Fundamentals of Management
Eleventh Edition
History Module
A Brief History of Management’s
Roots
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Early Management
• Management has been practiced for thousands of years.
• Organized projects were directed by people responsible
for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
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Do we have different approaches to
management?
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Could you state some of these
approaches?
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Classical approaches
Behavioral approach
Quantitative approach
Contemporary approaches
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Frederick W. Taylor described scientific
management as a method of scientifically
finding the:
one best way to do a job
Henri Fayol looked at organizational practices by
focusing on what constituted good management, an
approach known as general administrative theory. He
focused on activities common to all managers. He stated
14 principles of management :
Classical
approaches
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Division of work
Authority
Discipline
Unity of command
Unity of direction
6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General
Interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar Chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of Tenure Personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit
de2017,
Corps
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2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Robert Owen, who was concerned about deplorable working
conditions (motivation programs, work team, etc.)
Behavioral
approach
Experiments were included to look at redesigning jobs, make
changes in workday and workweek length, introduce rest periods,
and introduce individual versus group wage plans.
The researchers concluded that social norms or group standards
were key determinants of individual work behavior.
Organizational behavior (OB): Much of what managers do today
when managing people—motivating, leading, building trust, working
with a team, managing conflict
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Behavioral approach
•
Making management
more human.
•
Believed in the importance of
employee satisfaction - a satisfied
worker was believed to be a
productive worker.
•
Suggested:
employee
participation, praise, being nice to
people to increase productivity.
•
Maslow and McGregor’s theories
are important because they
represent the foundation from
which contemporary motivation
theories were developed. Both are
subscribed more fully in chapter
11.
practices
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•
•
Uses quantitative techniques to improve decision making
Includes applications of statistics, optimization models,
information models, and computer simulations
•
Total Quality management is a philosophy of management
that is driven by continual improvement and response to
customer needs and expectations.
Quantitative
approach
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•
Systems Theory: researchers began to analyze
organizations from a systems perspective based on
the physical sciences. A system is a set of
interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a
manner that produces a unified whole. The two basic
types of systems are closed and open. An open
system interacts with its environment.
•
The Contingency Approach: recognizes that
different organizations require different ways of
managing.
The
contingency
approach
to
management is a view that the organization
recognizes and responds to situational variables as
they arise.
•
The next approach to management does not have a
name (yet), but technology and information are the
obvious drivers for management change today. From
wired to wireless, the impact of computing resources
have changed how managers and employees relate
to each other and to the organization.
1960s
Contemporary
approaches
1960s
1980 present
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Other Early Twentieth-Century
Contributors: A Diversity Perspective
• Madam C. J. Walker, who invented
African American hair products and was
one of the first American women to
become
a
self-made
millionaire.
• Charles Clinton Spaulding, who
recognized the value of transformational
leadership,
employee
development,
diversity, corporate social responsibility,
and a strong organizational culture.
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Other Early Twentieth-Century
Contributors: A Diversity Perspective
–2
• Kiichiro Toyoda, the founder of
the Toyota Motor Company and
Toyota Production System.
• Prudencio Unanue and Joseph
A. Unanue, who turned Goya
Foods into the largest Latinoowned food distributor in the
United States.
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Contemporary Approaches: Systems
Approach
Exhibit HM–2 Organization as an Open System
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Contemporary Approaches:
Contingency Approach
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