FINAL
EOC
PREP
UNITS 8-10
8-ORIGIN OF LIFE,
NATURAL SELECTION
& EVOLUTION
9-ENERGY FLOW
10-POPULATIONS &
ECOSYSTEMS
UNIT 8
THEORY VS. LAW
Scientific Theory
(WHY)
•Explains a
natural
phenomenon
•Based on
observations and
data
Scientific Law
(WHAT)
•States a natural
phenomenon
exist
•Based on
quantitative data
ORIGIN OF LIFE
•
Early Earth:
Little to no Oxygen
• First cells anaerobic(without oxygen) prokaryotes
•
Theories on Early Earth
Spontaneous Generation: Life from non-life
• Biogenesis: Only living organisms can produce other living
• Primordial Soup Theory: Hypothesis by various scientist (Oparin/
Miller & Urey)
•
•
•
Miller and Urey Experiment: Simple organic molecules can be made
from inorganic compounds (Found amino acids)
Endosymbiosis: Prokaryotes became organelles in eukaryotes
CLASSIFICATION
•
Carolus Linnaeus
•
•
•
•
•
Designed levels of Taxonomy to classify organisms
Scientific names: Genus species
Broadest Level: Domain
Most specific level: Species (Only species can reproduce)
Phylogeny
•
•
•
Studies evolutionary relationship
Ancestral Characteristics: Traits that have always existed found near the bottom of tree
Derived Characteristics: Newer traits found further up the tree
•
Charles Darwin
•
•
Noticed on his trip that there were different types of
finches on these island that were adapted to specific diets
Natural Selection
•
•
•
NATURAL SELECTION
Organisms that are best adapted to an environment
Survival of the Fittest
Theory of Natural Selection
Composed of 4 parts
1. Overproduction: More offspring that can survive
2. Variation: Unique combination of traits (Adaptations)
3. Competition: Competing for limited resources (Food,
Water, Space)
4. Selection: Best traits/adaptations will survive and be
passed on to offspring
•
EVOLUTION
A change in allele frequency over time
•
Mutations
Permanent change to DNA (Can be good, bad, or neutral)
• Increase genetic variation
•
•
Speciation: Formation of new species within a population because
•
Coevolution: 2 or more species affect each other’s evolution
of evolution (Caused by habitat barriers or geographic isolation)
•
•
Relationship could be mutualists, predator-prey, and competitive
Types of Evidence
Fossils (Geographic Distribution)
• Structures (Homologous, Analogous, Vestigial)
• Embryology
• Biochemical (Comparing DNA)
•
Analogous Structures
Similar structure inherited BUT
NO common ancestor
Homologous Structures
Similar structure inherited from
common ancestor
Vestigial Structures
Remnants of structures that
may have been important for
ancestors, but serve no modern
purpose
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
HOMINID EVOLUTION
•
Foreman Magnum
•
•
•
Bigger Skull Size
•
•
Hole underneath
skull that connects
spine to head
Changes over time
meant it supports
bipedalism
Bigger skulls led to bigger brains (development of language, tools, etc.)
Smaller Jaw Size
•
Smaller jaws indicated a change in diet and language
UNIT 9
Name the primary,
secondary and tertiary
consumers
Primary
consumers:
SNAILS, ZOOPLANKTON,
INSECTS, DECOMPOSERS.
Secondary
consumers: FISH,
DECOMPOSERS
Tertiary consumer:
FISH, DECOMPOSER
Which are the producers?
Phytoplankton & Plants
Which way does the energy travel?
FROM BOTTOM UP
How much energy
passes from level to
level?
10%
What is each level called?
Trophic level
Where is the largest
biomass?
D
UNIT 10
POPULATIONS
Biotics Factors
•
•
Living parts of an ecosystem
•
Abiotic Factors
• Non-Living parts of an ecosystem
•
Limiting Factors
• Conditions that limit the growth of a species/population
• Density-Dependent: Size of population matters (Disease, Competition, Predation)
• Density-Independent: Size of population does not matter (Climate change, Natural
Disaster)
•
Carrying Capacity
• The maximum number of
individuals an ecosystem can support
•
Population Dynamics
• Increase: Birth Rate & Immigration
• Decrease: Death Rate & Emigration
Primary Succession:
• The development of an ecosystem in an area that
has never had a community living within it.
• No soil required
• Usually starts on rock
Secondary succession:
• The development of an ecosystem in an area that had
life but died due to a fire or some sort of natural
disaster.​
• EX: Life after fire, flood, landslide, lava flow
• Pioneer Species:
• The first species of life that colonizes an area
ECOSYSTEMS
•
•
•
Biodiversity
• Variety of Life in an ecosystem (Can
be high or low)
Threats to Biodiversity
• Natural Disasters
• Human Impacts
• Pollution
• Resource Competition
• Hunting
• Climate Change
• Invasive Species
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Temperature (Warmer at top)
• Light/Depth (Sunlight at top)
•
Creates adaptations in animals to survive
an area with no sunlight
TAKE OUT COMPUTER FOR
QUIZZIZ UNIT 8-10 REVIEW
Class Code: 62322415
• 50 Questions
• Will be a grade on Focus
• Retake as many times as you