PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Philo101
ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, Second Semester
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Prepared by:
HONEY DEE COURSES
V. COLLADO, LPT
GENERAL
EDUCATION
Page 0
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Ethics refers to the concept of having morally acceptable values and behaviors.
When you align your behaviors and actions with these values, you engage in ethical
behavior.
This module provides learners an insight about right and wrong, it also gives a
further understanding about what is ethical and moral. Most of the time we incline what is
right and wrong on our own culture and perception. That is why this module gives
knowledge about ethical and moral actions that we do in our daily living.
This module also provides learners ethical and appropriate behavior that they should
pose on their work stations, helps them to improve decision-making in different
circumstances.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 1
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Table of Contents
Introduction
---------------------------------------------------------------
1
Table of Contents ---------------------------------------------------------------
2–3
Lesson 1: Ethics: The Philosophical Discipline of Action ---------
4–7
Moral Teachings and Ethical Theories
4
Why Do We Need to be Moral?
4
Ethics
5
Divisions of Philosophy
5
Ethics compared with other Sciences Deal with Man
5
Morality and Human Existence
5–6
Lesson 2: Moral and Non Moral Standards
---------------------------
8 – 11
Morality
8
Six Characteristics of Moral Standards
8–9
Moral Values
9 – 11
Lesson 3: Moral Dilemmas
---------------------------------------------
12
Moral Dilemmas
12
Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas
12
Lesson 4: Freedom as a Foundations of Ethics
------------------
14 – 15
Lesson 5: Culture in Moral Behavior ------------------------------------
16 – 17
Culture
16
How does Culture Being Transmitted?
16
Components of Culture
16
Characteristics of Culture
17
Lesson 6: Cultural Relativism
----------------------------------------------
18 – 19
Cultural Relativism
18
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism
18
Lesson 7 and 8: The Filipino Way and Universal Values ----------
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
20 – 22
Page 2
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Filipino Virtue Ethics
20
Universal Values
21
Lesson 9: Moral Development ----------------------------------------------
23 – 24
Lesson 10: Stages of Moral Development
25 – 26
----------------------------
Lesson 11: Emotion, Reason, and Impartiality
in Moral Decision-Making
-------------------
27 – 28
Lesson 12: 7 – Steps Moral Reasoning Model
-------------------
29 – 31
Lesson 13: Types of Moral Theories
-------------------------------------
32 – 35
Lesson 14: Justice and Fairness
-------------------------------------
36 – 38
Common Legal Justice
36
Taxation
37
Lesson 15: Globalization and its Ethical Challenges
Ethical Dilemmas of Globalization
-----------
39 – 48
--------------------
49 – 55
References --------------------------------------------------------------------------
56 – 58
Lesson 16: Milennials and Filinnials: Ethical
Challenges and Responses
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 3
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#01: ETHICS: The Philosophical Discipline of Action
Objectives:
 Identify the term Ethics
 Explain the place of ethics in the life of contemporary man
 Compare and contrast morality and ethics.
What is the place of ethics in the life of the contemporary man?
If ethics is philosophy of action, how can it affect the life of the man of today?
Moral teachings
 Dialectical ethical theory
 Hedonism
 Pessimism
 Situationism
 Utilitarianism
 Evolutionism
 Existentialism
 Kantianism
 Western ethical theories
Eastern ethical theories
 Hinduism
 Buddhism
 Taoism
 Islam
 Confucianism
 Etc.
WHY DO WE WANT TO BE MORAL?
Immanuel Kant says:
 Because it is man’s rational duty.
 They say, because of pleasure and happiness.
JOSEPH FLETCHER
 Says, it depends upon the situation.
St. AGUSTINE & St. AQUINAS
 They say, because there is God
Aristotle, Plato and Socrates
 Because of happiness.
Friedrich Nietzsche
 An atheist philosopher
 Can’t we be good without God?
Why do we NEED to be MORAL?
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 4
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
1. We want to be moral because we want to win the good opinion of others
concerning our self-image.
2. We want to be moral because we want to refrain from troubles which would result
from immorality.
3. We want to be moral because we are persons, persons who exist in the collectively
of persons.
ETHICS
 Etymologically, it is derived from the Greek word Ethicos, which means “Custom”
or “character”.
 Ethics is the practical science of the morality of human conduct.
 Ethics is the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of their
rightness or wrongness as means for the achievement of ultimate happiness.
 Ethics is a philosophical science dealing with the morality of human acts.
 Ethics is a philosophical science.
4 divisions of philosophy:
a. Descriptive or Speculative Philosophy
b. Normative Philosophy
c. Practical Philosophy
d. Critical Philosophy
“What is the Difference between Ethics and Morality?”
Ethics Compared with other Sciences Deal with Man.
1. Ethics and Psychology
 Psychology is a descriptive philosophy that treats of man’s intellect, free
will, and conduct while ethics guides man’s intellect to know moral truths
and man’s will to translate his intellectual knowledge of moral truths into
action.
 It posits question:
Psychology:
“how does man behave?”
Ethics:
“why does man behave?”
Ethics and Sociology
 Sociology deals with human relations
Ethics and Anthropology
 Anthropology deals with man’s origin and the behavior of primeval man.
Morality and Human Existence
Man is the only moral being.
1. Man is a being of action.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 5
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
2. Man has an intellect.
3. Man has will.
Man is an animal
Man as a Rational animal
Intellect compared with will
Intellect
Wisdom
Truth
Thinking
Knowing
Will
Highest Goal
Goal
Function
Purpose
Virtue
Good
Doing
Choosing
Concrete basis of Morality:
 When one encounters a moral experience;
 Moral experience could ensue when one encounters a moral problem
 A person encounters a moral problem when the problem injuncts him moral
obligation.
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 6
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Activity:
Activity Title:
Quiz #1
Q1 – Online Quiz
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#01: ETHICS: The Philosophical Discipline of
Action
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Review lesson 1 ETHICS: The Philosophical Discipline of Action, and we will have
an online quiz.
Activity:
Activity Title:
Written task #1
WT1 – Online Quiz
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#01: ETHICS: The Philosophical Discipline of
Action
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Answer the following questions. REFRAIN FROM COPYING ANSWERS FROM
ANY ONLINE SITE!
1. Compare and Contrast Morality and Ethics.
2. Give an examples of moral and ethical.
3. Explain the concept of “Man is a Rational Animal”.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 7
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#02: Moral and Non Moral Standards
Objectives:
 Differentiate between moral and non-moral standards
 State their moral experiences
 Explain how they respond to moral situations
Morality
 May refer to the standards that a person or a group has about what is right and
wrong, or good and evil. Accordingly, moral standards are those concerned with
or relating to human behavior, especially the distinction between good and bad (or
right and wrong) behavior.
Moral experience
 encompasses a person's sense that values that he or she deems important are
being realized or thwarted in everyday life. This includes a person's interpretations
of a lived encounter, or a set of lived encounters, that fall on spectrums of rightwrong, good-bad or just-unjust.
Moral standards
 Involve the rules people have about the kinds of actions they believe are morally
right and wrong, as well as the values they place on the kinds of objects they
believe are morally good and morally bad. Some ethicists equate moral standards
with moral values and moral principles.
Non-moral standards
 refer to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations. Either these
standards are not necessarily linked to morality or by nature lack ethical sense.
Basic examples of non-moral standards include rules of etiquette, fashion
standards, rules in games, and various house rules.
 The local moral codes and understood rules of conduct don’t apply to these
actions.
 Examples: Wearing socks with sandals, eating or not eating fruit,
Six (6) characteristics of moral standards further differentiate them from nonmoral standards:
a. Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant benefits.
 Moral standards deal with matters which can seriously impact, that is, injure
or benefit human beings. It is not the case with many non-moral standards.
