UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
1Q - Res2
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 1 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (Res2)
(First Semester, First Quarter Reviewer)
• Used to solve a specific practical problem of an
individual or group.
RESEARCH
• Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.
• The systematic and objective analysis and recording
of controlled observations that may lead to the
development of generalizations, principles, or
theories, resulting in prediction and possible control
of events.
• Purposive, systematic, and scientific process of
gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing,
presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a
problem, for prediction, for invention, for the
discovery of truth, or the expansion or verification of
existing knowledge, all for the preservation and
improvement for the quality of human life.
• Seeks to acquire new knowledge, to problems, and
to generate new information for better
understanding of the concepts under study through a
purposive, organized, and designed program of
activities.
• Gives birth to inventions.
C. ACTION RESEARCH
• Seeks transformative change through the
simultaneous process of taking action and doing
research.
• First, there is a problem that is occurring, next you
gather or analyze data, then you will come up a
solution to solve the problem.
THREE (3) TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCORDING TO...
1. LEVEL OF INVESTIGATION
FOUR (4) SUBTYPES (B AND C HAS THE SAME
LEVEL)
A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Describing what is existing in a phenomenon.
B. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• Trying to discover truth and new knowledge.
C. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• Explaining how does this dependent variable affect
the independent variable, it also explains if there is a
relationship between them.
D. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Conducting test and experiment.
2. GOAL OR APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD
THREE (3) SUBTYPES
3. TYPES OF DATA
THREE (3) SUBTYPES
A. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Generates textual or non-numerical data.
B. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Produces numerical data or information that can be
converted into numbers.
C. MIXED METHOD
• Combination of qualitative and quantitative
research within a single investigation.
• Most trusted one.
TWO (2) BASIC RESEARCH APPROACHES
I. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Method of inquiry employed in different disciplines,
traditionally in social sciences and in market research
and further contexts.
• Aims to gain deeper awareness of human behavior.
SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Data are in descriptions.
2. Research tools are observation, interview,
documentary analysis, or shadowing.
3. Population is based on the design and small in
number.
4. Presentation of data are actual responses taken
individually.
5. Data analysis is transcribing, coding, and theming.
6. Has introduction, methodology, findings, and
discussion or IMFAD format.
A. BASIC RESEARCH
• Goal to increase the existing body of knowledge.
B. APPLIED RESEARCH
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio
UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
1Q - Res2
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 2 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
FIVE (5) KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
FOCUS OF
QUALITATIVE
PRODUCT
THE
DESIGN
REALIIZED
RESEARCH
In-depth
Lessons
Case study
description
learned
Collective
Phenomenology
Meaning
description
Accurate
Cultural
reflection of
Ethnography
experiences
perspectives
and behaviors
Biography,
Information
chronology,
Historical
from the past
and issue
paper
Issues existing
Taking
on the
Action research
informed
different
action
practices
THREE (3) ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Provides depth and detailed data.
2. Allows open-ended process.
3. Attempts to avoid pre-judgements.
THREE (3) DISADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Small sample.
2. Not generalizable to the population at large.
3. Highly subjective.
II. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Method of inquiry where relations are established
through collection of numerical data which then are
analyze to derive generalizations.
SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Data are in numerical
2. Research tools are structured research instrument
(survey), experiments, observations are involved.
3. Population is at large sample size.
4. Presentation of data is illustrated in graphs, tables,
and charts.
5. Data treatment used is descriptive and inferential
statistics.
6. Has introduction, methodology, results, and
discussion or IMRAD format.
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
TWO (2) TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. EXPERIMENTAL
TWO (2) KINDS OF EXPERIMENTAL
A. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
• The researcher is creating, developing or producing.
B. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL
• Partial experiment, effects, experimental group and
/or control group
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL
FOUR (4) KINDS OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL
A. DESCRIPTIVE
• Seeks describe what exists and discover new facts.
• Example is a descriptive study of how parents feel
about the additional 2-years of basic education.
B. COMPARATIVE
• States the differences or similarities between or
among people, objects, etc.
• Example is a comparative study of service quality
between private and public hospitals.
C. CORRELATIVE
• Attempts to determine the extent of relationship
between 2 or more variable using statistical data.
• Example is the relationship between lecturer’s
teaching style and student’s academic achievement.
D. SURVEY
• Describes attitude, views, preferences, and other
behavioral patterns of a big number of people to
arrive a certain conclusion.
• Example is a survey on the preferred course of the
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM) strand.
FIVE (5) STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Best way of proving or disproving hypothesis.
2. Results are unbiased.
3. Objective answers are sought.
4. Large sample size.
5. Easy to generalize and compare to other studies.
FOUR (4) WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Difficult for non-mathematicians.
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio
UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
1Q - Res2
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 3 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
2. Results are limited in terms of narrative
description.
3. For experiment, it is expensive and requires a lot of
time.
4. Development of questions can lead to structural
bias.
