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What is the national territory of the Philippines?<div>The national territory comprises the <br><ol><li>Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced&nbsp;<a></a>therein, and&nbsp;</li><li>All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty <b><u>OR</u></b> jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas.&nbsp;</li><li>The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.</li></ol></div><br>
What are the components of the Philippine national territory?"<ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">The terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, </li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">territorial sea, </li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">seabed, </li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">subsoil, </li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">insular shelves, and </li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">other submarine areas</li></ul>"
What is considered part of the internal waters of the Philippines?The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions
What type of state is the Philippines?The Philippines is a democratic and republican State.
Where does sovereignty reside in the Philippines?Sovereignty resides in the people.
What principles does the Philippines adhere to in its national policy?The Philippines adopts the principles of peace, equality, justice, freedom, cooperation, and amity with all nations.
Who holds supreme authority over the military in the Philippines?Civilian authority is supreme over the military.
What is the role of the Armed Forces of the Philippines?The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. <br><br>Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.
What is the prime duty of the Government in the Philippines?The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people.
Under what conditions can citizens be required to render military or civil service?Under conditions provided by law, all citizens may be required to render personal military or civil service in defense of the State.
What is essential for the enjoyment of democracy by all people in the Philippines?The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and the promotion of the general welfare.
Is the separation of Church and State inviolable in the Philippines?Yes, the separation of Church and State shall be inviolable.
What is the paramount consideration in the Philippines' relations with other states?In its relations with other states, the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination.
What is the policy of the Philippines regarding nuclear weapons?The Philippines adopts and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory, consistent with the national interest.
What is the goal of the social order promoted by the State in the Philippines?The State aims to promote a just and dynamic social order that ensures the prosperity and independence of the nation and frees the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all.
What principle does the State promote in all phases of national development?The State promotes social justice in all phases of national development.
What values does the State in the Philippines uphold regarding human rights?The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
How does the State view the sanctity of family life in the Philippines?The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. <br><br>It equally protects the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. <br><br>The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.
What is the role of the youth in nation-building according to the State?The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. <br><br>It inculcates in the youth patriotism and nationalism and encourages their involvement in public and civic affairs.
How does the State recognize the role of women in nation-building?The State recognizes the role of women in nation-building and ensures the fundamental equality before the law of women and men.
What right does the State protect and promote in relation to the health of the people in the Philippines?The State protects and promotes the right to health of the people and instills health consciousness among them.
What does the State prioritize in order to foster patriotism, nationalism, and social progress in the Philippines?The State gives priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
How does the State view labor in the Philippines?The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force and protects the rights of workers while promoting their welfare.
What type of national economy does the State aim to develop in the Philippines?The State aims to develop a self-reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
How does the State view the role of the private sector in the Philippines?The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives for needed investments.
What areas does the State aim to promote through comprehensive rural development in the Philippines?The State aims to promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.
How does the State recognize the rights of indigenous cultural communities in the Philippines?The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development.
What types of organizations does the State encourage in the Philippines?The State encourages non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.
What role does communication and information play in nation-building according to the State?The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.
How does the State ensure the autonomy of local governments in the Philippines?The State ensures the autonomy of local governments.
What does the State guarantee in terms of equal access to opportunities for public service?The State guarantees equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibits political dynasties as may be defined by law.
What policy does the State adopt regarding public disclosure of its transactions involving public interest?Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest.
What rights are protected by the due process of law in the Philippines?No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
What does the right against unlawful seizure?The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall be inviolable. <br><br>No search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause determined personally by the judge.
Under what circumstances can the privacy of communication and correspondence be violated?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of privacy rights shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.</div>"
What rights are protected under the freedom of speech, expression, and the press in the Philippines?No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press. <br><br>The right of the people to peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances shall also be protected.
How does the Philippines protect religious freedom?No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. <br><br>The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. <br><br>No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.
How does the Philippines protect the liberty of abode and the right to travel?The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. <br><br>The right to travel shall not be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health as provided by law.
What right does the Constitution recognize regarding public information in the Philippines?"""The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. <br><br>Access to official records, documents, papers, and government research data shall be afforded to citizens, subject to limitations provided by law."""
What right does the Constitution protect in relation to forming associations or unions?"""The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for lawful purposes shall not be abridged."""
What does Constitution state about the taking of private property for public use?"""Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation."""
What does the Constitution ensure in relation to laws and contracts (principle of inviolability of contracts)?"""No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed."""
What does the Constitution guarantee in terms of access to courts and legal assistance?"""Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty."""
What rights does the Constitution provide to a person under investigation for the commission of an offense?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">""(1) The right to be informed of the right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel. If unable to afford counsel, one must be provided. Waiver of these rights requires written consent and the presence of counsel.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(2) Protection against torture, force, violence, threats, or other means that vitiate free will. Prohibition of secret detention, solitary confinement, and incommunicado detention.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(3) Inadmissibility of confessions obtained in violation of these rights.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(4) Provision of penalties, compensation, and rehabilitation for violations of this section and victims of torture or similar practices.""</div>"
What does the Constitution state regarding the right to bail in the Philippines?All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall be bailable before conviction. <br><br>The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. <br><br>Excessive bail shall not be required.
What rights are guaranteed to individuals in criminal prosecutions according the Constitution?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">(1) The right to due process of law when answering for a criminal offense.&nbsp;<br><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(2) The presumption of innocence, the right to be heard by oneself and counsel, the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, the right to a speedy, impartial, and public trial, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to compulsory process for witnesses and evidence.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">The trial may proceed in the absence of the accused after arraignment if properly notified and the absence is unjustifiable.</div>"
Under what circumstances can the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended according the Constitution?The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion when public safety requires it.
What right does the Constitution guarantee in terms of case disposition?All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.
What right does the Constitution protect regarding self-incrimination?No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
What does the Constitution stipulate regarding detention based on political beliefs and involuntary servitude?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(2) No involuntary servitude shall exist except as a punishment for a duly convicted crime.</div>"
What does the Constitution state about fines, punishment, and the death penalty?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">(1) Excessive fines, cruel or degrading punishment, and the imposition of the death penalty are prohibited. The Congress may provide for the death penalty for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, but existing death penalties shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(2) Physical, psychological, or degrading punishment and substandard penal facilities are prohibited and shall be dealt with by law.</div>"
What does the Constitution guarantee in relation to non-payment of debt or poll tax in the Philippines?No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
What rights are protected under the Constitution regarding multiple prosecutions for the same offense?No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. <br><br>Conviction or acquittal under either a law or an ordinance constitutes a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
What is prohibited by the Constitution in terms of enactment of laws?No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
What types of punishments are prohibited by the Constitution?"<ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Excessive fines,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">cruel, degrading, or inhuman punishment, and&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">the death penalty, unless for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes.</li></ul>"
How should physical, psychological, or degrading punishment be addressed?By law and other legal processes
Can a person be tried twice for the same offense?No, it constitutes a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
What rights does an accused person have in criminal prosecutions?"<ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Presumption of innocence,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Right to be heard by oneself and counsel,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Right&nbsp;to a speedy, impartial, and public trial,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Right&nbsp;to confront witnesses, and&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Right&nbsp;to secure attendance of witnesses and evidence.</li></ul>"
Are persons charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua eligible for bail?No, except when evidence of guilt is not strong.
What rights does a person under investigation for an offense have?Right to be informed of the right to remain silent, right to have counsel, right to have counsel provided if unable to afford one, and right to have these rights waived only in writing and in the presence of counsel.
What methods are prohibited during the investigation of an offense?Torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any means that vitiates free will.
Are confessions or admissions obtained through violations of the accused's rights admissible in evidence?No, they shall be inadmissible.
What provisions should be made for violations of the rights against torture or similar practices?Penal and civil sanctions, compensation, and rehabilitation for victims and their families.
Who are considered citizens of the Philippines according to the Constitution?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">(1) Those who are citizens at the time of the adoption of the Constitution,&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines,&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, and&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">(4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law.</div>"
What is the definition of natural-born citizens in the Philippines?Those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. <br><br>Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1, shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
How can Philippine citizenship be lost or reacquired?Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
Do citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens retain their citizenship?Yes, unless by their act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
How is dual allegiance of citizens of the Philippines addressed?Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
Who can exercise suffrage in the Philippines?All citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and in the specific place they propose to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election.
Are there any literacy, property, or other substantive requirements for suffrage in the Philippines?No, no literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
What measures are provided for the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot in the Philippines?The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot, as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
Is there a voting procedure for the disabled and illiterates in the Philippines?The Congress shall design a procedure for the disabled and illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. <br><br>Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and rules set by the Commission on Elections to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
Can qualified Filipinos living abroad vote in elections?Yes, the Congress shall provide a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
What is the composition of the Congress of the Philippines?The Congress of the Philippines consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.
