DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND
i‘FORT MONROE, VIRGINIA 23516000
REPLY T0
ATTENTION OF
29 September 1998
MEMORANDUM FOR
COMMANDING GENERAL,
DEPUTY
DEPUTY
DEPUTY
DEPUTY
CHIEF
CHIEF
CHIEF
CHIEF
SUBJECT:
OF
OF
OF
OF
Army
ATTN:
ATCG
STAFF COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS, ATTN:
STAFF DOCTRINE, ATTN: ATDO—ZA
STAFF COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS, ATTN:
STAFF DOCTRINE, ATTN: ATDO-F
After Next
(AAN)
Combat
ATCD-ZA
ATCD-ZC
Vehicles
Enclosed is a briefing Fenner Milton, OASA (RD&A), presented to
the National Research Council (NRC) Board on Army Science and
Technology on 22 September 1998. It presents a number of options
for improved mobility combat vehicles for AAN that include
technology availability and cost considerations.
\/R@OW9\
Encl
PAUL
J.
BERENSON, Ph.D.
Scientific Advisor
to the
Commanding General
Army After Next
Proposal for
Ground Combat Vehicles
Dr. A. Fenner Milton
Deputy Assistant Secretary
for Research and Technology
0A3A(RDA)
September 22, 1 998
Entry
Operations
DeCIswe
Operations
V
Enenjy “set” ohallenged
‘I .I
_
Army XXI Enhancement
'
"
Advantage
/| -°°
7..
"
- Designed forearly entry
o
0
K
1
Stability
Operations
uI-I-a-l"""'
Capability
f
"
0
0
Defloyable
En anced ethalit
Potentially
Decisive
Raldly
Complementary
intervention- can deter, stabilize, influence, and shape by leveraging improved
strategic mobility and lethality
OptimIzed for maneuver warfare
Capable of decisive action
—
Joint to interdependence
—
Establishes information dominance
—
—
Maneuverable and lethal
Seizes operational initiative
AAN Strike Forcf Opportunities
From Current Investments
'
MOBILE AAN
STRIKE FORCE
CAPABILITY
Proposal
leverages
ongoing
investments
Information
Dominance
+
Combat
overmatc“
Upgrades
'
r
-
to inuence futUre
'fconflicts early.
.
New Rapidly
Deployable Ground
Combat Vehicles
(considerable
controversy)
Proposal Focuses on New Combat Vehicles for
Rapidly Deployable MediIIm Weight StrIke Force
HEAVY LIFTER RQTQRCRAFT
Tiltrotor
300+ kt speed / 15T
payload
1000 km mission radius
0
0
0
O
No commercial interest,
costly, fuel guzzl
O
oo
C
“ .....
.
O
.0
O
oo
oO
o
oo
G
oo
oo
o
o
‘0 o
oo
oo
O
‘o
o
O
o0
oo
‘
.G
.....
.C
oO
oO
oG
o
oo
o
o0
oo
oO
....... noeorlc
SYSTEM
.
O
I
oo
oO
oo
v
oo
oO
‘o O
O
oo
O
‘o o
‘o o
o
I
oo
O
O
O
O
oo
Io
O
o
oO
‘I
o
‘0
o
oo
O
o
oo
‘0 i
tt
9
cO
oG
o
O
Vulnerable to
cheap kills
CREW 0F2
l“
.3”‘.
FUTURE COMBAT VEHICLE
o
Armament
- KEM (8)
-
. .
