Major repair
Max. crack length
less than 25 mm
Max. crack length
greater than
25 mm
Maximum 3 areas
of cut rovings per
pipe with each
area less than
25 mm × 25 mm.
Maximum depth
such that wall
thickness is not
reduced below
minimum.
Accept
N/A
Accept
Accept
Minor repair
N/A
Minor repair
Minor repair
Accept
Accept
Accept
Accept
layer
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
18
Table A.1 (continued)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 (continued)
D
e
f
e
c
t
t
y
p
e
Deformation
Delamination
(internal)
Dimensional
changes
Dry spot
Erosion
Description
Cause(s)
Consequence(s)
Long-term
change in
dimensions, i.e.
creep
Operating at
Weepage failure
higher temperature than design
Operating at
higher pressure
than design
“Bright solid”
Poor quality
Weepage failure
area in laminate manufacture
due to lack of Impact damage
bond between
resin and fibres.
Separation of
layers (plies)
within laminate
Changes in
Resulting from Weepage failure
dimensions
loads, deflections imposed
on the system
Poor quality
Area of incomplete surface
manufacture
film where the
reinforcement
has not been
wetted by resin,
leaving bare
exposed fibres
Loss of wall
thickness
Minor effect on
performance
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Criteria
Visual inspection None
Leakage not
acceptable
Visual inspection Ultrasonics
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
N/A
N/A
None permitted
Reject
Visual inspection None
None permitted
Visual inspection None
None permitted
r
y
Corrective
action
Installation
Ultrasonic B-Scan, None permitted
Ultrasonic time
Reject
Reject
N/A
N/A
N/A
Reject
N/A
Accept, minor
repair but
monitoring
required.
Major repair i f
service other
than sea or
potable water
Accept if no
leakage, but
monitoring
required.
Reject/major
Major repair
N/A
N/A
N/A
Major repair
(also flow con -
repair
ditions should
be altered to
remove particulates from
o f flight (TOF),
radiography,
Visual inspection Ultrasonics or
radiography
flanges.
Wrong GRP
flange design
selected.
19
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
None permitted
flow)
Reject
Reject
Reject/
major repair
Detected during operation:
Grind crack
to maximum
depth of less
than 30 % o f
flange step,
and perform
minor repair
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Light area with Bolts over or
Joint not sealed,
or without
under torqued. leakage
broken fibres
GRP against
Reduced life
raised-face
Operation
Accept, but
monitoring
required
acousto-ultrasonics
Flange cracks
Corrective
action
N/A
Radiography
Particulates in Reduction in wall Ultrasonics
thickness leading
to pipe weepage
flow
Other potential
NDE methods
D
e
f
e
c
t
Fracture
t
y
p
e
Description
Cause(s)
Consequence(s)
Rupture of
Design condi- System failure
laminate with tions, loads,
complete pene- temperatures
tration. Majority exceeded.
o f fibres broken.
Visible as lighter Operational
coloured area procedures
(e.g.
of interlaminar inadequate
water hammer
separation
due to valve
opening).
Low energy
Light area with Incorrect
Weepage or pipe
impact damage or without
failure for low
transport
broken fibres
energy impacts
Incorrect
handling
For high energy
impacts as above
but burst is also
possible
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Other potential
NDE methods
Criteria
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
Crack deeper
than 30 %,
or detected during
manufacture
or pre-fabrication or
installation:
No cracks per-
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Visual inspection Acoustic emission None permitted
Reject
Reject
mitted. Reject/
major repair
Major repair Major repair
Visual inspection, Transient
with light source thermography,
inside pipe
ultrasonics, microwave,
shearography,
acousto-ultrasonics
Reject
Reject
Major repair
Accept/
minor repair
if service is
sea or potable
water, but
monitoring
required.
Major repair
Major repair
Major repair
Accept/ minor
repair
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
Circular or
ellipsoidal “bright
solid” areas (diam -
eter greater than
25 mm ), none
permitted
No leak at design
pressure or at
normal operating
pressure
Ring areas of
diameter less than
25 mm
No leak at design
pressure or at
normal operating
pressure
Leak at design
pressure or at
normal operating
pressure
Major repair i f
service other
than sea or
potable water
N/A
N/A
Major repair
Major repair
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
20
Table A.1 (continued)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 (continued)
D
e
f
e
c
t
t
y
p
e
Description
Inadequate
Cause(s)
Consequence(s)
Touching faces,
bond (e.g. “kiss - no adhesive
Poor quality
joint assembly
Inadequate cure Outside
of lamination temperature
resin or
and humidity
adhesive
specification
Incorrect
bonding/cure
procedure
Incorrect formu- Weakened joint or
lation
leakage
Out-of-date
components
Incorrect curing
ing” or “tight
crack”)
cycle
Weepage failure
at joint
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Radiography
Other potential
NDE methods
Ultrasonics
In accordDifferential
ance with
Scanning CaloISO 14692-2:2017, rimetry (DSC)
7.2.4
to determine Tg
for adhesive and
degree of cure.
Criteria
Debond area
greater than 30 %
of total bond area
Axial length of
debond greater
than 20 % o f total
axial bond length
In accordance with
ISO 14692-2:2017,
7.2.4
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
Reject
N/A
N/A
N/A
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
Reject
Major repair
Remake joint
(major repair)
Post-cure joint
N/A
Reject
N/A
(minor repair)
Excessive ambient humidity
Outside temperature and
humidity speci fications
Foreign matter Poor quality
wound into
manufacture
laminate
Reduced pressure Visual inspection Ultrasonics
to cause weepage
Radiography
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
None permitted
Reject
N/A
21
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Inclusion
Improper
mixing
Heating pad
overlap or controller problems
Cooling effect of
air in pipe
Out-of-date or
incorrect materials
D
e
f
e
c
t
t
y
p
Incorrect
lamination
e
Description
Cause(s)
QA procedures
not followed
up with missing Incorrect raw
plies
materials used
Laminated joint
incorrectly laid
Incorrect spool Incorrect dimen- Incorrect spool
dimensions
sions, misaligned design
components
Incorrect manufacture
Incorrect prefabrication.
Joint not shaved
Consequence(s)
Weepage
Joint or pipe failure
if strength not
adequate
Joint cannot be
sealed, leakage
GRP can be
overstressed if
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
N/A
If misalignment
can be compensated elsewhere in
N/A
If misalignment
results in over-
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Reject
N/A
N/A
Accept
N/A
N/A
N/A
Reject
N/A
Reject
N/A
Reject
N/A
Reject
N/A
Reject
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Accept if no
leakage, but
monitoring
required
raphy as agreed
by the principal
and manufacturer
Measurement to Ultrasonic wall
veri fy document- thickness
ed dimensions measurement
the system
Weepage
Ultrasonics
Movement
during curing
Material
degradation
Corrective
action
Reject
Weepage failure
ormly
manufacture
Long-term
materials
degradation
None permitted
up
Radiography or Microwave inDebond area
ultrasonics
spection, shearog- greater than 30 %
raphy, acousto-ul - of total bond area
trasonics or tap Axial length of
testing
the debond area
greater than 20 %
of total axial bond
length
Visual inspection Radiography
None permitted
f
too high
Breakdown of
resin, brittleness, softness/
swelling due to
ageing, chemical
exposure, moisture ingress, etc.
Visual inspection, Ultrasonics
with light source
inside pipe if
appropriate, followed by radiog-
Criteria
stress caused by
joints being pulled
Lack of adhesive Unbonded area Too little
Weakened joint or
o f joint face
adhesive or not leakage
applied uni-
Resin/fibre ratio Poor quality
Other potential
NDE methods
joint pulled up
correctly.
Lack o f fibres
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Destructive
Leakage not actesting and char- ceptable
acterisation of
condition
Ultrasonics,
microwave,
shearography,
acousto-ultrasonics or transient
thermography
NDE using ultrasonic velocity to
measure matrix
cracking non-destructively
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
22
Table A.1 (continued)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 (continued)
D
e
f
e
c
t
t
y
p
Misaligned
joints
e
Description
Movement
during curing
and air sucked
in, resulting in
voids
Joint not shaved
correctly
Pit (pinhole)
Movement
during curing.
Bending
Incorrect
dimensions
Inadequate bond
area
Incorrect
dimensions
Small crater in Poor quality
the inner surface manufacture
of the laminate,
with width
(maximum
diameter) similar to or smaller
than depth
Excessive resin,
adhesive, foreign
matter on the
internal wall
o f pipe/fitting
causing
restriction
Scale deposits
Too much adhesive applied
Operating conditions resulting
in deposits
forming inside
of pipe
Consequence(s)
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Other potential
NDE methods
Criteria
Visual inspection Ultrasonics
Air sucked in,
resulting in voids or radiography
Residual stress,
resulting in less
than rated performance
None permitted
Weepage failure
for large pits
Diameter greater
than 12,5 mm
and/or depth
greater than liner
thickness or 10 %
of wall thickness,
and/or damaged
Visual inspection
Radiography
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
N/A
N/A
Reject or major
N/A
Reject
Reject
Reject
Reject
repair
fibres
Restriction in pipe
to flow
Increased risk of
erosion damage
of pipe
Radiography
Internal visual
inspection with
endoscope
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
Diameter greater Minor repair. Minor repair Minor repair
than 3 mm and
smaller then
12,5 mm and/
or depth greater
than half the liner
thickness
Diameter less than
Accept
Accept
Accept
3 mm, and depth
less than half the
liner thickness,
and no damaged
Minor repair
Flow obstruction
Remove by
o f 5 % o f inner di - careful grindameter or 10 mm
ing
height, whichever
is smaller
If access: Reful grinding
If no access:
fibres
Remove by
careful
grinding
If access: Reful grinding
If no access:
Accept
move by care - move by care Reject/
major repair
Reject/
major repair
23
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Restriction
(excess adhesive)
Cause(s)
D
e
f
e
c
t
t
y
p
e
Uneven wall
thickness or
contamination
after grinding
o f adhesive joint
surface
Wear scratch
Description
Uneven wall
thickness or
contamination
after grinding
o f adhesive joint
surface
Shallow mark
caused by im proper handling,
storage and/or
transportation.
If reinforcement
fibres are bro ken, then damage is considered
a crack
Cause(s)
Contaminated
surface after
grinding
Consequence(s)
Weakened joint or
leakage
Incorrect trans- Weepage or pipe
failure for low
port.
Incorrect han- energy impacts.
For high energy
dling
impacts as above
but burst is also
possible
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Other potential
NDE methods
Visual inspection None
Criteria
Allowable eccentricity:
0,002 × ID
> 0,3 mm
Weld sparks
Liquid penetra- Over pressure of Weepage
tion through
pipe system
pipe wall or joint
Minor breakExternal sparks Minor effect on
down of outer o f nearby weld- performance
surface due
ing procedures
to effects of
close-proximity
welding
Manufacture
Major repair
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
N/A
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
Major repair
Undamaged fibres Minor repair Minor repair Minor repair
Visual inspection, Transient
with light source thermography, are exposed over
inside pipe
ultrasonics,
any area, or no
microwave, shear- fibres are exposed
but an area equal
ography, acous to or greater than
to-ultrasonics
25 mm × 25 mm
lacks resin
No fibres are
Weeping
Corrective
action
Visual inspection Radiography
Ultrasonics
Visual inspection None
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
exposed and
area lacking
resin is less than
25 mm × 25 mm
None permitted
Same as for “Wear
scratch”
N/A
Minor repair
Minor repair Minor repair Minor repair
Accept
N/A
Major repair
Reject
Reject
Minor repair Minor repair Minor repair
Accept
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
24
Table A.1 (continued)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table A.1 (continued)
D
e
f
e
c
t
t
y
p
e
Description
Cause(s)
Consequence(s)
Recommended
NDT method(s)
Threaded joints
Tears, cuts,
Continuity o f
Teeth damaged Joint cannot be
grinds, shoul- the threads is
sealed, leakage
broken
ders, or any
other imperfections
Air bubbles
Small bubbles at Minor damage to Minor reduction
crest of threads teeth
in joint sealing
performance
Visual inspection
Chips
Visual inspection
Cracks
Flat thread
In axial pipe
direction
In radial pipe
direction
Joint cannot be
sealed, leakage
leak testing
Visual inspection None
Radiography or
leak testing
Stength o f joint
Weepage failure
Visual inspection
Radiography
Stength o f joint
Weepage failure
Visual inspection
Radiography
Visual inspection
Radiography or
reduced
reduced
Area where top Teeth damaged Joint cannot be
of thread is
sealed, leakage
broken or
ground off
Finish cut end
Radiography or
Damaged end
faces
Joint cannot be
sealed, leakage
Visual inspection
leak testing
Radiography or
leak testing
NOTE N/A = not applicable; L c is the length measured from the end of the pipe to the furthest full crest thread.
Criteria
Corrective
action
Manufacture
Corrective
action
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
Corrective
action
Corrective
action
Installation
Operation
None within minimum length of full
crest threads (L c)
from end of pipe
Reject
Reject
Reject
N/A
Maximum length
5 mm, one per
thread
Maximum length
2 mm, ten per
thread
Max. 10 mm long,
one permitted per
thread outside the
L c area.
None permitted in
the L c area
None permitted
Accept
Accept
Accept
N/A
Accept
Accept
Accept
N/A
Reject
Reject
Reject
Reject
Reject
Reject
N/A
None permitted
that extend from
teeth root into
first ply o f pipe
wall
Max. 10 mm long,
one permitted per
thread outside
the L c area, not
to exceed 10 % o f
thread height.
None permitted in
the L c area
Sharp edges,
exposed fibres,
protrusions and/
or impact areas
are not permitted
Reject
Reject
Reject
N/A
Accept
Accept
Accept
N/A
Reject
Reject
Reject
N/A
Reject
Reject
Reject
N/A
25
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Finish
Areas where
Teeth chipped
over 10 % o f
thread height is
removed
Other potential
NDE methods
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex B
(normative)
Handling and storage
B.1 Handling
B.1.1 General
GRP piping components can be susceptible to mechanical damage from impact, sharp edges or
scratching. Special consideration should therefore be given to protecting components and to ensure
that all personnel involved are given training in the relevant procedures. End protection of piping
components shall remain in place during handling and transport.
M anu fac tu rers s ha l l s upply de tai le d hand l i ng a nd s torage re qui rements
and ancilleries.
for
pip e s , fitti ng , ad hes ive s
B.1.2 Lifting and transportation
Lifting, loading, unloading and transportation shall be performed in accordance with procedures
agre e d b e twe en the pri nc ip a l and the manu fac tu rer. Under no ci rc um s tance s s ha l l pip e, fitti ngs or pip e
s p o ol s b e th rown or d ropp e d
us e d
for
from
any height. Fu r thermore, no cha i n s , wi re rop e s or cl amp s s ha l l b e
l i fti ng pip e s , fitti ngs or pip e s p o ol s .
