History of Medical Technology Profession GINA M. ZAMORA, MSMT • At the end of this unit, students can: 1. Discuss the history of medical technology on a global context. 2. Discuss the history of medical technology in the United States. 3. Discuss the history of medical technology in the Philippines. 4. Identify important personalities that played a significant role in the progress of medical technology profession. 5. Discuss the historical milestones in Medical Technology • Four stages in the historical development of Medical Technology: 1. 460 BC 2. Apothecaries Act of 1815 - Baron Karl Von Humbeldt 3. modern onset of the Medical technology in the United States in 1871 4. establishment of clinical laboratory and medical technology course in the Philippines. • Hippocrates, regarded as the founder of scientific medicine -determined the correlation between anatomical and chemical laboratory findings and the causes of diseases. - adopted the triad of regimen in treating diseases and infection with the use of drugs, surgery, and bloodletting. • Vivian Herrick determined that intestinal parasitic infection was caused by Ascaris lumbricoides and the Taenia species. o This was published in a book by Ebers Papyrus , which describes the treatment of hookworm disease and infection transmissible in humans. • Anenzoa - an Arabian physician, also proved that the etiological agent of skin diseases, such as scabies, were parasites. • Medieval period (1098-1438) – Urinalysis • 14th century, Anna Fagelson - confirmed the beginnings of medical technology when she correlated the cause of death of Alexander Gillani, a laboratory worker in the University of Bologna, to laboratory-acquired infection. • 17th century - Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope - describe the appearance of red blood cells, and differentiated bacteria based on their shape. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH CENTURY • medical practitioners in North Africa and Southern Europe received classical medical education. • four basic humors:blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile • Rudolf Virchow (between 1821 – 1902) - recognized as the father of microscopic pathology. - first scientist/physician of the time who emphasized the study of the manifestation of diseases and infections, which are visible at the cellular level by means of a microscope. • Dr. Calvin Ellis- first to utilize the microscope in examining specimens at the Massachusetts General Hospital. • Dr. William Occam - used laboratory findings as preliminary evidence in diagnosing and evaluating a patient's disease. • Apothecaries Act of 1815- initiated by Baron Karl Von Humbeldt who formally used laboratory findings in the treatment of diseases and infection. - intervened and paved the way for an uphaul of medical treatment based on laboratory findings. - The Act introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries (in modern terms, general practitioners) under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES In the United States, medical education underwent much needed reforms. • Dr. William H. Welch • In1885, Dr. Welch became the first professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University • *The first clinical laboratory was opened in 1896 at the John Hopkins Hospital by Dr. William Osler. • * A clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. (William Pepper Laboratory) • Dr. James C. Todd • Wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” • Retitled “Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods” in the 19th edition • 1900: Census • 100 technicians, all male were employed in the United states • 1915 • The state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have an adequate laboratory and to employ a full-time laboratory technician • 1920 • Increased to 3,500 • 1922 • 3035 hospitals had clinical laboratories • World War I • Was an important factor in the growth of the clinical laboratory and produced a great demand for technicians • University of Minnesota • Where one of the first schools for training workers was established • A course bulletin was entitled “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” (1922) • 1921 • The Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was organized • 1923 • University of Minnesota was the first to offer level program • World War II • The use of blood increased and the “close system” of blood collection was widely adopted • Laboratory medicine certainly moved into an era of sophistication HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES • Medical Technology in the Philippines post-World War II • the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines was built and established on Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz Manila (where the public health laboratory is presently located) by the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army. • February 1944, it provided one year of training to high school graduates to work as laboratory technicians. • June 1945, the staff of the 6th US Army left the facility after endorsing the newly established Clinical Laboratory to the National Department of Health. • Dr. Pio de Roda- preserved the remains of the laboratory with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano, the first City Health Officer of Manila. • October 1, 1945, the preserved laboratory was formally reestablished by Dr. Pio de Roda with the help of Dr. Prudencio Sta. Ana. • 1954 - Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Sta. Ana to prepare a syllabus for training medical technicians. Together with Dr. Tirso Briones, they conducted a six month training course with certification. • Manila Sanitarium Hospital and its sister company the Philippine Union College offered a course in medical technology. • Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick, founder of medical technology education in the Philippines, Dr. Reuben Manalaysay; president of the Philippine Union College, Rev. Warren; president of the North Philippine Mission of the Seventh Day Adventist and director of the Bureau of Education, established the first Medical Technology School in the Philippines. • Dr. Hedrick, with the help of Mrs. Antoinette McKelvey, prepared the course curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in microbiology, parasitology, and histopathology at the Manila Sanitarium Hospital. • five-year course leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in medical technology was approved by the Bureau of Education • Manila Sanitarium Hospital and the Philippine Union CollegeOffered Bachelor of Science degree in Medical Technology • Mr. Jesse Umali- first student to graduate from the Philippine Union College • University of Santo Tomas (1957) - offered an elective course in pharmacy leading to a bachelor of science in medical technology under the leadership of Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes. • 1960–61, the Bureau of Education officially approved the first three years as a three-year academic course and the fourth year as an internship program. • Other Schools that first offered Medical Technology: Centro Escolar University, Far Eastern University • Postgraduate course ( Master of Science in Medical Technology /MSMT) is now offered at the University of Santo Tomas and Philippine Women's University. HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY • from a single-lens microscope to dissecting and scanning electron microscopes. • Highly technical instruments such as the auto analyzer in clinical chemistry or the flow cytometer in histopathology • automation coupled with the use of computer graphics, recorders, and even calculators. • Laboratory Information System (LIS). Almost all clinical laboratories, especially those in the tertiary category, use the LIS to release laboratory results. • Medical technology uses genetic engineering methods, especially in cases of detecting genetic disorders such as hemophilia • Current research is moving toward the molecular diagnosis of diseases and infections. • The ultimate goal of medical technology is its commitment to focus on more discoveries. This goal can be attained through the efforts extended by science and technology. Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Laboratory 1660 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - Father of Microbiology - Known for his work on the improvement of the microscope 1796 – Edward Jenner - Discovered Vaccination to establish immunity to small pox - impact of contribution: Immunology 1880 – Marie Francois Xavier Bichat - Identified organs by the types of tissues - Imapct of contribution: Histology 1835 – Agostino Bassi - Produced disease in worms by injection of organic material - impact of contribution: beginning of bacteriology 1857 – Louis Pasteur - Successfully produced immunity to rabies 1866 – Gregor Mendel - Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants 1870 – Joseph Lister - Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborn organisms. 1877 – Robert Koch - Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax) and tubercle bacilli 1886 – Ellie Metchnokoff - Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infection 1886 – Ernst Von Bergmann - Introduced steam sterilization in surgery 1902 – Karl Landsteiner - Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system 1906 – August von Wassermann - Developed immunologic tests for syphilis 1906 – Howard Ricketts - Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and virus called rickettsiae 1929 – Hans Fischer - Worked out the structure of hemoglobin 1954 – Jonas Salk - developed poliomyelitis vaccine 1973 – James Westgard - Introduced the Westgard Rules for Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory 1980 – Baruch Samuel Blumberg - Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine 1985 – Kary Mullis - Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 1992 – Andre van Steirteghem - introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF) 1998 – James Thomson - Derived the first human Stem Cell line FUTURE TRENDS Latest technologies include robotic devices, keyhole surgery procedures and genetic engineering created from knowledge about DNA molecules Thank You!
