BIO 102 Lec Viruses

#separator:tab #html:true Viruses affecting humans (7) • influenza • AIDS • rabies • cold sores (Herpes Virus) • MMRV: Varicella Zoster (prevents both below)     ◦ chicken pox     ◦ shingles • COVID-19 • Bird flu What is a virus? related to characteristics of like (hint: Yes or No for each characteristic) (7)basically a protein shell • not a living organism • do not have cells • reproduce • genetic code (has hereditary material: either DNA or RNA) • growth and reproduction     ◦ needs a host • no metabolism     ◦ uses host has energy source • don’t respond to stimuli What are the characteristics of life? (6)    ◦ Made of cell(s)     ◦ reproduce     ◦ respond to stimuli     ◦ genetic code     ◦ growth and reproduction     ◦ metabolism Viruses are like _______ but kac machineryparasite  Anatomy of a virus "• nucleic acid in a protein shell (capsid)  <img src=""paste-0186728e19d12aac86fb5c3d1eaed40eefd566bf.jpg""> " Viruses are ____ specific, elaborate on how by giving 3 examples along with SARS-CoV-2 connection"host  Elaboration:  • could be species, specific animals, plants, etc specific  • often tissue specific     ◦ can be organs, nervous system, or multiple organs (like COVID)     ◦ Some organs affected by SARS-CoV-2         ‣ all over system affected (not specific as much)             • lungs, gut, kidneys, brain, nerves, heart, and nose <img src=""paste-0426561332672e375c910c180e9d41df7b5d8a91.jpg"">" Viruses are really _______ (size description)"Small  <img src=""paste-3eebd0ae0d710998337f703377d58e829e81c277.jpg"">" Viruses take over host __________ Use host cell to (5)machinery Use host cell to      ◦ replicate nucleic acids     ◦ insert image     ◦ transcribe DNA into mRNA (Use RNA polymerase of host)     ◦ translate mRNA into protein (becomes capsid)     ◦ assemble new viruses  Bacterial viruses affect ________; HIV affect ______bacteria; humans "What is HIV? def (spell correctly) + meaning Simple anatomy  Causes _________ (spell long form)  HIV does _____ directly kill, ______ system being weak is the reason for deaths; can die from _______, _________ (examples of death related bacterial death causes) - HIV initially attachs _________ - eventually destroys _______ cells (eventually to AIDS due to compromised immune system)        - Notes (AIDS, switch to danger and death caused by AIDS - Death by ""________ ________""        ex: __________ "    ◦ def: Human Immunodeficiency (decreases immune system efficiency) virus      ◦ RNA inside protein coat (virus)     ◦ Causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) NO cure         ‣ HIV DOES NOT DIRECTLY KILL, immune system being weak !! increased risk of dying from TB, pneumonia             • HIV initially attacks macrophages             • eventually destroys T cells (eventually to AIDS) —> compromised immune system                 ◦ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome                 ◦ SWITCH causes AIDS             • Death by “Opportunistic Infection”                 ◦ Pneumonia                 ◦ Tuberculosis  Anatomy of HIV:  Explain the anatomy of HIV (outside to inside physically) + glycoproteins name  name of transcriptase + purpose" <img src=""paste-a7f22de633df6ce5758ce48570c7f5ef03925604.jpg"">     ◦ protective envelop (protein) —> inside     ◦ glycoproteins (gp120) -outside —> function: name tag (tells whether immune cell or otherwise)     ◦ inside (protein capsid) RNA not DNA (why it is called retrovirus)     ◦ reverse transcriptase (brings its own) —> reverse transcription enzyme (RNA- to - DNA)     ◦ RNA —> inside     ◦ integrase —> integrates DNA of reverse transcriptase (HIV) result and DNA host cell; HIV brings this" The HIV infection cycle: (7 steps) list and explain ALL"1) HIV targets macrophages (type of WBC-white blood cells 1 type); when HIV positive   <img