SUMMATIVE- 1-DIASS
Social Science- branch of science devoted to the study of
societies and the relationships among individuals within
those societies.
Social sciences are wide fields of scientific study which
dedicated to investigate human societies and the different
forces within them. These diverse areas examine how
people communicate, interact and develop their culture.
Social sciences are comprised of several disciplines, and
these includes history, political science, sociology,
psychology,
economics,
geography,
demography,
anthropology and linguistics. Over the years, the social
sciences offer a complex collection of lenses that allow us to
understand and clarify the various aspects of human society.
Branches of Social Sciences
Economics (what constitutes needs and wants)
Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the
production and exchange of goods and services within
society. The two primary divisions of the economics are
microeconomics, which focuses on the actions of individual
consumers and producers, and macro-economics, which
explores the actions and output of the aggregate economy.
Demography (human population and dynamics)
Demography is a statistical study of human populations
over time, according to the Max Planck Center for
Demographic Science (2016). This explores trends in
population growth through the study of birth, human
activity, and morbidity, aging and mortality statistics.
Population studies or social demography are an important
sub-field of sociology. Social demographers analyze
demographic data to identify, describe and forecast social
phenomena. This also studies the composition of social class
and population distribution.
While the Applied Social sciences gives opportunities to
explore, apply, and experience social sciences theories and
methodologies in real-life scenario through the practice of
three applied social science disciplines of communication,
social work, and counseling.
Three Applied Social Science Disciplines
Counseling
Is one of the areas of social sciences applied to it. As an
application of the social sciences, counseling provides
guidance, assistance and support to individuals who are
distracted by a range of problems in their lives. Professional
guidance is provided to the individual through counseling,
and this is done through the application of psychological
methods such as the collection of case history data, personal
interviews and skills tests. Counseling may be provided by
psychologists, life coaches, job psychologists and personal
development counselors.
Social Work
Social research is another technical practice in the social
sciences related to it. Having been trained in social sciences
to interact and understand social realities, an applied social
sciences practitioner has a good theoretical and conceptual
foundation for social work practice. Through social work,
professionals are supporting people, families, associations
and neighborhoods to strengthen their individual and
mutual well-being.
Communication
Applied social sciences provide appropriate instruction for
employment in the communications field. One example of a
career in the advertising industry is in the field of mass
media. For example, in the news and current affairs
department of major television and radio networks,
practitioners stress the importance of balance, objective,
truthful and creative reporting of news and other important
events as they have happened. Practitioners in applied social
sciences have ample experience in this field as they are
equipped with communication theories and principles that
allow them to understand and educate the public about the
social, political, cultural, and economic realities.
Communication professionals have the skills to write, create
and deliver news accurately and creatively to the public.
Anthropology (study of man or human being; their past and
present )
Anthropology is a scientific study of human beings and their
cultures in the past and present. Anthropology ‘s systematic
approach to human research, the importance of fieldwork
and participant observation, and its focus on cross-cultural
comparison, make it special in the social sciences.
History (study of past, its records about events. )
History is a systematic study of past human events in order
to understand the meaning, dynamics and relationship of
the causes and effects of events in the development of
societies. This is derived from the Greek word past, which
means “investigation” or “investigation.” In a social science,
history focuses on the interpretation and analysis of
historical events, as they have historically occurred with the
use of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources refer
to eyewitness reports or historical accounts of the incident.
They often use secondary sources or facts that are not eyewitness accounts and are based on primary sources.
Political Science (deals with the system of governance )
Political science focuses on human actions in relation to
political processes, states, rules and international affairs.
This explores the relationship between citizens and politics
at all levels, from the citizen to the national and international
levels.
Psychology (scientific study of mind and behavior )
Psychology is researching how the human mind functions in
consonance with the body to generate thoughts that
contribute to individual actions. Psychology analyzes how
individuals and communities view the world through various
feelings, thoughts and states of consciousness.