urvrvablllty depends on
shooting first
not robust
in many scenarios
O
0
oo
oo
O
G
t
as
‘t
0
FOTTrrOW+ (e)
-7.52mm MG
Protection:
-
Armor: Small arms 360° @
muzzle; 14.5mm MG @ range
- Roof armor: Fragmentation
- APS: CE, 2-2 round units
Need to wait for financial and technical preakthroughs‘
o
o
u
u
c
Tactical / Operational Mlsslon
- Rotorcraft VTOL (4000 ft, 950F)
- Fixed Wing CTOL (sea level,
59°F take-off)
-
CH-47 ICH
P = 3, R = 1200
T = 52,000, V = 260
MPG = 0.88
F = 2.7
P = 8, R = 450
T = 51,000, V = 100
MPG = 0.36
F = 2.5
“
<
83.9'
—
Advanced Tilt-Rotor
P = 15, R = 2700
T = 105,000, v = 290
MPG = 0.92
F = 5.9
M
97.8'
P = Payload, tons (2,000 lb / ton)
R = Range, km
T = Max Thrust. lb
V = Velocity for Best Range, kt
MPG = Miles (statute) per Gallon
F = Fuel Weight. tons
’
P = 20, R = 3,400
T = 39,000, v = 300
MPG = 0.45
F=151
Cruise at Altitude for Best Range
174'
>
C-1 7A
P = 80, R = 4,630
T = 163,000, V = 460
MPG = 0.20
F = 46.6
9/
"a
y
f
/
,7
Friendly
airfield
S$ooth unpaved
forward airfield
Max weight: 155,000 lbs
Max vehicle payload (C-130H; C-1 30J may be less):
22.4T (RORO)
17.8T (airdrop)
Runway length: ~2800 feet for takeoff with max
payload; ~700 feet for takeoff empty
Range ~8300 km with no payload, ~41 00 km with
max payload one way
Speed: 350 mph
Unit cost: $54M
Quantity. 404 (C--130H to C- 130J ratio, 2: 1)
Use existing USAF assets to obtain serial insertion (~ 10s of hours)
Still need air assault (rotorcraft or parachutes) touseize airfield
I
An AlternatiVé Strike Force
Combat Vehicle Strategy
- Guiding principles:
-- Get
majority of AAN goals (rapid deployability,highly lethal and
survivable, and reduced logistics) without unanticipated
-
breakthroughs
Work within LTG Abrams’ constraint of “C-130-Iike” air
deployability for strike force (not necessarily vertical lift)
-.Considerations:
- Take advantage of distributed systems of systems (team)
solutions (per LTG Abrams)
- Provide robust solution - useful in many scenarios, no obvious
Achilles heel - not vulnerable to cheap kills
- Strong consideration of affordability (development and 0&3
costs) and avoid maximum risk approaches
Still achieve timely force proIectIon (1 20 hours),
obtain strategic mobility, but dependent on unprepared aIr
fields for operatIonal mobility (esp extractIon)
IQ
o
0.
Lethality
- Precursors not necessarily robust versus advanced ERA on top of
future base armor
about 2x
Therefore, need lots of energy (up to 15 megajoules
Abrams) on target for assured lethality (even with hypervelocity)
more like LOSAT
Survivability
- Active Protection System (APS) effective versus CE; may be made
effective against large caliber KE, but needs medium armor to deal
with residuals
- Medium ballistic protection also needed for rapid fire, medium caliber
cannon and man-portable anti-armor weapons (e.g., HHH) - major
weight burden (> ~25T, which suggests track for acceptable off-road
mobility
- Therefore, Flv Liqht Fiqht Heavv with modular armor for medium
caliber protection
Breakthroughs possible, but unlikely gIven fundIng constraints
k
Présents challenge to current direct fire lethality - need improvement
13/
Killwithin
2'3. Secondé; ;
easy BDA; One
shat, Oheki":
I
I
”w
LOSAT
.111...
..
demqurilétrate
.
L»:
on.
light vehicle (HMMWV)
L
Diameter (in)
Length (In) ._
'
'
Weight(lbs) -'
§AI
6.4
CKEM Technology
Iestbed Configuration
f
_
113
174-
.
w y
6.5
72
100
I
I
_
'
-
Min. range of
~2°°MVS-MBT
Lightest approach for assured cannon-like lethality
(Assumes reasonable protection)
ARMAMENT ARMOR
-_ Composute Armored
Vehicle (CAV)
technology
hO
Large caliber EM gun (even with >10 j/g)
conventional gun
20mm)
Large caliber (1
cost per kl
25 Lbs ,Sq Ft
s...-
ghc
0“
miSSl‘e
A“
...................................................................
C _ 13 0
20
Med cal
un/missile with 3 BMP:1
.......................................................................
10
T(Iowercost/klll)3rd gen tiltrotor
....................................................................................................................................................................................................
.
...............