P ip e o f s ma l l d i ame ter c an e a s i ly b e l i fte d b y h and . S hor t pip e s e c tion s , up to 3 m i n leng th, may b e
lifted with a crane using at least one sling made of 100 mm wide canvas or suitable plastic. Longer
f
f
wide suitable plastic. The lifting point or points shall be such that the pipes are well balanced. Pipes
shall be transported, either packed in a container or strapped onto pallets. See B.2 for packing/storage
requirements.
pip e s e c tion s , up to 6 m i n leng th, may b e l i te d with a 3 m s pre ader b a r and two s l i ngs o
10 0 m m
Fitti ngs s ha l l b e lo ade d by ha nd onto p a l le ts , or i nto c rate s or b as ke ts , with i ntercomp onent p acki ng
material to avoid transportation damage, and shall be strapped down during lifting.
For l i fti ng pip e s p o ol s , two or more sl i ngs o f 10 0 m m wide s uitable pla s tic may b e ne ce s s a r y. T he l i fti ng
points shall be such that the pipe spools are well-balanced. The canvas or suitable plastic slings shall
no t b e place d u nder fitti ngs or pip e con ne c tion s .
D u ri ng tra n s p or tation, a l l comp onents s ha l l b e fi rm ly s e c u re d to prevent e xce s s ive movement.
B.1.3 Temporary supports
Temp orar y re s tra i n i ng s upp or ts sha l l b e attache d to complex pre fabricate d s p o ol s prior to l i fti ng , i n
order to minimize bending strain in the spools.
B.2 Storage
B.2.1 General
Storage o f pipi ng comp onents may b e re qu i re d prior to i n s ta l lation . C on s ideration s ha l l b e given to the
s tate o f the s torage s u r face (i . e . level, with no s ha rp obj e c ts) , h igh wi nd s and temp eratu re .
26
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
B.2.2 Pipe
Pipe may be stacked for space-saving storage as illustrated in
requirements.
Figure B.1 , subject to the following
a) Pipe may be stacked in heights up to 2,5 m i f side supports are provided. Spacer stripping
(approximately 50 mm × 100 mm) should be used both as supports for the pipes and as separators
between pipe layers. The plastic or wooden stripping when in pipe stacks should be located
directly above each other. Spacer stripping thickness should be su fficient to ensure that pipes are
not in contact with each other. The maximum distance between supports shall be 3 m and the
supports shall be placed at a minimum o f 1 m from the end o f the pipes. Pipe with bell ends may be
stored with the bell ends in alternate directions to avoid contact and possible damage to the ends.
Alternatively, pipes with bell ends may be stored with the bell ends in the same direction but with
the ends o f the pipes axially displaced to ensure that the ends are not in contact with each other.
Spacer stripping shall be located clear of the bell ends.
b) Pipes o f small diameter may be stored inside pipes o f larger diameter, assuming that spacers are
used and that the spacers are o f su fficient size (at least 25 mm) and strength (at least that o f GRP)
to prevent contact between the pipes. Spacer gap size shall be no greater than 3 m.
c) End protection should protect both inside and outside of the pipe ends and shall remain in place
during storage. Thickness o f wooden stripping shall be su fficient to ensure that pipes are not in
contact with each other.
d) Strapping down o f GRP pipe stacks may be necessary to prevent damage during high winds.
Suitable tie-downs such as nylon straps or padded metal strapping should be used to secure the
stack. Caution should be used to prevent damage when securing the stack.
Dimensions in metres
Key
1 side support
2 spacer support
3 strapping rope
Figure B.1 — Stacking of pipes
B.2.3 Fittings
Fittings may be shipped in crates or boxes and may be stored in these crates or boxes, provided the
package is undamaged and suitable for long-term storage. End protection o f fittings and flanges should
remain in place during storage.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
27
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
B.2.4 Pipe spools
Pipe spools should be packed by the manu facturer to avoid damage during transportation. I f possible,
the pipe spools shall be stored with this temporary protection in place. End protection o f fittings and
flanges should remain in place during storage. Pipe spools shall not be stacked.
B
.
2
.
5
A
d
h
e
s
i
v
e
/
r
e
s
i
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
Adhesive kits and resin systems shall be stored in the original packaging in accordance with the pipe
manu facturer’s recommendations and sa fety regulations applicable to the storage location.
All separately delivered fire-protection materials shall be delivered at the receiving facility in factorysealed containers or in crates. Storage conditions shall be in accordance with the material sa fety data
sheet for the material in question.
Particular attention shall be accorded to the recommended storage temperatures and humidity, and
the requirement to keep certain materials apart for fire sa fety reasons. Unless otherwise specified by
the manufacturer, materials shall be stored in the original packaging at a temperature of between 10 °C
and 30 °C.
I f the shel f li fe o f any component o f the adhesive kit or resin system is exceeded, then the component or
resin shall be disposed o f in the appropriate manner (as defined by the manu facturer).
B.2.6 Ancillaries
Ancillary materials (elastomeric O-rings, flange gaskets, locking strips, rein forcements and lubricants)
shall be stored in accordance with the manu facturer's recommendations.
28
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex C
(normative)
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
b
o
n
d
e
r
,
p
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
e
r
,
s
p
o
o
l
builder, supervisor and inspector
C.1 General
Installation and joining o f GRP pipes di ffer considerably from the techniques used for the installation
o f steel pipes, but for both types o f pipe, the quality o f the installation work depends on satis factory
cra ftsmanship. Training and assessment o f personnel is accordingly an important element in the
quality assurance and cost-e ffective use o f GRP pipes. This annex specifies the minimum requirements
for training and qualification o f bonders, pipe fitters, spool builders, supervisors and inspectors for the
prefabrication and installation of GRP pipes. Reference [6] provides further details on recommended
training requirements.
C.2 Training and assessment organizations
C.2.1 General
The assessment scheme regarding the GRP bonders, spool builders and pipe fitters shall be operated by
an independent organization, where it is recommended that this organization works in full compliance
with ISO/IEC 17024. The assessment organization shall be acceptable to the principal.
Joint instructions are manu facturer-specific. The training is there fore usually provided by the
manufacturer. Candidates shall therefore be trained and assessed on compliance with manufacturers’
(joint) instructions. A success ful hydro-static test is as such not su fficient exam evidence.
Exams are “spot-checks”; they typically cannot assess all know-how needed. The assessment scheme
should there fore set a constant and controllable training level applied by the various participating
manufacturers, in order to facilitate a constant and controllable assessment level.
Assessors shall be technical-competent on the know-how related to GRP piping installation and be
well in formed on the contents o f specific manu facturers’ (joint) instructions. By pre ference, the
assessment scheme should make use o f local and independent pro fessionals complying with these
requirements, thus promoting the aimed constant level of assessment. This assessment scheme allows
the responsibilities o f both trainer and assessor to be taken by one pro fessional, usually employed by
the manu facturer, while ensuring that the correct execution o f these responsibilities is approved by the
external verifier employed by an independent assessment organization.
Figure C.1. The relationship
between the various organizations and manufacturer is presented in Figure C.2.
A flowchart showing the procedure-related functions is presented in
In summary the roles involved in the training and assessment are:
— Trainee: person undergoing the training and assessment;
— Trainer: person supervising the training (usually employed by the GRP manu facturer);
— Assessor: person overseeing the training and per forming the assessment (usually employed by the
GRP manu facturer). This person can be the same person as the trainer;
— Internal verifier: person who audits the assessment for compliance with the procedure outlines in
this document (usually employed by the GRP manu facturer);
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
29
ISO 1 469 2 -4: 2 01 7(E)
—
E x terna l veri fier: i ndep endent p ers on
from
the tra i ner, a s s e s s or and i nterna l veri fier who s e role i s
to veri fy and approve/revoke the a s s e s s ment o f the tra i ne e . Pers on i s employe d by the a s s e s s ment
organization, which is independent to the GRP manufacturer, where this organization is in
compl ia nce with I S O 170 2 4;
—
C omp e tence com m itte e: a group o f s p e c ia l i s ts who defi ne the re qu i rements o f the a s s e s s ment. E ach
s p e cia l i s t i s app oi nte d by the e xterna l veri fier;
—
Tra i n i ng com m itte e: a group o f s p e ci a l i s ts who defi ne the trai n i ng re qu i rements . E ach s p e ci a l i s t i s
app oi nte d b y the ex terna l veri fier.
30
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 1 4692 -4: 2 01 7(E)
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
No.
1
Competence
committee
2
Training
committee
3
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2
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2
C.2.2.1
F
Establish all items needed for the certification. As a minimum:
— the exam question database (EQD);
— the assessment observation sheet (AOS);
— the appointment of the training committee.
Set up all needed training material for candidates:
— as defined in this annex;
— manu facturers’ (joint) instruction(s).
Assess (on technical issues):
— trainers;
— assessor.
Approve training material
4
External
5
6
Internal verifier
7
8
Trainer
External
9
Assessor
10
Internal verifier
11
Assessment
organization
Assess (on procedural issues) and certi fy:
— assessor(s);
— internal verifier.
Assess and certi fy:
— training facility(ies).
verifier
verifier
Train the candidates using the training material.
Randomly generate exam questions per exam, from the exam question
database.
verifier
Examine the trained candidates by:
— theoretical exam;
— practical exam;
— hydrostatic jointers test;
— conductivity test (optional).
Submit exam evidence to internal verifier.
Archive exam evidence.
13
Internal verifier
w
c
Audit assessor. Evaluate the exam evidence. Propose the candidate for
successful assessment if all aspects are in conformance with this annex.
Archive all exam evidence.
Decide on assessment. Where applicable issue the certificate to candidate
and enter him (her) in the register as a success fully assessed pro fessional.
Success fully
o
Receive training request and inform assessment organization.
Register the candidates.
External
12
l
Explanation
Competence
committee
14
C
Responsible
Log experience on jointing, spoolbuilding and/or pipe fitting as appropriate
to the certificate, and make sure this is authenticated.
assessed professional
Investigate the authenticated experience log as well as remarks made. Check
for compliance with this annex. Advice on prolongation or revoking.
External
Decide on prolongation or revoking o f certificate. Where applicable issue
the certificate prolongation or revoke the certificate. Enter the prolongation or withdrawal o f the certificate in the register.
verifier
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General
This subclause provides clarification o f the various steps in the assessment scheme.
32
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
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The competence committee (CC) shall generate, and is responsible for the following actions.
a) The approval of the exam question database (EQD) (see Table C.3).
b) The approval of the assessment observation sheet (AOS) (see Table C.3). The AOS documents the
Table C.11.
c) The approval of the training committee.
e xam re s u lts; a n example i s s hown i n
T he acce s s to the E QD i s re s tric te d to the ex terna l veri fier. Neither the tra i ner nor the as s e s s or s ha l l b e
informed about the contents of the EQD.
C.2.2.3
Item no. 2 — Set-up training material. Train trainer(s) and assessor(s)
The training committee shall generate and maintain the theoretical and practical training for
candidates, as well as related training material. The training shall consist of a theoretical and a practical
p a r t. I t s ha l l comply with:
a) this annex, including the end terms (see Table C.11
releva nt manu fac tu rers ’
b)
i n s truc tion s ,
s uch a s
);
HSE
i n s truc tion(s) ,
j oi nt a s s embly i n s tr uc tion(s) ,
ad he s ive i n s truc tion(s) , i n s ta l lation gu ide(s) , materia l s a fe ty data she e t(s) , e tc .
T he d i ame ter o f j oi nts made du ri ng prac tica l trai ni ng s hou ld b e s l ightly d i fferent
used during practical exam.
from
the d i ame ters
T he e xterna l veri fier sh a l l approve the app oi ntment o f the trai ner(s) and/or as s e s s or(s) .
C.2.4.
T he trai n i ng and comp e tence o f the tra i ner and a s s e s s or s ha l l comply with
C.2.2.4
Item no.3 — Assess trainer(s) and assessor(s)
The CC shall assess (on technical issues) the trainer(s) and/or assessor(s).
C.2.4.
The CC shall approve the training material.
T he a s s e s s ment s ha l l comply with
C
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V
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r
(
s
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(
s
)
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(
s
)
a
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d
T he e xterna l veri fier sh a l l a s s e s s (on pro ce du ra l i s s ues) a nd provide as s e s s ment
a)
trai ner(s) and/or a s s e s s or(s) ;
b)
i nterna l veri fier(s) .
T he trai n i ng and a s s e s s ment s ha l l comply with
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
a
c
i
l
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t
y
(
C.2.4.
faci l ities
T he cer ti fic ate o f trai ner(s) /as s e s s or(s) , a s wel l as the i nterna l veri fier, sha l l b e va l id
from
f
i
e
s
)
for:
T he external veri fier sha l l provide as s e s s ment and veri fication o f trai ni ng and exam
2 ye ars
g
for
(s e e
C.2.4).
a p erio d o f
the date o f s ucces s fu l comple tion o f the e xam i nation . T he e xterna l veri fier sh a l l de c ide on
the prolongation or revoki ng o f cer ti ficate b as e d on exp erience o f the cer ti fic ate holder. T he cer ti fic ate
shall show the information stated in C.2.4.
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T he tra i n i ng/a s s e s s ment re que s t sh a l l s p e ci fy re qu i re d pro fe s s ion(s) ( p er
j oi nt typ e s ( p er
Table C.4
)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
for
Table C.1 and Table C.2) and
e ach c and idate . T he re que s t s ha l l b e add re s s e d to the i nterna l veri fier.
33
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
He/she subscribes the candidate(s) to the external verifier, at least 1 week prior to the start o f the
training.
C.2.2.7
Item no. 6 — Registration of candidates
The external verifier registers the candidate(s).
C.2.2.8
Item no. 7 — Train the candidates using the training material
The trainer trains the candidate(s) in accordance with a) the request (see C.2.2.6) and b) the theoretical
and practical training as generated by the training committee. The trainer judges the candidate(s) on
their capability to enter the exam. I f not found capable, the candidate shall be re-trained or be advised
to withdraw from the assessment process.
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The external verifier generates the questions for the theoretical exam in accordance with the request
(see C.2.2.6), by random selection from the EQD. The number of questions per subject and profession
type shall comply with Table C.6 . Neither the trainer nor the assessor shall be in formed on the randomly
generated exam questions. The exam questions shall be handed over to the assessor in a closed and
sealed envelope (or equivalent).
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The assessor assesses the trained candidates. The exam shall comply with the request (see C.2.2.6) and
consists of the following elements.
a) The theoretical exam consisting o f a maximum o f two-hour open-book exam, using the randomly
generated exam questions (see C.2.2.9).
b) The practical open book exam consisting o f the independent jointing o f a representative joint by
each candidate. The candidate shall comply with:
1) actions and requirements described in the end terms, using representative products, all as
specified in Table C.11 and as applicable to the request (see C.2.2.6 );
2) the manu facturers’ (joint) instructions;
3) the dimensional requirements described in Table 1 and Table 2.
c) The hydrotest, in which the representative joint(s) made by the candidate shall pass the hydrotest
as specified in Table C.9.
d) Where applicable, the conductivity test, in which the representative joint(s) made by the candidate
shall pass the conductivity test as specified in Table C.10.
The assessor shall secure authentic and independent work of candidates, during both theoretical and
practical exam. As a minimum, the following applies.
— The candidate shall not be assisted by the assessor and internal verifier, neither verbally nor
physically.