SEVEN (7) FIELDS WHERE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT
1. Medical
2. Market or business
3. Finance
4. Household census
5. Education
6. Information technology
7. Disaster management
VARIABLE
• Any type of category that can be measured.
• Trait or quality or category capable of change.
TWO (2) MAJOR TYPES OF VARIABLE
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Causes change.
• Probable cause.
• Controlled by the researcher.
• Example is the amount of fertilizer.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• Bears the effects.
• Outcome variable.
• Example is the plant growth.
OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS OF VARIABLE BASED
ON THE RESEARCH APPROACH
1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
• Describes data that fits into categories.
• Answers the question “what kind.”
• Examples are nationality, breed of dog, and highest
educational attainment
2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
• Describes data that is numerical.
• Answers the question “how much” or “how many.”
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE MAY FURTHER
CLASSIFIED INTO TWO (2)
A. DISCRETE
• Countable in a finite amount of time, cannot take
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
form of decimals
• Examples are age in years, number of teeth, and
number of children in the family.
B. CONTINUOUS
• Can take infinitely many values, takes forever to
count, and infinitely divisible into whatever units.
• Examples are height, weight, and temperature of
the day.
FOUR (4) LEVELS OF DATA MEASUREMENT
1. NOMINAL
• Lowest level of measurement.
• Unordered scales.
• Categories may be assigned numbers, but numbers
have no meaning.
• Examples are sex, cause of death, and academic
strand in senior high school.
2. ORDINAL
• Ordered scales.
• Indicates direction.
• Implies ranking.
• Example is level of satisfaction and agreement.
3. INTERVAL
• No true zero.
• Possess equal interval.
• Examples are intelligent quotient or IQ and
temperature in Celsius.
4. RATIO
• Has an absolute zero, a point where none of the
quality being measured exist.
• Examples are height, weight, and pulse.
FIVE (5) SUGGESTIONS WILL HELP IN CHOOSING
A RESEARCH TOPIC
1. Research observations, interests, and experience.
2. Deduction from theories.
3. Related literature.
4. Clarification of contradictory findings.
5. Research agenda.
THREE (3) STRATEGIES ON HOW TO START A
TOPIC
1. FIRST STRATEGY
A. Think of quantitative variables which are
independent and dependent variable.
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio
UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
1Q - Res2
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 4 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
B. Relationship or differences.
C. Search if there are Review of Related Literatures
(RRLs) already.
D. By knowing the connection of these variables, can
you make an output about it?
E. What statistical treatment to employ?
2. SECOND STRATEGY
A. Start with the question, “is _____ effective?”, “is it
possible that...”, “can we make...”, or “is it applicable...”
B. Note what quantifiable variables can be studied.
C. Search if there are RRLs.
D. What statistical treatment to employ?
3. THIRD STRATEGY
A. Think of theories you have read or heard which
you might want to prove through research.
B. Note what quantifiable variables involved in this
theory.
C. Search if there are RRLs already.
D. With this theory, once it is proven, can you make
an output about it?
E. What statistical treatment to employ?
WORKING TITLE
• Initial aim of a title is to capture the reader's
attention and to highlight the research problem
under investigation.
FOUR (4) WORKING TITLE GUIDE
1. The whole title must be capitalized.
2. Terms such as “Analysis of,” “An Investigation of,”
and “A Study of” should be avoided.
3. It must consist of 12 to 15 substantive words
except the articles and conjunctions.
4. It mirrors the objective of the research and the
locale of the study.
FOUR (4) PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
I. INTRODUCTION
• Gives the reader the beginning of the piece of
thread so they can follow it.
SIX (6) PARTS OF INTRODUCTION
1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM
• Explain the root of the problem.
• Pinpoint the issues.
• Catch the reader’s interest.
• Place the research problem on a setting.
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• Must be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant,
and time-oriented or SMART.
• General and specific.
• Declarative form.
FOUR (4) TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR
PROBLEMS
A. FACTOR-ISOLATING
• Isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and
situation.
ONE (1) EXAMPLE:
a. The profile of school managers in terms of:
A. Age
* Management experience
* Educational attainment
B. FACTOR-RELATING
• Aim to establish relationship.
• Example is the relationship exists between hours
spend in a particular learning area and the academic
performance of the students.
C. SITUATION-RELATING
• Experimental study or what will happen if?
• Example is the significant difference on the level of
effectivity of lemon and grape extract in repelling
mosquito.
D. SITUATION-PRODUCING
• Actions, plans, or prescriptions to develop.
• Example is policy to be formulated to manage the
personnel in government agencies effectively.
3. HYPOTHESIS
• Usually defined as the tentative intellectual guess or
claim of the researcher.
TWO (2) TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
A. NULL HYPOTHESIS
• Stated negatively or accepted to be true or proven.
• Example is there is no significant relationship
between the presence of cadmium in the soil to the
growth of the plant.
B. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• Stated positively.
• Needs to be proven.