For instance, following or violating some basketball rules may matter in
basketball games but does not necessarily affect one’s life or wellbeing.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 8
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
b. Moral
standards
ought
to
be
preferred
to
other
values.
 Moral standards have overriding character or hegemonic authority. If a
moral standard state that a person has the moral obligation to do something,
then he/she is supposed to do that even if it conflicts with other non-moral
standards, and even with self-interest.
c. Moral standards are not established by authority figures.
 Moral standards are not invented, formed, or generated by authoritative
bodies or persons such as nations’ legislative bodies. Ideally instead, these
values ought to be considered in the process of making laws. In principle
therefore, moral standards cannot be changed nor nullified by the decisions
of particular authoritative body. One thing about these standards,
nonetheless, is that its validity lies on the soundness or adequacy of the
reasons that are considered to support and justify them.
d. Moral standards have the trait of universalizability.
 Simply put, it means that everyone should live up to moral standards. To be
more accurate, however, it entails that moral principles must apply to all
who are in the relevantly similar situation. If one judges that act A is morally
right for a certain person P, then it is morally right for anybody relevantly
similar to P.
e. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations.
 Moral standard does not evaluate standards on the basis of the interests of
a certain person or group, but one that goes beyond personal interests to a
universal standpoint in which each person’s interests are impartially
counted as equal.
f. Moral standards are associated with special emotions and vocabulary.
 Prescriptively indicates the practical or action-guiding nature of moral
standards.
What are Moral Values?
1. What Are Values?
Let’s back up a bit first. Moral values are a type of value. But what is a “value”?
This question can turn unnecessarily philosophical very quickly. The philosophical
study of values has a name, actually — it’s called “axiology”. It studies the metaphysical
and epistemological status of values, broadly understood.
But for our purposes, it’s enough to say that values are things that people care
about.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 9
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Values are what matter to us. They are what motivate our behavior. They ground
our judgments about what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
Any form of activity that involves making judgments about what is better or worse,
good or bad, high quality or low quality, right or wrong, successful or unsuccessful,
desirable or undesirable … all of these judgments involve values in one form or another.
Different values
 values in sports
 values in art
 values in social and cultural practices
 values in science
 values in relationships
 values in economic transactions
 religious values
o our everyday experience is saturated with values and value judgments.
2. What are Moral Values?
The way we care about moral values is different from the way we care about nonmoral values.
Moral values are connected to fundamental human emotions and experiences that
motivate us in distinctive ways.
Consider:
The overriding love and concern that parents feel for their children.
The sympathy and empathy we experience when we perceive the suffering of
others.
The sense of duty and loyalty we feel to our family and close social groups, or
broader communities to which we belong.
The anger and indignation we feel toward those who threaten us or those we love.
The feelings of unfairness and injustice we experience when we are treated poorly,
and others treated better, for no good reason.
The positive feelings associated with having the freedom to make our own choices
and determine our own future.
The admiration we feel toward those who exhibit courage and compassion.
The guilt or shame we feel when we have violated a trust or otherwise failed to live
up to the values we endorse.
When you examine the character of these feelings and emotions, and how they
motivate our judgments and decisions, you’re exploring the moral dimension of our
shared human experience.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 10
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
One of the consequences of this shared human experience is that I don’t have to
spend time convincing anyone that moral values matter to us in important and distinctive
ways, and that they can function as reasons to believe or do things.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Written task #2
WT2 – Written task 2
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#02: Moral and Non Moral Standards
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Answer the following questions.
1. Cite two to three differences between moral and non-moral standards
2. Give your own moral experiences.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 11
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#03: Moral Dilemmas
Objectives:
 Know and understand the meaning of moral dilemmas
 Identify and detect moral dilemmas
 Identify the three levels of moral dilemmas
What are MORAL DILEMMAS?
Moral dilemmas
 are situations in which the decision-maker must consider two or more
moral values or duties but can only honor one of them; thus, the individual
will violate at least one important moral concern, regardless of the
decision.
 In a real dilemma, the choice is between a wrong and another, roughly
equal wrong. The latter are situations in which the decision-maker has a
moral duty to act in one way but is tempted or pressured to act in another
way. In a false dilemma, the choice is actually between a right and a
wrong.
Three levels of Moral Dilemmas
1. INDIVIDUAL DILLEMA
Example
 Deciding which parent to live with.
 Deciding whether to let their family starve or steal bread from
someone else
2. ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA
Example
 Taking credits for other’s work
 Inappropriate and harassing behavior
3. STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
Example
 Differentiation Versus Integration
 Gap Versus Overlap
 Lack of Clarity Versus Lack of Creativity
 Excessive Autonomy Versus Excessive Interdependence
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 12
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Activity:
Activity Title:
Performance task #1
PT1 – Performance task 1
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#03: Moral Dilemmas
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Group Activity
 Write 1 example per level of moral dilemmas, and explain how it became a moral
dilemma. Discuss it to the group and later in to the class.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 13
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#04: Freedom as A Foundations of Ethics
Objectives:
 Identify the meaning of freedom
 Explain the depth and breadth of freedom
 Explain why only human beings can be ethical
 Value the importance of presence of freedom and responsibility
What is FREEDOM?
Freedom
- It is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or
restraint.
Different types of Freedom
 Freedom to be alive
 Freedom to Association
 Freedom to Belief
 Freedom of Speech
 Freedom to Express oneself
 Freedom to Press
 Freedom to choose one’s state in life
 Freedom to talk to each other
 Freedom from bondage and slavery
---------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Written task #3
WT3 – Written task 3
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#04: Freedom as A Foundations Of Ethics
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Answer the following questions.
1. Why Does Freedom became the Foundation of moral acts?
2. Why Does Moral Acts Was Established?
3.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 14
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Performance task #2
PT2 – Performance task 2
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#04: Freedom as A Foundations Of Ethics
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
 Write a movie analysis on the movie “Clockwork Orange”.
 Use short bond paper, 1-inch margin (all side), Font: Arial, Size: 12.
 For online students, follow the guidelines and send it on MS teams, assignment
section.
 For modular students, preferably printed, put it on short clear folder, with front
page, containing the following
o Title: Movie Analysis in the Movie Clockwork Orange
o Name:
o Year and section:
o Submitted to: (Full name of your Professor, with title (if applicable)).
o
MOVIE ANALYSIS GUIDE QUESTIONS
Part 1
(5 points each)
1.
What is the title of the story?
2.
Who is the producer and director of the movie? Who are the main characters?
3.
What is the different violence seen in the movie?
4.
What is the title of the song the main character doesn’t want to hear and why?
5.
Why does the main character do different types of violence or crimes?
6.
Did he repent to all of the wrong-doings that he has done?
7.
Do you really think that the experiment to the main character is effective to
reduce crime? Either yes or no, please explain.
8.
What is your favorite part in the movie? Why?
9.
What line/phrase/word gives impact to your heart/mind or personality? Why?
10.
Explain the meaning of the title of the movie.
Part 2
(50 points)
Write a reflection or reaction about the movie. Integrate your learnings in Ethics in
Writing your reflection/ reaction paper.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 15
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#05: Culture in Moral Behavior
Objectives:
 Articulate what culture means
 Attribute facets of personal behavior to culture
 Explain the role of the community in shaping moral behavior
What is Culture?
Culture
 refers to the outlook, attitudes, values, goals, and practices shared by a group,
organization, or society.
 Culture describes a collective way of life, or way of doing things. It is the sum of
attitudes, values, goals, and practices shared by individuals in a group,
organization, or society.
 Cultures vary over time periods, between countries and geographic regions, and
among groups and organizations.
How does culture being transmitted?
Culture is being transmitted through:
a. Enculturation - is the process by which people learn the dynamics of their
surrounding culture and acquire values and norms appropriate or necessary in
that culture and worldviews. As part of this process, the influences that limit,
direct, or shape the individual include parents, other adults, and peers.
b. Acculturation - is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjust
to a new cultural environment.