— Authentic and independent work shall be secured by lay-out o f the examination area(s) and
supervision of the assessor. In order to maintain overview during the practical exam, the number of
candidates assessed simultaneously by one assessor should be limited to 6;
— The sealed envelope containing the exam questions (see C.2.2.9) shall only be opened at the start
of the theoretical exam. Direct upon conclusion of the theoretical exam, the assessor shall put the
questions and answers again in a sealed envelope.
34
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
— During the practical exam, the candidate may be assisted by (a) helper(s), e.g. to assist in handling.
In that case, the candidate remains responsible for the work done by the helper(s). The helper shall
not remind the candidate on the items stated in the end terms, including contents of manufacturers’
(joint) instruction(s).
The assessor shall collect the following exam evidence for each candidate.
a) Theoretical exam.
The assessor shall sign the AOS when candidate answers meet the requirement per Table C.6. The
answers shall be attached to the AOS in a sealed envelope.
b) Practical exam.
The candidate shall
— list the required information on the AOS, and
— sign for compliance with manu facturers’ (joint) instructions at each hold point.
The assessor shall approve the AOS per hold point when the candidate has met the requirements per
Table C.7. The candidate shall only continue the work a fter approval of the hold point by the assessor.
Attitude
The assessor shall evaluate the candidate’s attitude based on a) use o f PPE, b) behaviour, c) ability, d)
use o f checklist, and report his/her findings on the AOS.
Recorded questions and answers
During the practical exam, the assessor shall ask each candidate at least two non-leading questions
related to the manu facturers’ (joint) instruction(s). Both questions and answers shall be recorded or
written on the AOS.
Video recording
The practical exam shall be recorded by at least one static video camera, adequately overviewing the
total exam area and showing candidate(s), as well as assessor(s), during the entire practical exam.
Photos
In case o f deviation by candidate from the manu facturers’ (joint) instruction(s), the assessor shall take
photos showing the deviation and the candidate.
Hydrotest
The assessor shall sign the AOS when the test result(s) meet(s) the requirement(s) per Table C.9. The
test report shall be attached to the AOS.
Conductivity test (optional)
The assessor shall sign the AOS when the test result(s) meet(s) the requirement(s) per Table C.10. The
test report shall be attached to the AOS.
The assessor shall submit the exam evidence, including the AOS, to the internal verifier.
C.2.2.11 Item no. 10 — Evaluation of exam evidence
The internal verifier audits the assessor on compliance with this annex.
The internal verifier evaluates the exam evidence and approves it when in con formance with:
a) this annex, including the end terms (see Table C.11);
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
35
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
the manu fac turers ’ ( j oi nt) i n s truc tion s .
b)
T he i nterna l veri fier s ubm its the approve d exam evidence to the e xterna l veri fier.
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T he a s s e s s ment orga ni z ation de cide s on i s s ui ng a cer ti fic ate o f pro ficienc y to the c and idate b as e d on:
a)
the approve d e xam evidence;
b)
aud its b y e xterna l and i nterna l veri fier a s de s crib e d i n th i s an ne x.
When issued, the assessment organization shall:
—
regi s ter the cer ti fic ate; a nd
—
i s s ue the cer ti fic ate to the c and idate at a ma xi mu m o f 2 worki ng days a fter s ubm itta l o f e xam
evidence b y the i nterna l veri fier.
When not issued, the assessment organization shall:
a)
remove the c and idate
from
regi s tration fi le (s e e
C.2.2.7
) ; and
i n form the ca nd idate and the i nterna l veri fier accord i ngly, at a ma xi mu m o f 2 worki ng days a fter
b)
s ubm itta l o f e xa m evidence b y the e xterna l veri fier.
T he cer ti fic ate s ha l l b e va l id
for
a p erio d o f 2
ye a rs
from
the date o f s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the
Table C.5.
All steps leading to successful assessment (i.e. theoretical training and exam, practical training
f
been completed within 2 months for the candidate to achieve successful assessment. However, it is
exam i nation . T he cer ti fic ate sha l l s how the i n formation s tate d i n
and e xam, te s ts) c a n b e c arrie d out s ep arately over a n extende d p erio d o
ti me but they sh a l l have
re com mende d that a l l s tep s b e c arrie d out con s e c utively over a s hor t p erio d o f ti me .
C.2.2.13 Item no. 12 — Log experience
T he
s ucces s fu l ly
assessed
pro fe s s iona l
sh a l l
lo g
authentic ate d
evidence
relevant
ca rrie d out, i nclud i ng i n formation on the typ e and nu mb er o f j oi nts prep are d . S e e
to
j oi nti ng
Table C.3.
work
C.2.2.14 Item no. 13 — Advise on prolongation/revoking
Re que s ts
for
prolongation or revoki ng o f the cer ti fic ate s s ha l l b e add re s s e d to the i nterna l veri fier.
He/she subscribes the requests to the assessment organization.
T he a s s e s s ment orga ni z ation regi s ters the re que s t. T he ex terna l veri fier
a) reviews the request, as well as the experience log for compliance with this annex,
b) advises on requested training and assessment, and
i n form s the a s s e s s ment orga ni z ation o f the fi nd i ngs .
c)
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T he e xterna l veri fier de c ide s
cer ti fic ate b a s e d on the
c
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on i s s u i ng a prolongation o f the cer ti fic ate or de c ide s
C.2.2.14
a)
the fi nd i ngs provide d b y the i nterna l veri fier (s e e
b)
aud its b y e xterna l and i nterna l veri fier a s de s crib e d i n th i s an ne x.
36
to
revoke the
fol lowi ng:
);
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
When prolonged, the assessment organization shall
—
—
re gi s ter the cer ti fic ate prolongation, a nd
i s s ue the prolongation o f the cer ti fic ate to the c and idate at a ma xi mum o f 2 worki ng days a fter
s ubm itta l o f advice a nd (where appl ic able) e xam evidence b y the i nterna l veri fier.
When revoked, the assessment organization shall
a)
re gi s ter the cer ti fic ate as s uch, and
b)
i n form the c and idate a nd the i nterna l veri fier accord i ngly, at a ma xi mum o f 2 worki ng days a fter
s ubm itta l o f advice b y the ex terna l veri fier.
T he prolongation o f the cer ti fic ate s ha l l b e va l id
for
a p erio d o f 2 ye ars
from
the date o f prolongation .
C.2.3 Basic skills, age and experience
The candidate shall understand the language in which the course is being conducted. The candidates
sh a l l b e i n s ati s fac tor y phys ic a l cond ition and s ha l l h ave eyes ight wh ich
fu l fi l s
either o f the
fol lowi ng
re qu i rements (a s as s e s s e d b y a n op tici an) :
—
—
I S O 9 71 2 or e quiva lent a nd have an eye s ight te s t ever y 1 2 month s; or
u naide d or corre c te d ne ar vi s ua l ac uity i n at le as t one eye, s uch that the c and idate i s cap able o f
re ad i ng N4 Ti me s Roman typ e at a d i s tance o f no t le s s tha n 3 0 c m on a s ta ndard re ad i ng te s t.
I n order to b e ad m itte d to the tra i ni ng and the e xa m, the c and id ate sh a l l b e age d 1 8 ye a rs at the
m i n i mu m and s ha l l
fu l fi l
the
fol lowi ng
m i n i mum exp erience re qu i rements:
a)
pip e j oi nter: c ap able to exe c ute j oi nt i n s truc tion(s) , to b e demon s trate d b y th i s a s s e s s ment pro ce s s;
b)
s p o olbui lder:
requirements:
1)
s ame
as
pip e
j oi nter
and ,
in
add ition,
of
the
fol lowi ng
m i ni mum
form
a pip e s p o ol;
h ave a m i n i mu m o f 1 ye ar do c u mente d s p o olbu i lder e xp erience .
O n ly the re qui re d s p e c i fic GRP knowle dge wi l l
c)
one
h ave a trade cer ti ficate demon s trati ng b a s ic s ki l l s relate d to i ndep endently re ad i s ome tric
d rawi ngs and apply/control the d i men s ion s shown to
2)
fu l fi l
form
p ar t o f the trai n i ng a nd the e xa m:
pip e fitter: S ame a s pip e j oi nter a nd, i n add ition,
fu l fi l either o f the fol lowi ng m i n i mu m re qu i rements:
1)
b as ic
h ave
a
trade
cer ti fic ate
demon s trati ng
s ki l l s
as
an
i ndu s tri a l
pip e
fitter,
able
to
i ndep endently i n s ta l l pipi ng;
2)
h ave a m i n i mu m o f 1 ye ar do c u mente d pip e fitter exp erience .
O n ly the re qui re d s p e c i fic GRP knowle dge wi l l
form
p ar t o f the trai n i ng a nd the e xa m .
O ther do c u mente d evidence o f e duc ation, trai n i ng and e xp erience may b e con s idere d to give e qu iva lent
competence.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
37
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Figure C.2 — Procedure-related functions diagram
38
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
T
Profession
Pipe jointer
Spoolbuilder-A
Spoolbuilder-B
Pipe fitter
a
b
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An individual who joins
GRP pipe(s) and fittings(s)
(straight joints onlya).
l
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— Work according to relevant jointing procedures
— Work according to relevant procedures related to
handling, storage, health and sa fety
— Work according to relevant repair procedures
— Registration of relevant information
Same as pipe jointer and, in addition:
An individual who joins
GRP pipe(s) and fittings(s)
(straight joints only) accord- — Work according to dimensions shown on isometric(s)
ing to dimensions shown on — Work according to relevant jointing procedures
isometric(s).
addressing accuracy o f dimensions per 4.5.7.1
— Work according to mill hydrotest procedures
— Registration of relevant information
An individual who fabricates Same as spoolbuilder-A and, in addition:
GRP pipe spools from seg- — Work according to relevant procedures for fabrication
mented pipes and fitting lam- o f laminated fittings, addressing accuracy o f dimensions
inates according to dimen- per Figure 1
sions shown on isometric(s).
An individual who installs Same as pipe jointer and, in addition:
GRP piping
— Work according to relevant procedures for installation
of GRP piping
— Work according to piping isometric(s)
— Work according to field hydrotest procedures
Supervisorb
Inspectorb
a
b
— Registration of relevant information
An individual able to perform — Responsible for, and coordinate/monitor, the work
practical supervision of the done by pipe jointer, spoolbuilder-A and -B and/or pipe
installation and joining o f
fitter. The supervisor reports to (and usually is an employcomposite pipes.
ee of) the installer.
An individual able to perform — Independent inspection of GRP pipe installations and
independent inspection.
installation work, on compliance with the purchase order.
The inspector reports to the principal.
Straight joint: joint where centre lines o f jointed parts (e.g. bell/spigot or plain/plain) are in line.
To date, no end terms have been defined for this pro fession, hence, no assessment can be provided.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
39
ISO 1 469 2 -4: 2 01 7(E)
T
E
n
t
i
t
y
Principal
a
b
l
e
C
.
2
—
D
P
e
r
f
i
o
n
c
i
e
t
i
d
o
u
r
e
-
r
e
l
a
e
d
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
n
Party that initiates the
project and ultimately pays
for its design and construction
Assessment
organization
t
A recognized organization
acceptable to the
principal
r
e
R
s
e
p
s
o
p
o
n
n
s
s
i
i
b
b
i
i
l
l
i
i
t
t
i
e
s
y
— The principal generally specifies the technical
requirements and is ultimately responsible for ensuring
that sa fety and all other issues are addressed. The princi pal may also include an agent or consultant, authorized to
act for the principal.
— Independent issuing and registration o f certificates
for professions stated in Table C.1
— Adequate level o f workmanship covered by these
certificates
— Participate in competence commission
— Certi fy trainer(s)/assessor(s), internal verifier(s) and
training facilities
Consultant
Party which carries out all or
part of the design and
engineering for a project
Manufacturer
Competence
committee
— Provide external verifier(s)
— Independent execution of all or part of the design and
engineering o f a project
— Could be appointed by the principal to act on their
behalf
— Participate in competence commission, acting on
behalf of the principal
Party which manu factures or — Usually provides trainer and training o f pipe jointer,
supplies GRP pipe
spoolbuilder-A and -B and pipe fitter.
components
— Usually provides assessor and internal verifier for
An appointed group of
specialists, acceptable to
the principal, that defines
and guards the assessment
process.
Members (minimum):
— assessment organization(s)
— consultant(s)
— manufacturer(s)
examination of these professions
— Participate in competence commission
— Provide an open platform that defines and guards the
assessment process as an industry standard
— Set exam at adequate level
— Define and maintain the exam question databank
(EQD) and the assessment observation sheet (AOS)
— Appoint training committee
— Approve training for candidates
— Examine and authorize trainer(s) and assessor(s) on
technical issues
— Decide on disagreements between entities involved
with this assessment scheme
— Provide feedback on remarks from field
— Defines and maintains the training and training
Training committee An appointed group of
specialists that defines and material
guards the training and
— Provide adequate technical training and exam for
related materials
trainers and assessors
— Guards standardization of trainings
Candidate
An individual who applies for — Comply with minimum entry requirements
assessment of profession(s)
described in Table C.1
a Training on specific GRP know-how only.
b In order to adequately assess on correct execution o f (manu facturer specific) joint instructions, the assessor shall at
least be technically trained and examined to the level o f trainer.
c The QA manager may delegate the function o f internal verifier to an appointed QA function.
40
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.2 (continued)
Entity
Trainer
Assessor
Internal verifier
External verifier
Definition
An appointed individual who
trains candidates a
An appointed individual who
assesses the compliance of
the candidate with
theoretical and practical
exam requirementsb
—
—
—
—
—
Responsibility
Train the candidate(s)
Provide feedback to training committee
Supervise candidates during theoretical exam
Assess candidates during practical exam
Collect exam evidence
— Comply with exam requirements for trainer
— Act in accordance with a) this annex, as well as b)
rules forming part of the assessment
— Provide feedback to competence commission
An appointed QA manager — Audit the assessor on compliance with this annex
who audits the Assessor on — Assist the trainer in setting-up of training
compliance with this annexc
— Act in accordance with a) this annex and 2) rules
forming part o f internal verifier assessment (by assess ment organization)
An employee o f the assess -
ment organization who
audits the internal verifier
and assessor
— Veri fy the exam evidence
— Communicate with external verifier
— Audit the internal verifier and assessor on compliance
with a) this annex and b) rules forming part of their certification (by assessment organization)
— Communicate with internal verifier
a Training on specific GRP know-how only.
b In order to adequately assess on correct execution o f (manu facturer specific) joint instructions, the assessor shall at
least be technically trained and examined to the level o f trainer.
c The QA manager may delegate the function o f internal verifier to an appointed QA function.
Table C.3 — Document-related definitions
Definition
Document
Exam question database (EQD) A database containing a large number of questions related to the know-how to
be examined a. As a minimum, the EQD shall include questions related to the
following:
— the manu facturer’s instructions, such as HSE instruction(s), joint assembly
instruction(s), adhesive instruction(s), installation guide(s), material sa fety
data sheet(s), etc.;
— the subjects mentioned in the end terms (see Table C.11).
Assessment observation sheet
(AOS)
Experience log
a
The database shall be grouped in line with Table C.6, in order to facilitate at
random selection of exam questions.