How many Senators are there in the Senate of the Philippines?The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators.
What are the qualifications to become a Senator in the Philippines?To be a Senator, a person must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, at least thirty-five years of age on the day of the election, able to read and write, a registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election.
How long is the term of office for Senators in the Philippines?The term of office for Senators is six years, commencing at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. <br><br>No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms.
How many members are there in the House of Representatives in the Philippines?The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by law.
How are the members of the House of Representatives elected in the Philippines?Members of the House of Representatives are elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area based on the number of their respective inhabitants. Additionally, party-list representatives are elected through a party-list system.
What are the qualifications to become a Member of the House of Representatives in the Philippines?To be a Member of the House of Representatives, a person must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, at least twenty-five years of age on the day of the election, able to read and write, a registered voter in the district in which they shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election.
What is the term of office for Members of the House of Representatives in the Philippines?Members of the House of Representatives are elected for a term of three years, beginning at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their election. <br><br>No member shall serve for more than three consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of their service for the full term for which they were elected.
When is the regular election for Senators and Members of the House of Representatives held in the Philippines?Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall be held on the second Monday of May.
How are vacancies in the Senate or House of Representatives filled in the Philippines?In case of a vacancy in the Senate or the House of Representatives, a special election may be called to fill the vacancy as prescribed by law. <br><br>The Senator or Member of the House of Representatives elected in a special election shall serve only for the unexpired term.
How are the salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives determined in the Philippines?The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives are determined by law. <br><br>However, no increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all the Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives who approved the increase.
What privileges do Senators and Members of the House of Representatives have regarding arrest and liability during the session of Congress?A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall be privileged from arrest while the Congress is in session for offenses punishable by not more than six years imprisonment. <br><br>Additionally, no Member shall be questioned nor held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the Congress or in any committee thereof.
What disclosure requirements exist for Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives in the Philippines?Upon assumption of office, all Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives are required to make a full disclosure of their financial and business interests. <br><br>They are also required to notify the respective House of a potential conflict of interest arising from filing proposed legislation of which they are authors.
Can Senators or Members of the House of Representatives hold other government offices or employment during their term?No, Senators or Members of the House of Representatives are prohibited from holding any other office or employment in the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries, during their term without forfeiting their seat. <br><br>They are also prohibited from being appointed to any office which may have been created or the emoluments thereof increased during the term for which they were elected.
Are Senators or Members of the House of Representatives allowed to personally appear as counsel in courts or have financial interests in government contracts?No, Senators or Members of the House of Representatives are prohibited from personally appearing as counsel before any court of justice or before the Electoral Tribunals, or quasi-judicial and other administrative bodies. <br><br>They are also prohibited from having a financial interest, directly or indirectly, in any contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation or its subsidiary, during their term of office. <br><br>They are further restricted from intervening in any matter before any office of the Government for their pecuniary benefit or where they may be called upon to act on account of their office.
How often does the Congress of the Philippines convene for its regular session?The Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session, unless a different date is fixed by law. <br>It shall continue to be in session for such number of days as it may determine until thirty days before the opening of its next regular session, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays. <br>The President has the authority to call a special session at any time.
How are the Senate President and the House Speaker elected?The Senate shall elect its President, and the House of Representatives shall elect its Speaker, by a majority vote of all its respective Members. <br><br>Each House may also choose other officers as it deems necessary.
What constitutes a quorum for the Senate and the House of Representatives?A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business. <br><br>However, a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and may compel the attendance of absent Members as determined by each House's rules, and under penalties established by that House.
What is the role of the Electoral Tribunal in the Senate and the House of Representatives?The Senate and the House of Representatives each have an Electoral Tribunal, which serves as the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of their respective Members. <br><br>Each Electoral Tribunal is composed of nine Members, with three Justices of the Supreme Court designated by the Chief Justice and six Members chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the Senate or the House of Representatives, as the case may be, representing the political parties and organizations registered under the party-list system. <br><br>The senior Justice in the Electoral Tribunal serves as its Chairman.
What is the composition and function of the Commission on Appointments?The Commission on Appointments consists of the President of the Senate, who serves as the ex officio Chairman, twelve Senators, and twelve Members of the House of Representatives. <br><br>The Members of the Commission are elected by each House on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. <br><br>The Chairman of the Commission does not vote, except in case of a tie. <br><br>The Commission acts on all appointments submitted to it within thirty session days of the Congress from their submission, and decisions are reached by a majority vote of all the Members.
When are the Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments constituted?The Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments are constituted within thirty days after the Senate and the House of Representatives have been organized with the election of the President and the Speaker.
Are the records and books of accounts of the Congress open to the public?Yes, the records and books of accounts of the Congress are preserved and open to the public in accordance with the law. <br><br>The Commission on Audit audits these books, and it annually publishes an itemized list of amounts paid to and expenses incurred for each Member.
Can the Senate or the House of Representatives conduct inquiries in aid of legislation?Yes, the Senate or the House of Representatives, as well as any of their respective committees, may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with their duly published rules of procedure. <br><br>However, the rights of persons appearing in or affected by such inquiries must be respected.
Can the heads of departments appear before the Senate or the House of Representatives to discuss matters related to their departments?Yes, the heads of departments may, upon their own initiative with the consent of the President or upon the request of either House, appear before and be heard by such House on any matter pertaining to their departments. <br><br>However, written questions must be submitted to the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives at least three days before their scheduled appearance. Interpellations are not limited to written questions and may cover related matters. <br><br>In certain cases, the appearance may be conducted in executive session if the security of the State or the public interest requires it and the President states so in writing.
Who has the power to declare the existence of a state of war?The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, has the sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.
Can the President exercise powers during times of war or national emergency?Yes, during times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may, by law, authorize the President, for a limited period and subject to prescribed restrictions, to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. <br><br>Unless sooner withdrawn by resolution of the Congress, such powers shall cease upon the next adjournment thereof.
Which house has the exclusive authority to originate certain types of bills?All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing an increase in the public debt, bills of local application, and private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives. <br><br>However, the Senate may propose or concur with amendments to these bills.
Can the Congress increase the appropriations recommended by the President in the budget?No, the Congress may not increase the appropriations recommended by the President for the operation of the Government as specified in the budget. <br><br>The form, content, and manner of preparation of the budget are prescribed by law.
What are the limitations on the provisions or enactments in the general appropriations bill?The general appropriations bill may only include provisions or enactments that relate specifically to some particular appropriation within the bill. <br><br>Any such provision or enactment is limited in its operation to the appropriation to which it relates.
How is the approval process for appropriations for the Congress different from other departments and agencies?The procedure for approving appropriations for the Congress must strictly follow the procedure for approving appropriations for other departments and agencies.
What are the requirements for a special appropriations bill?A special appropriations bill must specify the purpose for which it is intended, and it must be supported by funds that are actually available as certified by the National Treasurer, or to be raised by a corresponding revenue proposed therein.
Is there a provision for the transfer of appropriations?No, no law shall be passed authorizing any transfer of appropriations. <br><br>However, the President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and the heads of Constitutional Commissions may, by law, be authorized to augment any item in the general appropriations law for their respective offices from savings in other items of their respective appropriations.
How should discretionary funds for particular officials be disbursed?Discretionary funds appropriated for particular officials should be disbursed only for public purposes and must be supported by appropriate vouchers. <br>The disbursement of such funds is subject to guidelines prescribed by law.
What happens if the general appropriations bill is not passed by the Congress by the end of a fiscal year?If, by the end of any fiscal year, the Congress fails to pass the general appropriations bill for the ensuing fiscal year, the general appropriations law for the preceding fiscal year shall be deemed reenacted and shall remain in force and effect until the general appropriations bill is passed by the Congress.
How many readings must a bill pass before becoming a law?A bill passed by either House of Congress must pass three readings on separate days to become a law. <br>Printed copies of the bill in its final form must be distributed to its Members three days before its passage. <br>However, if the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency, these requirements may be waived. <br>Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendments are allowed, and the vote on the bill must be taken immediately. <br>The yeas and nays must be entered in the Journal.