- is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that
stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the
society.
a. Assimilation - is the process by which a person or a group's language
and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
Culture shock
- It is the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly
subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.
Components of Culture
 Material – refers to the concrete and tangible objects that human create, use,
and share.
 Non-material – consist of knowledge, social norms, beliefs, and sanctions which
are abstract and intangible creations that influence human behavior.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 16
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Characteristics of culture:
 Culture is social because it is the product of behavior.
 Culture varies from society to society.
 Culture is shared.
 Culture is learned.
 Culture is transmitted among members of society.
 Culture is continuous and cumulative.
 Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
How does culture shape moral behavior?
Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how
people should behave and interact with others.
Culture plays a vital role in shaping the society and the country. A good culture
makes it easy and natural to progress, a collective progressive behavior is a boon to a
country. It seems like progress is happening automatically.
---------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Written task #4
WT4 – Written task 4
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson#05: Culture in Moral Behavior
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
How do you think your community influences your behavior? Give authentic
example.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 17
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#06: Cultural relativism
Objectives:
 Recognize differences in moral behavior of different cultures
 Appreciate the differences of cultures.
 Evaluate the strength and weaknesses of cultural relativism
What is Culture Relativism?
Cultural relativism
 is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood
based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of
another.
What are the Advantages of Cultural Relativism?
 It is a system which promotes cooperation.
 It creates a society where equality is possible.
 People can pursue a genuine interest.
 Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural relativism.
 It preserves human cultures.
 Cultural relativism creates a society without judgment.
 Moral relativism can be excluded from cultural relativism.
 We can create personal moral codes based on societal standards with ease.
 It stops cultural conditioning.
What are the Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism?
 It creates a system that is fueled by personal bias.
 It would create chaos.
 It is an idea that is based on the perfection of humanity.
 It could promote a lack of diversity.
 It draws people away from one another.
 It could limit moral progress.
 It could limit humanity’s progress.
 Cultural relativism can turn perceptions into truths.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 18
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written task #5
WT5 – Written task 5
Lesson#06: Cultural relativism
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Why can’t all cultural practices be always correct?
Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of cultural relativism.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 19
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#07 & 08: The Filipino Way and Universal Values
Objectives:
 Analyze crucial qualities of the Filipino moral identity in their own moral
experiences
 Evaluate elements that needs to be changed
 Identify universal values
 Explain why universal values is necessary for human survival
Filipino virtue ethics which is a relationship-oriented virtue ethics.
Filipino virtue ethics is based on two foundational concepts in Filipino culture.
First is loób
 which can easily be misunderstood when literally translated into English as
‘inside’ but which is better translated as ‘relational will’.
Second is kapwa
 which is literally translated as ‘other person’ but is better understood as ‘together
with the person’. These serve as pillars for a special collection of virtues
What are the Virtues of Filipinos?
 kagandahang-loób
 utang-na-loób
 pakikiramdam
 hiya
 lakas-ng-loób/bahala na
Culture and Philippines Values
Values
1. Respect for authority
2. Strong family ties
3. Bahala na (fatalism come what may is a loose translation)
4. Strong desire to improve one’s life (pag-angat sa buhay)
5. Hiya (shame)
6. Trying to get along with others (pakikisama)
7. Debt of gratitude (utang na loob)
8. Hospitality
9. Amor propio (over sensitiveness)
10. “Don’t-intrude-attitude”
11. Ningas-kugon
12. Compadre system
13. Crab-mentality
14. Low level of drive
15. Tayo-tayo sytem
16. Siesta habit
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 20
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
17. Inauthenticity in saying “yes” although he means “no”
18. Mañana habit or procrastination
19. Imprecise or diffusive consciousness of time.
20. Poor sportsmanship or exaggerations of wins.
21. Colonial mentality
22. Lakad-system
23. Extravagance particularly on frequent celebrations.
Six universal moral values for corporate codes of ethics are proposed including:
(1) trustworthiness;
(2) respect;
(3) responsibility;
(4) fairness;
(5) caring; and
(6) citizenship.
Why there are Universal Values?
 Our values are important because they help us to grow and develop. They help
us to create the future we want to experience.
4 TYPES OF VALUES IN ORGANIZATIONAL SETTING:
1. INDIVIDUAL VALUES
Individual values reflect how you show up in your life and your specific needs-the
principles you live by and what you consider important for your self-interest.
Individual values include: enthusiasm, creativity, humility and personal fulfilment.
2. RELATIONSHIP VALUES
Relationship values reflect how you relate to other people in your life, be they friends,
family or colleagues in your organization.
Relationship values include: openness, trust, generosity and caring.
3. Organizational VALUES
Organizational values reflect how your organization shows up and operates in the world.
Organizational values include: financial growth, teamwork, productivity and strategic
alliances.
4. SOCIETAL VALUES
Societal values reflect how you or your organization relates to society.
Societal values include: future generations, environmental
awareness, ecology and sustainability.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 21
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
---------------------------------------------------------------ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written task #6
WT6 – Written task 6
Lesson#07 & 08: The Filipino Way and Universal
Values
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
1. Respect for human life and Truth-telling.
 Discuss the possible results of upholding or not upholding the two values.
Write a specific scenario.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 22
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#09: Moral Development
Objectives:
 Explain the development of moral characteristics of human being
 Recall defining moment in their moral formation
 Explain the relationships between individual act and character
How is your moral character developed?
Morals are formed out of a person's values. Values are the foundation of a person's
ability to judge between right and wrong.
Morals build on this to form specific, context-driven rules that govern a person's
behavior.
They're formed from a person's life experience and are subject to opinion.
• Act
 take action; do something.
 the process of doing something.
• Character
 the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual.
 or features that make up and distinguish an individual
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 23
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Performance task #3
PT2 – Research work
Lesson#04: Freedom as A Foundations Of Ethics
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
 Use short bond paper, 1-inch margin (all side), Font: Arial, Size: 12.
 For online students, follow the guidelines and send it on MS teams, assignment
section.
 For modular students, preferably printed, put it on short clear folder, with front
page, containing the following
o Title: Movie Analysis in the Movie Clockwork Orange
o Name:
o Year and section:
o Submitted to: (Full name of your Professor, with title (if applicable)).
Research work #1
Research about the life of Adolf Hitler and Nelson Mandela
How do you think their moral is formed?
Compare and contrast their act and character.
Do you think the acts of Adolf Hitler is justifiable? Why?
Do you think the acts of Nelson Mandela is justifiable? Why?
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 24
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#10: Stages of Moral Development
Objectives:
 Identify and articulate each stage of moral development
 Check their personal growth, and three other cases, against the stages of
development
Lawrence Kohlberg
 (born October 25, 1927, Bronxville, New York, U.S.—died January 17, 1987,
Boston, Massachusetts), American psychologist and educator known for his
theory of moral development.
 The Theory of Moral Development is a very interesting subject that stemmed
from Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning. Developed by psychologist
Lawrence Kohlberg, this theory made us understand that morality starts from the
early childhood years and can be affected by several factors.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 25
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
For more details on Kohlberg’s theory watch the link below:
Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development Published and uploaded by Sprouts (2019) :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounwXLkme4
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Performance task #4
PT4 – Case analysis
Lesson#10: Stages of Moral Development
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Group Activity
Case analysis
 Watch the video clip carefully, each of you will decide what to do. Collect your
groupmates decision and opinion.
 Explain your groups decision/opinion to the class.