A document that facilitates a) the simultaneously assessment o f candidates
during the practical exam and b) registration o f measured data. Typically, the
AOS will be grouped, each group ending with a hold point. The hold points
allow the assessor to keep track o f candidates working simultaneously. An
example AOS is given in Table C.11.
A document that facilitates the logging of relevant and authenticated work experience o f certified pro fessionals. As a minimum, the log contains following
information:
— certificate number o f success fully assessed pro fessional;
Indication: five times the number o f questions used during exam.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
41
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.3 (continued)
Document
a
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
— the type, number and date(s) o f joints made by success fully assessed pro fessional and, where applicable, the project identification;
— any relevant in formation related to the quality o f work o f the success fully
assessed pro fessional;
— authentication of stated information.
Indication: five times the number o f questions used during exam.
T
Item
a
b
l
e
C
.
4
—
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
d
e
D
f
i
e
n
f
i
i
n
t
i
i
t
i
o
o
n
s
n
A particular joint method that serves a particular service and may require spe cific skills for jointing. Joint types are considered identical on the condition that
their joint instructions are identical.
An instruction describing the field installation procedure o f a specific joint type
A particular repair method that serves a particular service and may require
specific skills
An instruction describing the field installation procedure o f a specific repair type
An instruction describing the field operation procedure o f a specific tool
Joint type
Joint instruction
Repair type
Repair instruction
Tool instruction
T
a
b
l
e
C
.
5
—
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
The certificate shall contain the following in formation:
— family name, initials and photo o f certificate holder;
— date and place o f birth;
— place o f examination;
— date o f assessment and expiry date;
— standard of competence achieved, that is:
— applicable pro fession, i.e. pipe jointer, spoolbuilder-A, spoolbuilder-B and/or pipe fitter;
— applicable joint type(s) as specified in Table 1 , and the corresponding joint instruction(s);
— applicable product range in terms o f diameters and nominal pressures;
— applicable conductive product range (optional);
— applicable repair type(s);
— the manu facturer o f joint(s) and manu facturer’s product series identi fying materials (e.g. glass-rein forced
polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy);
— a re ference to this annex;
— the assessment organization’s stamp and signature;
— candidate’s signature.
42
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.6 — End terms — Theoretical exam
No.
Examination subjects
Number of exam questions per profession
Pipe jointer
T.1
Spool
Spool-builder-B
builder-A
P
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
e
r
GRP, GRP applications and products
— Description o f joint types applicable to the certificate
— Typical joint design aspects (e.g. tapered and conical/cylindrical adhesive
joints, taper angle, bonding length, type o f adhesive, type o f O-rings, type o f
gaskets and their limitations/use, etc.)
In total 4
In total 4
In total 4
In total 4
1
1
1
1
In total 2
In total 2
In total 2
In total 2
1
1
1
1
In total 7
In total 7
In total 7
In total 7
— Use o f tools and contents o f tool instructions for joint types applicable to
the certificate (e.g. field shavers, curing blankets, temperature/humidity/
4
4
4
4
— Use o f exam log(s) o f joint types applicable to the certificate.
1
1
1
1
— Description o f various (GRP and steel) flange types
— Typical applications o f GRP, abbreviations used, advantages, disadvan -
tages
— Typical manu facturing methods o f GRP
— Typical tools for GRP jointing, spool building and installation
— Labelling, piping systems, pressure classes, identification codes
— Packing, storage, handling, loading and unloading of GRP products.
— Packing, storage, handling of raw materials (e.g. glass reinforcements,
adhesives, resins, hardeners, etc.)
— Packing, storage, handling of accessories (e.g. O-rings, gaskets, locking
keys, etc.)
— Packing, storage, handling o f tools (e.g. shavers, temperature/humidity/
dew-point measuring devices, torque wrenches, etc.
T.2
— Sequence o f joint instruction process steps.
Joint instructions
— Execution o f joint instruction(s), including but not limited to (as applica -
ble):
— Limitations and corrective actions (e.g. temperature, dew point, use of
sheltering)
— Dimensioning o f joint
— Cleaning
— Preparation o f joint sur faces
— Preparation for joint assembly
— Joint assembly
— Curing
dew-point measuring devices, torque wrenches, etc.).
T.3
Health and sa fety regulations
— Hydrotest sa fety protocols (integrity test versus leak test, awareness
o f stored energy di fference o f GRP versus steel, de-airing, sa fe personnel
distance, etc.).
— Use of PPE with respect to dust, noise, protection, etc.
— Sa fe use o f relevant machinery for cutting, sanding, shaving, pulling, etc.
— Sa fe use o f relevant raw materials, MSDS, certificates, remedial actions,
etc.
1 question 1 question 1 question 1 question
each sub- each sub- each sub- each subject (total ject (total ject (total ject (total
6)
6)
6)
6)
— Basic sa fety rules with respect to GRP related to eating, drinking, person al hygienic
— Awareness o f project-specific standards and specifications related to
sa fety protocols
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
43
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.6 (continued)
No.
Examination subjects
Number of exam questions per profession
Pipe jointer
T.4
Spool-buildSpool
er-B
builder-A
P
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
e
r
Installation techniques
— Contents of manufacturers installation guide, including (but not limited
to):
— Installation techniques for underground and above ground piping.
— Trench construction and –inspection, backfilling, compacting.
—
—
—
In total 5
In total 3
In total 3
In total 3
In total 3
2
2
2
2
—
3
3
—
—
—
—
In total 3
—
In total 1
In total 1
—
— Support types and their use. Support inspection.
— Installation of bellows.
— Awareness o f project-specific requirements (e.g. field hydrotest)
T.5
— Determination of manpower needed
Quality systems and procedures
— Inspection of piping components incl. packing (e.g. impact damage,
scratches, cracks, de-laminations, etc.)
— Inspection of raw materials, adhesive, accessories, tools, including packing (e.g. aged/cracked O-rings, gaskets, etc.)
— Conductivity test (where applicable)
— Traceability o f raw materials (glass rein forcements, adhesives, resins,
hardeners, etc.)
— Traceability o f piping components
— Traceability o f accessories (O-rings, locking keys, gaskets, etc.)
— Registration o f jointing, installation, repair
— Calibration status of applicable measuring devices (e.g. torque wrench,
temperature/humidity/dew-point measuring devices, etc.)
— Awareness o f project-specific standards and specifications related to the
piping installation (e.g. sa fety procedures, field hydrotest procedures, etc.)
— Recognize correct type o f raw materials, adhesive, accessories, tools, etc.
— Control on spool dimensions shown on isometric(s)
— Hydrotest procedures for spools
— Compliance with system design and isometrics. (e.g. field hydrotest pres sure, inspection o f a) routing, b) supporting, c) trench and d) backfill, both
prior to field hydrotest and final, etc.)
— Control on routing and dimensions of piping, alignment, etc.
— Field hydrotest procedures for piping (integrity test, leak test, influence
of temperature and elevation, etc.)
— Possible causes of leakage (e.g. result of pipe damage, excessive pipe load
generated by displacements resulting from incorrect backfill and/or sup porting, dirt at O-ring, “slip ring”, incorrect gasket installation, etc.)
T.6
Manufacturing of pipe spool
— Determination from isometric o f amount o f pipe, pipe lengths, fittings,
amount o f adhesive, amount o f laminating materials, type and amount o f
tools
— Correct supporting during assembly (e.g. avoiding movements, bending,
using non-abrading slaps, etc.)
44
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.6 (continued)
No.
Examination subjects
Number of exam questions per profession
Pipe jointer
Spool-buildSpool
er-B
builder-A
P
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
e
r
— Assembling o f three-dimensional spool(s) from pipe(s) and fitting(s) in
accordance with:
a) dimensions shown on isometric;
b) tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2 ;
—
In total 5
—
—
—
—
In total 5
—
—
In total 1
In total 1
—
In total 3
In total 3
In total 3
In total 3
34
44
44
42
c) appropriate joint instruction(s);
d) appropriate QC procedure(s)
— Execution o f fitting laminate procedure(s), including QC
— Assembling of three-dimensional spool(s) from segmented pipes and
fitting laminates in accordance with:
a) dimensions shown on isometric;
b) tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2 ;
c) appropriate fitting laminate procedure(s);
d) appropriate QC procedure(s)
— Execution of end control including spool dimensions (and tolerances),
markings, registration o f findings
T.7
— Correct sequence of process steps
Repair (where applicable)
— Recognition of defects needing repair (e.g. impact, deep scratch, misalignment o f flanges, incorrect execution o f Joint Instruction)
— Determination of repair needed
— Execution of manufacturer’s repair instruction(s), including appropriate
QC, o f repair types applicable to the certificate
Total amount of questions
Minimum exam requirement: 70 % correct answers.
Table C.7 — End terms — Practical exam
No.
S
P.1
Subjects per profession a
Examination subjects.
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
d
b
y
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
.
Pipe joint- Spool-build- Spool-builder
er-A
er-B
P
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
e
r
Production o f pipe spool from pipe and jointb (as applicable for the certifi -
cate).
The candidate shall correctly and independently
— determine the required tool(s) and material(s),
— execute manu facturer’s joint instruction(s),
— execute manufacturer’s tool instruction(s),
Minimum exam requirement:
√
√
√
√
— 100 % approved hold points on AOS;
— 100 % correct answers on recorded questions d :
— Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the hydrotest.
Optional: Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the conductivity test.
a √ means: check.
b The purpose o f this pipe spool is to per form a hydrostatic test on the joint(s). It is not the intention to produce a spool in accordance with
tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Candidates that need to be able to work according to these tolerances shall be trained and examined
in accordance with end terms P.2 and/or P.3.
c In absence of actual construction work, assessor might use photos.
d I f the candidate fails on one question, the candidate shall be given a second change by asking one more question. I f the candidate
answers that question correctly, he/she will pass this section o f the exam. I f not, he/she will fail the exam.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
45
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.7 (continued)
No.
Subjects per profession a
Examination subjects.
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
d
b
y
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
.
Pipe joint- Spool-build- Spool-builder
er-A
er-B
P
i
p
e
f
i
t
t
e
r
— register relevant data, apply relevant markings, and
— work sa fely with necessary materials and tooling. Apply required PPE.
Apply proper housekeeping.
P.2
Production o f pipe spool from pipe(s) and fitting(s) (as applicable for the
certificate).
The candidate shall correctly and independently
— determine the required tool(s) and material(s),
— produce a three-dimensional pipe spool from pipes and fittings, accord -
ing to:
—
√
—
—
—
—
√
—
Work according to manufacturer’s packing, storage and handling procedures
√
√
√
√
ble)
√
√
√
√
—
—
√
√
—
— dimensions shown on isometric;
— manu facturer’s joint instruction(s);
— manu facturer’s tool instruction(s);
— control dimensions of three-dimensional spool,
— register relevant data, apply relevant markings,
— work sa fely with necessary materials and tooling. Apply required PPE.
Apply proper housekeeping.
P.3
Production o f pipe spool from segmented pipe(s) and fitting laminate(s) (as
applicable to the certificate).
The candidate shall correctly and independently
— determine the required tool(s) and material(s),
— produce a three-dimensional pipe spool from segmented pipes and
fitting laminates, according to:
— dimensions shown on isometric;
— manu facturer’s fitting laminate procedure(s) (including instructions
for segmenting);
— manu facturer(s) tool instruction(s);
— control dimensions of three-dimensional spool,
— register relevant data, apply relevant markings, and
— work sa fely with necessary materials and tooling. Apply required PPE.
Apply proper housekeeping.
P.4
P.5
Work according to local construction sa fety requirements (where applica -
P.6 Execute a (mill) hydrotest on a spool
P.7 Execute a field hydrotest on a pipe system
Minimum exam requirement:
—
—
√
— 100 % approved hold points on AOS;
— 100 % correct answers on recorded questions d :
— Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the hydrotest.
Optional: Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the conductivity test.
a √ means: check.
b The purpose o f this pipe spool is to per form a hydrostatic test on the joint(s). It is not the intention to produce a spool in accordance with
tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Candidates that need to be able to work according to these tolerances shall be trained and examined
in accordance with end terms P.2 and/or P.3.
c In absence of actual construction work, assessor might use photos.
d I f the candidate fails on one question, the candidate shall be given a second change by asking one more question. I f the candidate
answers that question correctly, he/she will pass this section o f the exam. I f not, he/she will fail the exam.
46
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.7 (continued)
No.
Subjects per profession a
Examination subjects.
S
P.8
P.9
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
e
x
e
c
u
t
e
d
b
y
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
.
Pipe joint- Spool-build- Spool-builder
er-A
er-B
Execute a conductivity test (where applicable)
Repair (where applicable):
P
i
p
e
f
i
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
—
—
—
√
t
t
e
r
— Determine the need for, and required type o f, repair.
— Determine the required tool(s) and material(s).
— Execute the repair according to manufacturer’s repair instruction(s).
P.10
Installation:
— Determine the required tool(s), material(s) and man-hours for a (small)
specific job.
— Inspect a) trench, b) backfill, c) supports c .
— Register relevant data.
Minimum exam requirement:
— 100 % approved hold points on AOS;
— 100 % correct answers on recorded questions d :
— Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the hydrotest.
Optional: Joint(s) made by candidate shall pass the conductivity test.
a √ means: check.
b The purpose o f this pipe spool is to per form a hydrostatic test on the joint(s). It is not the intention to produce a spool in accordance with
tolerances shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Candidates that need to be able to work according to these tolerances shall be trained and examined
in accordance with end terms P.2 and/or P.3.
c In absence of actual construction work, assessor might use photos.
d I f the candidate fails on one question, the candidate shall be given a second change by asking one more question. I f the candidate
answers that question correctly, he/she will pass this section o f the exam. I f not, he/she will fail the exam.
Table C.8 — End terms — Representative diameters and pressure ratings
Representative product
Diameter
a
Conical-cylindrical bonded joint
Taper-taper bonded joint
Laminate joint
Threaded joint
Mechanical O-ring lock joint
Mechanical O-ring joint
Flange joint
J
a
o
i
n
t
t
y
p
e
DN ≤ 200
DN > 200
DN
Pressure
PN
PN
Represented diameter range
Diameter
Pressure
25 to 2DN
0,5DN to 2DN
≤PN
25 to 2DN
any PN
See Table C.4: Product-related definitions.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
47
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
T
Procedure
a
b
l
e
C
.
9
—
E
n
d
t
e
r
m
s
—
H
y
d
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c
t
e
s
t
In accordance with ASTM D1599, with the following exceptions:
— The time to failure requirement does not apply.
— The test pressure shall be held for 1 hour.
— The test shall be performed at ambient temperature.
— The length of each test piece shall be in accordance with ASTM D1599.
— The test shall be per formed with free ends in such a way that the joint is
exposed to stresses in both axial and hoop directions.
— Both pressure and time o f the hydrotest shall be recorded.
— The report shall include photo(s) o f the joint, taken direct a fter the hydrotest,
showing compliance or non-compliance with the test requirement (no leakage a).