Sociology (study of groups, how they formed , change,
impact )
Sociology is a systematic study of people’s behavior in
groups. It is derived from the Latin word socio which means
“people together” and Greek word logos which means “the
study of.” As a discipline of the social science, it attempts to
understand why and how people interact with each other
and how the function as 5a society or social subgroups.
Applied sociology focus on the use and proper application of
sociological theories, methods and skills to examine data.
Geography (study of earth and people )
Geography is a study of the relationship between people and
their environment. Geography was derived from Greek
words: geography means “world” and “graphos” means
“charting or drawing.” Geography examines both the
physical features of the Earth’s surface and its interaction
with human societies. This also explores how human society
communicates with the natural world and the effect of
environments and places on people.
The relationship between Social Sciences and Applied Social
Sciences as discussed above, social sciences are more
specific and focused on a distinct feature of a social
phenomenon while applied social science attempts to focus
on a distinct issue but use insights arising from various social
science disciplines.
Soc-Scie & Applied Soc-Scie:
Similarities
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They are both base on the scientific research.
They also contribute to have a new knowledge.
It is done by science Methodology.
They are both proven (w/proof).
Necessary to human life, community, society, and
root of science.
Differences
Social Sciences
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The purpose of social science is in theory proven.
The social science is triggered by curiosity.
The social science is more in theory and hypothesis
(proving).
The social science is focused in qualitative research
(no calculation involved)
Applied SOC-SCIE
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The purpose of applied social science is to apply
make the theory and solving problem.
The social science is triggered because it is needed
to be developed ( apply).
The applied social science is more on inventing
(invention) and technology.
The applied social science uses both research
platform the Qualitative and Quantitative.
The Applied Social Science and Social Science are important
in the field of science and discovering new things and non
things that can be useful to the humans to our community it
society. Regards in their differences they both need each
other so that there would be a useful idea or new invention
that will help for the betterment and prosperity of our
country. They need each other because the curiosity in social
science can be a product when it will be applied social
science.
THE MEANING OF COUNSELING
Nystul (2003) defined counseling as essentially an art and a
science in which you seek to weigh the objective and
subjective aspects of the counseling process. Counseling as
an art is the subjective dimension of advice. It maintains a
flexible and creative process by which the counselor
modifies the approach in order to meet the growing needs
of clients. It is also related to the act of giving oneself and
being compassionate in therapy processes. Counseling as a
science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the
consultation process. Counselors who are discerning and
who acquire skills to formulate critical conclusions and
inferences (Nystul, 2003).
The art and science of psychology means an intensification
of the Boulder Method scientist-practitioner paradigm
(Myers, 2007). The model illustrates the incorporation of art
and science into therapy, which forms recommendations
that incorporate theory and practice. In practical terms,
therapy happens when a person who is in distress asks for
support and encourages another person to enter a kind of
relationship with him / her. It is indicative of someone
seeking counseling requests for time and attention from a
person who will listen, who will allow him/ her to speak and
who will not.
DEFINITIONS, GOALS AND SCOPE OF COUNSELING
DISCIPLINES IN COUNSELING – is a relationship
characterized by the Application of one or more
Psychological theories and recognized Set of communication
skills appropriate To a client’s intimate concerns, Problems,
and aspirations.
COUNSELING – is the process of Guiding a person during a
stage of life When reassessments or decisions Have to be
made about himself or Herself and his or her life course.
-As a discipline, it is allied to Psychology and deals with
normal Responses to normal life events, which May
sometimes create stress for some People who, in turn,
choose to ask for Help and support.
-It is generally a non-clinical Intervention
-It is not to be confused with Psychiatry
-It is widely considered the heart of the Guidance services in
schools
COUNSELORS – are professionally Trained and certified to
perform Counseling
-Their job is to provide advice or Guidance in decisionmaking in Emotionally significant situations by Helping
clients understand their worlds And discover better ways
and well-Informed choices in resolving an Emotional and
interpersonal problems.