What is the process for a bill to become a law after being passed by Congress?"<ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Every bill passed by Congress must be presented to the President.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">If the President approves the bill, he shall sign it, and it becomes a law.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">If the President vetoes the bill, he returns it with his objections to the House where it originated.<br></li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">The House shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider the bill.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">If, after reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of that House agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House for reconsideration.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">If approved by two-thirds of all the Members of the other House, it becomes a law.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">The votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in the Journal.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">The President must communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after receiving it; otherwise, it becomes a law as if he had signed it.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">The President has the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto does not affect the item or items to which he does not object.<br></li></ul>"
How should the rule of taxation be applied, and what is the Congress authorized to do regarding tariff rates and other duties?The rule of taxation must be uniform and equitable, and the Congress is tasked with evolving a progressive system of taxation. T<br>he Congress may authorize the President, by law, to fix tariff rates, import and export quotas, tonnage and wharfage dues, and other duties or imposts within the framework of the national development program of the Government.
Which entities or properties are exempt from taxation?"<ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Charitable institutions,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Churches, parsonages or convents appurtenant thereto, mosques,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Non-profit cemeteries, and&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">All lands, buildings, and improvements <u><i>actually, directly, and exclusively </i></u>used for religious, charitable, or educational purposes shall be exempt from taxation.</li></ul>"
How should money collected for a special purpose be treated?Money collected on any tax levied for a special purpose must be treated as a special fund and used only for that purpose. If the purpose for which a special fund was created has been fulfilled or abandoned, any remaining balance must be transferred to the general funds of the Government.
Can the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court be increased without its advice and concurrence?No, no law shall be passed increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as provided in the Constitution without its advice and concurrence.
May a law granting a title of royalty or nobility be allowed?No law granting a title of royalty or nobility shall be enacted.
What is the provision related to initiative and referendum in the Congress?The Congress shall provide for a system of initiative and referendum, allowing people to directly propose and enact laws or approve/reject acts or laws passed by the Congress or local legislative body.
What is the minimum percentage of registered voters required to sign a petition for initiative and referendum?;At least ten per centum of the total number of registered voters, with each legislative district represented by at least three per centum of its registered voters.
Which branch of government holds the executive power in the Philippines?;The executive power is vested in the President of the Philippines.
What are the qualifications to be elected as President of the Philippines?;To be elected President, a person must be <br><ol><li>a natural-born citizen of the Philippines,&nbsp;</li><li>Registered voter,&nbsp;</li><li>Able to read and write,&nbsp;</li><li>At least forty years of age on the day of the election, and&nbsp;</li><li>Resident of the Philippines for at least ten years preceding the election.</li></ol>
What are the qualifications and term of office for the Vice-President?;The Vice-President must have the same qualifications as the President and serves for the same term. <br>They can be removed from office in the same manner as the President.
Can the Vice-President be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet?;Yes, the Vice-President may be appointed as a Member of the Cabinet, and no confirmation is required for such appointment.
What is the term of office for the President and the Vice-President of the Philippines?;Both the President and the Vice-President are elected for a term of six years, starting on the thirtieth day of June following the election.
Is the President eligible for re-election?;No, the President is not eligible for any re-election.
Can a person who has served as President for more than four years be elected to the same office?;No, a person who has served as President for more than four years is disqualified from being elected to the same office.
How many consecutive terms can a Vice-President serve?;A Vice-President can serve for a maximum of two consecutive terms.
When is the regular election for President and Vice-President held?;The regular election for President and Vice-President is held on the second Monday of May, unless otherwise provided by law.
What is the process for canvassing the votes for President and Vice-President?;The returns of every election, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, are transmitted to the Congress. <br><br>The Congress opens the certificates of canvass and authenticates them. The person with the highest number of votes is proclaimed elected.
Who is the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice-President?;The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, is the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice-President.
What oath or affirmation is taken by the President, Vice-President, or Acting President before assuming office?;The President, Vice-President, or Acting President takes an oath or affirmation to faithfully and conscientiously fulfill their duties, preserve and defend the Constitution, execute laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate themselves to the service of the Nation.
Does the President have an official residence?;Yes, the President has an official residence.
Can the salaries of the President and Vice-President be decreased during their tenure?;No, the salaries of the President and Vice-President cannot be decreased during their tenure.
What happens if the President-elect fails to qualify?;If the President-elect fails to qualify, the Vice-President-elect acts as President until the President-elect qualifies.
Who acts as President in case both the President and Vice-President have died or become permanently disabled?;If both the President and Vice-President have died or become permanently disabled, the President of the Senate or, in their inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives acts as President until a new President or Vice-President is chosen and qualified.
What is the process for selecting an Acting President in case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the President or Vice-President?;The Congress, by law, provides for the manner in which an Acting President is selected until a President or Vice-President qualifies, in case of death, permanent disability, or inability of the officials mentioned.
Who assumes the presidency in case of a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President?;If there is a vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President during their term, the President nominates a Vice-President from among the Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives, who assumes office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
What is the process for calling a special election to fill a vacancy in the offices of the President and Vice-President?Within three days after the vacancy occurs, the Congress convenes and enacts a law calling for a special election to be held within forty-five to sixty days from the time of the call. <br><br>The bill for the special election becomes law upon its approval on third reading. <br><br>No special election is called if the vacancy occurs within eighteen months before the next presidential election.
What happens if the President declares an inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office?;If the President declares an inability, the Vice-President assumes the powers and duties of the office as Acting President until the President transmits a written declaration to the contrary.
Under what circumstances can the Vice-President immediately assume the powers and duties of the President as Acting President?If a majority of all the Members of the Cabinet transmit a written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, the Vice-President immediately assumes the powers and duties as Acting President.
Who decides the issue of the President's inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office?;If a majority of the Cabinet or the Congress determines that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, the Vice-President acts as the President. Otherwise, the President continues exercising the powers and duties of the office.
What information should be made public in case of serious illness of the President?;In case of serious illness of the President, the public should be informed of the state of their health. <br><br>The Members of the Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines have access to the President during such illness.
What restrictions are placed on the President, Vice-President, Cabinet members, and their deputies or assistants regarding holding other offices or employment?They are prohibited from <br><ul><li><i><u>Holding any other office or employment</u></i> during their tenure.</li><li>They must avoid <u><i>conflict of interest</i></u> and&nbsp;</li><li>Not practice any other profession or participate in any business during their tenure.</li></ul>
Can the spouse and relatives within the fourth civil degree of the President be appointed to certain positions during his tenure?No, they cannot be appointed as members of the Constitutional Commissions, Office of the Ombudsman, Secretaries, Undersecretaries, chairmen or heads of bureaus or offices, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries.
What happens to appointments made by an Acting President?Appointments made by an Acting President remain effective, unless revoked by the elected President within ninety days from his assumption or reassumption of office.
When is the President or Acting President allowed to make appointments during the electoral process or towards the end of his term?Two months immediately before the next presidential elections and up to the end of the President's term, appointments are generally prohibited. <br><br>Temporary appointments can be made in executive positions when continued vacancies may prejudice public service or endanger public safety.
Who has the power to nominate and appoint the heads of executive departments, ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and officers of the armed forces?The President has the power to nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of executive departments, ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and officers of the armed forces. <br><br>The President also appoints other government officers not otherwise provided for by law.
What is the President's role in terms of control over executive departments, bureaus, and offices?The President has control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices, and ensures that the laws are faithfully executed.
What powers does the President have as the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces? [Calling-Out Powers]The President can call out the armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion, or rebellion. In cases of invasion or rebellion, the President may suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or declare martial law, subject to certain limitations and reporting requirements to Congress.
What power does the President have regarding reprieves, commutations, pardons, and amnesty?The President can grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment. <br><br>The President can also grant amnesty with the concurrence of a majority of all Members of Congress.
Can the President contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines?Yes, the President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board, subject to limitations provided by law.
How does the President address the Congress?The President addresses the Congress at the opening of its regular session and may appear before it at any other time.
What is the purpose of the judicial power?To settle actual controversies involving legally demandable and enforceable rights and to determine if there has been a grave abuse of discretion on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.
What is the power of Congress regarding the jurisdiction of courts?Congress has the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of various courts.
What is the limitation on reorganizing the Judiciary?No law reorganizing the Judiciary shall undermine the security of tenure of its Members.
How does the Judiciary enjoy fiscal autonomy?Appropriations for the Judiciary may not be reduced below the previous year's amount, and after approval, shall be automatically and regularly released.
How is the Supreme Court composed?The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate Justices.
What is the composition of the Supreme Court when sitting en banc?The Supreme Court may sit en banc with all Members participating or in divisions of three, five, or seven Members.
What is required for a decision of the Supreme Court en banc or in division to be modified or reversed?A decision rendered en banc or in division may only be modified or reversed by the court sitting en banc.