Test pressure
Pre-described threaded joints:
2 times PN
Other joints:
2,5 times PN b
Pass/fail requirement
No leakage or separation o f the joints shall be observed.
a To register this test requirement, a dry carton may be placed under the tested joint.
b For flanged joints the gasket might be a limiting factor. In that case, the test pressure is limited to 1,5 times
the rated pressure. This note does not apply for flanges used as end closure.
T
a
b
l
e
C
Procedure
Pass/fail requirement
.
1
0
—
E
n
d
t
e
r
m
s
—
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
e
s
t
(
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
As specified in ISO 14692-2:2017, 7.3.1
Table C.11 — Assessment observation sheet (AOS) (informative)
C
.
1
1
.
1
—
T
y
p
e
Profession (per Table C.1)
Joint type (per Table C.4)
C
.
1
1
.
2
—
C
h
e
c
k
l
i
s
t
w
i
t
h
Pipe jointer
Taper/taper adhesive bonded joint
h
o
l
d
p
o
i
n
t
s
(
t
o
b
e
f
i
l
l
e
d
i
n
b
y
j
o
i
n
t
e
r
)
C.11.2.1 — GRP product data
Nr.
Check point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Manu facturer's name
Product series
Pressure class
Nominal diameter
Drawing number
48
mm/inch
Joint identification
Unique identification number on section containing spigot end
Unique identification number on section containing socket end
C.11.2.2 — Inspection
Nr.
Check point
1
2
3
4
5
Finding
Check spigot part on damages (impact, scratch, blister, etc.)
Check socket part on damages (impact, scratch, blister, etc.)
Check for damage of containers adhesive components
Check expiry date o f adhesive
Check batch number(s) adhesive kit
⧠ Not Relevant
⧠ Not Relevant
Finding
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
Date (dd-mm-yyyy):
Batch nr(s):
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.11 (continued)
C.11.2.3 — Tools/miscellaneous
Nr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Check point
Finding
Shaver identification
Inspect shaver and power drive on completeness/sa fety
Type:
⧠ OK
Number:
Set shaver/adjust to the required taper dimensions
Select correct heating blanket (type, size, voltage)
Select correct temperature controller (type, voltage)
Check availability o f correct and proper tools
Check availability o f correct type o f adhesive
Check required quantity o f adhesive per joint
Check compliance health/sa fety requirements (PPE)
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
Required taper angle spigot end (degrees)
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not Relevant
⧠ Not Relevant
⧠ Not Relevant
⧠ Not Relevant
g/kit
C.11.2.4 — Ambient environment
Nr.
1
2
3
4
5
Check point
Ambient temperature
Finding
°C
Relative humidity
Dew point
Precipitation (e.g. rain/ snow/ hail)
Sheltered environment required
%
⧠ Yes
⧠ Yes
°C
⧠ No
⧠ No
Hold point C.11.2.1 — C.11.2.4
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.1 to JOINTER
C.11.2.4
ASSESSOR
C.11.2.5 — Dimensioning of spigot (if applicable)
Nr.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Check point
Clean the pipe to cut
Cut the pipe and check the squareness
Find the required insert depth (minimum insert depth/
maximum insert depth)
Find the required nose thickness (T nom)
Find maximum allowable tolerance nose thickness
(Tol max)
Shave the spigot
Mark and measure actual insert depth
Check nose thickness (T min/T max)
Check actual tolerance nose thickness
Check eccentricity
Scribe alignment/orientation mark and insertion mark on
Y = minimum depth insert + X
Check compliance health/sa fety requirements (PPE)
Hold point C.11.2.5
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.5
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
Finding
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
Minimum
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
Maximum mm
mm
mm
⧠ OK
mm
T min
Tol act
⧠ Not OK
T max
mm
mm/inch
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
X = mm
JOINTER
ASSESSOR
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
49
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.11 (continued)
C.11.2.6 — Preparing for bonding (sheltered if required)
Nr. Check point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Dry and clean bonding sur faces o f spigot and bell
Condition (sheltered) environment according require-
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
Humidity %
ments (temperature, humidity, dew point)
Temperature
°C
2 hours from assembly
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
Break sharp edges
Clean sanded surfaces of spigot and bell
Time finishing sanding (hrs, min.)
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
Mount pulling equipment
Temperature adhesive components
Time:
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
JOINTER
ASSESSOR
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
Temperature bonding surface spigot
Temperature bonding surface bell
Sand bonding surfaces of spigot and bell maximum
Hold point C.11.2.6
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.6
C.11.2.7 — Bonding
Nr. Check point
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Finding
Time mixing components adhesive finished (hrs, min.)
Time start applying adhesive on bonding sur faces
(hrs, min.)
°C
°C
Time:
Time:
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
insertion depth (max) X
⧠ OK
⧠ Not OK
10
Time after insertion spigot in bell (hrs, min.)
Time:
Check correctness support
⧠ OK
Remove excessive adhesive
⧠ OK
Mount heating blanket, insulation, temperature gauge and ⧠ OK
switch power on
Check required curing time, mark start of curing time and Time:
11
joint (switch power o ff)
⧠ Not OK
°C
Check curing temperature, mark time end of curing next to Time:
Continuation after approval of check points per Table C.11.2.7
JOINTER
X = mm
⧠ Not OK
⧠ Not OK
temp. next to joint (a fter heating up)
Hold point C.11.2.7
°C/°F
Finding
Apply adhesive layer on bonding sur face bell
Apply adhesive layer on bonding sur face spigot
Pull spigot into bell and check alignment/orientation and
Dew point °C
°C
EXAMINER
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
⧠ Approved ⧠ Not Approved
C.11.3 Assessment observations (to be filled in by assessor)
C.11.3.1 — Attitude
Use of PPE
Behaviour
Ability
Use of checklist
50
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
Remarks:
Remarks:
Remarks:
Remarks:
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Table C.11 (continued)
C.11.3.2 — Questions
Question
Question 1
Answer
Question 2
Question 3
⧠ OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ OK
⧠ NOT OK ⧠ N/A
C11.3.3 — Exam results (include evidence)
Theoretical exam
Practical exam
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
⧠ OK
Hydro test
Conductivity test
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
C11.3.4 — Approved for successful assessment
By assessor
By internal verifier
⧠ OK
⧠OK
⧠ NOT OK
⧠ NOT OK
C11.3.5 — Endorsement
ASSESSOR
Name:
Signature:
Date:
C
.
2
.
4
C.2.4.1
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
e
r
/
a
s
s
e
INTERNAL VERIFIER
s
s
o
r
/
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
v
e
r
i
f
i
e
r
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
Minimum experience requirements
The candidate trainer/assessor/internal verifier shall understand the language in which the course is
being conducted. The candidates shall be in satis factory physical condition and shall have eye sight
which fulfils either o f the following requirements:
a) ISO 9712 or equivalent and have an eyesight test every 12 months, or
b) unaided or corrected near visual acuity in at least one eye, such that the candidate is capable o f
reading N4 Times Roman type at a distance o f not less than 30 cm on a standard reading test.
In order to be admitted for assessment, the trainer/assessor/internal verifier shall be at least 21 years
o f age and fulfil either o f the following minimum experience requirements.
— Trainer
Same as pipe jointer/spoolbuilder A or B/pipe fitter, all as applicable to the training.
One year experience in GRP piping installation or equivalent
— Assessor
Same as trainer
QA manager
— Internal verifier
In order to be admitted for assessment, the training and examination facility shall:
a) be equipped with adequate HSE provisions;
b) provide adequate working space for the number o f candidates trained/examined simultaneously;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
51
ISO 1 469 2 -4: 2 01 7(E)
c) enable authentic work of the candidates during both theoretical and practical exam.
C.2.4.2
Proficiency assessment o f trainer/assessor
The assessment organization decides on issuing a certificate o f proficiency to the candidate
trainer/assessor based on the result o f the theoretical exam, as well as the reported findings o f the
external verifier and competence committee delegate as described below.
The candidate trainer/assessor shall be trained and assessed on both technical and procedural
competence, in accordance with the applicable parts of C.2 with the following additions/deviations.
a) The training committee is responsible for the technical training of candidate, i.e. takes the role of
“trainer” o f candidate trainer/assessor.
b) The competence committee is responsible for the technical assessment of candidate, i.e. takes the
role o f “assessor” o f candidate trainer/assessor.
c) The assessment organization is responsible for both training and assessment of procedural
competence of candidate trainer/assessor.
d) The candidate is to receive introduction to pipe and fitting production and assist winder operator,
where possible. The candidate is to receive introduction to QA/QC system and assist QC inspector
with in-process control and dimensional control.
e) The candidate is to receive training on site installation issues and experiences, installation manuals,
basic explanation o f both product and system design, introduction to stress analysis.
f) The candidate is to be assessed, both theoretical and practical, in accordance with C.2.2.9 and
C.2.2.10 , on one diameter per profession and joint type. The number of questions per theoretical
exam shall be three times the numbers stated in Table C.6. The maximum theoretic exam duration
shall be 4 hours. The minimum theoretic exam requirement is 90 % correct answers. Candidate to
per form a hydrotest on each joint in accordance with Table C.9.
g) The candidate shall train and assess (a) jointer(s) or other pro fession per Table C.1 (as applicable to
the aimed certificate o f candidate trainer/assessor), in accordance with C.2 and in front of external
verifier and competence commission delegate. During this session, the candidate shall be assessed
on the following subjects:
1) technical competence, by competence commission delegate;
2) procedural competence, by external verifier from assessment organization;
3) training abilities, by competence commission delegate and external verifier.
C.2.4.3
Proficiency assessment o f internal verifier
The assessment organization decides on issuing a certificate o f proficiency to the candidate internal
verifier based on the reported findings o f the external verifier.
The candidate internal verifier shall be trained and assessed on procedural competence, in accordance
with the applicable parts of C.2, with following additions/deviations.
a) The internal verifier shall be audited on compliance with this annex by the external verifier.
b) The candidate shall act as internal verifier during the assessment described in C.2.4.2, in the
presence o f the external verifier. During this session, the candidate shall be assessed on the
following subjects:
1) procedural competence, by external verifier from assessment organization;
2) veri fying abilities, by external verifier from assessment organization.
52
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
C.2.5 Contents o f certificate
C.2.5.1
Contents o f trainer/assessor certificate
The trainer/assessor certificate shall contain the following in formation:
a)
amily name, initials and photo o f certificate holder;
f
b) date and place o f birth;
c) place o f examination;
d) date o f success ful assessment and expiry date;
e) scope o f trainer/assessor, i.e. pro fessions and joint types that certificate holder is allowed to
train/assess, that is the following:
1) applicable pro fession, i.e. pipe jointer, spoolbuilder-A, spoolbuilder-B and/or pipe fitter;
2) applicable joint type(s) as specified in Table C.4;
3) applicable conductive products;
4) applicable repair type(s).
f
) re ference to this annex;
g) assessment organization’s stamp and signature;
h) candidate’s signature.
C.2.5.2
Contents o f internal verifier certificate
The internal verifier certificate shall contain the following in formation:
a)
amily name, initials and photo o f certificate holder;
f
b) date and place o f birth;
c) place o f examination;
d) date o f assessment and expiry date;
e) re ference to this annex;
f) assessment organization’s stamp and signature.
C.3 Supervisor training course
C.3.1 Qualifications and experience
For acceptance into the supervisor course, the candidate shall have a minimum o f 2 years’ experience
in GRP pipe bonding, spoolbuilding or pipe fitting and should pre ferably be in possession o f the relevant
qualification certificate. The experience o f the candidate shall ideally include all the commonly used
joining techniques, e.g. adhesive bonding, laminating and various types o f mechanical connections.
Other documented evidence o f education, training and experience may be considered to give equivalent
competence.
Candidates shall be in satis factory physical condition and shall have eyesight that fulfils the
requirements of C.2.2.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
53
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
C.3.2 Role of the supervisor
T he s up er vi s or mon itors a nd h as the re s p on s ibi l ity
s p o olbu i lders
and
pip e
fitters ,
du ri ng b o th
the
for
the e xe c ution o f the work, b y the b onders ,
pro duc tion
and
i n s ta l lation
pha s e .
T he
s up er vi s or
mon itors a nd en s ure s th at b onders , s p o ol bui lders and pip e fitters a nd o thers , are worki ng accord i ng to
the relevant H S E re qu i rements , (qua l ity) s tandard s , pro ce dure s and (where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign
and monitors progress in relation to a given time frame.
C.3.3 Main responsibilities
The main responsibilities of the supervisor are as follows:
a)
mon itori ng compl ia nce o f the work with i n the qua l ity re qu i rements (s ite qua l ity plan) ;
b)
identi fyi ng qua l ity problem s a nd re com mend i ng corre c tive ac tion s or s olution s;
c)
regu la rly rep or ti ng and do c u menti ng the
pro gre s s
o f the
work and
i nclud i ng the
fi na l
rep or t
accord i ng to he a lth and s a fe ty re gu lation s , i n s ta l lation i n s truc tion s and pip e s ys tem de s ign;
d)
i n s truc ti ng o f the fitters and mon itori ng o f the work;
e)
mon itori ng the thorough ne s s o f the GRP pipi ng s ys tem i n s ta l lation a nd acce s s orie s;
f)
mon itori ng the ac tivitie s o f the j oi nters a nd veri fyi ng th at they are worki ng accord i ng to the H S E
re qui rements , s ta ndard s , pro ce dure s and (where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign;
g)
veri fyi ng do c u mentation and materi a l s;
h) monitoring that the work is performed according to local legislation.
C.3.4 Knowledge requirements
The main knowledge requirements of the supervisor are as follows:
a)
GRP pip e pro duc ts and appl ic ation s the ore tic a l, as wel l a s prac tica l;
b)
appl icable qua l ity s ys tem s;
c)
i n s ta l lation and te s ti ng te ch n ique s o f GRP pipi ng s ys tem s the ore tica l, a s wel l a s prac tic a l;
d)
materi a l s u s e d duri ng i n s ta l lation the ore tic a l, a s wel l a s prac tic a l, e s p e ci a l ly with re ference to
la m i nate d j oi nts , ad he s ive j oi nts , o -ri ngs , lo cki ng keys , th re ade d j oi nt, e tc . ;
e)
GRP pipi ng a nd pip el i ne s ys tem de s ign;
f)
tran s p or tation, ha nd l i ng and s torage te ch n ique s o f GRP pipi ng comp onents;
g)
mai ntenance and rep ai r te ch n ique s o f GRP pipi ng s ys tem s;
h) HSE regulations and applicable local legislation.
C.3.5 Skills requirements
The main skill requirements of the supervisor are as follows:
a)
re ad i ng d rawi ngs , i nclud i ng i s ome tric s;
b)
proj e c t p lan n i ng;
c)
orga n i z ation;
d)
i n s truc tion s;
54
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
e)
rep or ti ng;
f)
com mu n ic ation;
g)
i nterp ers ona l relation s;
h)
com mand o f the la nguage o f the pro ce dure s;
i)
worki ng with to ol s;
j)
worki ng with a computer.