 Link: Heinz Dilemma uploaded by Jaclyn Parslow:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jlYJrcDrnY
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Performance task #5
PT4 – Case analysis
Lesson#10: Stages of Moral Development
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Individual Activity
 Draw a chart of their life’s journey using short bond paper or PowerPoint to show
incipient moments in their lives and where they are now in their moral
development.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 26
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Lesson#11: Emotion, Reason and Impartiality In Moral DecisionMaking
Objectives:
 Recall immediate response to moral dilemmas
 Differentiate responses based on reason and those based on feelings
Feelings and moral decision-making
What is Emotion?
- Emotions (anger, love, hate, happiness) are sometimes distinguished from reason in
ethical theory and thought to be in tension.
•
Why they can be obstacles in making the right decisions?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________.
•
How they can help in making the right decisions?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________.
Reason and Impartiality
What is reason?
 Reason: a form of personal justification which changes from person to person
based on their own ethical and moral code, as well as prior experience.
 Ethics: a personal opinion of right and wrong which is aided by one's moral code.
What is impartiality?
 Impartiality (also called evenhandedness or fair-mindedness) is a principle of
justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than
on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over
another for improper reasons.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 27
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written Task #7
WT7 – Write your emotional, rational, and impartial
response.
Lesson 11: Emotion, Reason And Impartiality In Moral
Decision-Making
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
1. Write your response according to the situations given.
2. Choose only one response among emotional, rational, and impartial
response.
3. Don’t forget to write your justification about your response
•
Situation 1
Medical ethics,
end-of-life involving
dying parent.
Response:
Situation 2
• Facilitation payment
ethics, Payment of
facilitation fee to a
customs officer by a
finance employee.
Response:
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Situation 3
• Ethics from
Government, the use
of an official car to
bring one’s daughter
to school every day.
Response:
Page 28
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
LESSON 12: 7-Step moral reasoning model
Objectives:



Check real-life cases against the 7-step model, a model the uses impartiality and
reason
Differentiate knowing and actually executing a good moral decision
Judge their own moral behavior in terms of planning and execution in important
moral experiences
7 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING
Decision making - is the process of making choices by identifying a decision,
gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.
Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more deliberate,
thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives. This
approach increases the chances that you will choose the most satisfying alternative
possible.
Step 1: Identify the decision You realize that you need to make a decision. Try to
clearly define the nature of the decision you must make. This first step is very important.
Step 2: Gather relevant information Collect some pertinent information before you
make your decision: what information is needed, the best sources of information, and how
to get it. This step involves both internal and external “work.” Some information is internal:
you’ll seek it through a process of self-assessment. Other information is external: you’ll
find it online, in books, from other people, and from other sources.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 29
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Step 3: Identify the alternatives As you collect information, you will probably
identify several possible paths of action, or alternatives. You can also use your
imagination and additional information to construct new alternatives. In this step, you will
list all possible and desirable alternatives.
Step 4: Weigh the evidence Draw on your information and emotions to imagine
what it would be like if you carried out each of the alternatives to the end. Evaluate
whether the need identified in Step 1 would be met or resolved through the use of each
alternative. As you go through this difficult internal process, you’ll begin to favor certain
alternatives: those that seem to have a higher potential for reaching your goal. Finally,
place the alternatives in a priority order, based upon your own value system.
Step 5: Choose among alternatives Once you have weighed all the evidence, you
are ready to select the alternative that seems to be the best one for you. You may even
choose a combination of alternatives. Your choice in Step 5 may very likely be the same
or similar to the alternative you placed at the top of your list at the end of Step 4.
Step 6: Take action You’re now ready to take some positive action by beginning
to implement the alternative you chose in Step 5.
Step 7: Review your decision & its consequences in this final step, consider the
results of your decision and evaluate whether or not it has resolved the need you identified
in Step 1. If the decision has not met the identified need, you may want to repeat certain
steps of the process to make a new decision. For example, you might want to gather more
detailed or somewhat different information or explore additional alternatives.
Reason and will
Will - generally, is the faculty of the mind that selects, at the moment of decision,
a desire among the various desires present; it itself does not refer to any particular
desire, but rather to the mechanism responsible for choosing from among one's desires.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 30
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written Task #8
WT8 – Reflection time!
Lesson 12: 7-Step moral reasoning model
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
1. Copy the activity sheet part and paste it a new document and then answer the
question.
2. Think of the most recent dilemma:

How did I decide and what did I actually do during my most important moral
experience in the past year?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 31
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
LESSON 13: Types of Moral Theories
Objectives:


Explain the role of mental frames in moral experience
Classify the dominant mental frames
(You can search this links from Youtube for a further understanding)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWZi-8Wji7M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RU7M6JSVtk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMblKpkKYao
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpHggd-3_rM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_UfYY7aWKo
1. Utilitarianism: A Theory of Consequences
- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are the proponent of utilitarianism.
- is a theory that holds that the best way to make a moral decision is to look at
the potential consequences of each available choice; then, one should pick the
option that either does the most to increase happiness or does the least to increase
suffering.
- Utilitarianism, also known as consequentialism, is often summed up as a
philosophy of "The greatest good for the greatest number."
2. Deontology: A Duty-Based Moral Philosophy
- Deontology states that society needs rules in order to function and a person can
only be called moral to the extent that he abides by those rules.
- The most famous and eloquent exponent of deontology is generally agreed to
be Immanuel Kant.
- Kant coined the following maxim, known as the Categorical Imperative, to help
people decide which actions should be governed by rules: "Act only according to that
maxim by which you can also will that it would become a universal law."
3. Relativism: A Theory Based on Experiences
- Moral relativism is a theory which states that no one person's morals are better
or worse than any other.
- Relativists argue that a person's moral code is shaped by the society in which
he is raised as well as their culture, and it states that no society is inherently
better or worse than any other.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 32
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
- Relativism is a moral philosophy that could, therefore, be different depending on
where you grow up, and what may be right in your society, could be very wrong in
another person's society.
4. Divine Command Theory: A Higher Power
- Divine command theory states that God is the ultimate arbiter of what
constitutes morality, and that without God we have no clear way of telling right from
wrong.
- Divine command theorists, therefore, believe that the best way to live a moral
life is to act in accordance with Scripture.
5. Virtue Ethics: Always Improve Yourself
- Virtue ethics states that only good people can make good moral decisions.
Therefore, the best way to be moral is to constantly seek to improve oneself.
- Virtue ethicists list a number of qualities that they believe are universal, and that
all cultures appreciate.
- They include wisdom, prudence, loyalty, honesty, temperance, bravery,
magnanimity, and justice.
- Virtue ethicists argue that if a person tries his best to embody these traits, then
by definition he will always be in a good position to make moral judgments.
6. Egoism: A Theory Based on Self-Interest
- Egoism is a moral philosophy that holds that the best way for one to be morally
good is to act in accordance with one's self-interest.
- Egoists hold that we are only really qualified to consider our own well-being,
and that attempts to "Be one's brother's keeper" are doomed to fail because we can
never really know what our peers actually want.
- Egoists also believe that if everyone acts in their own self-interest, then society
is more likely to solve moral dilemmas to the satisfaction of all parties, thereby
maximizing overall happiness.
7. Natural Rights Theory: Human Rights
- Natural rights theorists, or human rights theorists, believe that every person is
endowed with certain inalienable rights, such as the right to life, the right to own
property, and the right to liberty.
- Natural rights theorists argue that these rights are self-evident, and would exist
even if nobody believed in them.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 33
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
- The reason that natural rights theorists hold these rights as self-evident is that
they are essential to the flourishing of human happiness and the foundation of civil
society.
- For example, they argue that without the right to own property, there is no
incentive to create property and therefore society cannot advance. Based on this
theory, human rights are vital to the future of society.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written Task #9
WT9 – Situation and Case Analysis
Lesson 13: Types of Moral Theories
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
A. Case analysis: 1. State a case or situation wherein the option taken was legal but
not moral.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________.