src=""paste-f85a7ab644a1c0e2fed73fdd841095b004eb892e.jpg""> 2) HIV gp120 binds to CD4 and CCR5 receptors on macrophage (has the right type of receptor to attack) —> Host/tissue type specific, in this case macrophage is the specificity <img src=""paste-3d1987b484095f2fdba1d59782eb07112fd1327a.jpg""> 3) HIV RNA and Reverse Transcriptase enter macrophage <img src=""paste-a085611feb363e58843265d1ebe6f073f3708532.jpg""> 4) Synthesis of HIV DNA using reverse transcriptase <img src=""paste-7b7b9ea06752526613822d81cac450e99a1c819f.jpg""> 5) Integration of HIV DNA into host DNA using integrase <img src=""paste-d7ae6952e9e88b86dafcb033b8be501df8a32734.jpg""> 6) HIV DNA is transcribed     ◦ create HIV mRNA     ◦ translate into HIV proteins     ◦ both use host machinery <img src=""paste-963d677593712c820ace27dab55bad5d802a82bf.jpg""> 7) Assemble and release virions <img src=""paste-0f6abf87f9dcbed24a6b61d15f1cbfb30e964d36.jpg"">" HIV attacks in early stage _______; HIV will mutate (random) on _______, SWITCHING to attack ____ cells (AKA _ ___________) Late Stage CXCR4--> AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) "HIV attacks in early stage __macrophages_____; HIV will mutate (random) on __gp120_____, SWITCHING to attack __T__ cells (AKA  __T_ ___Lymphocytes________) Late Stage CXCR4--> AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)  <img src=""paste-302e8c353ac55f86801dd59166ababb78da555d5.jpg"">" T-cell lysis leads to _____ Effect ...AIDS Effect: immune system is compromised due to AIDS meaning (ACQUIRED immune deficiency syndrome)  Why is HIV so hard to eradicate? (4)"• HUGE population size • short generation time • Can watch HIV evolve within a single patient • Reverse transcriptase mutates rapidly     ◦ lack of proofreading     ◦ one of the most mutation prone     ◦ insert image about HIV RNA: AUUGGCA <img src=""paste-fac41c91be3aa46a4f39c17be40c05269bb49f0e.jpg"">" Common Drug Treatment for HIV what does T stand for Inhibits what? Did it work? "AZT (T refers to thymine, slightly modified) inhibits reverse transcriptase • HIV DNA gets modified Thymine, stops reverse transcriptase, with Nsub3, it stops it • insert image • problem: AZT fails in the long run <img src=""paste-5ac0f02095bc1a845cfd76e44336e40327d47a81.jpg""> <img src=""paste-7ce598134f8909621c76763822fae17080164e71.jpg""> <img src=""paste-06d171dc9da2df7ea6044a788430d736cdebc5b1.jpg"">" How did the Reverse Transcriptaseavoid AZT treatment (mutation)?"only goes after normal thymine instead of AZT one (reverse transcriptase) • susceptible takes the AZT • resistance: active site is slightly diff, only takes normal thymine, thus AZT not used  <img src=""paste-06d171dc9da2df7ea6044a788430d736cdebc5b1.jpg"">" What are the requirements for evolution by natural selection? (2)"• variation is heritable • variation linked to fitness <img src=""paste-1f3b2dc3bf452a2d9e799c9301acddf1837b13b6.jpg"">" Around when did AIDS arise? ~1959 (relatively new disease) Where did HIV come from? (speculation) -simian immunoeficiency virus?     maybe ate chimpaneze meat, consumption or a cut, and it could affect humans so HIV ____ ____ are resistant to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) What have also adapted to SIV Humans? Green monkeys • macrophages have adapted to SIV • some humans are the same way (due to mutate on CCR5 receptor, typically far northern Europe), not too much of a benefit Evolving Human HIV resistance?  - what receptor mutated, is it common? What can it not bind to?? • mutated CCR5 receptor (rare), cannot bind to macrophage, possibly due to Black Plague or other historical plagues Anatomy of a flu virus - _____ antigen lets virus into cell - originated where?  - gets into cell: ____ antigen             - also _____ gets virus out of cell"• Hemagglutinin antigen lets virus into cell • originated in birds (chickens, geese, etc) • gets into cell: H (Hemagglutinin?) antigen     ◦ also: neuraminidase (N) gets virus out of cell  <img src=""paste-b79aa1a8f9134d46247a815ec103733fb8e2192e.jpg""><img src=""paste-27b8c909e0e80d12a81ab0a9f57a77e7fe7efd1d.jpg"">" Tamiflu is a __________ inhibitor (inhibits the replication of virus (normally: _________, and allows virus to leave the cell to infect more); with tamiflu it ______ it)"neurominidase; neuraminidase ; blocks <img src=""paste-074c5e102c4bb8211ab7d3ecf312b0ff0048c72f.jpg"">" Evolution of Resistance of Tamiflu - common flu ______:  - 2007- ____% resistant (what is the percent?)  - 2008- _____% resistantH1N1 11% 98% Viruses Evolve very rapidly: (2 genetic changes, list + explain)  Format: 1) ____ genetic change  antigen _____ of __________ does it look the same? are flu shots effective?  2017 Flu shot ____% effective again H3N2 2) _____ genetic change antigenic _____ ________(bigger changes)      ex  "1) Minor genetic changes     ◦ antigenic drift         ‣ antigenic drift of hemagglutanin             • antigen does not look the same (small change)             • flu shots not particularly effective             • 2017 Flu shot 17% effective again H3N2             • Sidenote: Vaccine target strains, decision in Feb 2017 2) Major genetic changes     ◦ antigenic shift     ◦ reassortment (bigger changes)         ‣ Swine flu (ex)         ‣ Sidenote: might give diff subtype of virus  <img src=""paste-599219d6269ad0c95617423c05b09e516880bb10.jpg""><img src=""paste-3a3b80aec67b4b84f4caf546a57a65264c454634.jpg"">" Bacteriophages are _______ ______bacterial viruses Bacteriophage Reproductive cycle (2 options)1) lytic cycle  2) lysogenic cycle  Steps in lytic cycle (5) "1) attachment to bacterial cell (in both cycles)  In lytic cycle (bacteriophage never went in, just inserted DNA) 2) inject DNA (stays separate from host DNA) 3) make viral DNA/proteins (use bacterial/host machinery) 4) assemble new phages (into capsid coats) 5) phage release by lysis (means: destruction)  <img src=""paste-d0c427a21925fee5bd3bb7c0daeb2877cb398ed4.jpg""> ...  <img src=""paste-b6920505d23c360e9cc6e4d528d2be89cc892f3d.jpg"">" Steps in Lysogenic cycle (~6) - Longer or shorter than lytic cycle? "1) attactment to bacterial cell 2) virus DNA combines with host DNA (imbedded in chromosome) 3) does not stay separate, goes into bacterial DNA 4) binary fission —> copy —> viral DNA inside of bacterial DNA (result: many copies) 5) like lytic: make proteins then assemble new phages 6) binary fission makes cells that will lyse—> generally bacterial will die, if not, can continue in generations (if in human testes and ovaries) <img src=""paste-b6920505d23c360e9cc6e4d528d2be89cc892f3d.jpg""> Longer " Global HIV rates and trends? Explain stats"<img src=""paste-ce968a0259e571a7da6d82fd1b6e9400b95d1813.jpg""><img src=""paste-f157d21217eb26a9b547d2a40842dfe3f9c76249.jpg""> Global HIV rates decrease (still a lot) and HIV/AIDS death decline (both negative relationship)" How do emerging viruses evolve? by what process; def? Ex?  Shift may lead to what? (hint: SARS-CoV-2)? Def? "antigenic shift of hemagglutinin  <img src=""paste-56285804b7954d721a8c9079f59208f0a68a2cb1.jpg""> Process: Viral reassortment (rearrange viruse to a new arrangement/way AKA , multiple viruses mixed parts--> new combination) <img src=""paste-7c3773d8021639b8bbec9a113d6126fee56c35f5.jpg""> <img src=""paste-a04d0ea5e2fb946b7b964127a855c9b742c3a90d.jpg"">  ex: - Antigenic shift of 2009 H1N1 “Swine Flu”       • novel reassortment Shift may lead to zoonotic (zoonosis: transmission of animal virus to humans) events <img src=""paste-b30686c0e02d57a9c74fcf28bd9eeb52ab4ff968.jpg"">" SARS (stands for)  Was it covid before?  