C.3.6 Training
As a minimum, the supervisor training course shall include the following:
a)
the s up er vi s or's dutie s and re s p on s ibi l itie s;
b)
he a lth and s a fe ty a s p e c ts;
c) installation check list:
1)
tran s p or t a nd s torage;
2)
prep a ration, as s embly a nd fi n i sh i ng o f mai n j oi nt typ e s;
3)
i n s ta l lation de tai l s , e . g. engi ne eri ng , pip e s upp or ts , da mage prevention, e tc . ;
4)
hyd ro te s t and le a k te s t;
5)
rep ai r pro ce du re s;
d)
i n s p e c tion o f pip e and j oi nts;
e)
h and l i ng/fitti ng o f pip e .
C.3.7 Examination and qualification
T he c a nd idate sh a l l b e come qua l i fie d a s a s up er vi s or on s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the
fol lowi ng:
a)
attendance at the cou rs e;
b)
a n exa m i nation on the topic s covere d i n the cou rs e witne s s e d a nd a s s e s s e d by the re co gn i ze d
assessment organization.
C.3.8 Validity and renewal
C.3.8.1
Validity
T he s up er vi s or qua l i fic ation cer ti fic ate (i s s ue d by the as s e s s ment orga n i z ation) s ha l l b e va l id
p erio d o f 5 ye ars
C.3.8.2
from
for
a
the date o f s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the origi na l e xam i nation .
Renewal
For renewa l o f the s up er vi s or cer ti fic ate, a m i n i mu m o f 2 5 we eks o f authentic ate d ac tive work with
GRP pip e i n s ta l lation s up er vi s ion duri ng the 5 -ye ar va l idation p erio d i s re qui re d . O f the s e, a m i n i mum
o f 10 we eks sh a l l b e with i n the la s t 2 ye ars .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
55
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
C.4 Inspector training course
C
.
4
.
1
Q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
T he c and idate s hou ld b e age d 2 5 ye ars at the m i n i mum, and shou ld
experience requirements:
fu l fi l
at le a s t one o f the
a)
a s a qua l i fie d GRP s up er vi s or, a m i n i mum o f 1 ye a r o f e xp erience;
b)
a s a qua l i fie d GRP pip e fitter/j oi nter, a m i ni mum 3 ye a rs o f exp erience .
fol lowi ng
O ther do c u mente d evidence o f e duc ation, trai n i ng and exp erience may b e con s idere d to give e qui va lent
competence.
C and idate s sh a l l b e i n s ati s fac tor y phys ic a l cond ition and s ha l l h ave eye s ight wh ich
following requirements:
—
—
fu l fi l s
either o f the
I S O 9 71 2 or e qu iva lent a nd have a n eye s ight te s t ever y 1 2 month s; or
u naide d or corre c te d ne ar vi s ua l ac u ity i n at le a s t one eye s uch that the c and idate i s c ap able or
re ad i ng N4 Ti me s Roman typ e at a d i s tance o f no t les s than 3 0 c m on a s tandard re ad i ng te s t.
C.4.2 Role of the inspector
T he
i n s p e c tor mon itors
i ndep endently the
i n s ta l lation
o f the
GRP
pipi ng s ys tem and veri fie s
th at
the s up er vi s or, b onders , s p o olbu i lders , pip e fitters are worki ng accord i ng to the he a lth a nd s a fe ty
re qu i rements , s tand ard s , pro ce du res a nd (where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign .
T he i n s p e c tor wi l l e xe c ute the fi na l s ys tem che ck a nd rep or ts as an (i ndep endent) e xp er t h i s fi nd i ngs
to the principal concerning the installation.
C.4.3 Main responsibilities
The main responsibilities of the inspector are as follows:
a)
b)
veri fyi ng do c u mentation and materi a l s;
mon itori ng o f the ac tivitie s o f the s up er vi s ors , b onders , s p o olbu i lders , pip e fitters and veri fyi ng
i f they are worki ng accord i ng to the ( he a lth a nd s a fe ty) re qu i rements , s tandard s , pro ce du res a nd
(where appl ic able) s ys tem de s ign;
c)
identi fyi ng qua l ity problem s a nd re com mend i ng corre c tive ac tion s or s olution s;
d)
regu la rly rep or ti ng and do c u menti ng o f the qua l itative pro gre s s to the pri nc ip a l;
e)
mon itori ng i f the work i s p er forme d accord i ng to lo c a l legi sl ation;
f)
i n s p e c ti ng the comple te d i n s ta l lation s with i n the re s p on s ibi l ity o f a s up er vi s or;
g)
s upplementa r y i n s p e c tion s and rep or ts .
C.4.4 Knowledge requirements
The inspector should have the same knowledge level as the supervisor, although he does not need to be
a “h and s - on” prac tica l man to the s a me h igh level as a s up er vi s or. H e sh a l l b e able to j udge and as s e s s
the work o f the b onders , s p o ol bui lders , pip e fitters and s up er vi s or.
Regarding the knowledge level, the following additional supplements are required:
a)
GRP pip e pro duc ts regard i ng i n s ta l lation and reviewi ng o f GRP pipi ng s ys tem s;
b)
materi a l s
56
for,
e . g. l am i nate d j oi nts , ad he s ive j oi nts , O -ri ngs , lo cki ng key, e tc . ;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
c)
s ys tem de s ign with re s p e c t to i n s ta l lation i s s ue s;
d)
development o f trace abi l ity pro ce du re s;
e)
the appl ic able qua l ity s ys tem s and pro ce du res , i nclud i ng re qua l i fic ation o f ad he s ive s;
f)
GRP pip e s p e ci fication s .
C.4.5 Skills requirements
The main skill requirements of the inspector are as follows:
a)
u nders tand i ng te ch nic a l d rawi ngs , i nclud i ng i s ome tric s;
b)
organ i z ation;
c)
i n s tr uc tion s;
d)
rep or ti ng;
e)
i nterp ers ona l ski l l s;
f)
com mand o f the la nguage o f the pro ce dure s;
g)
worki ng with to ol s;
h) working with a computer.
C.4.6 Training
The inspector course shall give a theoretical and practical introduction into the most important
it should include, but not be limited to, the following:
elements o f i n s p e c tion o f a GRP pip e s ys tem . T he pre ferre d cours e du ration i s a m i n i mu m o f 3 days and
a)
rep e tition o f elements
for
b)
i n s p e c tion o f re cei ve d go o d s;
c)
i n s p e c tion b e fore, du ri ng a nd a fter as s embly o f ma i n j oi nt typ e s;
d)
i n s p e c tion o f s upp or t;
e)
i n s p e c tion o f rep a i r;
f)
hyd ro s tatic te s ti ng;
g)
de s truc tive and non- de s tr uc tive te s ti ng me tho d s;
h)
genera l i n s p e c tion a nd the i n s p e c tor ’s dutie s and re s p on s ibi l itie s;
the pip e fitter cours e;
i) written procedures, documentation and reporting.
T he c and id ate s ha l l p er form five d i fferent i n s p e c tion s , i nclud i ng ele c tric a l conti nuity o f the mai n j oi nt
typ e s and fitti ngs i nclud i ng pip e -to -fitti ng , a s wel l a s pip e -to -pip e j oi nts .
C
.
4
.
7
E
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T he c a nd idate sh a l l b e come qua l i fie d a s an i n s p e c tor on s ucce s s fu l comple tion o f the
fol lowi ng:
a)
attendance at the cou rs e;
b)
a n exa m i nation on the topic s covere d i n the cou rs e witne s s e d a nd a s s e s s e d by the re co gn i ze d
assessment organization.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
57
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
C
C
.
.
4
4
.
.
8
8
.
V
a
1
l
i
V
a
d
l
i
i
t
y
,
d
i
r
e
n
e
w
a
l
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
d
r
a
w
a
l
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
v
a
l
t
y
T he i n s p e c tor qua l i fic ation cer ti fic ate (i s s ue d by the as s e s s ment organ i z ation)
p erio d o f 5 ye ars
C.4.8.2
from
sh a l l b e va l id
for
a
the date o f origi na l exa m i nation .
Renewal
For renewa l o f the i n s p e c tor qua l i fic ation cer ti fic ate, a m i n i mum o f 2 5 we eks o f authentic ate d ac tive
work with GRP pip e i n s ta l lation i n s p e c tion duri ng the 5 -ye ar va l idation p erio d i s re qui re d . O f thes e, a
m i n i mum o f 10 we eks sh a l l b e with i n the la s t 2 ye ars .
58
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex D
(informative)
Guidance for use of jointing methods
D.1 General
Guidance is presented for the following types o f thrust-resistant types o f joint (restrained joint):
a) adhesive-bonded joint;
b) elastomeric seal lock joint;
c) laminated joint;
d) flanged joint;
e) threaded joint.
The designer should take into account the following factors when selecting the jointing method:
— criticality (reliability);
— per formance under axial (bending) loads;
— installation environment (ease o f inspection);
— ease of fabrication.
The workmanship involved in the make-up o f any o f the above mentioned joints should not be
overlooked. It is imperative that appropriate supervision of all tasks involved in the make-up of the
joint is ensured and that the appropriate QA checks as defined are followed in strict accordance.
D.2 Adhesive-bonded joints
D.2.1 Description
The adhesive-bonded joint consists o f a tapered bell end and a tapered or cylindrical spigot end, bonded
with an adhesive/hardener mixture (see Figure D.1). Alternatively, the bell-and-spigot may be taper-
threaded.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
59
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Key
1 pipe with integral socket end
2 adhesive
3 spew fillet o f adhesive
4 pipe with spigot end
Figure D.1 — Adhesive-bonded joint
When a cylindrical spigot is used, the joint is made up to a shoulder. The tapered bell and tapered
spigot joint has two matching tapered sur faces and does not make up to a shoulder. The former has the
advantage o f enabling the position o f final make-up to be readily determined. The latter (taper/taper
joint) is a stronger joint but is more prone to positional errors i f incorrectly assembled, which can
weaken the joint.
There is a perception that adhesive joints require a low degree o f skill to make up correctly. This is
not the case; a similar degree o f discipline to that needed by coded welders is required, although the
task itsel f is easier. Preparation and make-up o f the adhesive joint tends to become more di fficult with
increasing diameter, particularly for diameters above 450 mm.
An issue o f concern is the adhesive bead that is created when the joint is made up and which can protrude
into the bore o f the pipe. Unless great care is taken to control the size o f the bead when applying the
adhesive, these beads can be very large, with a height o f several millimetres as experience has shown.
D.2.2 Preparation
End caps and sur face protectors should be le ft in place until just prior to sur face cleaning.
The manufacturer’s recommendations regarding preparation and adhesive application at ambient
temperature and humidity should be followed. A suitable environmentally controlled habitat may be
necessary in adverse weather conditions.
I f a taper/taper joint is being prepared, it is recommended that:
a) a self-adhesive masking tape is wrapped around the pipe circumference at the edge of the taper
prior to shaving. This very significantly reduces localized damage to the outer layer o f the pipe and
produces a clean-cut edge at the end o f the taper;
b)
ollowing shaving o f the pipe using a proprietary tool, hand abrasion with abrasive paper should
be undertaken to remove loose fibre filaments. The prepared sur face o f the pipe should then be
cleaned with a clean rag or brush to remove any dust from the sur face.
f
The inside o f the socket, which is usually pre-machined, should receive the same hand abrasion and
cleaning process as the prepared pipe end. If the bonded surface has been prepared beforehand, each
bonding sur face should be checked visually for ultraviolet degradation prior to cleaning, by lightly
sanding the bonding sur faces. UV degradation can be noted by a change in colour o f the sanded sur face.
The appearance o f UV degradation requires refinishing o f the sur face. Spigots should be re-shaved.
Sanding should remove all discolouring, but not to the degree that flat spots are made.
60
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
D.2.3 Adhesive mixing
Adhesive should not be used beyond its expiry date. Any leaking or damaged kits should be sa fely
discarded, in accordance with the material sa fety data sheet. The adhesive components should be
within the temperature range recommended by the manu facturer be fore mixing.
The complete contents of the hardener container should be emptied into the base adhesive. All the
adhesive and all the hardener should be mixed; kits should never be split. Mixing should continue until
the adhesive mixture has a uni form colour and consistency. The working li fe (pot li fe) o f the adhesive
depends on the type o f adhesive used and the mixing temperature. I f the adhesive starts to heat up or
become more viscous in the mixing can, it has begun to cure and should be discarded. If lumps or gels
are apparent in the can, the adhesive should be discarded.
D
.
2
.
4
A
s
s
e
m
b
l
y
The cleaned sur faces should not be touched or contaminated by oil or moisture prior to bonding. I f
sur faces become wet or contaminated, they should be cleaned, re-sanded and made dust- free. Generally
prepared surfaces should be bonded within 6 hours of surface pre-treatment.
Pipe connections should be aligned as true as possible. Any visually detectable misalignment is not
permitted. I f recommended by the pipe manu facturer, a re ference mark should be made on the spigot
end of the connection to check for proper insertion and seating after connection is made up. The
pipe diameter and should include the insertion depth of the spigot in the bell plus 25 mm.
Bonding surfaces should have a temperature of at least 3 °C greater than the dew point prior to
distance o f the re ference mark from the spigot nose should be specified by the manu facturer for each
application o f adhesive. I f preheating is required, separate heating o f bell-and-spigot by electric blanket
is recommended. Contamination o f the spigot can be avoided by inserting the heating blanket in the pipe
bore instead o f by external wrapping. I f the air humidity is high, water can condense on the sur faces
prior to bonding, which will degrade the bond strength.
A uniform coating of adhesive should be applied to the bonding surface, taking care to avoid an excessive
resin bead on the inside o f the pipe which will cause flow disturbance. A thin layer o f adhesive should
be applied to the inside sur face o f the socket and a thicker layer to the pipe spigot. This minimizes the
amount o f spew fillet in the bore o f the pipe at the nose o f the joint. All machined or sanded sur faces
should be coated. Adhesive should be coated down into the bell to the insertion depth of the spigot plus
25 mm. The cut end of the spigot should be coated.
Piping o f diameter up to 150 mm may be assembled by hand unless otherwise dictated by the
manu facturer. The spigot should be inserted as far as possible by hand. The spigot should be driven
into the bell in a manner that does not damage the pipe or fitting. Assembly o f the joint should be such
that the design length of the spigot is entered into the coupling. With tapered couplings, misalignment
is virtually impossible i f the spigot is su fficiently entered into the coupling. Proper insertion o f straight
spigot connections is verified by measuring the re ference mark on the spigot; it should be 25 mm from
the bell.
Connections with a diameter o f 200 mm or more may be assembled with a ratchet winch or hydraulic
pullers. Furthermore, care should be taken to prevent the connections from being damaged during this
operation. Spigots should be inserted until they bottom against pipe stops and the re ference marks are
in their fully home position.
Assembly o f the adhesive joint up to full insertion should be per formed as a single action to avoid
entrainment o f air into the adhesive. I f the joint has been pulled out again so as to entrain air, the old
adhesive should be wiped o ff and the bonding procedure repeated. The spew fillet on the outside o f the
joint should be shaped to be smooth and at an angle o f approximately 45°.