B. Situation Analysis: Give a specific situation that shows this quote "The greatest
good for the greatest number." Why did they choose to give up one for the sake of a
larger group?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 34
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________
Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written Task #10
WT10 – Reflection paper
Lesson 13: Types of Moral Theories
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
Essay: 1. State the type of moral theory/theories, you can state 2 or more theories.
2. Write your reason and justifications.

Which among the following types of moral theories I make use most of the
time when I make individual decision?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 35
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
LESSON 14: Justice and Fairness
Objectives:
 Articulate what justice and fairness are
 Critique justice and fairness
 Make use of justice and fairness
What is justice?
•
Means the habit that enables one to give each and every human person his due
or own right.
•
Etymologically, the term is derived from the Latin word jus which means “Right”.
Fairness

Impartial and just treatment or behavior without favoritism or discrimination.
Common Legal Justice
General Justice – It is one by which a human person wishes and does what is right in
relation to the common good.
a) Equity – is a kind of legal justice by which a human person judges, wills,
and does what is right to others, not necessarily from the injunction of the
moral law, but from the civil law per se.
b) Common Legal justice – is one by which a human person is inclined to
will and do what is for the common good of others in accordance with the
moral law.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 36
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Particular Legal Justice – Is one by which a human person wishes and does what is
right in relation to another person who is right in relation to another person who is
accounted as an individual with inherent right to his own private good.
a) Commutative Justice – is one which deals with equality of fairness of
exchange.
b) Distributive Justice – is one by which a human person wills to apportion or
share the goods which belong to a community to individual human
persons who are parts of his community.
Taxation
 It refers to the practice of a government collecting money from its citizens to pay
for public services.
 Without taxation, there would be no public libraries or parks.
Five major objectives of taxation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Economic Development
Full Employment
Price stability
Control of cyclical fluctuations
Reduction of BOP difficulties
Non-revenue objective
Three types of Taxes
1. Proportional tax – imposes the same percentage of taxation on everyone
regardless of income.
2. Progressive tax – imposes higher percentage rate of taxation on those with
higher incomes.
3. Regressive tax, which imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on low
incomes than on high incomes.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 37
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________ Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Performance Task #6
Activity Title:
PT6 – Reaction paper
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson 14: Justice and Fairness
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
1. Research about Social housing.
2. Write a reaction paper.
Reaction Paper: “SOCIAL HOUSING: Who Should Pay for the Cost?”
3. Use a separate sheet for the reaction paper, at least 300 – 500 words.
4. Short bond paper, Arial 12, 1-inch margin.
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________ Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Written Task #11
Activity Title:
WT11 – Essay
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson 14: Justice and Fairness
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
a. answers the following question briefly.
b. state examples and justifications.
1. Who should carry the burden of taxation? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____.
2. Who should benefit from taxes? Why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
__________________.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 38
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
LESSON 15: Globalization and its Ethical Challenges
Objectives:


Identify the important moral challenges of globalization
Value the importance of ethics in response to challenges
Ethical Dilemmas of Globalization
April 8, 2012
By Dr. Sylvain Ehrenfeld
We are in the midst of an unprecedented transformation, even larger than the Industrial
Revolution. Because of technological changes our world is becoming more and more
interconnected.
The dynamic force of globalization will continue to change our perceptions, as it reshapes
our lives, the way we make a living and the way we relate. The changes are economic,
technological, cultural, and political. Incidentally, Karl Marx, in the “Communist
Manifesto,” predicted that the relentless search for markets will alter older social
structures. As he put it “all that is solid will melt.” Some say it is a runaway world. To quote
Ralph Waldo Emerson, commenting on the Industrial Revolution in his day, “things are in
the saddle and ride mankind.”
I will look at the economic impact of this story and the contentious issue of globalization
in trade and its effects on the poor as well as the rich.
The gap between rich and poor in the world is still very large. The bottom 2.5 billion, 40
percent of the world’s population, live on less than $2 a day and receive only 5 percent of
the world’s income.
There are still too many people who die because they are too poor to live. Can trade help?
Aid and a fairer trading system are crucial. As we will see, it can be an enormous help to
poor countries. It can start them on the first steps of the ladder of progress. Tremendous
changes are also occurring in the richer countries.
Let’s examine trade and globalization. Globalization, free trade, and outsourcing are very
controversial issues. They have been much in the news but they have not been seriously
discussed in the media.
Thinking on this subject falls basically into two camps. There are the gung-ho free traders
and the anti-globalists who strongly oppose international institutions like the World Bank,
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and particularly the World Trade Organization
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 39
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
(WTO). The anti-globalists come in two varieties. The protectionists, as for example Pat
Buchanan, are extreme conservatives who think American nationalism suffers from the
commands of the global economy. This approach is essentially economic nationalism.
They believe that international institutions undermine the sovereignty of the nation and
make the country more beholden to transnational corporations. Buchanan opposes
multiculturalism and immigration, claiming it leads to a moral decline of the nation.
Anti-globalist movement has grown
The opposite pole of anti-globalists are much more radical in their thinking. They oppose
the WTO, the World Trade Organization, claiming that it is undemocratic, and ignores
environmental problems and labor conditions such as child labor and workplace safety.
Finally they claim that globalization increases inequality and further impoverishes the
poor. The anti-globalist movement has grown in passion and strength. They have staged
numerous protests. The one in Seattle involved some violence, but mostly they are
peaceful. The one recently in Hong Kong however was not peaceful.
The pro-globalists claim that free trade creates wealth, and this increase trickles down
and improves the condition of the poor.
First, what is globalization? It is the increasingly closer integration of countries and
peoples of the world brought about by the enormous reduction of transportation and
communication costs and the breakdown of barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital
and knowledge. Think of it as a tidal wave of change brought about by the impact of new
technologies. Television, the internet and other forms of rapid communication have
increased mobility and commercialization of ideas. Different aspects of globalization
include free movements of capital, trade, cultural, and political differences.
Photo credit
With these changes come many problems that cross national boundaries: terrorism,
disease, refugees, environmental problems, and rapid flow of capital. No nation can be
totally immune. In the past many people lived in small areas. Some people never went
further than 20 miles from their homes. Now if there is genocide in Rwanda and Darfur,
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 40
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
or a suicide bomber in Jerusalem, we see it on TV. We live more and more in a global
community, and are experiencing a global economic order.
Is globalization new? Not really. The scope and worldwide reach of our present
globalization is new. However, from 1860 to 1914 there was a significant globalization
trend which was also spurred by developments in transportation and communication. It
came about because of railroads, cars, telephone and telegraph.
World War I stopped this trend. Between the two world wars, there was much
protectionism. After World War II a major economic conference took place in Bretton
Woods, a sleepy New England town. It was there the World Bank, the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and GATT were created. GATT stands for General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. In 1995 this became the World Trade Organization (WTO). By 2002 it
accounted for 97% of world trade.
Ancient world knew benefits of trade
The ancient world was always aware of the enormous benefits of trade. Ships constantly
crossed the Mediterranean. The Silk Road between China and the Roman Empire had
an enormous effect on the enrichment of cultures as well as wealth.
Why is trade beneficial? If I have something you need and you have something I want–if
we bargain and come to a deal–we both benefit. Of course one of us may be in a stronger
bargaining position. Nevertheless we can both benefit.
Adam Smith, and later, Ricardo, British economists, made the case for the free exchange
of goods and services. This allows individuals to specialize in what they do best, to
everybody’s benefit. As an example–the tailor does not attempt to make his own shoes
but buys them from a shoemaker. In turn, the shoemaker doesn’t attempt to make his
own clothes, but employs a tailor. The ideal was that no country should produce anything
it could import more cheaply from abroad. Countries should concentrate on industries in
which they are low cost producers or to use economic language, they should produce
where they have a relative advantage.