-
payload
2nd gen tiltrotor
payload
v_22 payload
50
Numberof kills
V
I
All missile or missile/gun combination only choIces for air deployability
15)
I'D
Survivability through low silhouette,
medium armor, signature management,
mobility, countermeasures
Precision target engagement (advanced
sensor package on extensible mast)
~
-
Self-protection with medium caliber
cannon (235mm)
Reduced fuel and logistics
Air deployable - 1 per C-1 30, 3 per C-17
(Fly Light @ <19.4T, Fight Heavy @
<25.4T)
Tracked vehicle to provide cross country
100 kph road speed
mobility at ~25T
Remove sensor
mast, add 4-6 KE
missiles and APS
to make Fighti
Vehicle
Excellent Fly Light, Fight Heavy base vehicle for AAN medium
weight force, especially given “C-1 30-like” airlift requirements
l8
AAN Combat Vé
v'lne
’3‘
Proposal
DesE/ixgn
principles:
two distinct
Separate functions into very different platforms
classes (two families of 0-130 deployable vehicles)
Fighting Vehicles (FV)
- Lethal
- Survivable
-. Fuel efficient
FSCS derivative (tracked)
-
.
Carrying Vehicles (with some fighting
ability, especially for low-mid intensity
conflict)
- Low cost and very fuel efficient with
lighter air droppable variant
- Leverage commercial components/
wheels for low 0&8 cost and high
road speed
Essential use of distributed system - sensors separated from
responsive non- l-ine-of-sight shooters (kill within 10-30 seconds) fight as a team
Intelligent use of robotics/UGVs
Provide both a revolutionary strIke force capabIlIty
a__r_1_d an affOrdable mId-IntenSIty coanIct capabIlIty
l9
Fighting Vehicles (19-27T, with
modular armor - tracked)
o
FSCS (scout)
- Fighting Vehicle
- Medium caliber cannon
- KE missiles (4-6)
- APS for CE and KE
- Designator for NLOS
o Unmanned NLOS missile
carrier (~28 HELLFIRE lll)
o
Dragoon infantry vehicle
Variants (new chassis, consider CRAF
constraints (commercial airlift))
Infantry Carrier
Incl airdrop
variant
120mm Mortar Carrier
C2 vehicle
Recovery/Resupply/Ambulance
Fire support
- LONGFOG or MLRS
- Towed ultralight 155mm
- Can carry missile in a box
o Air Defense Linebacker
(Stinger)
(Larger numbers - low cost including 0&8)
20
Manned 19-27T version (with modular armor)
- Missile/gun combination,
plus designator for NLOS:
- 4-6 CKEM mini-LOSAT (use vs MBT only)
- Fire on the move
- Med cal (> =35mm) cannon (suppression &
all other targets, incl aircraft)
- Call for NLOS missile vs longer range, less
threatening targets
- Heavy MG base protection, plus modular
armor vs med cal cannon & HHH (frontal
o
Exfo'o Unmanned
~
arc)
-
APS vs CE, large KE and top attack
"'
f0“.
/':°
;
a”
.°
19 ton version
Simple robotics (follower)
o Maximize missile payload
and avoid firing signature
for manned systems in
most cases
o NLOS top attack CE
missile:
o
-
o
o
HELLFIRE
mode
with ~12km max range
Fire on the move
Response < 303ec.
Ill dual
Robotic Follower provides responsive eftendedfrange lethality
Fighting Team Concept
(Open Terrain):
Fhe
suppon
vehke
(MLRS)
Robotic follower
\mm (NLOS missiles)
Robotic follower
(NLOS missiles)
FSCS
in scout/target
designation role
w
(Floltmiic scum)
22/
$
LONGFOG (fir spt)
'
o
-Counterbattery
-Counter UAV
-Anti-armor
Organic recon/BDA
120mm
Mona
MFSS
30-35 km
Multipurpose
MFs3
OCSW
Laser
-
desugnator
.....