The working li fe o f the adhesive at the ambient temperature o f the field installation should be checked
to ensure that it is at least 30 min.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
61
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
In high ambient temperature environments when assembling joints on large diameter pipes where
more than one adhesive kit may be required, the gelling time o f the adhesive should be su fficiently long
to ensure that the adhesive from the first applied kit will not have started to gel prior to application o f
the adhesive from the other kits.
D.2.5 Curing
Heat-assisted curing may be required for epoxy adhesive-bonded connections, for which purpose, fullwrap electric collars should be used. Heating collars should be provided or approved for use by the pipe
manu facturer. Heat-assisted curing should be per formed immediately a fter bonding. The curing time
and temperature depend on the type o f adhesive used. For large assemblies and high wall thickness pipe,
the use of ovens, if available, is preferable to individual heating collars. Accurate temperature control
and monitoring is essential, since undercure o f the adhesive may result in significant loss o f strength.
Open pipe ends should be closed in order to avoid circulation of cold air through the pipe spool.
For large wall thicknesses, the curing times given by the manu facturer should be verified to give
complete cure for the adhesive on the inside. (Sometimes the curing times given will not give the
recommended temperature because of the low heat transfer of the GRP material.)
I f ambient temperatures are below 5 °C, the heating collars should be long enough to completely encircle
the connection or fitting area to be cured, plus a minimum 50 mm overlap. Heating collars should
be wrapped around the connection to be cured so that the collar thermostat is not against the pipe
wall. The heating collar (blanket) should be 50 mm to 100 mm longer axially than the adhesive joint in
order to get full heating o f the whole pipe. Heating collars should be insulated. Foil-backed fibreglass
insulation is typically used. Insulation should overlap the collar by at least 100 mm on either side and
be tied down onto the pipe at the edges. Pipe ends should be loosely closed with non-sealing devices to
prevent interior cooling in windy conditions.
Flanges may be cured by inserting the heating collar on the inside o f the pipe. Excess adhesive should
be wiped from the interior o f the pipe prior to inserting the collar. A fibreglass core for the collar may
be made from a section of pipe having the same diameter as that being connected.
Adhesive-bonded connections between pipes, fittings and flanges should not be disturbed, and i f
necessary, provided with additional bracing to prevent accidental movement until fully cured.
D.3 Laminated joints
D.3.1 Description
The laminated joint, see Figure D.2 , consists o f plain-ended pipe and fittings prepared, aligned and
laminated with rein forcing fibres and resin/hardener mixture. There are two types o f laminated joint:
the outer sur face o f the pipe is either lightly abraded, leaving a cylindrical sur face, or else abraded
su fficiently to provide a taper.
The advantage o f laminated joints over adhesive joints is that preparation o f the joint is from the
outside.
For use as field joints (hook-up joints), laminated joints should be considered due to their flexibility to
accommodate minor misalignments
D.3.2 Preparation
Be fore work on a laminated joint is started, all necessary equipment for completing the procedure
should be available.
A jig or other holding device should be used to ensure that the pipes are maintained with the joint faces
held tightly together without o ffset. I f a gap between the ends o f the pipe is unavoidable, a suitable
putty should be used to fill the gap. The restraints should be le ft in place until the joint has fully cured.
62
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
A balloon or rubber packer is used by some producers to make a smooth inner sur face. The balloon is
deflated for removal.
When connecting two pipes, the ends of the pipes should be chamfered back to a minimum taper of
1 in 6 or as specified by the manu facturer, as illustrated in Figure D.2.
Key
1
2
3
4
5
laminate overlay
pipe laminate
laminate length
tapers not steeper than 1 in 6
pipe centreline
Figure D.2 — Laminated joint
The outer pipe surface should be abraded to remove the outer resin-rich surface and expose the
rein forcing fibres over a length extending at least 100 mm along both ends o f the laminate as defined in
the manu facturer’s technical specifications. The pipe ends should also be abraded.
Bonding sur faces should be cleaned as recommended by the manu facturer. The cleaned sur faces should
not be touched or be contaminated by oil or moisture prior to bonding. I f sur faces become wet or
contaminated, they should be cleaned, re-ground and made dust- free.
For large diameter pipes, where manual access is possible, an internal lamination may also be applied.
The procedures for applying this lamination are the same as for the external lamination.
D.3.3 Resin mixing
The resin used should be o f the same type, or compatible with, the resin used in the manu facture o f
the pipes.
The curing agent or hardener should be mixed with resin, strictly following the recommendation o f
the manufacturer regarding weighing, metering, mixing and temperature. No more resin should be
prepared than can be applied within the pot life of the mixture. Mixing should continue until the resin
mixture has a uni form colour and consistency.
The working li fe (pot li fe) depends on the type o f resin and hardener used and the mixing temperature.
If the resin starts to heat up in the mixing can, it has begun to cure and should be discarded. If lumps or
gels are apparent in the can, the resin should be discarded.
D.3.4 Assembly
The pipe ends should be placed together and fixed in the correct position. Bonding sur faces should have
a temperature of at least 3 °C above the dew point prior to application of resin. An electric heating
blanket may be used to heat the pipe ends. The cham fered, abraded and cut sur faces should be covered
with a uni form resin or adhesive layer.
Layers o f chopped strand mat and/or woven rovings impregnated by resin/hardener mix should be
applied as recommended by the manu facturer. The manu facturer’s recommendations regarding
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
63
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
rein forcing-layer wrapping tension should be followed in order to force out air inclusions, optimize resin
impregnation and ensure correct glass/resin ratio. Wrapping should proceed, each layer impregnated
with resin, until the required thickness is obtained. An outer resin-rich layer should be applied.
D.3.5 Curing
Heat-assisted curing is recommended for all laminated epoxy joints; for which purpose, full-wrap
insulated electric collars should be used. Heating collars should be provided or approved for use by
the pipe manufacturer. Other means of heat-assisted curing should be agreed with the principal. Heat-
assisted curing should be per formed immediately a fter bonding. The curing time and temperature
depend on the type o f resin used.
NOTE
Additional heat curing can be detrimental to polyester and vinyl ester joints in some cases.
Heating collars should be long enough to completely encircle the joint or fitting area to be cured, plus
a minimum 50 mm overlap. The heating collar should be wrapped around the joint to be cured in such
a way that the collar thermostat does not rest against the pipe wall. A protective film (plastic, metal)
between the collar and uncured laminate should be used to prevent the collar from being bonded to the
laminate. If ambient temperatures are below 5 °C, the heating collars should be insulated. Foil-backed
fibreglass insulation is typically used. Insulation should overlap the collar by at least 100 mm on either
side and be tied down onto the pipe at the edges. Pipe ends should be loosely closed with non-sealing
devices to prevent interior cooling in windy conditions.
Laminated joints should not be moved or otherwise disturbed until fully cured.
D.4 Mechanical O-ring elastomeric bell-and-spigot seal lock joints
These are the simplest joints to assemble, and can be designed to enable a small amount o f axial and
angular movement within the joint. They are more bulky than adhesive joints but have the advantage
that they can be quickly assembled in poor working conditions.
Joints with elastomer sealing O-rings or lip-sealing rings are made up of a spigot end and a bell end (see
Figure D.3 ). The bell may either be an integrated part of the pipe (single bell), or a separate item (double
bell). A double bell is used for joining two pipes both with spigot ends. Joints with two or more O-rings
may be used. Only tensile resistant joints are considered, i.e. joints with a locking device
.
Key
1
2
3
4
5
pipe with integral socket end
elastomeric ring
locking device
pipe with spigot end
insert hole for locking device
Figure D.3 — Typical elastomeric bell-and-spigot sealed joints (locking type)
64
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
The following should be regarded as minimum requirements for installation.
a) The bell-and-spigot should both be inspected for damage prior to installation. Damaged parts
s hou ld b e s e t a s ide
for
eva luation by re s p on s ible p ers on nel .
b) The surfaces to be connected, including the gasket grooves, should be clean.
c) The seal ring and groove should be checked for the correct dimensions, in particular the ring crosssection and diameter.
d)
Non- s ym me tric s e a l s , s uch as l ip - s e a l s , s hou ld b e che cke d
for
corre c t i n s ta l lation i n the gro ove s .
e) Clean, non-contaminated lubricant should be used on both seals and spigot end prior to insertion.
f)
C orre c t to ol i ng s hou ld b e u s e d to enter the s pigo t i nto the b el l to avoid j am m i ng or damage to the
s e a l s . T h i s i s p ar tic u larly i mp or tant
ma rks
on
the
for
la rge d i men s ion s .
s pigo t (i f appl ic able)
g)
E ntr y lo c ation
shou ld
be
che cke d
to
en s u re
corre c t entr y
j)
For key lo ck ten s i le -re s i s tant j oi nts , a cle an a nd lubric ate d lo cki ng device s hou ld b e i n s er te d i n
distance.
h) Pipe sections should be aligned as straight as possible in order to retain the O-rings in their grooves.
i) A feeler gauge should be used to establish good seating of the seals.
the complete circumference of the locking device groove, and the locking device should have the
correct cross-section and length.
D.5 Flanged joints
F lange d j oi nts
fac i l itate
con ne c tion s with s te el pipi ng and a l low
for
e a s y a s s embly and d i s a s s embly o f
pipi ng s ys tem s . GRP fla nge s shou ld b e con ne c te d to flat- face s te el fl ange s . When con ne c ti ng to rai s e d-
face
fl anges , s upp or t ri ngs may b e ne e de d, dep end i ng on gas ke t typ e, to re s tric t exce s s ive b end i ng
s tres s es when the b olts are torque d up . Two typ e s o f flange are com mon ly u s e d:
a)
b)
fi xe d-typ e fla nge, ad he s ively b onde d or l am i nate d to the pip e end s;
lo o s e ri ng-typ e flange s , with GRP col lars ad he s ive -b onde d or l am i nate d to the pip e end s with lo o s e
b acki ng flange s i n GRP or s te el .
T he
manu fac tu rer ’s
qua l ity j oi nts . T he
i n s ta l lation
fol lowi ng
i n s tr uc tion s
re ga rd i ng flange s
shou ld
be
fol lowe d
to
en s ure
go o d
s hou ld b e rega rde d as m i n i mu m re qu i rements:
a)
ad he s ive -b onde d flange s shou ld b e s qua re d o ff b e fore i n s ta l lation;
b)
b olt-th re ad lubric ation shou ld b e i n accordance with the ma nu fac tu rer ’s re com mendation s;
c)
corre c t torqu i ng (a s p er the manu fac tu rers re com mendation s) shou ld b e s tric tly p er forme d u s i ng
a torque wrench . O ver-torqu i ng to comp en s ate
for
p o or a l ign ment o f flange s or o ther d i s c rep anc ie s
i s no t accep table;
d) tightening sequence, torque increments and maximum torque should be in accordance with the
ma nu fac turer ’s re com mendation s;
e) connecting bolts should be inserted with washers on both sides. Flange faces should be intact, clean
a nd plane;
f)
g)
corre c t ga s ke ts (a s s p e c i fie d by the manu fac tu rer)
for
the re qui re d s er vice s hou ld b e u s e d;
fla nge s shou ld b e ad hes ive -b onde d s qua re to the a xi s o f the pip e, to with i n the tolera nce a s de tai le d
i n 5 . 5 . 6;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
65
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
h) pipework should not be pulled to align mating flanges.
D.6 Threaded connections
Three types o f threaded connection are available for both high and medium pressure GRP pipe systems:
a) the male/male joint, using a coupler with standard API threads (e.g. EUE 10RD, EUE 8RD, so-called
round threads); see Figure D.4;
b) the female/male threaded “integral” joint with standard API threads and sealing via the threads
using PTFE tape and/or special compounds as recommended by the manu facturer; see Figure D.5 ;
c) the female/male coarse-threaded “integral” joint, including O-ring for sealing; see Figure D.6.
To reduce friction and enhance sealing per formance, thread fillers, e.g. graphite and/or ceramic
particles, may be used. PTFE-based lubricants may also be used to reduce friction, i.e. to facilitate low
make-and-break torque.
Threaded end connections which conform to API standards should meet the requirements of
Reference [5]. Threaded end connections which are the design of the manufacturer should meet the
specifications o f the manu facturer, regarding, e.g. manu facturing quality, sur face finish, etc.
Key
1
2
3
4
standard API threads
female thread connector
pipe centreline
pipe laminate
Figure D.4 — Standard API joint
Key
1 standard API threads
2 pipe body — male end
3 pipe body — female end
4 pipe centreline
Figure D.5 — Integral joint (API thread)
66
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Key
1 coarse thread
2
3
f
4 O-ring seals
5 pipe centreline
p ip e b o dy — male end
p ip e b o dy —
emale end
Figure D.6 — Integral thread (coarse thread and O-ring seals)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
67
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex E
(normative)
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c
d
i
s
s
i
p
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
Veri fic ation o f the ele c trica l conduc tivity and/or e ar th l i n kage re qu i rements c an b e demon s trate d
through the following.
The installer shall measure one or more of the following properties as required:
a)
conti nuity a long the comp onent b e twe en e ar th-b ond i ng p oi nts;
b)
ma xi mu m re s i s tance to e ar th
from
a p oi nt on the i n s ide o f the pip e;
ma xi mu m re s i s tance to e ar th
from
a p oi nt on the outs ide o f the pip e or the fi re -pro te c tive co ati ng
c)
or therma l i n s u lation cladd i ng;
d)
e)
ma xi mu m re s i s tance to e ar th o f me ta l comp onents lo c ate d on the pip e;
re com mende d ma xi mum d i s tance b e twe en e a r th i ng p oi nts , b a s e d on the conduc tivity prop er tie s
o f the pip e s ys tem;
T he i n s ta l ler s ha l l ta ke i nto accou nt the manu fac tu rer's re com mende d me tho d s
grou nd i ng
s trap s
and
en s u ri ng
installation and operation.
rel iabi l ity
o f the
conduc tivity
p ath
a nd/or
for
e ar th
applyi ng e ar thb ond i ng
duri ng
I f re qu i re d , and a fter en s u ri ng the i n s ide and outs ide o f the pip e are d r y, the re s i s ta nce at a p oi nt on the
surface or earth-bonding point shall be measured using a suitable megohmmeter with a minimum scale
division of less than 1 × 10 6
f
Electrical contact with the pipe shall be with a suitable electrode and shall be connected with the
f
f
abrading the material to achieve better electrical contact, unless required as part of the installation
oh m s . T he voltage shou ld pre erably no t b e more than 1 5 0 0 V.
megoh m me ter. T he ele c tro de s ha l l provide the ne ce s s ar y conduc ti vity to the s u r ace o
pro ce dure,
for
the pip e without
e xa mple, to apply a n e ar th- ground i ng s trap to the pip e .
Examples of means of electrical contact include conductive paints, conductive adhesive tape and brines o a ke d s p onge s held i n place with clamp s . T he re s i s tance to e ar th s ha l l b e le s s tha n the va lue s p e c i fie d
i n the s ys tem de s ign do c u mentation .
—
I f conduc tivity i s provide d by an emb e dde d ne twork o f conduc ti ng elements with i n the wa l l o f the
comp onent, the i n s ta l ler sh a l l veri fy that there i s ele c tric a l conti nu ity a long the comp onent b e twe en
earth-bonding points.