A classic example involved the Lancaster textile mills which exploited the climate of
northern England, and Portuguese vineyards which prospered in the southern sun. In the
presence of prohibitive tariffs of imports and exports which were prevalent at the time,
England would have been forced to make its own wine, and Portugal to manufacture
cloth. This is obviously a waste of resources. This concept is a powerful argument, and it
has worked up to a point. However it omits the effects of changing technologies. The
country with weaker bargaining power remains committed to its own industry and may be
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 41
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
unable to develop. This has occurred in Central and South America, which for years
traded only in a few crops and were totally dependent on the price of those crops.
There is much talk about free trade. We must remember that every free trade agreement
is a negotiated document. It involves all kinds of bargaining about different products and
tariffs. For example, for the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA, the results
were uneven. US corn producers benefited, while textile workers have not. Mexican
farmers were devastated by US corn imports, and their textile workers lost out. Part of the
reason is textile products from China and US subsidies for agriculture. It is estimated that
the growth in Mexico and Latin America has benefited the upper 30% but the bottom
gained little.
The great inequalities in Latin America and the lack of gains in the world trading system
have brought forth radical leaders in recent elections as Chavez in Venezuela and
Morales in Bolivia. The irony of democratic elections.
Main criticisms of World Trade Organization
There are many charges against the WTO. Here are three of the main criticisms.
1. The WTO places economic considerations ahead of concern about labor conditions
and the environment.
2. The WTO is undemocratic
3. The WTO increases inequality and makes the rich richer and leaves the world’s poor
worse off.
The WTO has a set of rules that all member states must accept. (There are about 30,000
pages of them.) If a dispute arises, and a complaint is made about unfair practices, there
is a dispute panel. If the complaint is upheld and the nation continues to act in breach of
the rules they are subjected to severe penalties–including tariffs against its own goods
and perhaps a fine of money compensation. These are secret panels of trade
organizations and lawyers.
Rulings are mostly based on the idea that a country can’t embargo a good because they
object to the process by which it is made. Only the quality or content is relevant. This has
become known as the “product” versus “process” principle. If a product is made by child
labor, in unsafe conditions, or is damaging to the environment, it cannot be rejected. This
makes it difficult for a country to impose environmental labor or health standards. WTO
rules prohibits countries from treating physically similar products differently on the basis
of how they are made. So– anti-globalists have a strong case.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 42
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
However, free traders say the WTO is ill equipped to rule on labor conditions and
environmental situations. These decisions are complex. They claim that this is neither
their role nor their mission. They are only concerned with trade. Rules concerning labor
laws and environmental conditions are the province of international labor conventions of
the International Labor Organization (ILO) and international environmental treaties.
Globalists say protesters should focus their pressure on countries to abide by
international laws. The final irony is that underdeveloped countries do not want to be
pressured to impose labor and environmental standards as it will make their products
more costly. They want and need the business. They also say that many people in the
west may regard low-paying jobs at Nike factories as exploitation but for many people in
the underdeveloped world factory work is far better than growing rice and risking hunger.
They also add that child labor is the only way a family may have as protection from
starvation.
Obviously labor laws and environmental rules are hard to enforce. We will say more about
this later.
Unequal bargaining power among countries
A charge against the WTO is that decisions there are usually made by consensus. Rule
by consensus can also be called rule by veto. It takes the opposition of only a single
member to stop an overwhelming majority from making changes. Developing countries
make up the majority of members of WTO. But not every country has the same bargaining
power. In practice the agenda is set in informal meeting of the major trading powers: the
US, the European Union, Japan, and Canada. Once these powers have reached
agreement these are presented at a formal meeting usually as a fair accompli. Not in the
least democratic. Finally, dispute panels are not selected democratically. Even if WTO
decisions were taken by the majority of states that are members it would not be really
democratic since for example India, representing a billion people would have the same
number of votes-one- as Iceland which has 275,000,
A third charge and perhaps the most serious is that globalization makes the rich richer
and the poor poorer. It takes from the poor to the rich–Robin Hood in reverse.
Let us separate the issues into two parts. Firstly–has inequality increased? The UN
reports that gaps in income between the poorest and richest countries have continued to
widen. In 1960 the 20 percent of the world’s people in the richest countries had 30 times
the income of the poorest 20 per cent. In 1997, the gap has more than doubled–it is now
74 percent. This widening of the gap is happening at a faster pace. The assets of the 200
richest people are more than the combined income of 41 percent of the world’s people.
Just imagine that visually–the 200 people can fit into our local libraries’ auditorium.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 43
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
The gap in income within countries has also widened. In the US, according to the US
Census Bureau, the top and bottom tiers are growing and the middle shrinking. The top
20 percent held 85 percent of the country’s wealth. An interesting illustration of this is the
recent two years of the holiday shopping season. Retailers that cater to lower and middle
income shoppers like Walmart, Sears, and Kohl’s had disappointing results, even with the
lower prices. The higher end chains like Marcus and Nordstrom did well.
Obviously, income gaps have widened both within countries and between countries. A
recent UN study by ILO called for a fair globalization. They show that global trade
increases wealth but the trade benefits are uneven. Like most economic changes there
are winners and losers. What is a fair division of the growing pie? This raises ethical
questions.
Are the very poor worse off? The world’s population is currently a little over 6 billion. About
1.2 billion live in absolute poverty (about 1$ per day) and many more even below that.
About 3 billion–that is nearly half the world’s population–have about $2 per day. About
820 million lack adequate nutrition, more than 850 million are illiterate and almost all lack
access to basic sanitation. In rich countries less than one child in a hundred dies before
the age of 5. In the poorest countries one child in five dies. Every day three hundred
thousand young children die from preventable causes. Life expectancy in rich nations
averages 77 years whereas in sub Sahara Africa, it is 48 years.
The number of absolute poor has decreased by 200 million. Most of the improvement has
been in China and India. In sub Sahara, Eastern Europe, and central Asia, poverty is up.
In Latin America and the Caribbean there has not been much change. So, to disagree
with both sides of the argument, globalists’ claim that the increase in wealth has helped
the poor–the trickle-down theory is certainly not true. The claim that poverty has increased
is also not true, although the level of misery that exists already could hardly in any
imagination be worse.
WTO ignores labor rights and environment
To sum up the anti-globalization charges–the WTO does ignore labor rights and the
environment. It is most certainly not democratic. Finally the changes created by
globalization taking over the world, with increasing inequalities is ultimately a dangerous
situation.
What then, do we need? What we need to do is achieve some progress in halting the
dangerous increase in inequality world-wide and fair trade–not the so called free trade.
Trade can be a particular thorn in the flesh for poor countries. The developed world
spends over a billion dollars a day on farm subsidies and only one-seventh of that in
development aid. Much of that goes to rich country experts and sales of technology. Rich
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 44
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
countries’ subsidies for their farmers make it difficult for poor countries that rely on exports
to compete. Other subsidized products include textiles and cotton. The IMF estimates that
a repeal of the subsidies would improve global welfare by about 120 billion. If we put
together interest on the debt owed by poor countries together with trade barriers, more
money flows from the poor countries to the rich, than the other way.
A recent UN report states that rich countries trumpet the virtues of open markets and free
trade even as they put up barriers against goods from poor countries and spend hundreds
of billions that benefit large scale farmers .The recent Hong Kong meeting did not change
that.
About outsourcing and out-basing–a hot issue. Because of tremendous changes in
technology, many more jobs can be outsourced. Some examples are radiologists who
examine x-rays, reservation agents, computer programming, accounting, data base
management, financial analysis, tax preparation. Companies can comparatively easily
move production to other parts of the world.
With outsourcing and outbasing who gains and who loses? Some American gain:
consumers enjoy lower prices, and stockholders see profits rise. Some Americans lose:
workers whose jobs are displaced, the owners of firms whose contracts are transferred
to foreign suppliers.
Recently, Paul Samuelson the renowned economist and very much for free trade has
revised some of his ideas. He pointed out that free trade can hurt an advanced country.
When a poor, but ambitious nation, is trading with a wealthy advanced economy free
trade can undermine the wage level in the advanced economy. He cites the example of
China and the US. This explains why the US hourly wage, discounted for inflation, has
been stagnant for many years and has aggravated inequality in the US. Monthly wages
are 11% lower than in 1973 adjusted for inflation in spite of rising productivity. A revealing
statement by Wal-Mart’s chief executive, urging Congress to raise the minimum wage:
“Our customers simply don’t have the money to buy basic necessities between
paychecks,” an ironic remark coming from Wal-Mart.
Other gainers are employees abroad who get jobs. Still, as we said, other gainers are US
consumers who get cheaper goods, It is estimated that since the 90’s cheap imports have
saved US consumers around $600 billion and US manufacturers many billions in cheaper
parts and services for their products. We have a conflict here. Consumers are saving
money but at the expense of US jobs. Wal-Mart has set the standard by their drive for
cheap prices using imports from China. They give their workers low wages and minimal
benefits. To compete other companies are driven to do the same thing. We are both
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 45
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
consumers but also citizens, this presents us with a conflict. Another concern is the
growing trade deficit which may become a serious problem.
Gainers have moral obligation to losers
Overall is this good or bad? What criteria should we use to judge? Some economists talk
about a compensation principle. If the gainers can compensate the losers the economy
gains. Of course, the compensation is never made. It leads me to think that the gainers
have some moral obligation to the losers.
In any case the process seems unstoppable. We can however ease the bounce and
provide springs for a rough ride. Income support and retraining for workers outsourced
can help. This may not be effective for older and less educated workers. Another
suggestion is wage insurance which companies resist. For this we need governments
and international agencies with some moral clout and power. Other policies which would
help much are: public investment in education, universal affordable health care and more
federal financing for research in the sciences and engineering which has declined in
recent years. China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer
scientists than from all American and European universities.
A story to illustrate. Recently Toyota decided to put up a new assembly plant in Ontario
Canada. Why there and not in the US? One reason cited is the comparative quality of the
work force, compared to the south. Unionization may also be a factor.
Another reason was Canada’s National Health System. To support this consider the GM
claim that it pays $1,525 in health-care costs for each car that comes out of its assembly
line- more than it pays for its steel. Recently GM, like many other companies, has made
deals with unions to cut benefits, lay off workers and cut pensions. Even well off
companies like IBM are doing the same thing. Times are getting tough for working people.
I find it difficult to understand why companies do not support universal health care as it
makes them more competitive.
Globalization could be an engine for growth and great benefit to all groups if guided with
some attempt at fairness. I am reminded of the early stages of industrialization in England,
US and Europe. Working conditions were horrible. After much struggle laws regulating
worker safety, child labor, and the right to form unions were developed. The question
arises–how well can a global free market–an essentially unregulated market–function in
the absence of a global authority to set minimum standards on issues like child labor,
worker safety, union rights, and the environment? What we have now on the international
scene is early capitalism in the raw.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 46
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
What to do?
All trade agreement should include minimum ILO (international labor organization)
standards.
International conventions on these issues exist. They can be checked by rapporteurs, a
method now used in the human rights area. The WTO can enforce these standards as
they do now in trade disputes. If a country cannot afford to meet the standards they should
be helped.
For the well being of our society and the health of our economy we need a universal
health-care system.
Supporting fair-trade movement
We should support the growing fair-trade movement. They support more than 5 million
people in Africa and Latin America in socially responsible trade. We should buy these
products like fair trade coffee. It costs a little more but we are not only shoppers but also
citizens. Oxfam America has a campaign for fair trade. They have a website providing
much information (www.maketradefair.com) on how to get involved.
We are in the historic process of becoming one world. There are precedents in which
governments come to relinquish some of their sovereignty for the benefits of cooperation.
Regional organization already takes place in the form of WTO and the European Union.
Such groupings are likely to increase in the future because of the necessity of avoiding
the chaos and suffering of the vast disparities between the haves and the have-nots, and
perhaps the side effects of competition between the great economic powers.
Globalization can be a great boon. It is not globalization per se, but the unfairness and
damaging results from the way it is developing that is the moral and humanitarian
problem.
In the meantime, we need to hang on tight because there’s a rough ride ahead of us.
Dr. Sylvain Ehrenfeld, member of the Ethical Culture Society of Bergen County, is
International Humanist and Ethical Union Representative to the United Nations.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 47
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________ Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Written Task #12
Activity Title:
WT12 – Reaction Paper
Topic/s Covered:
Lesson 15: Globalization and Its Ethical Challenges.
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
a. Read the article that I send about “Ethical Dilemmas of Globalization”.
b. In your own understanding and opinion about the two articles, identify the important
moral challenges of globalization.
c. State examples and justifications.
d. Write solutions you can offer to these moral challenges.
e. Create your own title, about your reflection/reaction paper.
Title: “_____________________________________”
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 48
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
LESSON #16: Millennials and Filinnials: Ethical Challenges and
Responses
Objectives:





Compare responses to shared moral dilemmas of baby boomers and millennials
State qualities of filinnial
Construct a plan for coping with the challenges of globalization
Differentiate ethics from religion
Appreciate the role of religion in a globalized world
Who are the Baby Boomer?
Baby boomer
 It is a term used to describe a person who was born between 1946 and 1964.
 The baby boomer generation makes up a substantial portion of the world's
population, especially in developed nations.
 Boomers came of age between two major wars, during a time of unprecedented
prosperity as well as dramatic social change.
Characteristics of Baby boomers:
 They embraced technology and a new culture, making it their own and sharing it
with the rest of the world ever since.
 Boomers made their music, rock and roll, a featured expression of their identity as
a generation.
 Access to transistor radios let them listen to a kind of music different than their
parents: the Beatles and the Rolling Stones along with the rest of the British
invasion; and the Motown Sound out of Detroit.
Who are the Millennials?
Millennials
 generally, refers to the generation of people born between the early 1980s and
1990s, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Some people also include
children born in the early 2000s.
Characteristics of Millennials:
 Millennials have been characterized in a number of different ways. On the negative
side, they've been described as lazy, narcissistic and prone to jump from job to
job. The 2008 book "Trophy Kids" by Ron Alsop discusses how many young people
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 49
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
have been rewarded for minimal accomplishments (such as mere participation) in
competitive sports, and have unrealistic expectations of working life.
 A 2012 study found Millennials to be "more civically and politically disengaged,
more focused on materialistic values, and less concerned about helping the larger
community than were GenX (born 1962-1981) and Baby Boomers (born 1946 to
about 1961) at the same ages," according to USA Today.
 "The trend is more of an emphasis on extrinsic values such as money, fame, and
image, and less emphasis on intrinsic values such as self-acceptance, group
affiliation and community." The study was based on an analysis of two large
databases of 9 million high school seniors or entering college students.
 They have also been described in positive ways. They are generally regarded as
being more open-minded, and more supportive of gay rights and equal rights for
minorities. Other positives adjectives to describe them include confident, selfexpressive, liberal, upbeat and receptive to new ideas and ways of living.
Who are the Filinnials?
Filinnials
 term used to denote the Filipino Millennials.
FILINNIALS’ GENERATION

Increased used and familiarity with communications, media and digital
technologies
 Even in the Philippines, millennials upbringing is said to marked by an increased
in a liberal approach to politics, economics and morality although this claim is
disputed. Ethics and Religion
Ethics
 Ethics are a branch of philosophy that investigates questions such as
o “What is good and what is bad?”
o “Is it just to reward one group with more benefits than another?”
o “What action should an individual or organization take if a client mistreats
him/her/it?”
