locus is Genetics, Integumentary, Fluid and Water Balance gene location adenosine 1. ___________ refers to the complementary pairing of nucleotide bases in DNA: __________ (A) pairs with _________ (T), and __________ (C) pairs with ________ (G). cytosine - ____________ involve the removal of one or more nucleotide bases from the DNA deletion sequence, which can lead to frameshift mutations and altered __________ production. - ____________ involve the replacement of one nucleotide base with another, which can result in a missense or nonsense mutation, potentially affecting _________ function. thymine guanine protein substitution protein 2. __________refers to an individual's genetic makeup or the specific alleles they possess for a genotype particular trait. _____________refers to the observable physical or functional characteristics that result from phenotype an individual's genotype. allele 3. _____________ is a variant form of a gene that can influence a specific trait. - Different alleles can result in variations in traits, withdominant ___________alleles typically having a stronger effect on the phenotype than ______________ alleles. recessive punnett 4. A ___________ Square is a tool used to visualize and predict the possible combinations of alleles in offspring based on the __________of the parents. genotypes - It is used in inheritance disorders to assess the likelihood of a child inheriting a particular genetic condition based on the parents' genotypes. of dominant 5. Single Gene Autosomaldominant __________: These disorders are caused by a _____________ allele on an autosomal chromosome. ________ syndrome is characterized by ___________ tissue and cardiovascular abnormalities because theconnective ___________ is affected. ________tosis results neurofibramo in skin abnormalities and tumor formation and __________ _________ spots Single Gene Autosomalrecessive ___________: These disorders manifest when an individual inherits two _____________alleles. ____________ leads to the inability to metabolize phenylalanine, while ________________disease affects the nervous system and leads to ____________ deterioration recessive Single Gene __________-Linked: ___________X syndrome results from a ___________on the X chromosome and leads tointellectual __________l and developmental disabilities. broad Multifactorial Inheritance Disorder: These disorders involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as ____________ Chromosomal Disorders with deftlipordettpalatdown Deletion or Translocation:__________syndrome (_________ 21) trisomy is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. ____________Chromosome Disorders: _________________ syndrome involves missing or partially missing X chromosomes in females, while _________________ syndrome involves an extra X chromosome in males. marron cafe da can jfjgessias QTV x skeletal type a mental insertion fragile andgang Turner Klufinnifer x linked Klinefelter cancerBRCAgene breast 6. The risk of having a child with Down's syndrome ___________ with the mother's advanced 35 age, particularly after the age of ____________. Increases paneraffoadfonteption Éacono M 7. - ______________ exposure can lead to __________alcohol syndrome, resulting in physical, cognitive, anddevelopment ____________ problems. - ________________ exposure can cause genetic mutations and increase the risk of birth defects and also affects ______________ - ________________deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects in the developing fetus such as _____________ bifida - ____________exposure during pregnancy can cause severe birth defects. -___________________ Also remember the acronym folic Hofer acid spina 849nF first generation 8. - If a pregnant woman is exposed to radiation during the ____________trimester, it can affect the development of various organ systems in the fetus, including the ____________system, heart, and limbs(______________), potentially leading to birth defects or extremeties nervous developmental abnormalities. down syndrome AFP HCG Integumentary Sure, I can answer these learning objectives for you: **1.melanocytes __________________ produces melanin, a pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Melanin provides protection against __________________by absorbing and dissipating it. ____________are the predominant cell type in the epidermis and play a crucial role in forming keratinocytes a barrier that protects againstpathogens ____________, UV __________________, and ________________ loss. ____________________ cells are immune cells found in the skin and mucous membranes. They capture and present antigens to immune cells, helping to initiate immune responses. Uv light Wdkariticiangernan APC light fair skin 2.Basal Cellcarcinoma ___________ Affects basal cells in the epidermis. _________________Cell Carcinoma Affects _____________cells in the epidermis. - **Malignant ________________ Affects melanocytes, which produce melanin. squamomuganoma melanoma suamous Uv rays everyone 3._____________________ Excessive exposure to _____________________from the sun or artificial sources (like _________________ beds) is the primary risk factor for the development of skin cancer. tanning **4. ____________________One half of the mole or lesion is different from the other half. _____________________ The edges of the mole are not well-defined and may be jagged. _____________________There is a range of colors within the mole, including shades of lesions brown, black, or other colors. __________________ The mole is larger than 6 millimeters (about the size of a pencil eraser). asymmetrical border color diameter **5. Know which factors contribute to the development of pressure ulcers:** ischemia - Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores, result from sustained __________, ________________, ___________________, and _____________. Contributing factors include prolonged _____________, poor ___________,,inadequate _________nutrition, and _________ from moisture sweating or incontinence. immobilizes'refriction bradenscale **6. - **Stage 1:** ___________damage to the skin, often appearing as ____________or discoloration. - **Stage 2:__________ skin loss involving the epidermis and possibly the dermis, forming a _____________ open sore.redwound bed - **Stage 3:_______________ skin loss that extends into the ______________ tissue, creating a deep crater. - **Stage 4:_________ tissue loss, often reaching ___________, bone, or supporting structures. Potted full shallow hella underlying staffs subcutaneous tendon read **7. Describe the characteristics and be able to recognize differences in the 3 types of burns:** - ____________________-Superficial burn affecting only the__________, characterized by redness, mild swelling, and pain. - _____________Degree Burn- ______________burn involving the epidermis and part of the dermis, often forming __________________, and causing intense pain. - _____________Burn:** Full-thickness burn that destroys both the____________, leading to tissue ____________ and loss of sensation. 1st degree d epidermis Partialmickness blisters layers 3Inarring idryanedmonsigratt **8. ________ Injury: Burns to the face, neck, or chest can lead to inhalation of hot gasses or burn toxic substances, potentially causing severe damage to the _________ system. fluid loss respiratory **9. Burns can lead to significant ________________ through damaged skin. Fluid replacement is crucial to maintain blood volume and prevent shock, as well as to support wound healing and tissue repair. herpes zostercshingles **10. _________________ This viral infection causes a painful, blistering rash that typically follows the distribution of specific nerve roots, known as dermatomes. __________ is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which initially causes chickenpox. shingles prrogattium 11. Two functions of the skin include vitamin ____ for __________ absorption. It is also where our __________ receptors are. 12.Three functions of the dermis are provide _________ to dermis, act as a water _______________, regulate body _____________. throughdygrinstriction 13. A skin _____________ is a variation in the skin 14. Basal cell carcinoma progresses ______________, is ___________ surface, found on ____________ and __________ and treatment is ________________ layers to get it out. Squamous cell is more ____________ because it may spread, ____________ surface, and found on ________ of hands, ________ and ears. Malignant melanoma is from a _______________ mole changing. In men ________, head and ___________of men, __________ and arms of women. touch Protect Fyfrients temp M's neck slowlysurgically dermis Aheadback invasive face neck prank aggressive legs resevolyesion preexisting Mole bas88Efgs8É epidermis confined to one location 15.Stage 0 (Melanoma in Situ): Melanoma cells are only in the __________(top layer of skin) and haven't invaded deeper tissues. 598888 y Stage I: Melanoma is still confined to the skin but has invaded the epidermis and possibly the upper part of the ________________ dermis Stage II: Melanoma has penetrated deeper into the dermis and may involve the subcutaneous tissue or nearby lymph nodes. lymph Stage III: Melanoma has spread to nearby ______ nodes or structures, but it has not reached distant organs. metastized Stage IV _________Melanoma): Melanoma has spread beyond the original tumor and lymph nodes to distant organs like the lungs, liver, brain, or bones hear rednessedence 16. What are signs of inflammation? ______________, ___________ ,___________ ,____________ pain loss of function Sure, here are answers to the provided learning objectives: **Part IA:** The human body is composed of approximately 60% water, with water distributed both within cells (_________________ fluid)) and outside cells (__________ fluid). Extracellular fluid is extracellular further divided intointerstitial _________l fluid (between cells), ______________ (in blood vessels), and ____________fluid (in specific compartments like cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and wanscellumperi digestive juices, ____cardium). intracellular A plasma - The main regulators of fluid and electrolyte (F&E) balance include the ______________(regulating water and electrolyte excretion), the ______________(RAAS), the degenerate _____________(ADH) system, and the _________ mechanism. -diffusion __________ is the passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. ______________is a specific type of diffusion involving the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of _________________concentration to an area of _____________ concentration. Osmosis helps control ___________Folume ___________ because ____________= blood pressure osmosis volume'm blood - Serumosmolality _____________ measures the concentration of solutes in the blood serum. It is affected by factors such as ___________(Na+), __________, and blood _____________(BUN) glucose levels. An increase in these solutes can increase serum osmolality. The normal value is ____________ to ____________. sodium 275 299 BUN transcellular - _________________fluid is a specialized extracellular fluid found in specific body cavities and spaces. In edema, excess fluid accumulates in the interstitial space between cells and is known as _______________ effusion ADH - Water balance in the body is primarily regulated by the______________ or vasopressin. ADH helps regulate_____________________ by the kidneys, influencing _____________ concentration and _________volume. reabsorption blood I urine Venin - Sodium regulation is mainly controlled by the ____________________(RAAS). ___________, released in response to low blood sodium levels, promotes ________reabsorption in the kidneys. argogum - *Stimulation of the RAAS occurs when there is low blood pressure or low sodium levels or ____________ flow to kidney. ________ is released, leading