Give info about origin (place, why it spread, etc)"SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) • not COVID, before it • SARS-CoV-1 • Traced to wet markets in China   (did not spread too much) - 2 was the one that spread; 1 was easy to see before contagious. For 2, contagious without knowing, spread, lack of quarantining containment like 1 (resticted to Asia)     ◦ recipe for viruses (compact, etc) <img src=""paste-51533790d10d787da8d1b04811de8eb58d362114.jpg"">" Bird flu (strain name??) H5N1 Sidenote: Does not have the right N antigen to respiratory transfer between humans; it it mutates, it will be a problem 1918 H1N1 Spanish Flu  - killed how many  - Why was it kept quiet? - Started where? - Animal it originated from?  - Why did it mass spread?  - Why is it called the Spanish flu? • 50-100 million killed (more than WWI) • 200-400 million death in today’s terms • kept quiet in press because did not want to scare recruits • started in Rural Kansas • bird flu (all flu’s come from birds, sometimes infects viruses) • Spread from rural to many because of WWI • named spanish flu: Spain was neutral, so Spain was not scared, thus Spanish press was not afraid to write about it; thus known as spanish flu (did not come from spain) What is vaccination (immunization)? Where was it known? • known in asian and African cultures before Europe (~ >1000 yrs old) • Purposefully giving virus (non-dangerous exposure) to teach immune system (has a memory). 2nd time the immune system sees it, it will attack it hard & quick Complete the sentence:  Vaccine contains weakened (AKA _________) or inactivated viruses (cannot replicate but has ______ (define))"attenuated; antigen  <img src=""paste-bd63602aa1fb6098a16ab3395967ad90dda3a475.jpg""> Antigen is what induces immune response that causes the production of antibodies" The smallpox epidemic - did the beginning people die? Why? No because of resistance building with the early stages of smallpox Describe the process of how small pox resistance spread in the American army (mandatory?) and how did they find this information? Rate of smallpox before and after? Slaves gave Washington information on old traditions of african immunization (aka giving a weakened inactivated virus)  thus held secrete inoculations (aka immunizations) to new recruits (using pus)- most survived  MANDATORY process to join  17% to 1%, way less died.  Discovery of vaccination creditor beyond african and asian cultures? (name) How did he do it (process- describe)? "Edward jenner Did milk pox research; He realized that milk maids did not get small pox because they originally had cow pox.      ◦ intentionally gave cow pox to boy (inoculated) —> then gave small pox (did not get small pox)      ◦ —> vaccination evidence <img src=""paste-2d06aa3e7eb569ed432282eeed3fefb8f0d417d5.jpg""> " Common vaccines: (5 + full names) • HepB (given at birth) • RV (rotavirus) • MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella (aka chickenpox)) • DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)  • IPV-polio virus (summer was polio season, before pools would close) - can cripple U.S. measles case correlation over time (what is the trend?) Why? "<img src=""paste-6357b4dfca8b7ec865bb4b96687eccf7328dcb56.jpg""> (substainal decrease) Why: large percent vaccinated public " Polio case:  - is it still here? Trend of polio?  - physical damages can be described as _______ - Major symptom + treatment  - Mostly infected who? "• basically eradicated unless you go to another country <img src=""paste-27169796bcba16dfb5a3b099b5cb8dfb1ba9e5db.jpg""> • crippling • iron lung (due to diaphragm being paralyzed) • mostly infected children back then " Common Vaccination Myths (4 - list, give origin (how it started) and reality) "1) Vaccines cause autism        - Andrew Wakefield (Lied/ falsified results about study results due to money from lawyers to sue manufacturers). 