What are the powers of the Supreme Court?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">- Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over certain writs.<br><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm final judgments and orders of lower courts in various cases.<br><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- Assign judges temporarily to other stations.<br><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.<br><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- Promulgate rules concerning constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts.<br><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- Appoint officials and employees of the Judiciary.</div>"
What is the requirement for appointment as a Member of the Supreme Court or lower collegiate court?<ul><li>Natural-born citizen of the Philippines,&nbsp;</li><li>At least forty years of age, and&nbsp;</li><li>Must have been a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines for fifteen years or more.</li></ul>
Who appoints the regular Members of the Judicial and Bar Council?The President, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.
How are Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts appointed?They are appointed by the President from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council for every vacancy. <br><br>Such appointments need no confirmation.
What is the time limit for the President to issue appointments for lower courts?Within ninety days from the submission of the list.
Can the salary of Supreme Court Justices and judges of lower courts be decreased during their continuance in office?No, their salary shall not be decreased.
How long do Members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts hold office?They hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge their duties.
Who has the power to discipline judges of lower courts or order their dismissal?The Supreme Court en banc has the power to discipline judges of lower courts or order their dismissal by a majority vote of the Members who participated in the deliberations.
Can Members of the Supreme Court and other court judges be designated to agencies performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions?No, they shall not be designated to any agency performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.
How are decisions reached by the Supreme Court or lower collegiate courts?The conclusions of the Supreme Court or lower collegiate courts are reached in consultation before assigning a Member to write the opinion of the Court. <br>A certification is issued and attached to the case record, stating the Justices' positions.
What are the requirements for rendering a decision by any court?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">- ""Clearly and distinctly express the facts and the law on which it is based.""</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- ""No petition for review or motion for reconsideration shall be refused due course without stating the legal basis.""</div>"
What are the time limits for deciding cases or matters in the Supreme Court and lower courts?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">- ""Twenty-four months for the Supreme Court.""&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- ""Twelve months for all lower collegiate courts, unless reduced by the Supreme Court.""&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">- ""Three months for all other lower courts.""</div>"
What happens if a decision or resolution is not rendered within the applicable mandatory period?The court shall decide or resolve the case or matter without further delay, and a certification stating the reasons for the delay shall be issued.
What is the requirement for the Supreme Court to submit an annual report on the Judiciary?The Supreme Court shall submit an annual report on the operations and activities of the Judiciary to the President and the Congress within thirty days from the opening of each regular session of the Congress.
Name the Constitutional Commissions that are independent.The Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit.
Can a Member of a Constitutional Commission hold any other office or employment during his tenure?No, a Member of a Constitutional Commission cannot hold any other office or employment during his tenure.
Can a Member of a Constitutional Commission engage in the practice of any profession or be financially interested in contracts or franchises affected by the functions of his office?No, a Member of a Constitutional Commission cannot engage in the practice of any profession or have financial interests in contracts, franchises, or privileges affected by the functions of his office.
Can the salary of the Chairman and the Commissioners be decreased during their tenure?No, their salary shall not be decreased during their tenure.
How are the officials and employees of the Constitutional Commissions appointed?The Constitutional Commissions shall appoint their officials and employees in accordance with the law.
Do the Constitutional Commissions enjoy fiscal autonomy?Yes, the Constitutional Commissions enjoy fiscal autonomy, and their approved annual appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.
Can each Commission en banc promulgate its own rules concerning pleadings and practice?Yes, each Commission en banc may promulgate its own rules concerning pleadings and practice, but these rules shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights.
How long do the Constitutional Commissions have to decide on a case or matter brought before them?Each Commission shall decide by a majority vote of all its Members any case or matter brought before it within sixty days from the date of its submission for decision or resolution.
Can decisions, orders, or rulings of each Commission be brought to the Supreme Court for review?Yes, any decision, order, or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the aggrieved party within thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof.
Can each Commission perform other functions as provided by law?Yes, each Commission can perform such other functions as may be provided by law.
How many Commissioners are there in the Civil Service Commission?The Civil Service Commission is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners.
What are the qualifications for the Chairman and Commissioners of the Civil Service Commission?They must be <br><ul><li>natural-born citizens of the Philippines,&nbsp;</li><li>at least thirty-five years of age at the time of their appointment,&nbsp;</li><li>with proven capacity for public administration, and&nbsp;</li><li>must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment.</li></ul>
How long is the term of the CSC Chairman and Commissioners?The term of the Chairman and Commissioners is seven years without reappointment. The Chairman holds office for seven years, a Commissioner for five years, and another Commissioner for three years, without reappointment.
How are the Chairman and Commissioners of CSC appointed?They are appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.
Can any Member of the Civil Service Commission be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity?No, in no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
What does the civil service encompass?The civil service encompasses all branches, subdivisions, instrumentalities, and agencies of the Government, including government-owned or controlled corporations with original charters.
How are appointments in the civil service made?Appointments in the civil service shall be made only according to merit and fitness, and primarily by competitive examination, except to positions which are policy-determining, primarily confidential, or highly technical.
Under what circumstances can an officer or employee of the civil service be removed or suspended?An officer or employee of the civil service can only be removed or suspended for cause provided by law.
Can civil service employees engage in electioneering or partisan political campaigns?No, no officer or employee in the civil service shall engage, directly or indirectly, in any electioneering or partisan political campaign.
What is the right of government employees regarding self-organization?The right to self-organization shall not be denied to government employees.
What measures shall the Civil Service Commission adopt as the central personnel agency of the Government?The Civil Service Commission shall establish a career service and adopt measures to promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness, progressiveness, and courtesy in the civil service. <br><br>It shall strengthen the merit and rewards system, integrate all human resources development programs, and institutionalize a management climate conducive to public accountability.
What is the requirement for public officers and employees regarding upholding the Constitution?All public officers and employees shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend the Constitution.
Who has the authority to provide for the standardization of compensation for government officials and employees?The Congress shall provide for the standardization of compensation for government officials and employees.
Is a candidate who has lost in any election eligible for appointment to any office in the Government?No, a candidate who has lost in any election shall not, within one year after such election, be appointed to any office in the Government or any government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.
Can an elective official be appointed or designated to any public office or position during his tenure?No, an elective official shall not be eligible for appointment or designation in any capacity to any public office or position during his tenure.
Can an appointive official hold any other office or employment in the Government?Unless otherwise allowed by law or by the primary functions of his position, no appointive official shall hold any other office or employment in the Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries.
Can a public officer or employee receive additional, double, or indirect compensation?No, no elective or appointive public officer or employee shall receive additional, double, or indirect compensation unless specifically authorized by law.
Can a public officer or employee accept presents, emoluments, offices, or titles from foreign governments?No, a public officer or employee shall not accept, without the consent of the Congress, any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind from any foreign government.
Are pensions or gratuities considered as additional, double, or indirect compensation?No, pensions or gratuities shall not be considered as additional, double, or indirect compensation.
How many Commissioners are there in the Commission on Elections?There shall be a Commission on Elections composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners.
What are the qualifications for the Chairman and Commissioners of the Commission on Elections?They must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, at least thirty-five years of age at the time of their appointment, holders of a college degree, and must not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections. <br><br>However, a majority thereof, including the Chairman, shall be Members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years.
How long is the term of the Comelec Chairman and Commissioners?The term of the Chairman and Commissioners is seven years without reappointment. Of those first appointed, three Members shall hold office for seven years, two Members for five years, and the last Members for three years, without reappointment.
How are the Comelec Chairman and Commissioners appointed?They are appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.
Can any Member of the Commission on Elections be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity?No, in no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
What powers and functions does the Commission on Elections exercise?The Commission on Elections exercises powers and functions that include <br><ul><li>Enforcing and administering laws and regulations related to elections,&nbsp;</li><li>Conducting contests,&nbsp;</li><li>Deciding election-related questions,&nbsp;</li><li>Registering political parties,&nbsp;</li><li>Investigating election violations,&nbsp;</li><li>Recommending measures to minimize election spending, and&nbsp;</li><li>Submitting reports on the conduct of elections</li></ul>
Can decisions of the Commission on election contests involving municipal and barangay offices be appealed?Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving elective municipal and barangay offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
Can the Commission on Elections deputize law enforcement agencies&nbsp;during elections?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">Yes.&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">The Commission on Elections can deputize law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the Philippines, to ensure free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections.</div>"
Can foreign governments contribute financial contributions to political parties or candidates?Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties, organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections constitute interference in national affairs and, when accepted, shall be an additional ground for the cancellation of their registration with the Commission, in addition to other penalties that may be prescribed by law.
What are the responsibilities of the Commission on Elections regarding election spending and fraud prevention?The Commission on Elections is responsible for <br><ul><li>recommending effective measures to minimize election spending, including limiting the places where propaganda materials are posted, and&nbsp;</li><li>preventing and penalizing all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidacies.</li></ul>
What reports does the Commission on Elections submit to the President and Congress?The Commission on Elections submits a comprehensive report on the conduct of each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall to the President and the Congress.