+ Heavy HMMWV
LRASS
systems
LOSAT
EFoe-M
Laser
o
o
o
o
Ballistic armor protection against dumb artillery
and small arms, signature management against
smart top attack
APS + light armor for Hand Held HEAT
Javelin and obscurants for self-protection
Target designation for PGMM versus long range
targets
OCSW for suppression and light vehicles
All wheels, affordable precision - low collateral damage capable'In MOUT
Also air droppable variants to assist With airfield assault
2‘9
Thre/at
Heavy armor at
extended range
Fighting Vehicles
Top attack with HELLFIRE
robotic follower
or fire support (MSTAR)
Ill from
MBT at close range CKEM
MBT at very close
range
Dazzle (e.g., with
pyrotechnic munition) and
top attack with HELLFIRE
Carrying Vehicles
Top attack with PGMM or
fire support (LONGFOG)
Self defense - top attack
w/Javelin & employ
obscurant
Self defense - top attack
w/Javelin & employ
obscurant
lll
3MP at close range Medium caliber cannon
Light armor/troops
Med cal cannon, coax MG
or fire support (MLRS,
155mm LWDSW)
Unguided artillery
Smart artillery
Passive armor
APS & signature mgmt
APS + ballistic armor
kHand Held HEAT
Self defense - top attack
w/Javelin & employ
obscurant
OCSW, mortar or fire
support (MLRS, 155mm
LWDSW)
Passive armor
Signature management
APS on selected vehicles
Means employed to reduce fuel consumption:
0 Reduce vehicle weight
(60%)
0 Replace AGT1 500 technology with state-of-the-art technology for FV (4050%)
° Advanced adiabatic technologies (1 0%)
o Hybrid propulsion system for carrier (5-20%) - very dependent on mission
profile
.
.
"I:
'
I-
m
g ._vv
I33,"
.,,
Iii
‘7
3. .
'2"
I
y
nu.
t:
VGL
".‘
I“
i.I»
ml
'3"
,
I
.
a,
um:-
4:;-
M
1-
.
I.
531.
I
,-.
.-
Battlefield days w/o refuel
2. o
.7
PredIct factor or 4-5 Improvement
I
Basene
APS effective against both KE and CE
Big challenge
Light weight medium armor that can stop KE residuals
Very light weight DPICM protection for carrier vehicles
Robotic follower
Robust ground to ground laser designation (use dual mode HELLFlRE Ill and
PGMM)
Multipurpose LONGFOG with 30km range
.Shorter KE missile with LOSAT lethality (plus common launcher for TOW+ and
CKEM)
Robust intra-team C2 and communications
Hybrid electric drive for carrier
Affordable signature management (RF and lR)
a".
.92
m
m
Ill-l.
Upgrades
Cannon caliber EM/ETC gun
Robotic scout
APS-very light weight armor combination effective against ATGM and Hand Held
HEAT for carrier
Non-lethal dazzler/sensor blinder (pyrotechnic munition for medium caliber
cannon or medium power laser)
Durable band track
No show stopperfs
2D
Existing S&T Programs
J
Development/Procurement Programs
FSCS EMD (FY02-06) 6.4
Javelin (FY96-01) 6.7
CAV (FY94- 98) 6. 3
FSCS ATD (FY98- 02) 6. 3
CKEM (FY97- 01) 6. 2 (FY02- 05) 6. 3
TACAWS (FY95- 98) 6. 3
MPIM (FY97-01) 6.4
Hellfire PIP (FY03-07) 6.4
ER MLRS (FY97-01) 6.7
Guided MLRS (FY98-02) 6.4 (FY02-20) 6.7
MSTAR (FY04-07) 6.4
OCSW (FY02-06) 6.4
Hellfire Ill (FY99-01) 6.3
MAT (LONGFOG) (FY97-98) 6.2
MSTAR (FY99-02) 6.3
OCSW (FY98-01) 6.3
LWDSW (1 55) (FYFY98- 01) 6. 2 (FY02- 03) 6.3
JSignature Management FY99--00) 6. 2
Fun Spectrum APs (Fvoo- 03)
Light Weight Armor (FY98- 05) 6.2
Hybrid Electric Drive)(w/DARPA) (FY98-04) 6.3
Band Track (FY97- 99 6 2
I_=ueI Efficiency for AAN @ NAc
Demo l|I Robotics (FY98- 00) 6. 2
Multi Function Staring Sensor Suite MFS3 (FY98-01) 6.3
FIV TD (FY02- 06) 6. 3
J
J
_
~~
"
i
_
.
