Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10
A World of Contrasts
on One Island:
HAITI & DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Learning Objectives:
•
•
•
To take the view of the policies of Haiti and Dominican
Republic.
To differentiate the effect of environmental disaster in
their economic growth which both country encounter.
Analyze the impact on environment, economic growth,
and development of the policies and responses of the
government.
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I. Introduction
• The island of Hispaniola located in the
Caribbean Sea is home to two countries:
Haiti and the Dominican Republic. But the
life on either side of the border is quite
different.
• The western part, today’s Haiti was
controlled by France. The eastern part,
today’s Dominican Republic was controlled
by Spain.
• The Spanish did not exploit the islands the
same way as the French did.
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Haiti’s National Flag
Dominican Republic’s
National Flag
II.
Evaluation of the Case
 Commonalities
 Differences
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Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
COMMONALITIES
1. Region
•
Located in Island of Hispaniola
2. Land Size Area
Hispaniola with 76,482 square kilometer
• Haiti : 36% of the land area
• DR : 64%of the land area
3. Population
•
4. Geography
• Both sharing the Island of Hispaniola
5. Environment
• Both were once largely covered with forests
Haiti : more mountainous
DR : higher in rainfall
6. Colonialization
•
Both has 10 million population in 2012
Both suffered subsequent attempts to reinstate slavery
and fought wars against each other
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
DIFFRENCES
1. Level of Living Productivity
1.1 National income (1960)
1.2 Average U.S income level
1.3 GDP (2007)
1.4 Average income (2007)
1.5 1990
HAITI
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•
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•
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
$1,877
12%
Fell to $1,581
Less than 4% of U.S level
One of the highest-income
countries with extreme
inequality, large
impoverished and brutal
slave population.
Suffered from political
instability
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•
•
•
•
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$2,345 – 25% higher
16%
Risen to $9,664
More than 22% of U.S level
Has been one of the fastest
growing economies in Latin
America.
•
Growth rates accelerated due
to improvements in
education, trade polices, and
infrastructure.
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Illustration:
GDP PER CAPITA OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC from 1960-2012
$9,664
$1,877
$1,581
$2,345
2007
https://tradingeconomics.com/haiti/gdp-per-capita
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Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
DIFFRENCES
2. Level of Human Capital
Social Indicators
2.1 Human Development Index
New HDI (2012)
Life Expectancy
1960
1990
2000
2012
Under-5 Mortality
2000
2010
2012
Education
HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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Low Human Development
161 in ranking
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Medium Human Development
96 in ranking
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41 years old
54 years old
57 years old
61 years old
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51 years old
66 years old
69 years old
72 years old
•
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7
8 – Cholera Outbreak
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Highest illiteracy rate in
Western hemisphere
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3
2
2
No serious education problem
Sufficient human capital was
provided.
•
School system is underfunded
and disorganized
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
DIFFRENCES
Literacy Rate
3. Level of Inequality
3.1 Gini Index (2012)
3.2 Gender inequality
(Additional information)
HAITI
2016 data
• Male 65.3%
• Female 58.3%
2012 Data
• Male – 90.08%
• Female 90.22%
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41.1
•
46.1
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WB Report (2012) 20% of
women have a higher
chance to be unemployed –
employer’s discrimination
when it comes to sex.
Women often live in poor,
low quality housing and low
wages.
Where the French elite were
the cultural reference point
•
Women do not have equal
access to work and not treated
with equality in the workplace.
2002 WB study showed that
women earned only 76% of
what men earned for
equivalent work.
•
*New Mulatto and Black privilege
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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•
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
DIFFRENCES
3.3 Land Distribution
HAITI
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Subsistence farming
economy with large
population
4. Poverty
Below $1.25/day
• UNDP report 24% live in
extreme poverty
5. Colonialization
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•
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•
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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$1.90/day
• 2.60% of population living in
poverty line in 2012
Colonized by French in 1697
Become a major
slaveholding plantation
economy where most of the
population were slave
Gained independence in
1804 after save revolt.
Many people died and sugar
plantation burned during
the revolt
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More extensive cattle-based
activities
46.1
•
Colonized by Spaniards
•
Gained independence in 1843
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
DIFFRENCES
5. Policies
HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
•
Creole Dialect (sees as an
African “inferior”)
•
Spanish Dialect (Europeans
sees DR people as Spanish)
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Poor Policies
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•
Established good policies
Targeted international
investment in manufacturing
Forest preservation – tree
planting
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Other Issues:
 Hispaniola (discovered by Christopher Columbus) majority of
Arawak and Taino people died – due to disease brought by the
Spaniards, overwork in enslavement and genocide.
 It is visible that poor economic and regulatory policies contribute to
environmental deterioration
 Poverty remains serious in part because of ineffective policies
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
II. Evaluation of the Case
United States Occupation
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
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

Dominican Republic (1916-1924)
 Infrastructure was built (schools,
road, and ports)
Haiti (1915-1934)
Restoration of securities and
order
Road construction
Expanded public health,
education services, and
infrastructure improved.
After Occupation
Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier
(Brutal Ruler)
Did not focused on modernizing
Haiti
Interested only in short-term
rent-seeking opportunities
After Occupation
 It was continued during “Trujillo
Dictatorship”
 Helped to facilitate higher
growth rate
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
III.
