BIO161
Unit 1 Studyguide (Ch. 2, 3)
Janine Martin
Ch. 2: Chemistry and Nutrition
1. Define Element and List the 4 most common elements of the body.
2. Recognize which of the 3 subatomic particles is involved in bond formation.
3. For each of the bonds we learned about (Ionic, Covalent – Nonpolar, Covalent – Polar,
Hydrogen) know the following:
a. How electrons are involved in the bond (transfer, sharing, neither).
b. What their function is in the body
c. Examples of molecules with these types of bonds mentioned in class.
d. How they behave in water, dissolve and/or dissociate? Hydrophobic vs
hydrophilic?
4. Define nutrient. Recognize the 6 classes of nutrients and differentiate between
macronutrients and micronutrients. Recognize which categories can be broken down to
produce ATP.
5. Define Calorie (see text). For each of the following know how many Calories (kCal) each
provides per gram: carbohydrates, protein, lipids.
6. What does it mean for a molecule to be organic? Recognize examples of nutrient
categories that are organic vs. inorganic.
7. For each of the macronutrients: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins list whether each is polar
or nonpolar.
8. Differentiate between the different types of lipids. Which are considered healthy vs.
unhealthy?
9. Recognize a Vitamin’s primary function and the two categories they fall into. Which is
more likely to be toxic if consumed in high quantity?
10. Be prepared to name an example of a mineral.
11. Study the composition of the human body. Which type of nutrient is most prevalent?
Ch. 3: Cell Structure and Function
1) The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable structure. Know the basic components of
the membrane and determine which types of substances can easily cross through and which
need help.
2) Define the types of cell transport discussed in class (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, and endocytosis). Categorize each as active or
passive. What energy molecule is used to power active forms of transport?
3) The cell is composed of a variety of structures and organelles. Describe the functions
of:
a) Golgi apparatus
b) Lysosome
c) Nucleus
d) Mitochondria
BIO161
Unit 1 Studyguide (Ch. 2, 3)
Janine Martin
e) Plasma Membrane
f) Ribosomes
g) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
4) For Transcription and Translation be able to:
a) Name where each takes place in the cell.
b) Name the substrate being bound by the enzyme and used to build the product.
c) Name the information molecule used by the enzyme to tell what needs to be built.
d) The enzyme critical to building the molecule
e) Name the product, the macromolecule being built by the enzyme.
5) For cellular respiration what are the substrates and what are the generated products?
What organelle contributes most to this process?