How does the Commission on Elections decide on election cases?The Commission may sit en banc or in two divisions and shall promulgate its rules of procedure to expedite disposition of election cases, including pre-proclamation controversies. <br><br>All election cases shall be heard and decided in division, but motions for reconsideration of decisions shall be decided by the Commission en banc.
Can the Commission on Elections supervise or regulate franchises, permits, and public utilities during the election period?During the election period, the Commission may supervise or regulate the enjoyment or utilization of all franchises or permits for the operation of transportation and other public utilities, media of communication or information, and grants, special privileges, or concessions granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof, including any government-owned or controlled corporation or its subsidiary.
Can the President grant pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for election law violations without the Commission's recommendation?No, no pardon, amnesty, parole, or suspension of sentence for violation of election laws, rules, and regulations shall be granted by the President without the favorable recommendation of the Commission.
Are political parties, organizations, or coalitions represented in election-related bodies?Political parties, organizations, or coalitions registered under the party-list system shall not be represented in the voters' registration boards, boards of election inspectors, boards of canvassers, or other similar bodies. <br><br>However, they shall be entitled to appoint poll watchers in accordance with the law.
When does the election period start and end?The election period commences ninety days before the day of the election and ends thirty days after, unless otherwise fixed by the Commission in special cases.
Are bona fide candidates protected from harassment and discrimination?Yes, bona fide candidates for any public office shall be free from any form of harassment and discrimination.
How are funds for elections provided?Funds certified by the Commission as necessary to defray the expenses for holding regular and special elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referenda, and recalls shall be provided in the regular or special appropriations and, once approved, shall be released automatically upon certification by the Chairman of the Commission.
How many Commissioners are there in the Commission on Audit?There shall be a Commission on Audit composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners.
What are the qualifications for the Chairman and Commissioners of the Commission on Audit?"<ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">They must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">At least thirty-five years of age at the time of their appointment,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Certified public accountants with not less than ten years of auditing experience, or Members of the Philippine Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">They must not have been candidates for any elective position in the elections immediately preceding their appointment.&nbsp;</li></ul><div style=""text-align: justify;"">At no time shall all Members of the Commission belong to the same profession.</div>"
How long is the term of the Chairman and Commissioners?The term of the Chairman and Commissioners is seven years without reappointment. <br><br>Of those first appointed, the Chairman shall hold office for seven years, one Commissioner for five years, and the other Commissioner for three years, without reappointment.
How are the Chairman and Commissioners appointed?They are appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.
Can any Member of the Commission on Audit be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity?No, in no case shall any Member be appointed or designated in a temporary or acting capacity.
What are the powers and duties of the Commission on Audit?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">The Commission on Audit has the power, authority, and duty to&nbsp;</div><ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining to the revenue and receipts, and expenditures or uses of funds and property owned or held in trust by the Government or any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities.&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Define the scope of its audit and examination, establish auditing rules and regulations, and submit an annual report covering the financial condition and operation of the Government, its subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities.</li></ul>"
What entities are subject to the audit of the Commission on Audit?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">The Commission on Audit audits various entities, including&nbsp;</div><ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">government-owned or controlled corporations,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">constitutional bodies, commissions and offices with fiscal autonomy,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">autonomous state colleges and universities, and non-governmental entities receiving subsidy or equity from the Government.&nbsp;</li></ul><div style=""text-align: justify;"">It may also adopt measures to correct deficiencies in the internal control system of audited agencies.""</div>"
Can any entity of the Government or its subsidiary be exempted from the jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit?No, no law shall be passed exempting any entity of the Government or its subsidiary in any guise whatever, or any investment of public funds, from the jurisdiction of the Commission on Audit.
What reports does the Commission on Audit submit to the President and Congress?The Commission on Audit submits an annual report covering the financial condition and operation of the Government, its subdivisions, agencies, and instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and non-governmental entities subject to its audit. <br><br>It also recommends measures necessary to improve their effectiveness and efficiency and submits other reports as may be required by law.
What are the territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines under Article X of the Constitution (Local Government)?The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays.
What regions are designated as autonomous regions under the 1987 Constitution?There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
What is the basic principle of local autonomy for LGUs?The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.
What is the constitutional duty of Congress regarding the creation of local government code?The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure. <br><br>It will institute a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum. <br><br>The code will also allocate powers, responsibilities, and resources among different local government units and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions, and duties of local officials. <br><br>It covers all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local units.
What is the basis of the taxing power of local government units?Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges, subject to guidelines and limitations provided by Congress. <br><br>The taxes, fees, and charges collected shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
How are national taxes allocated to LGUs?Local government units shall have a JUST share, as determined by law, in the <u>national taxes</u>, which shall be automatically released to them.
What is the share of local governments regarding the utilization and development of national wealth within their respective areas?Local governments shall be entitled to an <u><i>equitable share in the proceeds</i></u> of the utilization and development of the national wealth within their respective areas. <br>This includes sharing the same with the inhabitants through direct benefits, as provided by law.
What is the rule on voluntary renunciation of office for elective local officials?Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.
What type of representation is required in the legislative bodies of local governments?Legislative bodies of local governments shall have sectoral representation as may be prescribed by law.
What is the rule for creating, dividing, merging, abolishing, or altering the boundary of a province, city, municipality, or barangay?No province, city, municipality, or barangay may be created, divided, merged, abolished, or its boundary substantially altered, <br><br>Except in accordance with the criteria established in the Local Government Code and subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected.
Can special metropolitan political subdivisions be created by Congress?Yes. The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite. <br><br>The component cities and municipalities within the subdivision shall retain their basic autonomy and entitlement to their own local executives and legislative assemblies. <br><br>The jurisdiction of the metropolitan authority shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination.
What is the rule when a highly urbanized or component cities with specific charters prohibit voters from voting for provinvcial elective officials?Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law, and component cities <u>whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials</u>, shall be <u><i><b>independent of the province</b></i></u>. <br><br>However, component cities within a province, whose charters contain no such prohibition, shall not be deprived of their right to vote for elective provincial officials.
What collaboration options are available to LGUs?Local government units may group themselves, consolidate, or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with the law.
What may the President establish to strengthen the autonomy and growth of regional units?The President shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives from non-governmental organizations within the regions. <br><br>The purpose of these bodies is to achieve administrative decentralization, strengthen the autonomy of the units, and accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the region.
What is the extent of authority of the President in relation to autonomous regions?The President shall exercise <u><i>general supervision</i></u> over autonomous regions to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed.
What powers are granted to the autonomous regions by the 1987 Constitution?All powers, functions, and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution or by law to the autonomous regions shall be vested in the National Government.
How is the basic structure of government in the autonomous regions created by Congress?The Congress shall enact an organic act for each autonomous region with the assistance and participation of the regional consultative commission. <br><br>The organic act shall define the basic structure of government for the region, consisting of the executive department and legislative assembly, both of which shall be elective and representative of the constituent political units. <br><br>The organic acts shall likewise provide for special courts with personal, family, and property law jurisdiction consistent with the provisions of this Constitution and national laws.
How is an autonomous region created?The creation of the autonomous region shall be effective <u><i>when approved by the majority of the votes cast by the constituent units in a plebiscite called for the purpose. </i></u><br><br>Only provinces, cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in such plebiscite shall be included in the autonomous region.
What is the timeline for passing the organic acts for autonomous regions under the 1987 Constitution?The first Congress elected under this Constitution shall, within eighteen months from the time of organization of both Houses, pass the organic acts for the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
What legislative powers are constitutionally granted to the autonomous regions?Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national laws, the organic act of autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers over administrative organization, creation of sources of revenues, ancestral domain and natural resources, personal, family, and property relations, regional urban and rural planning development, economic, social, and tourism development, educational policies, preservation and development of the cultural heritage, and such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of the general welfare of the people of the region.
Who is responsible for preserving peace and order within the autonomous regions?The preservation of peace and order within the regions shall be the responsibility of the local police agencies, which shall be organized, maintained, supervised, and utilized in accordance with applicable laws. What is the principle regarding public office?Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.
Which officials can be removed from office through impeachment?<ul><li>The President,&nbsp;</li><li>Vice-President,&nbsp;</li><li>Members of the Supreme Court,&nbsp;</li><li>Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and&nbsp;</li><li>Ombudsman</li></ul>These officials may be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, <br><ul><li>Culpable violation of the Constitution,&nbsp;</li><li>Treason,&nbsp;</li><li>Bribery,&nbsp;</li><li>Graft and Corruption,&nbsp;</li><li>Other high crimes, or&nbsp;</li><li>Betrayal of public trust.&nbsp;</li></ul>All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.<br>
What is the power of the House of Representatives in impeachment cases?The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment.