Identification of the Problem
IV.
Identification of the Causes
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Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
III. Identification of the Problem
HAITI
Problem
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
COLLAPSED IN ECONOMIC
GROWTH, UNDERDEVELOPMENT
RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH BUT
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
IV. Identification of the Causes
HAITI
Causes
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Poverty
• 1960 GDP - $1,877, 12% of
average US income level
• Fell in to $1,581 in 2007, less
than 4% of US level
• 24% population live in
extreme poverty- below
$1.25/day
• Decline in 2000, 59% live on
less than $2/day
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Poverty
• 1960 GDP - $2,345, 25%
higher, 16% of US income
• Increase of $9,664, 22% of
US income level
• 7 times higher in 2008
• 2,60% pf population living
in poverty line $1.90/day
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
III. Identification of the Problem and it’ Cause
DIFFRENCES
HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Education
• Literacy Rate:
Male 65.3% ; Female 58.3%
• School system is
underfunded and
disorganized
• Highest illiteracy rate
Education
• Literacy Rate:
Male 90.08% ; Female 90.22%
Inequality
• New Mulatto was
established where the
French elite were the
cultural preference point
Environment
• Environmental Distractions
– hurricane and earthquake
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Environment
• Environmental Distractions
– hurricane and earthquake
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
III. Identification of the Problem and it’ Cause
DIFFRENCES
HAITI
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•
•
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Environmental damage due
to extensive logging over
use of the soil.
Left million people in
vulnerable slums
Agricultural expansion has
been poorly managed
Agriculture
• Poorly managed
• Massive loss of fertile soil
and lower productivity of
farm due to deforestation
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•
2 million people were
affected, 23 deaths and
recovery was relatively
swift
Agriculture
• Extensive cattle-based
activities
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
III. Identification of the Problem and it’ Cause
DIFFRENCES
HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Policies
• Suffered from political
instability resulted
damaged economy
• Low level of finance and
limited disaster response
• Failed to diversify economy
Colonial Rule
• Slaveholding plantation
economy
• Autarkic Economy
Corruption
• French received ransom
which allegedly for lost of
wealth from expropriation
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
IV.
Government Responses
V.
Impact of Government Responses on
the Environment, Economic Growth,
and Development
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Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
V. Government Responses
HAITI
Government Responses
United Stated Occupation
VI. Impact on Government Responses
Impact
 Basic security and order restored
 Improvement of public health, education services, and
other infrastructure
 Evolved into subsistence farming economy
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Government Responses
Policies- 1990
Impact
 Growth Rate accelerated due to:
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•
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Educational improvement
Trade Policies
Infrastructure
 Remittances and tourism grew nearly a quarter of the
country’s GDP
 Doubled in net manufacturing exports per capita
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
V. Government Responses
VI. Impact on Government Responses
Government Responses
Impact
 Diversification into tourism
 Actively sought our foreign investment for manufacturing
 Had more nature reserves and national parks
United State occupation
 Significant infrastructure was built including schools,
roads, and ports
Trujillo Dictatorship
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

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National Law
 Limited deforestation
 Civil defense force has 10 times larger staff
Projects continued and extended to hydropower
Helped facilitate a relatively higher growth rate
Inequality was reinstated while freedom were repressed
Emergence of democratic nation
 Forest preservation
 Investment in replanting tress
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Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
V.
Recommendations
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Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
V. Recommendations
HAITI
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM
Human Development
• Education
•
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
More educational
investment
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 Primary/ Secondary
Education
 Technical/Vocational
Education
 CCT to support health
and education
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Health
•
Implement or established
program to support health
especially women and
children
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•
Improved educational
investment
Enhanced educational
programs
Improved policies for
health
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
V. Recommendations
HAITI
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
 Regular check-up
 Feeding program in
school and public areas
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Poverty
Unsustainable Ecology
Sufficient human capital
Sufficient human capital
 CCT to support health
and education
• More jobs opportunities
with minimum wage to
workers
•
•
Strict implementation of
environmental regulations
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•
More jobs opportunities
with minimum wage to
workers
•
Strict implementation of
environmental regulations
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
V. Recommendations
HAITI
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Policies for sustainability of
environment
Monitoring on environment
protection compliance
Provide incentives to rain
forest settlers in protecting
the areas
Forest preservation
Investment in replanting
Climate change adaptation
Policy option for
environmental
improvement
 Emission Control
 R&D
 Import Restriction
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•
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•
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Policies for sustainability of
environment
Monitoring on environment
protection compliance
Provide incentives to rain
forest settlers in protecting
the areas
Climate change adaptation
Policy option for
environmental
improvement
 Emission Control
 R&D
 Import Restriction
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
Case Study 10: A World of Contrasts on One Island: HAITI & DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
V. Recommendations
HAITI
DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM
Corruption
•
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Governance mechanism
must be in place
 Transparency in all
government transaction
 Heavy sanctions for
compliance
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•
Governance mechanism
must be in place
 Transparency in all
government transaction
 Heavy sanctions for
compliance
Chapter 10: The Environment and Development
END OF DISCUSSION
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