—
I f conduc tivity i s provide d b y u s e o f a n e xterna l conduc tive p ai nt, the i n s ta l ler sh a l l veri fy that
the co ati ng i s conti nuous b e twe en e a r th-b ond i ng p oi nts . T he conduc tivity (oh m s p er me tre) and
re s i s tance to e a r th (oh m s) sh a l l b e le s s th an the va lues s p e c i fie d i n the s ys tem de s ign do c umentation
(see 5.3).
I f re qu i re d , the i n s ta l ler s ha l l co at the pipi ng with a s u itable conduc tive p ai nt to provide the ne ce s s a r y
ele c tric a l conduc tivity. T he ma xi mu m s i ze o f unco ate d are a, i n region s on the pip e that a re i ntende d to
be painted, shall not be more than 100 cm2 . The coating shall be effective over the design life and shall
no t b e i mp ai re d by norma l s er vice, hand l i ng or i n s ta l l ation . T he i n s ta l ler s ha l l provide evidence o f the
durabi l ity o f the co ati ng.
T he
conduc tive
co ati ng shou ld
pre ferably b e
appl ie d a fter hyd ro te s ti ng ,
to
faci l itate
i n s p e c tion
p o s s ible le a ks . B e fore the co ati ng i s appl ie d to a ny pipi ng comp onents , the s u r face s sh a l l b e
68
of
fre e from
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 1 4692 -4: 2 01 7(E)
moi s tu re, gre as e or a ny o ther contam i nants . T he co ati ng s ha l l b e conti nuou s b e twe en e ar th i ng p oi nts ,
with no isolated patches.
If the GRP is coated with a conductive paint, there shall be a reliable electrical bond between the pipe
and me ta l obj e c ts attache d to the pip e,
for
example, deluge no z z le s and s upp or t hangers . Rel ia nce
shou ld no t b e place d on the i nte grity o f p a i nt appl ie d over a fitti ng , s i nce a crack i n the p a i nt may re s u lt
in the formation of an isolated conductor. In these situations, an independent means of providing a good
conduc tive p ath b e twe en the pip e and s upp or t i s ne ce s s ar y.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
69
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Annex F
(informative)
Guidance on inspection and NDE methods
F.1 General
This annex provides generic guidance on the NDE methods available for inspecting GRP. Visual
inspection remains the most important technique if the resin is transparent, as large areas can be
inspected quickly within the laminate. However, some o f the most important de fects, such as poor
bonding, may require sophisticated NDE methods and a high degree o f operator skill. Further guidance
on the application procedures for these methods is given in Reference [4].
F.2 Visual defects
The main visually detectable de fects are as follows:
a) de formations and dimensional deviations;
b) sur face cracks and microcracks;
c) near-sur face delaminations, inclusions and air entrapments;
d) impact damage;
e) blisters;
f
) internal excess o f adhesive (internal inspection);
g) chemical attack and erosion (internal inspection).
F.3 Pressure testing
The hydrotest is considered to provide the best assurance o f a GRP pipe system's integrity, and is o ften
more reliable than other NDE techniques for assessing that the system has been properly fabricated
and installed. There are two significant drawbacks associated with pressure testing.
a) The cost o f blinding o ff systems can be significant.
b) Pressure testing is usually done late in the project cycle, when any corrective work can cause
commissioning delays.
The main de fects detectable by pressure testing are as follows:
— adhesive-bonded joints lacking adhesive or improperly prepared and assembled;
— inadequately cured adhesive in the bonded joints;
— manu facturing de fects in GRP materials;
— leaking joints.
A pressure test at 1,5 times the design pressure reveals leaks and such major de fects as severe impact
damage (e.g. from improper transport or incorrect burial conditions), improperly designed or fabricated
systems (lacking adequate strength), or very poor adhesive bonding. However, adhesive-bonded joints
are designed with a large margin o f sa fety and bonded joints having as much as 80 % unbonded area can
70
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
pass a pressure test. Thus, the pressure test is a major element in ensuring that the GRP pipe system is
structurally and functionally adequate, but cannot be viewed as an absolute guarantee o f per formance.
F.4 Inspection methods
F.4.1
General
A short assessment o f the merits and restrictions o f commercially available inspection techniques and
their applicability to GRP piping systems are presented in F.4.2 to F.4.11.
F.4.2
Ultrasonic testing
The pulse-echo (PE) method (where one transducer functions as both transmitter and receiver) is the
most commonly used ultrasonic test method for GRP. In addition, through-transmission and time-o fflight (using two transducers) and impedance plane methods (IPM), where one transducer is used with
phase monitoring, have been applied.
The main defects detectable with ultrasonic testing are as follows:
a) areas in bonded pipe joints lacking adhesive;
b) delaminations;
c) voids;
d) deviations in wall thickness (20 %).
Voids and areas lacking adhesive can be detected using ultrasonic methods to resolutions of
approximately 50 mm and to depths o f 20 mm. Areas o f poor adhesion, i.e. little or no adhesion but
with joint faces in contact (also known as “kissing bonds”) are not reliably detected by this method.
Delaminations can be detected with resolution similar to that for voids. Variations in wall thickness of
approximately 20 % can also be detected.
Probe selection should recognize the trade-o ffs between resolution (typically improved at higher
frequencies, i.e. >2,25 MHz), depth penetration (typically best at lower frequencies, i.e. <2,25 MHz),
signal damping characteristics and diameter (larger diameters allow higher energy input, but at the
expense o f spatial definition o f de fects and success ful coupling to curved sur faces). Use o f back-wall
echoes is recommended for inspecting adhesively bonded joints, since missing adhesive causes the
back-wall signal to disappear. The quality o f the sur face finish a ffects coupling and ultrasonic results.
Results can be improved by use o f coupling agents (e.g. water, gels, etc.) or by smoothing the sur face.
Scanning devices (or multiple point inspections) are recommended due to the uncertainties associated
with coupling, sur face finish and materials fabrication.
A relatively low frequency, typically between 0,25 MHz and 2,25 MHz, is considered to be best suited
for PE ultrasonic testing o f GRP i f the wall thickness is in the range 8 mm to 25 mm. Reflected pulses in
GRP have more complex wave forms and less time separation between the reflected pulses than is the
case for steel. There fore, multiple echoes cannot reliably be used in signal interpretation. Two methods
for increasing the time between reflected signals are:
a) transmission through flooded GRP pipes with the signal returning from the opposite pipe wall;
b) use of a suitable stand-off.
F.4.3
Radiographic testing
Radiographic testing is not as sensitive to surface roughness, but it is sensitive to the orientation of
the de fect. It is relatively easy to per form onshore, while it is somewhat more complicated on o ffshore
installations because of the need to close off areas while tests are being conducted.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
71
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
The main de fects detectable by radiography include:
a) incorrect wall thickness (up to 20 % deviation) or fit between male and female adherends;
b) some voids, delaminations and lack o f adhesive (up to 5 % deviation);
c) axial misalignment;
d) excess adhesive on inner wall o f pipe at joint;
e) scale build-up on inside o f pipe;
f) incorrect insertion of pipes in adhesive sockets.
Areas o f poor adhesion, i.e. little or no adhesion but with joint faces in contact, are not reliably detected
by this method.
Radiographic test (RT) parameters, i.e. tube voltage and exposure time, should be adjusted to allow
or the low density o f polymers and composites. Low to medium tube voltages, typically in the range
f
of 10 keV to 50 keV, are suitable. From radiographic test results it is possible to determine wall and
laminate (i.e. repair) thicknesses. In some cases, it has also been possible to determine the winding
angle, voids or lack o f adhesive (particularly where these become filled with, e.g. water). In general,
however, it is very di fficult to detect lack o f adhesive without modi fying the adhesive by adding heavy
elements which act as contrast enhancers. ZnI 2 , BaSO 4, PbO and W (at 5 % mass fraction) function well
as contrast enhancers.
F.4.4
Acoustic emission testing
Standard procedures for performing acoustic emission inspection on GRP materials exist and should be
available from acoustic emission equipment suppliers.
The main de fects detectable by acoustic emission testing include the following:
a) inadequate structural integrity (can be caused by weaknesses in design, production, material
degradation, etc.);
EXAMPLE 1
Wrong lay-up on laminated joints.
EXAMPLE 2
Underdesigned laminates in areas with multiaxial stresses.
b) growth o f delamination cracks;
c) crack growth in matrix material;
d) fibre fracture and pull-out;
e) inadequate curing, leading to excessive strains;
f) leakages.
Acoustic emission requires that the pipe be under load, up to a maximum o f the design load. Only
growing or propagating defects are detected.
F
.
4
.
5
D
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
c
a
l
o
r
i
m
e
t
r
y
(
D
S
C
)
a
n
d
B
a
r
c
o
l
h
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
t
e
s
t
i
n
g
The main de fects detectable by DSC and Barcol testing are as follows:
a) improperly mixed or cured adhesive in bonded joints (DSC);
b) improperly mixed or cured laminate in laminates or laminated joints (Barcol).
DSC is a quantitative, accurate and relatively fast semi-non-destructive technique which is based on
the measurements of thermal changes related to phase transitions and chemical reactions, such as
72
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
the c u ri ng o f thermo s e ts . Sma l l s a mple s c an b e c ut
from
the externa l ad he s ive s e a m s o f the j oi nts
for
measuring the glass transition temperature, Tg
Barcol hardness is an indirect method of measuring the degree of cure in thermoset resin laminates
, b y D S C a na lys i s .
and la m i nate d j oi nts .
F
.
4
.
6
T
h
e
r
m
o
T hermo graphy
p o tenti a l
for
g
r
a
ha s
p
h
y
b e en
s ucce s s fu l ly
used
for
i n s p e c tion
o f aero s p ace
comp o s ite s
a nd
also
ha s
N D T o f GRP pip e s ys tem s . Fu r ther development o f the te ch n ique i s ne e de d b e fore it ca n b e
con s idere d a field-rel iable N D T i n s p e c tion te ch n ique .
T he ma i n de fe c ts de te c table b y thermo graphy are as
a)
s c a le bu i ld-up;
b)
maj or ch ange s i n wa l l th ickne s s;
c)
a re a s i n the j oi nt lacki ng ad he s ive .
fol lows:
T hermo graphy me tho d s c a n b e s pl it i nto p as s ive thermo graphy i nvolvi ng temp eratu re mappi ng with
a therma l i magi ng c amera a nd ac tive (or tra n s ient) thermo graphy i n wh ich temp erature i s mapp e d
after a heat pulse is applied. The main advantage is that it is a fast screening method and sensitive to a
range o f de fe c t typ e s . T he l i m itation i s re s olution de cre as e s i n th ick s e c tion s (>10 m m) and there c an
b e d i ffic u ltie s with refle c tion s
from
sh i ny and c ur ve d s u r face s , s uch a s pip e s , wh ich may re qu i re a matt
s pray-p ai nt co ati ng.
F.4.7
Microwave inspection
M icrowave i n s p e c tion i s relatively re cent development but h as p o tentia l
for
N D T o f GRP pip e s ys tem s .
Fu r ther development o f the te ch nique i s re qu i re d b e fore it c a n b e con s idere d a field-rel i able N D T
inspection technique.
T he ma i n de fe c ts de te c table b y m icrowave s are as
a)
i mp ac t damage;
b)
i nterna l s u r face d amage;
c)
dela m i nation;
d)
b onde d j oi nt de fe c ts .
M icrowave
NDT
e quipment
h as
re cently
fol lows:
b e come
com merc i a l ly
avai lable
to
me as u re
d iele c tric
properties of non-metallic materials and has potential for examining defects in thick sections where
appl ic ation o f u ltra s on ic s i s l i m ite d b y h igh s igna l attenuation and p o or s ur face coupl i ng o f prob e s .
F
.
4
.
8
L
a
s
e
r
s
h
e
a
r
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
L a s er s he aro graphy h as p o tenti a l
for
N D T o f GRP pip e s ys tem s . Fu r ther development o f the te ch n ique
i s re qu i re d b e fore it c an b e con s idere d a field-rel iable N D T i n s p e c tion te ch n ique .
T he ma i n de fe c ts de te c table b y she aro graphy are as
a)
i mp ac t damage;
b)
i nterna l s u r face d amage;
c)
dela m i nation;
d)
b onde d j oi nt de fe c ts .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
fol lows:
73
ISO 14692-4:2017(E)
Laser shearography is a rapid and non-contact inspection technique that projects a laser speckle
pattern onto a component and then presents a surface strain map in response to an applied stress or
heat pulse. Modern equipment usually comprises a laser scanner and a computer with some form o f
vacuum hood to apply a uni form load.
F.4.9
Acousto-ultrasonics
Acousto-ultrasonics is a seldom used technique but has potential for NDT o f GRP pipe systems. Further
development o f the technique is needed be fore it can be considered a field-reliable NDT inspection
technique.
The main de fects detectable by acousto-ultrasonics are as follows:
a) impact damage;
b) internal fatigue damage;
c) adhesively bonded connections;
Acousto-ultrasonics is a relatively new commercially available system, although it has been developed
over many years as a remote screening method for inspecting adhesive bonds. The technique is a
combination of acoustic emission monitoring and ultrasonics and is capable of generating C-scan images
o f amplitude and time o f flight as well as A-scans.
F.4.10 Tap testing
Tap testing is used occasionally but has potential for NDT o f GRP pipe systems. Further development o f
the technique is needed be fore it can be considered a field-reliable NDT inspection technique.
The main de fects detectable by tap testing are as follows:
a) impact damage;
b) adhesively bonded connections.
Tap testing can be classified into mechanical and acoustic techniques and involves the analysis o f the
mechanical response o f the component or structure to an impulse from a low energy impactor. Tapping
can be done manually or mechanically and the main advantage is speed and simplicity o f the method.
Limitations are apparent when testing thicker sections.
F
.
4
.
1
1
U
l
t
r
a
s
o
n
i
c
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
Ultrasonic velocity is a seldom used technique but has potential for NDT o f GRP pipe systems. Further
development o f the technique is needed be fore it can be considered a field-reliable NDT inspection
technique.
The main de fects detectable by ultrasonic velocity are as follows:
a) change in pipe axial sti ffness;
b) internal fatigue or creep damage.
Ultrasonic velocity measurements using separate transmitter and receiver probes mounted on angled
wedges some distance apart can be used to assess the change in velocity with applied load or pressure
and hence, axial stiffness and onset of matrix cracking damage in stressed pipe. Ultrasonic attenuation
can be used for measuring void content and porosity.
74
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 1 4692 -4: 2 01 7(E)
Bibliography
[1]
ISO 14692-3, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping —
[2]
ISO/IEC 17024, Con formity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating certification
[3]
ASTM D257, Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
DNV Certification Scheme https://www.dnvgl.nl/services/grp-pipe-systems-specialists-58133
S pec API 15HR, Specification for high pressure fiberglass line pipe
AWWA M45:2013, Fiberglass pipe design
[4]
[5]
[6]
Part 3: System design
of persons
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75
ISO 1 469 2 -4: 2 01 7(E)
ICS 75.200; 83.140.30
Price based on 75 pages
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved