GEOG 2051 TEST 2
1. About 3% of the earths water is fresh
2. False - more water falls on the earth surface than evaporates
3. The hydrological cycle is driven by solar energy
4. A body of porous rock – aquifer
5. Water Table definition – the upper surface of groundwater, the contact point
between the zone of saturation and aeration in an unconfined aquifer
6. Ogalla Aquifer – ground water mining
a. The largest fresh water aquifer in NA
b. 8 states, Texas to North Dakota
c. Wells pumped more than the natural recharge rate, groundwater
mining, massive water table draw down
7. If the budget for a ground water system is negative – ground water mining is
happening, the water table… and one more ALL of THE ABOVE
a. Negative budget means that outputs are GREATER than inputs
b. A positive budget would be that inputs are greater than outputs
8. The ridges of higher elevation that separate – drainage divide
9. Mississippi River – Gulf
10. Drainage Network – parallel drainage pattern
11. An increase in river discharge  Q (discharge) = w x d x V (FORMULA)
a. W – width
b. D – depth
c. V – velocity
12. Infiltration – water into the soil
13. The capacity of a river -false not the largest size sediment
a. Total amount of sediment a river is able to transport - capacity
b. The largest grain size that a river is able to transport – competence
14. Graded Stream – stream that is in equilibrium
15. More velocity to erode clay than sand
16. Oxbow lakes – a meandering river going across a floodplain (false)
a. When a meander river becomes unattached and is left behind
17. Point Bars – develops on the inside of a curve shifting in a meander
18. Meanders & alluvial terrances – stream rejuvenation
a. Tectonic plate uplifting
b. Entrenched meander- meanders that have been carved down into the
bedrock, adds energy to the river
c. Alluvial terrace – series of steps running up the side of the valley
which are made up of deposited sediments
19. Exotic streams – discharge increases as you move down stream, opposite of a
normal discharge
20. Nick Points – waterfalls
21. Urban Development – reduces lag time – peak flood to decrease INCREASE?
22. Aeolian – sediments sand sixe or smaller
23. Deserts (20-40 N/S)
24. Desert pavements – deflatio
25. Ventifacts – rocks that have one or more flat sides
a. ALSO yardangs – examples of erosion by abrasion
26. Transport mode not in Aeolian transport – solution
a. Suspension – wind
b. bed load transport – saltation (bouncing) and creep (rolling)
i. in FLUVIAL TRANSPORT there is solution, suspension,
saltation and traction
27. Steepest slope – slipface
28. Dune migration – up the stoss slope (true)
29. Crescent shaped – upwind – parabolics
a. Star dunes are the largest – multidirectional
b. Barchans are dominant, little sediment
i. Barchans ridges are coalesced barchans
30. Largest type of sanddune – star dunes
31. 2 factos that control dune type – wind direction and sediment availability
32. Alluvial fans – ephiphermal meet valley
33. Deserts – ephermeal flow regime
34. Most coasts are realativly old (false)
35. Beach btw high tide and low tide – foreshore
36. Exposed as breaking waves – swash zones
37. Spring tides – largest tidal range
38. Tides are – gravitational forces
39. Spring tide – 2 weeks
40. Tide controlled by – all of the above
41. Shoaling – length, height, steepness
42. Refraction – headlands to erode… etc… true
43. Long waves – earth quakes – tsunami
44. Not an erosional landform – tombolo
45. Not created by longshore transport- stacks
46. Storm waves – sand offshore  flatter
47. Outcrops – indicate that barrier island (true)
48. Final Stage of coral development – atoll
49. Beach nourishment – soft
50. Great waters – parallel structures – break waves
51. Coastal Erosion- False
Groin