'
I
‘
reigleyant
"
5.
r
<
Areas for Consideration of lncreasedjf”;"mphaSIs
>4
lVIore
New Programs: Follower UGV
Robust: CKEM
APS
Light Weight Armor
Band Track
Two-man Crew
Hybrid Electric Drive
KJ
AIready enhanced tor AAN
”q.-
In
POM oo-os
'
Cannon Cal E-gun/ETC
Case Telescoped Ammo (35mm)
Non-lethal Dazzler/Blinder (Laser or
non-lethal Med Cal Pyrotechnic Munition)
MAT (LONGFOG) (30km)
Wheeled Cbt Veh Suspension
28/
Heavy Precision Air Drop
,
gotorcraft
Needed to provide Logistic Support to Mobiie Strike Force from
forward airfield permitting Strike Force to operate autonomously
W
/
Comanche
also operates
~
fromforward
airfield to
Strike
F°rce
F°rward
airfield
'_
Fuel
Ammunition
'
°
o
water
- Replacement '
crews
- Complements
precision
_
airdrop
o
Performance Requirements
Proposed
-
Sumo" Str'ke.
I
CH-47/CH-53 replacement
Self-deploying from CONUS (with hops/no cargo)
Tactical range to complement C-1 30/Strike Force
Payload capability
- > 7 tons (> =10 tons if helicopter)
- Volume to support Heavy HMva (Reno) (e.g.,
EFOG-M, LOSAT) to assist with airfield assault
Low maintenance burden (operate from forward airfield)
Assist with airfield assault and provide logistics support (fuel
x
but does
n_o_t
‘fol'ce
& ammo),
carry fighting or carrying vehicles
29/
Ensure heavier, more capable (high end) FSCS option
- Linked or band track for cross-country mobility at
medium weight
- 35mm (or more) medium caliber cannon
- Substantial modular armor
- C-1 3O transportability a requirement
Add ground to ground requirement for HELLFIRE ||I
- Make it as capable as possible (dual mode, longer
range, CAPS, etc.)
o Stay the course with 120mm PGMM and 25mm OCSW
- Begin virtual reality/surrOgate simulatiOn effort to
explore team fighting concept (relevant to
FSCS/Abrams TERM in any case)
0
g
k
Fighting Vehicle
Leverage development investment of
FSCS ($1270M, including 50% UK cost
share)
Leverage HELLFIRE Ill
Carrying Vehicle
Leverage commercial components
Light weight and wheeled (low 0&8 cost)
Probably hybrid electric (very high fuel
efficiency)
Set cost goal ~ 1/2 of FV cost
Joint Transport
Joint service requirement
Rotorcraft
Reasonable payload (s1 0T, not 15T)
Fuel consumption reducedb‘i' fa‘c’
Maximize HTI overall
f4-5
“rff'
~
a
o
:1
._. -'
1.:
.23;
lf'
T6_a_chieve AAN weight reduction and logistics
effncuencies (fuel efficiency) by 2015, use:
- Two_separate classes of vehicles for fighters and
carriers
>
FSCS un/missile derivative (bridge from Army XXl
to AAl$
> New lower cost, lighter wheeled
.
-
.
chassis - leverage
commercnal
Distributed fighting teams to enhance survivable
lethality
> Build on di itization / obtain RFPI on the move to get
survivable ethality
3‘9
Medium Weight-Strike
Implementation of the proposal would require significant resources (~$1OB in
RDA for the ground vehicles alone - large expenditures after 2005)
- Ties up combat vehicle related 6.2 until 2002 and 6.3 until 2007
- Ties up WTCV (e.g., Abrams, Bradley, FCS, FlV) development and
production funds until 2012
- 6.1 and early 6.2 can still search for breakthroughs
Still need:
- Refined designs
- Modeling and simulation to quantify military worth
- S&T adjustments
- Surrogate experimentation
Then:
- Establish draft requirements/doctrine
.
.
- Cost estimation
- Detailed program planning for total program
- POM adjustments
A
k
.
WIll need
user/developer
TASK FORCE
S&T investment makes this concept realistic
35/
2015
2025
Technology
and financial
breakthroughs
.‘;
AAN Oblectlve
Air Mechanized
“Strike Force)
“
Leverage
ongoing
investments
and expected
advances
ashamed
Medium
\
'
............................
Capable Med
Wt Vehicles
Favorable
expeence
Off the
Shelf Strike
ForCe
I
36/