Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 4 3 2 3 3 2 7 9 1 1 * 0680/12 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT February/March 2019 Paper 1 Theory 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces at the top of this page. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 20 printed pages and 4 blank pages. DC (ST/TP) 167511/2 © UCLES 2019 [Turn over 2 Section A 1 The diagram shows part of the water cycle. precipitation ice and snow condensation transpiration evaporation X infiltration ocean ground water flow Key movement of water process (a) State the process at X in the diagram. Surface run off ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (b) Describe the processes leading to the precipitation in the diagram. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] [Total: 5] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 3 2 The diagram shows the approximate altitude of the first four layers of the Earth’s atmosphere. 85 to 500 km Thermosphere 50 to 85 km 15 to 50 km Mesosphere Stratosphere 0 to 15 km Troposphere the Earth (a) Complete the diagram by labelling the four layers. Use words from the list. mesosphere stratosphere thermosphere troposphere [3] (b) The ozone layer is part of one of the layers of the atmosphere. CFCs have depleted the ozone layer. Describe the impacts of ozone depletion. Itcauseshi gher l evel sof ul travi ol etradi ati on from the sun on the earth. ................................................................................................................................................... Itcausesski n probl emsi n humans. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 5] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 4 3 During 2011 the world population reached seven billion. The world’s population continues to increase. (a) State two strategies for controlling population growth. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) The increasing population means that there is a shortage of food in some parts of the world. (i) Describe how the use of fertilisers can increase agricultural yields. Itprovi desessenti alnutri entsto the soi l . ........................................................................................................................................... Ithel psthe pl antsbui l d nutri entsand hel psthe devel opmentof cel l s. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe how the overuse of fertilisers can impact river ecosystems. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 6] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 5 4 (a) Describe two advantages of using nuclear power rather than using fossil fuels to generate electricity. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Explain how people can reduce the consumption of electricity in the houses they live in. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 4] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 6 BLANK PAGE © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 7 Section B 5 In October 2016, Hurricane Matthew hit Haiti. About 1000 people died and nearly 175 000 people were made homeless. Winds reached 230 km / h and caused storm surges, which led to widespread flooding. (a) The table shows the categories of hurricanes. category wind speed in km / h damage caused 1 119–153 minimal 2 154–177 moderate 3 178–208 extensive 4 209–251 extreme 5 > 252 catastrophic Determine the category of Hurricane Matthew when it hit Haiti. Give a reason for your answer. category ........................................ reason ....................................................................................................................................... [1] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 8 (b) Some people from Haiti spoke about the preparation for, and management of, Hurricane Matthew. Person A: Before the hurricane, I lived in a shelter I had made myself. Lots of us lived like this. There were no building regulations. All the shelters were completely destroyed as soon as the hurricane started. I will have to build a new shelter. Person B: The roads into our village were destroyed by landslides and they were covered with flood water. No one came to help us for days. The country doesn’t have enough money to help everyone. Person C: I didn’t know what to do when the hurricane hit. No one had told us how to prepare. We had no mobile phone signal and all the power lines were down, so we had no idea what was happening. Person D: We lived outside for days. The only help we got was from a charity. They gave us plastic sheets for shelter and some food. Person E: Since the hurricane, a charity has given us early warning hurricane sirens. The maintenance of the solar-powered sirens is paid for by using them as charging stations for mobile phone users. © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 9 (i) Do you think Haiti had an effective strategy for managing the impacts of Hurricane Matthew? Support your view with reference to the comments made by the different people. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [6] (ii) Suggest why people were concerned about water-related diseases after Hurricane Matthew. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 10 (c) Hurricane Matthew destroyed most of the crops in Haiti and people were not able to replant crops for many months. Suggest the consequences of this for the people of Haiti. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (d) Suggest reasons why people live in areas that are often hit by hurricanes, despite the dangers. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 11 6 In 2015, a new tungsten mine was opened in the United Kingdom. Tungsten is a metal used in many industries. Before the mine opened, the United Kingdom imported the majority of its tungsten from overseas. The new mine will be the fourth-biggest tungsten mine in the world. The tungsten is found very close to the surface. There is an increased world demand for tungsten. The new mine created approximately 200 jobs in the local area. The photograph shows this type of mining. (a) (i) State the type of mining shown in the photograph. Open pi tmi ni ng whi ch i stype of a surface mi ni ng ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain why this type of mining is suitable for the new tungsten mine. Iti ssui tabl e because the val uabl e mi neral smi ghtbe presentover a mi ni mall ayer of ........................................................................................................................................... overburden and sub surface mi ni ng coul d be di ffi cul tand costl yfor mi ni ng tungsten [1] ..................................................................................................................................... (b) Describe three impacts of this mine on the local area. Itcausesdeforestati on asthe vegetati on l and i scl eared and i taffectsthe ani mal s 1 ................................................................................................................................................ who depend on pl antsand treesfor food and shel ter. ................................................................................................................................................... Itcausesheari ng probl emsi n the l ocalpeopl e asnoi se i screated bymachi nes. 