CLIENTS – may be individuals or a Group of people in a
demoralized, Distress, or in a negative state of mind About
their situation or context.
GOALS OF COUNSELING
The goal setting is a key component of individual, group,
organizational and community success. Counseling, like any
form of assistance, must be motivated by objectives. It will
be more difficult to achieve the desired target if you do not
or are not conscious of the objectives. The primary objective
of counseling is to help people use their prevailing social
skills and problem-solving skills more functionally or to
develop new survival and coping skills. The comprehensive
and broad therapy goals defined by Gibson and Mitchell
(2003) are as follows:
1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the
client’s human growth and development including social,
personal, emotional, cognitive and physical wellness
(physical, cognitive)
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired
outcome.
3. Enhancement Goals – enhance special skills and abilities
(skills, ability)
4. Remedial Goals – assisting client to overcome and treat
an undesirable development. (Heal, treat, remedy, cure)
5. Exploratory Goals – examining options, testing of skills,
trying new and different activities, etc. (Try, discover, new
things)
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Counseling is a specific term with diverse definitions and
objectives. The goals listed above reflect the nature of the
advice. Counseling is important in nearly every area of a
person’s life – cognitive, mental, economic, financial,
psychological, and others. It is also applied to individuals,
families and groups.
There are several topics related to individual therapy, such
as depression, sexual harassment, anxiety, class,
relationships, faith, philosophy, teenage problems, loss,
frustration, tension, vocation, studies, and others. In terms
of family therapy, problems include divorce, family
dynamics, life changes, miscommunication, envy, money
issues, parenting, remarriage, and others.
Core Values of COUNSELING:
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6. Reinforcement Goals – helps client in recognizing that
what they are doing, thinking and feeling is fine. (Help,
strengthen, support)
7. Cognitive Goals – involves acquiring the basic foundation
of learning and cognitive skills. (Knowledge, mind)
3.
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic
understanding and habits for good health. (Something to do,
good something)
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9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social
interaction skills, learning emotional control Emotional
control and developing positive self-concept. (Behavior,
attitude- heal , treat the attitude and behavior)
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SCOPE OF COUNSELING
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The scope of counseling covers personal, social, cognitive,
behavioral,
psychological,
emotional,
spiritual,
occupational and even health aspect of an individual.
However, it does not deal with the clinical cases such as
mental illness, requiring medication, and psychotherapy.
The Scope of Counseling covers various aspects of human
life including:
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Personal- motivation, self esteem, interest, career
choice
Social- relationship conflicts, socialization, peerrelationship
Cognitive- study habits, academic performance,
irrational thoughts
Behavioral- absenteeism , bullying, misbehavior,
restlessness, cutting classes
Psychological- personality development, stress
Emotional- anger, management issues, phobias,
mild anxiety
Spiritual- spiritual beliefs, guidance, confusions
Occupational- word and decisions.
Health- wellness, life and work balance, leisure
(free time)
Respect for Human Dignity- this means that the
counselor must provide a client unconditional
positive regard, compassion, non-judgemental
attitude, empathy, and trust.
Partnership- (w/other practitioners, DSWD…)
counselor has to foster partnership with the various
disciplines that come together to support an
integrated healing that encompasses various
aspects, such as the physical, emotional, spiritual,
and intellectual.
Autonomy- this entails respect for confidentiality
and trust in a relationship of counseling and
ensuring a safe environment that is need for
healing.
Responsible Caring- means respecting the
potential of every human being to change and to
continue learning throughout his or her life, and
especially in the environment of counseling.
Personal Integrity- counselors must reflect
personal integrity, honesty, an truthfulness with
clients.
Social Justice- this means accepting, and respecting
the diversity of the clients, the diversity of
individuals, there cultures, language, lifestyle,
identities, ideologies, intellectual capabilities
regardless of the presented issues.