 In practice, ethics are decision-making tools that try to guide questions of human
morality, by defining concepts such as good and bad, right and wrong, virtue and
vice, justice and crime, etc.
Religion
 Religion is belief in a god or gods and the activities that are connected with this
belief, such as praying or worshipping in a building such as a church or temple.
 A religion is a particular system of belief in a god or gods and the activities that
are connected with this system.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 50
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
The Difference Between Ethics and Religion
 According to Arthur W. Page, often, religion and ethics are treated as the same
thing, with various religions making claims about their belief systems being the
best way for people to live, actively proselytizing and trying to convert
unbelievers, trying to legislate public behaviors based around isolated religious
passages, etc. Of course, not all religions are the same, some are more liberal
than others and some more conservative, but in general, all religious traditions
believe that their faith represents a path to enlightenment and salvation.
 By contrast, ethics are universal decision-making tools that may be used by a
person of any religious persuasion, including atheists. While religion makes
claims about cosmology, social behavior, and the “proper” treatment of others,
etc. Ethics are based on logic and reason rather than tradition or injunction. As
Burke suggests of the “hortatory Negative” of the “Thou Shalt Not”s found in
many religious traditions that tell people how to behave by “moralizing," ethics
include no such moralizing. If something is bad, ethics tells us we should not do
it, if something is good, obviously there is no harm in doing it. The tricky part of
life, and the reason that we need ethics, is that what is good and bad in life are
often complicated by our personal circumstances, culture, finances, ethnicity,
gender, age, time, experience, personal beliefs, and other variables. Often the
path that looks most desirable will have negative consequences, while the path
that looks the most perilous for an individual or organization will often result in
doing the best for others. Doing what is “right” is a lot harder than doing what is
expedient or convenient.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 51
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 52
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 53
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 54
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
ACTIVITY SHEET
Name: _________________________________ Date submitted: _____________
Course & year: _______________________
Activity:
Activity Title:
Topic/s Covered:
Written Task #13
WT13 – Essay
Lesson 16: Milennials and Filinnials; Ethical
Challenges and Responses.
DIRECTION: Perform what is asked on each item
a. Study the graph and infographic above, then answer the following questions.
1. What are the issues that cause moral friction between Milennials/ Filinnials
and their parents?
2. How should we resolve the friction? Who is right?
Final Requirement!!
Write your own speech about your chosen contemporary issue, present the
ethical dilemmas and its implication in today’s society.
Take a video of yourselves while delivering your speech,
Time Frame: Do not exceed within 3 minutes.
Send your Files/Videos thru MS teams, assignment section.
P.s: Strictly follow my instructions, fail to follow means ZERO.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 55
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
References:
Babor, Eddie R. (1999). Textbook on Ethics: The Philosophical Discipline of
Action. Philippines: Rex Bookstore
Contreras A. P, dela Cruz A. D, Erasga, D. S et.al (2016). Textbook on
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House
Jensen DG. Mañebog (2013). Moral Standards vs. Non-Moral Standards.
Retrieved from https://ourhappyschool.com/node/824
Uploaded by Critical Thinker Academy. What are Moral Values?. Retrieved from
https://criticalthinkeracademy.com/courses/moral-arguments/lectures/659294
Øyvind Kvalnes (11 April 2019). Moral Dilemmas.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15191-1_2
Retrieved
from
Uploaded by BrigadierSnowButterfly157 from CourseHero. FREEDOM AS
THEFOUNDATION
FORMORAL
ACT.
Retrieved
from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/36577007/ethics2pptx/#:~:text=foundation%20of%20moral%20acts%3F,wrong%20decision%20to%20b
e%20made.
Louise Gaille (April 21, 2017). 17 Cultural Relativism Advantages and
Disadvantages. Retrieved from https://vittana.org/17-cultural-relativism-advantages-anddisadvantages
Jeremiah Reyes (01 Jun 2015). Loób and Kapwa: An Introduction to a Filipino
Virtue
Ethics.
Retrieved
from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09552367.2015.1043173?journalCode=ca
sp20#:~:text=Filipino%20virtue%20ethics%20is%20the,tradition%E2%80%94for%20ov
er%20300%20years.
Dianne Zarina G. Savillo April 11, 2020. Toxic Filipino Traits. Retrieved from
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/301832/toxic-filipino-traits
Article by Outsource Accelerator March 30, 2020. Filipino traits and values.
Retrieved from https://www.outsourceaccelerator.com/articles/filipino-traits-and-values/
Based on Making Ethical Decisions - Josephson Institute of Ethics. Retrieved
from
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/557227cee4b0c5ac0270c331/t/5890fb0db8a79b2
43d8e6ab3/1485896462108/UniversalOrCoreEthicalValues.pdf
Your dictionary. Examples of Morals in Society and Literature. Retrieved from
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-morals.html
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 56
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Cheryl E. Sanders. Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/Lawrence-Kohlbergs-stages-ofmoral-development
Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development Published and uploaded by Sprouts
(2019) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounwXLkme4
Heinz
Dilemma
uploaded
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jlYJrcDrnY
by
Jaclyn
Parslow:
Posted By: Lucidchart Content Team. 7 Steps of the Decision-Making Process.
Retrieved from https://www.lucidchart.com/blog/decision-making-process-steps
Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #36 Uploaded by CrashCourse
(November 21, 2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-a739VjqdSI
Ethics Defined: Deontology. Uploaded by McCombs School of Business. (Dec
18, 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWZi-8Wji7M
Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism Uploaded by McCombs School of Business.
(Dec 18, 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RU7M6JSVtk
Ethics Defined: Virtue Ethics Uploaded by McCombs School of Business. (Dec
18, 2018). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMblKpkKYao
What is Egoism? (Philosophical Positions)Uploaded by Carneades.org (Apr 3,
2016) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpHggd-3_rM
Natural Law Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #34 Uploaded by CrashCourse
(November 7, 2016). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_UfYY7aWKo
Article Shared by Ritika Muley. Taxation Objectives: Top 6 Objectives of Taxation
–
Discussed!.
Retrieved
from
https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/government/taxation/taxation-objectives-top-6objectives-of-taxationdiscussed/17450#:~:text=The%20primary%20purpose%20of%20taxation,must%20be%
20financed%20by%20taxation.&text=In%20other%20words%2C%20taxation%20policy,
an%20instrument%20of%20economic%20policy.
Ethical Dilemmas of Globalization by Dr. Sylvain Ehrenfeld April 8, 2012
https://ethicalfocus.org/ethical-dilemmas-of-globalization/
Neighbor, Josh Allen (2013, March 25). The Unique Cultural Identity of Baby
Boomers. Retrieved from https://patch.com/california/delmar-carmelvalley/bp--theunique-cultural-identity-of-baby-boomers
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 57
PHILO 101 – ETHICS
SY 2020 – 2021, SECOND SEMESTER
Main, Dauglas (2017, September 8). Who Are the Millennials?. Retrieved from
https://www.livescience.com/38061-millennials-generation-y.html
Uploaded by vargasseng123. A PDF file Challenges of Filinnials and Millennials.
Retrieved from. https://www.coursehero.com/file/45720034/409631139-1-Millennilasand-Filinnialspdf/
The Arthur W. Page Center Public Relations Ethics. The Difference Between
Ethics and Religion. Retrieved from https://www.pagecentertraining.psu.edu/publicrelations-ethics/ethical-decision-making/yet-another-test-page/the-difference-betweenethics-andreligion/#:~:text=When%20academics%20talk%20about%20ethics,decisions%20about
%20right%20and%20wrong.&text=While%20religion%20makes%20claims%20about,rat
her%20than%20tradition%20or%20injunction.
Prepared by: HONEY DEE V. COLLADO, LPT
Page 58