What is the process for filing a verified complaint for impeachment?A verified complaint for impeachment may be filed by any Member of the House of Representatives or by any citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member thereof. <br><br>The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote of all its Members, shall submit its report to the House within sixty session days from such referral, together with the corresponding resolution.
What vote is necessary to affirm a favorable resolution or override a contrary resolution in the House of Representatives?A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary resolution.
What is the role of the Senate in impeachment cases?The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment. <br><br>When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation. <br><br>When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. <br><br>No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
What is the judgment in cases of impeachment?Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines, but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to prosecution, trial, and punishment according to law.
What is the composition of the Office of the Ombudsman?There is hereby created the independent Office of the Ombudsman, composed of the Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan, one overall Deputy and at least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. <br><br>A separate Deputy for the military establishment may likewise be appointed.
How are the Ombudsman and the Deputies appointed?The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least six nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council, and from a list of three nominees for every vacancy thereafter. <br><br>Such appointments shall require no confirmation. <br><br>All vacancies shall be filled within three months after they occur.
What rank and salary do the Ombudsman and the Deputies have?"The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have the rank of <u style=""""><b style=""font-style: italic;"">Chairman and Members, </b>respectively<b style=""font-style: italic;"">, of the Constitutional Commissions,</b></u> and they shall receive the same salary, which shall not be decreased during their term of office."
What is the term of the Ombudsman and his Deputies?The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall serve for a term of seven years without reappointment. <br><br>They shall not be qualified to run for any office in the election immediately succeeding their cessation from office.
What is the duty of the Ombudsman and his Deputies regarding complaints against public officials or employees?The Ombudsman and his Deputies, as protectors of the people, shall act promptly on complaints filed in any form or manner against public officials or employees of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and shall, in appropriate cases, notify the complainants of the action taken and the result thereof.
What powers, functions, and duties does the Office of the Ombudsman have?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions, and duties:</div><ol><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any government-owned or controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any abuse or impropriety in the performance of duties.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official or employee at fault, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law, to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or transactions entered into by his office involving the disbursement or use of public funds or properties, and report any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for appropriate action.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of its responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and documents.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Publicize matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and with due prudence.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in the Government and make recommendations for their elimination and the observance of high standards of ethics and efficiency.</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such functions or duties as may be provided by law.""</li></ol>"
Does the Office of the Ombudsman enjoy fiscal autonomy?Yes.<br><br>The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. <br><br>Its approved annual appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.
Can the State recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees?The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, <u><i><b>shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.</b></i></u>
Are there any restrictions on financial accommodations granted to certain officials?No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or financial institution to the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Commissions, the Ombudsman, or to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest, during their tenure.
What is the requirement regarding the declaration of assets, liabilities, and net worth for public officers and employees?A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. <br><br>In the case of the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other constitutional offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.
What is the allegiance of public officers and employees to the State and the Constitution?Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution allegiance at all times, and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.
What does the State regulate regarding property?To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.
What does the promotion of social justice include?The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
What protections and guarantees does the State provide for labor?The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
What are the rights of workers guaranteed by the State?They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. <br><br>They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
How should disputes between workers and employers be settled?The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.
What is the foundation of the agrarian reform program?The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof.
How does the State support agriculture and farming communities?The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives, and other independent farmers’ organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services.
What rights are protected for subsistence fishermen?The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of local marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore.
How are landowners incentivized after the agrarian reform program?The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of public sector enterprises. <br><br>Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.
What is the objective of the State's urban land reform and housing program?The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the public sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlements areas. <br><br>It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program the State shall respect the rights of small property owners.
Under what circumstances can urban or rural dwellers be evicted or have their dwellings demolished?Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.
What requirements should be met for the resettlement of urban or rural dwellers?No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the communities where they are to be relocated.
What approach does the State adopt in health development?The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. <br><br>There shall be priority for the needs of the underprivileged sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.
What responsibilities does the State have in relation to food, drugs, and health manpower?The State shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system and undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country’s health needs and problems.
What is the purpose of the special agency for disabled persons?The State shall establish a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.
How does the State protect working women?The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
How does the State respect the role of people's organizations?The State shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means. <br><br>People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.
What is the right of the people and their organizations in decision-making processes?The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. <br><br>The State shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.
What is the name of the independent office created for the protection of human rights?"""There is hereby created an independent office called the Commission on Human Rights."""
How is the Commission on Human Rights composed?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be&nbsp;</div><ol><li style=""text-align: justify;"">natural-born citizens of the Philippines and&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. </li></ol><div style=""text-align: justify;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">The term of office and other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of the Commission shall be provided by law.""</div>"
What happens until the Commission on Human Rights is constituted?"""Until this Commission is constituted, the existing Presidential Committee on Human Rights shall continue to exercise its present functions and powers."""
How are the approved annual appropriations of the CHR released?"""The approved annual appropriations of the CHR shall be automatically and regularly released."""
What powers and functions does the Commission on Human Rights have?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following powers and functions:&nbsp;</div><ol><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the Rules of Court;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights have been violated or need protection;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Establish a continuing program of research, education, and information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Recommend to the Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for compensation to victims of violations of human rights, or their families;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Monitor the Philippine Government’s compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any investigation conducted by it or under its authority;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its functions;&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law; and&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law.""</li></ol>"
What power does the Commission on Human Rights have regarding violations of human rights in jails or detention facilities?"""Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities."""
What duty does the Commission on Human Rights have in relation to the Philippine Government's compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights?"""Monitor the Philippine Government’s compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights."""
What power does the Commission on Human Rights have regarding prosecution of individuals?"""It may<b><u><i> grant immunity from prosecution</i></u></b> to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any investigation conducted by it or under its authority."""
Can the Commission on Human Rights request assistance from other government entities?"Yes. <br>The CHR can request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its functions."""
What authority does the Congress have regarding violations of human rights falling within the CHR's authority?"""The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should fall within the authority of the CHR, taking into account its recommendations."""
What is the State's responsibility regarding education?The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
What are the objectives of the State in relation to the educational system?The State shall: <br><ol><li>Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society;&nbsp;</li><li>Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;&nbsp;</li><li>Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged;&nbsp;</li><li>Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs; and&nbsp;</li><li>Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills.</li></ol>
What subjects should be included in the curricula of educational institutions?All educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula. They shall also inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.
What is the State's role in supervising educational institutions?The State recognizes the complementary roles of public and private institutions in the educational system and shall exercise reasonable supervision and regulation of all educational institutions.
What are the ownership requirements for educational institutions?Educational institutions, other than those established by religious groups and mission boards, shall be owned solely by citizens of the Philippines or corporations or associations at least sixty per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens. <br><br>The Congress may, however, require increased Filipino equity participation in all educational institutions.
Are there any restrictions on establishing educational institutions for aliens?No educational institution shall be established exclusively for aliens, and no group of aliens shall comprise more than one-third of the enrollment in any school. <br><br>However, this provision does not apply to schools established for foreign diplomatic personnel and their dependents and, unless otherwise provided by law, for other foreign temporary residents.
What are the tax exemptions for educational institutions?All revenues and assets of non-stock, non-profit educational institutions used <b><u><i>actually, directly, and exclusively </i></u></b>for educational purposes shall be exempt from taxes and duties. <br><br>Grants, endowments, donations, or contributions used actually, directly, and exclusively for educational purposes shall also be exempt from tax, subject to conditions prescribed by law.
How does the State consider regional and sectoral needs in educational policies and programs?The State shall take into account regional and sectoral needs and conditions and shall encourage local planning in the development of educational policies and programs.
What is the rule on academic freedom in higher learning institutions?Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning.
What rights do citizens have in selecting a profession or course of study?Every citizen has the right to select a profession or course of study, subject to fair, reasonable, and equitable admission and academic requirements.
How does the State support the professional advancement of teachers and non-teaching personnel?The State shall enhance the right of teachers to professional advancement. <br><br>Non-teaching academic and non-academic personnel shall enjoy the protection of the State.
What is the State's priority in budget allocation?The State shall assign the highest budgetary priority to education and ensure that teaching will attract and retain its rightful share of the best available talents through adequate remuneration and other means of job satisfaction and fulfillment.
What is the national language of the Philippines?The national language of the Philippines is Filipino.
How is the national language further developed and enriched?Filipino shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.
What steps will the Government take regarding the use of Filipino?The Government, subject to provisions of law and as deemed appropriate by Congress, shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as a language of instruction in the educational system.