Principles of Counseling
The principle of counseling can be found in the basic process
of counseling since they govern each and every step:
developing trust; exploring problem areas; helping to set
goals: empowering into action; helping to maintain change;
and agreeing when to end.
1. Advice- Counseling may involve advice-giving as one of the
several functions that counselors perform. When this is
done, the requirement is that a counselor makes judgments
about a counselee’s problems and lays out options for a
course of action. Advice-giving has to avoid breeding a
relationship in which the counselee feels inferior and
emotionally dependent on the counselor.
2. Reassurance – Counseling involves providing clients with
reassurance, which is a way of giving them courage to face a
problem or confidence that they are pursuing a suitable
course of action. Reassurance is a valuable principle because
it can bring about a sense of relief that may empower a client
to function normally again.
3. Release of emotional tension – Counseling provides
clients the opportunity to get emotional release from their
pent-up frustrations and other personal issues. Counseling
experience shows that as persons begin to explain their
concerns to a sympathetic listener, their tensions begin to
subside. They become more relaxed and tend to become
more coherent and rational. The release of tensions helps
remove mental blocks by providing a solution to the
problem.
4. Clarified thinking- Clarified thinking tends to take place
while the counselor and counselee are talking and therefore
becomes a logical emotional release. As this relationship
goes on, other self-empowering results may take place later
as a result of developments during the counseling
relationship. Clarified thinking encourages a client to accept
responsibility for problems and to be more realistic in solving
them.
5. Reorientation-Reorientation involves a change in the
client's emotional self through a change in basic goals and
aspirations. This requires a revision of the client's level of
aspiration to bring it more in line with actual and realistic
attainment. It enables clients to recognize and accept their
own limitations. The counselor's job is to recognize those in
need of reorientation and facilitate appropriate
interventions.
6. Listening skills- Listening attentively to clients is the
counselor's attempt to understand both the content of the
clients' problem as they see it, and the emotions they are
experiencing related to the problem. Counselors do not
make interpretations of the client's problems or offer any
premature suggestions as to how to deal with them, or solve
the issues presented. Good listening helps counselors to
understand the concerns being preproble.
7. Respect - In all circumstances, clients must be treated with
respect, no matter how peculiar, strange, disturbed, weird,
or utterly different from the counselor. Without this basic
element, successful counseling is impossible. Counselors donot have to like the client, or their values, or their behavior,
but they have to put their personal feelings aside and treat
the client with respect.
8. Empathy and positive regard- Carl Rogers combined
empathy and positive regard as two principles that should go
along with respect and effective listening skills. Empathy
requires the counselor to listen and understand the feelings
and perspective of the client and positive regard is an aspect
of respect. For Rogers, clients have to be given both
"unconditional positive regard" and be treated with rrespect
9. Clarification, confrontation, and interpretationClarification is an attempt by the counselor to restate what
the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may learn
something or understand the issue better. Confrontation
and interpretation are other more advanced principles used
by counselors in their interventions.
10. Transference and countertransference- Other advanced
principles deal with transference and countertransference.
When clients are helped to understand transference
reactions, they are empowered to gain understanding of
important
aspects
of
their
emotional
life.
Countertransference helps both clients and counselors to
understand the emotional and perceptional reactions and
how to effectively manage them.
Act#2:
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Is a valuable principle that bring about a sense of
relief that may empower a client to function
normally again. Reassurance
Encourages client accept responsibility for
problems and to be more realistic in solving them.
Clarified thinking
Has to avoid breeding a relationship in which the
country feels inferior and emotional dependence
on the counselor advice giving
Involves a chance in the client's emotional self
through a change in basic goals and aspirations.
Reorientation
Counseling provides clients the opportunity to get
from their pent-up frustrations and other personal
issues. Emotional release
Assessment :
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Him feels insecure and../
John needs to raise funds X
Maricel keeps questioning /
Joan was diagnosed with obsessive /
Jhonna thinks he is addicted to /