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio
UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
1Q - Res2
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 5 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
• Example is there is significant relationship between
the presence of cadmium in the soil to the growth of
the plant.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• Contribution of the study to the body of knowledge.
5. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
• Variables to be studied.
• Focus of the study.
• Time frame.
• Better if you may mention your research design.
6. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• Exploration of body of knowledge.
• Describes the past and current state of information
about the focus of the study.
• Steps in doing RRL include choose your topic,
identify databases and resources, search and refine,
read and analyze, and write the review.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• Blueprint that provides an outline of the plan.
• Presented in a form of map diagram or flow chart.
• Has narrative explanation.
THREE (3) PURPOSE OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
1. Clarify concepts and propose relationships among
the concepts in a study.
2. To encourage theory development that is useful
and practical.
3. Use in research to outline possible courses of
action.
Time span
Respondents
profile
Research
values
Age
1. Gender
2. Educational
attainment
3. Employment
status
Conduct survey Module in the
using survey
Bachelor of
questionnaire
Science in
Tourism
Use of mean
Program of
rating and
Systems Plus
percentage and College
frequency
Foundation
distribution
2. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE-DEPENDENT
VARIABLE MODEL
• Used for experimental-based studies.
EXAMPLE:
3. P MODEL OR PROPOSED PROGRAM MODEL
• Used in research that proposes a program or any
intervention measure.
EXAMPLE:
THREE (3) TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
1. IPO OR INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT MODEL
• Used when the researcher attempts to isolate the
factor or major variable that cases the problem,
subject, or phenomenon.
EXAMPLE:
INPUT
Qualified
trainers
Adequate
facilities and
equipment
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Effectiveness
of Flight
Attendant
Training
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
II. METHODOLOGY
• Specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
select, process, and analyze information about a topic
FIVE (5) PARTS OF METHODOLOGY
1. RESEARCH DESIGN
• Serves as the blueprint of the overall strategy in
finding answers for the research problems.
2. SAMPLING DESIGN
• Selection of participants to include in the study.
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio
UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
1Q - Res2
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 6 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
POPULATION
• Large collection of individuals or objects.
SAMPLE
• Portion or part of the population.
PROBABILITY
• Every member of the population has a chance to
participate in the study.
FIVE (5) TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A. SIMPLE RANDOM
• The same as lottery method.
B. SYSTEMATIC
• Selecting every nth member of the population in a
list.
C. STRATIFIED
• Dividing the population into subgroups.
D. CLUSTER
• Groups are selected rather than individuals.
E. MULTISTAGE
• Combinations of different sampling methods.
NON-PROBABILTY
• Not each population member has a chance to
participate in the study.
FIVE (5) TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A. QUOTA
• Choosing necessary number of participants per
group.
B. PURPOSIVE
• Selecting participants according to a given criteria.
C. VOLUNTEER
• Participants self-elect to become part of the study.
• The 6 researcher-complete instrument are rating
scale, interview guide, tally sheets, performance
checklists, time and motion logs, and observation
forms
• The 6 subject-completed instrument are
questionnaires, self-checklists, attitude scales,
personality inventories, achievement or aptitude
tests, and -projective or sociometric devices.
4. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
• Technique used to obtain the information used in a
dissertation to substantiate the claims made by a
writer.
- What data to collect and the appropriate
instrument.
- Construct your instrument and utilize or administer.
- The time, date, and place where to collect.
5. DATA ANALYSIS
• Process of systematically applying statistical and/or
logical techniques to describe and illustrate,
condense and recap, and evaluate data.
- What?
- How many?
TRANSFORMING
• Collect, gather, and observe numerical data.
INTERPRETING
• Analytical and logical reasoning, statistics patterns,
relationships, similarities, and differences.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
• Uses the data to provide descriptions of the
population, either through numerical calculations or
graphs or tables.
• Examples are frequencies, percentages, mean,
median, mode, and range.
E. SNOWBALL
• Relies on referrals from initial subjects, done when
characteristics are rare.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• Makes inferences and predictions about a
population based on a sample of data taken from the
population in question.
• Examples are Pearson R, chi-square, correlation
coefficient, t-ratio, t-test, and analysis of variance or
ANOVA.
3. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
• Tool used to obtain, measure, and analyze data from
subjects around the research topic.
STATISTICAL TOOLS
• Involved in carrying out a study include planning,
designing, collecting data, analyzing, drawing
D. CONVENIENCE
• Participants who are easy to reach.
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio
UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
1Q - Res2
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Page 7 of 7
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
meaningful interpretation and reporting of the
research findings.
FOCUS OF SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
Profile
Level, extent, degree,
etc.
Significant relationship
Significant difference
TOOLS FOR DATA
ANALYSIS
Frequency counts,
percentages, ranking,
summating, and coding
scheme
Weighted mean
T-ratio, chi-square, and
Pearson R
Test-retest: paired t-test
Analysis of variance or
ANOVA, post-ANOVA
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
Professor: Ma’am Abigail Ann Q. Basilio