What are the official languages of the Philippines for communication and instruction?The official languages of the Philippines for communication and instruction are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.
What is the role of regional languages in the Philippines?The regional languages serve as auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
Which languages shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis?Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.
In what languages is the Constitution promulgated?The Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.
What is the purpose of the national language commission?The Congress shall establish a national language commission composed of representatives of various regions and disciplines. <br><br>The commission shall undertake, coordinate, and promote researches for the development, propagation, and preservation of Filipino and other languages.
What is the importance of science and technology according to the Constitution?Science and technology are essential for national development and progress.
What are the priorities of the State regarding science and technology?The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and their utilization. It shall also prioritize science and technology education, training, and services.
How will the State support scientific and technological capabilities?The State shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, and their application to the country's productive systems and national life.
What incentives can be provided to encourage private participation in scientific research?The Congress may provide incentives, including tax deductions, to encourage private participation in programs of basic and applied scientific research.
What forms of support will be provided to deserving science students, researchers, and inventors?Scholarships, grants-in-aid, or other forms of incentives shall be provided to deserving science students, researchers, scientists, inventors, technologists, and specially gifted citizens.
How will the State regulate technology transfer and utilization?The State shall regulate the transfer and promote the adaptation of technology from all sources for the national benefit. <br><br>It shall encourage the widest participation of private groups, local governments, and community-based organizations in the generation and utilization of science and technology.
How will the State protect the intellectual property rights of scientists, inventors, and artists?The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for a period as may be provided by law.
What is the State's role in relation to Filipino national culture?The State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity and free artistic and intellectual expression.
How will the State support arts and letters?Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. <br><br>The State shall conserve, promote, and popularize the nation's historical and cultural heritage and resources, as well as artistic creations.
What is the cultural treasure of the nation and who protects it?All the country's artistic and historic wealth constitutes the cultural treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the State, which may regulate its disposition.
What rights do indigenous cultural communities have?The State shall recognize, respect, and protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions, and institutions. <br><br>These rights shall be considered in the formulation of national plans and policies.
How will the State ensure equal access to cultural opportunities?The State shall ensure equal access to cultural opportunities through the educational system, public or private cultural entities, scholarships, grants and other incentives, community cultural centers, and other public venues.
How will the State promote research and studies on the arts and culture?The State shall encourage and support researches and studies on the arts and culture.
What is the State's role in relation to physical education and sports?The State shall promote physical education and encourage sports programs, league competitions, and amateur sports, including training for international competitions, to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development of a healthy and alert citizenry.
What is the responsibility of educational institutions regarding sports activities?All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities throughout the country in cooperation with athletic clubs and other sectors.
What is the role of the Filipino family according to the State?The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation and aims to strengthen its solidarity and promote its total development.
What is the significance of marriage according to the State?Marriage is considered an<u><i> inviolable social institution</i></u> and the foundation of the family, and the State is responsible for protecting it.
What rights does the State defend in relation to the family?<ol><li>The right of spouses to found a family based on their religious convictions and responsible parenthood.&nbsp;</li><li>The right of children to assistance, care, nutrition, and protection from neglect, abuse, and exploitation.&nbsp;</li><li>The right of the family to a family living wage and income.&nbsp;</li><li>The right of families or family associations to participate in policies and programs that affect them.</li></ol>
What is the duty of the family towards its elderly members?The family has the duty to care for its elderly members, but the State may also provide support through social security programs.
What is the flag of the Philippines?Red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars
Can the Congress adopt a new name, anthem, or seal?Yes, by law and ratification in a national referendum
Can the State be sued without its consent?No
What is the composition of the Armed Forces of the Philippines?Citizen armed force and a regular force
What oath do members of the armed forces take?To uphold and defend the Constitution
What is a prime concern of the State regarding the armed forces?Professionalism, adequate remuneration, and benefits
Can members of the armed forces engage in partisan political activity?No, except to vote
Can members of the armed forces be appointed to civilian positions in the government?No, including government-owned or controlled corporations
Can the retirement of military officers be extended?No
How are officers and men of the regular force recruited?Proportionately from all provinces and cities
What is the maximum tour of duty for the Chief of Staff of the armed forces?Three years, but can be extended in times of war or national emergency
What type of police force does the State establish and maintain?One national police force, civilian in character
Who administers and controls the national police force?A national police commission
Do local executives have authority over police units in their jurisdiction?Yes, as provided by law
What care and assistance does the State provide to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns?Immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of assistance
Who are given due consideration in the disposition of agricultural lands and utilization of natural resources?War veterans, veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses and orphans
What does the State review and upgrade from time to time with regards to retirees?Pensions and other benefits due to retirees of both the government and private sectors
Who does the State protect consumers from?Trade malpractices and substandard or hazardous products
What policy environment does the State provide for?Full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation
What is the ownership and management limitation of mass media?Limited to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives, or associations wholly-owned and managed by such citizens
When can the Congress regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass media?When the public interest requires it
Are combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition allowed in commercial mass media?No
Which industry is regulated for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare?The advertising industry
Who is allowed to engage in the advertising industry?Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens
What are the limitations on the participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in the advertising industry?Limited to their proportionate share in the capital, and all executive and managing officers must be citizens of the Philippines
Can the Congress create a consultative body?Yes
What is the purpose of the consultative body for indegenous communities?To advise the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, with the majority of members from such communities
How can an amendment or revision to the Constitution be proposed?<ol><li>By the Congress with a vote of three-fourths of all its Members, or </li><li>Through a constitutional convention<br></li></ol>
How can amendments to the Constitution be directly proposed by the people?Through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, with representation from every legislative district
What is the limitation on authorizing amendments through initiative?No amendment can be authorized within five years following the ratification of the Constitution, nor more than once every five years thereafter
How can a constitutional convention be called?By a vote of two-thirds of all Congress Members, or by a majority vote of all Congress Members submitting the question to the electorate
"When is an amendment or revision by constituent assembly and<span style=""color: rgb(68, 68, 68);"">&nbsp;constitutional convention&nbsp;</span>deemed valid?"When ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval
"When is an amendment&nbsp;<span style=""color: rgb(68, 68, 68);"">directly </span><font color=""#090909"">proposed by the people through initiative,&nbsp;</font>valid?"When ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification of the sufficiency of the petition by the Commission on Elections
When were the first elections of Members of Congress held under this Constitution?On the second Monday of May, 1987
When were the first local elections held?On a date determined by the President, which may be simultaneous with the election of Members of Congress
How long will the Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and local officials first elected under this Constitution serve?Until noon of June 30, 1992
How long will the Senators elected in the 1992 election serve?The first twelve obtaining the highest number of votes shall serve for six years, and the remaining twelve for three years
What happens to existing laws, decrees, executive orders, and other executive issuances not inconsistent with the Constitution?They remain operative until amended, repealed, or revoked
What is required for the renewal or extension of existing treaties or international agreements?The concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate
How long is the term of the incumbent President and Vice-President elected in the February 7, 1986 election extended?Until noon of June 30, 1992
When will the first regular elections for the President and Vice-President under this Constitution be held?On the second Monday of May, 1992
Who continues to exercise legislative powers until the first Congress is convened?The incumbent President
How are the seats reserved for sectoral representation filled until a law is passed?By appointment from a list of nominees by the respective sectors, made by the President
Who can the President constitute the Metropolitan Authority with, until otherwise provided by Congress?The heads of all local government units comprising the Metropolitan Manila area
How long will a sub-province exist and operate until its conversion or reversion?Until it is converted into a regular province or until its component municipalities are reverted to the mother province
What is the status of existing courts upon the ratification of this Constitution?They shall continue to exercise their jurisdiction until otherwise provided by law
What happens to the existing Rules of Court, judiciary acts, and procedural laws?They remain operative unless amended or repealed by the Supreme Court or the Congress
How long will incumbent Members of the Judiciary remain in office?Until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated or are removed for cause
What is the timeframe for the Supreme Court to adopt a plan to expedite the resolution of pending cases?Within one year after the ratification of this Constitution
What happens to cases pending before the ratification of this Constitution with applicable decision periods that have lapsed?The legal effect shall be determined by the Supreme Court as soon as practicable
How do the provisions of Section 15 of Article VIII of this Constitution apply to cases filed before ratification?They apply when the applicable period lapses after the ratification of this Constitution
How long will the incumbent Members of the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit continue in office after ratification?For one year after the ratification, unless removed, incapacitated, or appointed to a new term
What are the entitlements of civil service employees separated as a result of reorganization?Appropriate separation pay, retirement benefits, and other benefits under existing laws
What are the salaries of various government officials?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">[Note: These are the rates mentioned in the Codal. Their salaries has long been increased.]</div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">President: 300,000 pesos annually;&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">Vice-President, President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: 240,000 pesos annually;&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and Chairmen of the Constitutional Commissions: 204,000 pesos annually;&nbsp;</div><div style=""text-align: justify;"">Members of the Constitutional Commissions: 180,000 pesos annually</div>"
What is the government's plan for increasing the salary scales of other National Government officials and employees?The government shall increase the salary scales at the earliest possible time
What happens to the properties, records, equipment, and assets of abolished or reorganized offices or bodies?They shall be transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain
What is the priority of the first Congress in terms of education?To determine the period for the full implementation of free public secondary education
What procedures and remedies should the Congress provide regarding the reversion of lands acquired in violation of the Constitution or public land laws?Efficacious procedures and adequate remedies
What action should the government take regarding idle or abandoned agricultural lands?Expropriate them for distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program
How long do advertising entities have to comply with the minimum Filipino ownership requirement?Five years from the ratification of this Constitution
What should be done with private armies and other armed groups not recognized by duly constituted authority?They should be dismantled
Under what circumstances can foreign military bases, troops, or facilities be allowed in the Philippines?Only under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate, ratified by the people through a national referendum, and recognized as a treaty by the other contracting State
How long is the authority to issue sequestration or freeze orders for the recovery of ill-gotten wealth valid?Not more than eighteen months after the ratification of this Constitution, with the possibility of extension by the Congress in the national interest
What is the effective date of this Constitution?Immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held for the purpose, superseding all previous Constitutions. (February 2, 1987)
What are the crimes punishable by impeachment?"<div style=""text-align: justify;"">These officials may be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of,&nbsp;</div><ul><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Culpable violation of the Constitution,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Treason,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Bribery,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Graft and Corruption,&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Other high crimes, or&nbsp;</li><li style=""text-align: justify;"">Betrayal of public trust.&nbsp;</li></ul>"
What are the goals of the national economy?The goals of the national economy are <br><ul><li>a more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth;&nbsp;</li><li>a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services produced by the nation for the benefit of the people; and&nbsp;</li><li>an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality of life for all, especially the underprivileged.</li></ul>
What are the principles regarding industrialization, employment, and agricultural development?The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make full and efficient use of human and natural resources, and which are competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. However, the State shall protect Filipino enterprises against unfair foreign competition and trade practices.