to the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II ____________blood vessels, increases blood pressure, and stimulatesaldosterone _____________release, leading to sodium and water retention. kblood renin constrict - Fluid volume, sodium levels, and blood pressure are closely interrelated. Anincrease _____________in sodium levels or fluid volume can lead to elevated blood pressure, while a decrease can result in low blood pressure. - Isotonic fluids have the same osmolarity as body fluids and do not cause a net movement of water into or out of cells. _________________ fluids have lower osmolarity than body fluids, causing water to move into cells, potentially leading to cell ______________. Hypertonic fluids have _____________ osmolarity than body fluids, causing water to move __________ cells, potentially leading to cell ________. high hypotonic injury injury one help - Crystalloids are solutions containing electrolytes (salts) and can _________ move across cell membranes. Colloids are solutions containing larger molecules, such as proteins, and they remain within the vascular space, exerting oncotic pressure to helpattract _______ fluid. no 45 Oggnormfair - Examples of crystalloid IV fluids include ___________________ NaCl) and lactated Ringer's solution. Examples of colloid IV fluids include _____________ and hetastarch and __________ osmolality. await 3.0 hypotongingerous **Part IB:** hydrostatic out the - These forces include _____________pressure (pushing fluid _________the vascular space into the interstitial space, determined by ___________ and __________ pressure), __________ pressure (pulling fluid back ________ the vascular space), interstitial hydrostatic pressure (pushing fluid _________), and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure. - Generalized edema includes ____________ failure due to increased pressure because of increased hydrostatic, ________ failure due to increased fluid retention. Physiologic include in in artery heart liver venous osmotic permed B gamma feet pregnancy __________ swelling in hot weather due to vasodilation and ___________ because more fluid for mom and baby increased - Edema can be caused by ______________capillary hydrostatic pressure (e.g., heart failure), _____________ capillary colloid osmotic pressure (e.g., liver disease or malnutrition or burns because of protein loss),increased ____________capillary membrane permeability (e.g., inflammation or injury increasing fluid and proteins in interstitial space), and _____________ obstruction (e.g., lymphedema or _____________ disease). - _____________ This is a very extreme generalized edema seen everywhere due to organ failure because the proteins in the capillary decrease. decreased lymph hodgkins c - Third spacing refers to the accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces rather than in the vascular or intracellular spaces. Clinical examples include _________(fluid in the abdominal cavity which compromises ________ expansion), __________(fluid in burned tissues), ____________(fluid in the peritoneal cavity), and bowel ______________(fluid accumulation in the intestines). king mm ascites cerebral -life threatening edema _____________ edema in lungs, _____________ edema in brain,_____________ in larynx, ___________ in heart effusion) pulmonary Of course! Here are the answers to the learning objectives from Part II and Part III: **Part II:** 3,000 4000 1. What is the normal urinary output range for an adult in 24 hours? _____________ too little 2.What does "oliguria" refer to in terms of urinary output? ___________ 3. What is included in the measurement of "intake and output" in fluid balance assessment?________________ the ml 2.2 2.21 thy 3k 4. **How do you convert pounds to kilograms? Multiply by _________ A t 5. Sodium retention leads to ________ blood pressure, while sodium loss__________ blood pressure. k 6. **What are the physiologic effects and clinical symptoms of dehydration? ______ urine output, ___________mucous membranes, and sunken eyes dry hyp napper 7. Too much ADH leads to___________, while too little ADH results in _______________ 8. **Name a complication of hyponatremia in SIADH. _____________ seizurecerebral edema 9. . Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive _______________ and ___________uria due to inadequate ADH production or response. Clinical findings include ____________ urine and dehydration. inflated 10. **Where is calcium found most abundantly in the body?. Bones and teeth 3.5 5 135145 1.3 2.8 11. Normal values: Na ___________ mEq/L, K _____________ mEq/L, Mg _____________ mEq/L, Ca __________ mg/dl 8.5 10 overload 12. Elevated serum sodium can cause fluid ____________, and priority interventions include administering _______________ . Decreased serum sodium can result in _________, and interventions involve administering anticonvulsants. IV phosphorous edema increases 13. a. Calcium and _____________ have an inverse relationship, and PTH _______________ calcium absorption in the intestines and ______________ phosphorus reabsorption in the kidneys. decrease calcitonin 14. **Name the hormone responsible for calcium regulation _______________ **Part III:** potassium sodium 15. Electrolytes like ____________ (K+) and phosphate (PO4^3-) are more abundant intracellularly, while ___________ (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) are more abundant extracellularly. 16. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels are common indicators of renal function, with serum creatinine being the most specific. 17. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance by filtering and regulating their excretion. When electrolytes cannot be eliminated properly, imbalances can occur, leading to conditions like hyperkalemia (high potassium) or hyponatremia (low sodium). 20.Elevated serum sodium can lead to dehydration, while decreased serum sodium can result in cerebral _________. edema
