MODULE 3: WATER STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AR. CARYLL BERN S. BUENALUZ COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING • WATER DISTRIBUTION • PLUMBING FIXTURES • SANITARY • STORM DRAINAGE • FIRE PROTECTION • FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM WATER CYCLE COMPONENTS AND FLOW IN WATER SYSTEM SOURCES OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE PLUMBING. The systems of pipes, valves, fixtures and other apparatuses of a water supply or sewage system. DAM. refers to the structural barrier that is constructed across a river or a valley with the aim of ensuring that water is prevented from flowing. This causes water to accumulate behind the wall after which it is allowed to overflow after reaching a certain height of the dam. RESERVOIR. A natural or artificial place where water is collected and stored for use, esp. water for supplying a community, irrigating land or furnishing power TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION OBJECTIONABLE ELEMENT REASON FOR TREATMENT CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM PRODUCES HARDNESS SULFUR BAD TASTE AND ODOR, HIGHLY CORROSIVE TO PLUMBING, STAINS CLOTHING, ETC SALT BAD TASTE, HIGHLY CORROSIVE IRON STAINS CLOTHING AND PLUMBING FIXTURES, INTERFERES WITH WATER SOFTENERS, IRON BACTERIA AND CLOG PIPES PATHOGENIC GERMS UNHEALTHY AND UNSANITARY ACID HIGHLY CORROSIVE, PICS UP LEAD AND STAINS CLOTHING ALGAE BAD TASTE AND ODOR CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFATE AERATION SUSPENDED MATERIAL COAGULATION HARD WATER SULFUR WATER IRON ON WATER PATHOGENS IN WATER ACIDIC WATER ALGAE IN WATER HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN WATER SUSPENDED MATERIAL IN WATER WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND CORRECTION RAW WATER. Water that requires treatment before it can be used for drinking WATER TREATMENT. The act or process of making water more potable or useful by purifying, clarifying or softening. DOMESTIC COLD WATER SUPPLY The Domestic Cold Water Supply of the plumbing system consists of the piping and fittings which supply cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water closets and kitchen sinks. This is also known as Water Distribution System ELEMENTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1. WATER SERVICE OR HOUSE SERVICE 2. WATER METER 3. DISTRIBUTION MAIN OR HORIZONTAL MAIN 4. FIXTURE BRANCHES 5. RISER 6. VALVES AND CONTROL 7. STORAGE TANKS Water (Street) Main. A water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public authority. Water Service Pipe. The pipe from the water main, water meter, water supply system or other approved source of water supply, tithe building or structure served. Water Distribution Pipe. A pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in the building. Fixture Branch. A pipe connecting several fixture. Fixture Supply. A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch or directly to a main water supply pipe SERVICE TAP CONNECTION DETAIL METER CONNECTION DETAIL Water Meter. A mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a pipe. Meter Stop. A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling device for the building installation. The system must provide adequate supply of water, with adequate pressure, up to the extremities of the system. The safety and quality of the water should not be impaired by defects in the system. It should be provided with sufficient valves and blow off ’s, to allow repair work without undue interruption of service to some areas, and to allow the flushing of the system. There should be no unprotected open reservoir, or cross connections with inferior water system to enter the distribution system. The water system should be tight against leakage. The water system design, shall afford effective circulation of water with minimum number of dead end mains. As much as possible, water main should be laid above the elevation of concrete sanitary sewers, or crossover points, and at least 3 meters horizontally from such sanitary sewer when they are parallel. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS • DIRECT PRESSURE – UPFEED SYSTEM • INDIRECT SYSTEM 1. GRAVITY OR DOWNFEED 2. HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEM OR PNEUMATIC AIR-PRESSURE SYSTEM UPFEED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM HYDROPNEUMATIC PRESSURE SYSTEM This is a pumping system that provide water within pre-set flow and pressure ratings, automatically on demand giving all the advantages of city water supply. This system contains 3 basic elements: 1. A Pump (of any type or manufacture) 2. A Pressure Sensing Electric Switch 3. A Pressure Vessel (Pressure Tank) which contains an elastic medium. TYPES OF WELLS WATER TANK 1. Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be: a. Watertight b. b. vermin-proof (rat proof) c. corrosion proof d. capable of withstanding the pressure under which they are to be operated and e. provided with safe and easy means of access for inspection. WATER TANK 2. The capacity of any single tank in or on building shall not exceed 113,000 liters(30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters. 3. Tanks shall not be located over openings in floor and roof construction. 4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic supply and for standpipe or automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed to furnish water in sufficient quantity and pressure for such systems WATER DEMAND MAXIMUM AND PROBABLE DEMAND Maximum Demand refers to the maximum water discharge of fixtures in terms of fixture units. the maximum demand of water is equivalent to the total fixture units in the plumbing system where “1 fu is valued at 8 gallons of water discharge per minute interval “ EXAMPLE ONE WATER CLOSET FOR PUBLIC USE IS VALUED AT 4 FU. THEREFORE: 4 FU X 8 GAL = 32 GAL A residential house has 3 water closets, 3 lavatories, 2 kitchen sink and 3 shower Solve using Table 7.2 of national plumbing code 4 FU X 3 WATER CLOSETS 1 FU X 3 LAVATORIES 12 UNITS 3 UNITS 2 FU X 2 KITCHEN SINK 4 UNITS 2 FU X 3 SHOWER 6 UNITS TOTAL 25 FIXTURE UNITS MAXIMUM WATER DEMAND IS: 25 UNITS X 8 GAL = 200 GAL PROBABLE DEMAND OR PEAK LOAD One factor to be considered in determining the size of the water service pipe. The question of how many will be used simultaneously at one point in time is difficult to ascertain but according to statistical survey, “ The fewer the number of fixtures installed, the higher the percentage of probability of their simultaneous use, and the greater the number of fixtures, the lower the percentage of probable simultaneous use.” No. of fixture units 1 -5 Percentage of Simultaneous Use 50-100% 6 to 50 25-50% 51 or more 10-25% Probability of Simultaneous Use of Fixtures The probable demand is not likely to exceed 25% of the Maximum demand, esp. for average size residential building. 4 FU X 3 WATER CLOSETS 1 FU X 3 LAVATORIES 12 UNITS 3 UNITS 2 FU X 2 KITCHEN SINK 4 UNITS 2 FU X 3 SHOWER 6 UNITS TOTAL 25 FIXTURE UNITS MAXIMUM WATER DEMAND IS: 25 UNITS X 8 GAL = 200 GAL The 200 gal of water max. demand is likely to be consumed in 1 minute. Thus, it may be reduced to 25-50% to get probable demand. Assume 30% reduction of 200 Gal = 60 gal Subtract from max. demand of 200 gal 200 gal – 60 gal = 140 gal PROBABLE DEMAND Thank You Messenger Caryll Soliven Buenaluz Twitter @ikarylle Email cbsbuenaluz@slu.edu.ph Phone 09176800552