Who owns the natural resources in the Philippines?All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the <b><u><i>State</i></u></b>.
Can agricultural lands be alienated?With the exception of agricultural lands, all other natural resources shall not be alienated.
What is the degree of control and supervision of the State over natural resources?The exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and supervision of the State.
Can the State enter into agreements regarding the exploration and utilization of natural resources?The President may enter into agreements with foreign-owned corporations involving either technical or financial assistance for large-scale exploration, development, and utilization of minerals, petroleum, and other mineral oils according to the general terms and conditions provided by law, based on real contributions to the economic growth and general welfare of the country.
How are lands of the public domain classified?Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks.
What are the limitations on the acquisition and ownership of alienable lands of the public domain?Private corporations or associations may NOT hold such alienable lands of the public domain <b><u><i>Except </i></u></b>by lease, for a period not exceeding twenty-five years, renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and not to exceed one thousand hectares in area. <br><br>Citizens of the Philippines may lease not more than five hundred hectares, or acquire not more than twelve hectares thereof by purchase, homestead, or grant.
What is the social function of property under the Constitution?The use of property bears a social function, and all economic agents shall contribute to the common good. <br><br>Individuals and private groups, including corporations, cooperatives, and similar collective organizations, shall have the right to own, establish, and operate economic enterprises, subject to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice and to intervene when the common good so demands.
Who can private lands be transferred or conveyed to?Except in cases of hereditary succession, no private lands shall be transferred or conveyed except to individuals, corporations, or associations <b><u><i>qualified to acquire</i></u></b> or hold lands of the public domain.
Can a former natural-born citizen of the Philippines who has lost their citizenship be a transferee of private lands?Yes.<br>Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 7 of this Article, a natural-born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his Philippine citizenship may be a transferee of private lands, subject to limitations provided by law.
Can the Congress establish an independent economic and planning agency?The Congress may establish an independent economic and planning agency headed by the President, which shall, after consultations with the appropriate public agencies, various private sectors, and local government units, recommend to Congress, and implement continuing integrated and coordinated programs and policies for national development.
What is the function of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)?Until the Congress provides otherwise, the National Economic and Development Authority shall function as the independent planning agency of the government.
What areas of investment can be reserved for Filipino citizens or corporations with majority Filipino ownership?The Congress shall, upon recommendation of the economic and planning agency, when the national interest dictates, reserve to citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations <b><u><i>at least sixty per centum </i></u></b>of whose capital is owned by such citizens, or such higher percentage as Congress may prescribe, certain areas of investments.
Who&nbsp; should be given preference in the grant of rights, privileges, and concessions in the national economy and patrimony?The State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos.
How should the State regulate foreign investments within its national jurisdiction?The State shall regulate and exercise authority over foreign investments within its national jurisdiction and in accordance with its national goals and priorities.
Who can be granted a franchise or authorization for the operation of a public utility?No franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to <u><i><b>citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines </b></i></u>at least sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens.
Can a franchise or right for a public utility be exclusive or indefinite in character?Neither shall such franchise, certificate, or authorization be exclusive in character or for a longer period than fifty years. <br><br>Neither shall any such franchise or right be granted <u><i><b>except </b></i></u>under the condition that it shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal by the Congress when the common good so requires.
What is the requirement for equity participation in public utilities by foreign investors?The State shall encourage equity participation in public utilities by the general public. <br><br>The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of any public utility enterprise shall be limited to their proportionate share in its capital, and all the executive and managing officers of such corporation or association must be citizens of the Philippines.
What does the State promote regarding labor, materials, and goods?The State shall promote the preferential use of Filipino labor, domestic materials and locally produced goods, and adopt measures that help make them competitive.
What kind of trade policy does the State pursue?The State shall pursue a trade policy that serves the general welfare and utilizes all forms and arrangements of exchange on the basis of equality and reciprocity.
What does the State promote regarding national talents and technology?The sustained development of a reservoir of national talents consisting of Filipino scientists, entrepreneurs, professionals, managers, high-level technical manpower and skilled workers and craftsmen in all fields shall be promoted by the State. <br><br>The State shall encourage appropriate technology and regulate its transfer for the national benefit.
Who can practice professions in the Philippines?The practice of all professions in the Philippines shall be limited to Filipino citizens, save in cases prescribed by law.
What is the role of Congress in promoting cooperatives?The Congress shall create an agency to promote the viability and growth of cooperatives as instruments for social justice and economic development.
Can Congress provide for the formation, organization, or regulation of private corporations?The Congress shall not, except by general law, provide for the formation, organization, or regulation of private corporations.
When can the State take over or direct the operation of any privately owned public utility or business affected with public interest?<b><u><i>In times of national emergency, when the public interest so requires,</i></u></b> the State may, during the emergency and under reasonable terms prescribed by it, <u><i><b>temporarily </b></i></u>take over or direct the operation of any privately owned public utility or business affected with public interest.
Can the State establish and operate vital industries and transfer private enterprises to public ownership?The State may, in the interest of national welfare or defense, establish and operate vital industries and, upon payment of just compensation, transfer to public ownership utilities and other private enterprises to be operated by the Government.
What is the rule when it comes to monopolies?The State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public interest so requires. <br><br>No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition shall be allowed.
What are the qualifications of the members of the Monetary Board?The Congress shall establish an independent central monetary authority, the members of whose governing board must be <br><ul><li>natural-born Filipino citizens,&nbsp;</li><li>of known probity, integrity, and patriotism,&nbsp;</li><li>majority of whom shall come from the private sector.</li></ul>
What areas does the monetary authority (BSP) provide policy direction in?The authority shall provide policy direction in the areas of money, banking, and credit.
What is the current central monetary authority operating under existing laws?Until the Congress otherwise provides, the Central Bank of the Philippines (now Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas), operating under existing laws, shall function as the central monetary authority.
How should foreign loans be incurred?Foreign loans may only be incurred in accordance with law and the regulation of the monetary authority.
What is the rule on information on foreign loans obtained or guaranteed by the Government ?Information on foreign loans obtained or guaranteed by the Government shall be made available to the public.
What happens to acts that circumvent or negate the provisions of National Economy and Patrimony under the 1987 Constitution?Acts which circumvent or negate any of the provisions of this Article shall be considered inimical to the national interest and subject to criminal and civil sanctions, as may be provided by law.