5 showed previous developmental issues before MMR and three were found to NEVER have autism at all         - Reality: Vaccines do not cause autism  2) the flu shot will give you the flu         - Misconception with immune response working against weakened antigen or other versus real deal         - reality: assuming the immune response means that you have the virus verus the real non-weakened antigen         - Sidenote: Goal with vaccines: Create memory on how to fight virus with LOW-stakes before non-weakened one  3) I don't ned to vaccinate my children for diseases that have been eradicated        - Misconception: That once they are out of sight mostly, they are gone (NOT THE REALITY)        - Reality: It is NOT eradicated everywhere; it can still come back  4) Aluminum and/or Thimerosol in vaccines cause autism or SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome)        - Misconception: About ingredients and chemical purpose       - Reality: Aluminum in vaccines because it               - increases effectiveness (adjuvant- substance that INCREASES immune response to vaccine)               - patient ""mounts"" stronger immune response               - No seen risks in data              - 1 liter of Baby formula = aluminum in vaccine        - Reality: Thimerosol in vaccines because               - Antifungal and antimicrobial agent (Preservative)               - NO connection to autism or SIDS              - removed from vaccines in 2001 due to backlash               -  never used in MMR, MMRV, IPV (polio) vaccines  " Logic of herd immunity (def)  depends on goal: ___% immunized "Vaccinate enough people widespread so few get and harder to spread depends on: contagiousness/transmissibility  <img src=""paste-9f8256c4c0c8a1621064372d5da877e0e9e0bc82.jpg""> Image meaning: More immunized, less spread (exponential effect if not vaccinated/immunized)  <img src=""paste-ca620e4ec4edad8b0130dd7c73aa337200776f1f.jpg"">" Threshold for herd immunity R0 meaning? (give definition in context of R0= 4-8 What is the relationship between R0 and threshold % "R0: how many people does 1 person give it to; i.g. 1 person gives mumps to 4-8 people Positive relationship: higher means need for higher herd immunity threshold  <img src=""paste-88941409ed5ee3bd6f1f28c562dfc90386a30535.jpg"">" Are prions living things? If not, what are they? Explain • not living things/ organism • What they are: Proteinaceous infectious particle (AKA protein)      ◦ no DNA or RNA…just protein Example of Prion disease? (4) + explain what it is and what it effects (organism) "    ◦ Scrapie in Sheep (scrap skin and fur off)      ◦ Chronic Wasting in Elk (""wasting away"", in NC but not South Carolina) <img src=""paste-54832ddb696285c725ebd460d9a5c0117a5d814c.jpg"">     ◦ Bovine (cow name) Spongiform (brain becomes sponge like) Encephalopathy (inside (en) head (cephalo)) = (Mad Cow disease)          ‣ used to sell head cheese and grinded cow brain in burger (not anymore) <img src=""paste-895feaad8c56c78516ad23d64c15a949429200aa.jpg"">     ◦ Creutzfelt-Jacob Disease         ‣ papa new guinae             • tradition/culture; way to get: eat brain or spine of those infected         ‣ in humans <img src=""paste-cda5614db9c7dc346e339f7e725e63b258deee5c.jpg"">" Action of prion particles:  - prions occur naturally in _______ ______  - Normal prion proteins become ________ (such as seen in _____ ____ disease & ______-______ disease)- prions occur naturally in _nervous______ _tissue_____  - Normal prion proteins become __misfolded______ (such as seen in _Mad____ _Cow___ disease & __Creutzfelt____-__Jacob____ disease) "Fill out picture:  <img src=""paste-3d664b9a4e8abbc4d0f57d8c5d500e90e719bf3d.jpg""> How can you tell what is what? ""<img src=""paste-238d5d6b9e60701c1f3dcaaa0fca7ebc3a4451d1.jpg""> Misfolded proion makes other normal prions in blue turn into misfolded ones through overlap"

BIO 102 Lec Viruses

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