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... Itcausesthe contami nati on of the nearbywater sourcesdue to drai nage from mi ne 3 ................................................................................................................................................ wastes.these mi ne wastescontai n toxi c chemi cal s ................................................................................................................................................... [3] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 12 (c) Recycling is one strategy for the sustainable use of rocks and minerals. Describe another way rocks and minerals can be used sustainably. Mi ne wastescan be processed for a second ti me asi trecoversmostof the val uabl e ................................................................................................................................................... mi neral ssti l lpresenti ni tand i treducesthe ri skof pol l uti on bythe mi ne wastes ............................................................................................................................................. [1] (d) A student read an article in a scientific journal about e-waste. E-waste E-waste consists of electrical and electronic equipment and their components, which have been thrown away rather than being reused. E-waste is difficult to manage because it is made-up of many different components, many of which are toxic. Typical toxins include heavy metals such as mercury, chromium and lead, acidic gases from burning plastics and CFCs from refrigeration units. These toxins can have negative environmental and health effects. Some e-waste contains useful metals such as tungsten, gold, silver, iron, aluminium and copper. Some countries have take-back systems where consumers can safely recycle their e-waste and even have their e-waste collected from their homes. However, most e-waste is incinerated, buried as land-fill or dumped illegally. (i) Describe what is meant by e-waste. E-waste consi stsof el ectri caland el ectroni c equi pmentand thei r components,whi ch ........................................................................................................................................... have been thrown awayrather than bei ng reused. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest and explain two negative effects of e-waste. E-waste i sdi ffi cul tto manage because i ti smade-up of manydi fferent 1 ........................................................................................................................................ nscan have negati ve components,manyof whi ch are toxi c.These toxi ........................................................................................................................................... i mpactson the envi ronmentand the heal th of humans. ........................................................................................................................................... E-waste i ncreasesthe l evel sof CFCsi n the envi ronment.Hi gher l evel sof CFCs 2 ........................................................................................................................................ causesaci d rai nsand the depl eti on of the ozone l ayer whi ch can have negati ve ........................................................................................................................................... i mpactson ecosystem of the earth. ........................................................................................................................................... [2] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 13 (iii) Suggest how countries can reduce the negative impact of e-waste. Countri escan i ntroduce some speci fi c systemsl i ke the take-backsystem. ........................................................................................................................................... In the take-backsystem,consumerssafel yrecycl e thei r E-waste and even have ........................................................................................................................................... thei r e-waste col l ected from thei r homes. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) The article also contained some data about e-waste. The total global e-waste generated in 2014 was 41.9 million tonnes (Mt) and 50.0 Mt in 2018. In 2014, e-waste contained 1.00 Mt of lamps; 6.30 Mt of screens; 12.8 Mt of small electronic equipment; 3.00 Mt of small information technology items; 11.8 Mt of large electronic equipment and 7.00 Mt of refrigeration equipment. (i) Calculate the percentage increase in e-waste from 2014 to 2018. (8.1/41.9)x100= 19.3 % [2] ...................................................... (ii) The student wants to summarise the data in the article to show the types of equipment e-waste contained in 2014. Record the data in a suitable table. [3] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 14 (f) The bar chart shows the average amount of e-waste produced per person for some countries in 2014. It also shows the population of these countries in 2014. 24 1500 22 20 1250 18 16 production of e-waste / kg per person 1000 14 12 750 population / million 10 8 500 6 4 250 2 0 India Singapore South Africa UK USA 0 country Key production of e-waste / kg per person population / million (i) Use the key to complete the bar chart for Singapore, to show that 19.6 kg per person of e-waste was produced in 2014. [1] (ii) Use the bar chart to determine the country which produces the most e-waste. Explain how you determined your answer. country ........................................ explanation ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 19] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 15 BLANK PAGE © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 16 7 The map shows major ocean currents. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn NORTH North AMERICA America Europe EUROPE Asia ASIA North Y Atlantic Ocean Africa AFRICA South SOUTH AMERICA America Oceania OCEANIA South Atlantic Ocean ANTARCTICA Key warm current Y cold current oil spill (a) Use the map to answer the following questions. (i) Describe the major ocean currents in the Atlantic Ocean. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Explain why an oil spill at location Y would be of international concern. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 17 (iii) Large fish populations are found off the west coast of southern Africa. Explain why. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 18 (b) Eight out of ten of the world’s most populated cities are coastal. Over half of the world’s population lives within 200 km of the coastline. More than 10% of the world’s population depend on fisheries for their livelihood. The graph shows the trend in human population and the trend in total species extinctions. 8000 7000 60 000 6000 50 000 5000 40 000 4000 human population 3000 / million total species 30 000 extinctions 20 000 2000 10 000 0 1000 1800 Key 1850 1900 1950 2000 0 year human population / million total species extinctions Some people are concerned about the exploitation of fisheries. To what extent do you agree with this concern? Use the information to support your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] [Total: 11] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 19 8 The diagram shows part of a food web. wolves foxes owls mice deer grass (a) (i) small birds insects Write one food chain from this food web. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Determine the greatest number of trophic levels shown in the food web. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 20 (b) Plants, such as grass, get their energy from the Sun. (i) Write the word equation for this process. ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Soil is a medium for plant growth. Complete the table to describe the features of a sandy soil. feature of soil description of sandy soil ease of cultivation easy organic content water content drainage ......................................... ......................................... ......................................... [3] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 21 (c) The photograph shows the result of the planned burning of an area of forest in Canada. Suggest one possible benefit and one negative effect of clearing land by burning existing vegetation. benefit ....................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... negative effect .......................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [2] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 [Turn over 22 (d) ‘The sustainable management of forests should be a global environmental priority.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 15] © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 23 BLANK PAGE © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19 24 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2019 0680/12/F/M/19
