LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
LITERATURE
Litera – latin word meaning an acquaintance
with letters.
An expression of human feelings, thoughts,
and ideas whose medium is language,
oral and written.
Not only about human ideas, thoughts, and feelings
but also the experiences of the authors.
Can be a medium for human to communicate what they feel, think, and
experience to the readers.
The verbal expression of human imagination; and one of the primary
means by which a culture transmits itself.
Dr. Rod Ellis (1989)
Father of Second Language Acquisition
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
1. ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION
known as “pleasure reading”
Literature is used to entertain its readers.
Literary works are consumed for the sake of one’s
enjoinment.
2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FUNCTION
Literature shows how society works.
It helps the reader “see the social and political constructs and
shows the state of the people and the world.
“Literature raises life to a new level of meaning and understanding, and in the
process, restores sanity and justice in an insane and unjust world.”
CIRILO F. BAUTISTA
3. IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Shapes our way of thinking based on the ideas of other people.
Literature also displays a person’s ideology placed in the text consciously and
unconsciously.
4. MORAL FUNCTION
Literature may impart moral values to its readers.
The morals contained in the literary text, whether good or bad, are absorbed by
whoever read it, thus helps in shaping their personality.
“Perhaps what makes literature a more delightful and enriching study than the
rest that deal with the past is its potential of making readers identify with what
they read through values learned.”
JF LORIA
5. LINGUISTIC FUNCTION
Literature preserves the language of every civilization from where it originated.
They are also evidences that a certain civilization has existed by recording the
language and preserving it through wide spans of time.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
6. CULTURAL FUNCTION
Literature orients us to the traditions, folklore, and the arts
of our ethnic group’s heritage.
Literature preserves entire cultures and creates an imprint
of the people’s way of living for others to read, hear, and
learn.
7. EDUCATIONAL FUNCTION
Literature teaches us many things about the human experience.
Literature is used to portray the facets of life that we see, and those that we would
never dream of seeing.
Literature, therefore, is a conduit for the chance to experience and feel things where
we can learn things about life.
3. HISTORICAL FUNCTION
Ancient texts, illuminated scripts, stone tablets, etc. keep records of events that
happened in the place where they originated.
LITERARY STANDARDS
Artistry - beauty, an aesthetic appeal.
Intellectual Value - stimulates our minds, making us realize the truths about life.
Suggestiveness - man’s emotional power that deeply stirs our creative imagination.
Spiritual Value - elevation of one’s spirit by bringing out moral values which makes
us better persons.
Permanence - lifetime, can be read again and again.
Universality - timeless and timely.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
PROSE
FORM
LANGUAGE
APPEAL
AIM
POETRY
Written in paragraph form
Written in stanza or verse form
Express in ordinary language.
Expressed in metrical, rhythmical and
figurative language.
To the intellect.
To emotion.
To convince, inform, instruct, imitate Stir the imagination and set an ideal of
and reflect.
how life should be
Fiction - a literary work of
imaginative narration, either
oral or written fashioned to
entertain and to make readers
think, and more so feel.
Non- Fiction - a literary
work of “real- life” narration
or exposition based on
history and facts.
Why study Literature?
Reasons for Studying Philippine Literature (Kahayon, et al., 1989)
1.To appreciate our literary heritage;
2.To understand that we have a great and noble tradition which can serve as means to assimilate
other cultures; and
3.To manifest our deep concern for our own literature.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
derived from the Greek word Poesis meaning,
making or creating.
may be the oldest form of literature
different from everyday speech, a lot shorter.
more musical
requires that it be read aloud to be better appreciated
Meaning is implied and suggested in carefully
chosen words
1. FORM - Poems are made up of lines and stanzas.
✓ Lyric Poetry: It is any poem with one speaker (not necessarily the poet) who
expresses strong thoughts and feelings. Most poems, especially modern ones, are
lyric poems.
✓ Narrative Poem: It is a poem that tells a story; its structure resembles the plot
line of a story [i.e. the introduction of conflict and characters, rising action, climax
and the denouement.
✓ Descriptive Poem: It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the
speaker. It uses elaborate imagery and adjectives. While emotional, it is more
"outward-focused" than lyric poetry, which is more personal and introspective.
2. STANZA - Stanzas are basically the poetic equivalent of a prose paragraph. They are a
series of lines that are grouped together and separated from other groups of lines or
stanzas by a skipped line.
✓ 2 lines are called a couplet
✓ 3 lines are called a tercet
✓ 4 lines are called a quatrain
✓ 5 lines are called a cinquain
✓ 6 lines are called a sestet, or occasionally a sexain
✓ 7 lines are called a septet
✓ 8 lines are called an octave
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
3. SENSE - MEANING/DICTION - revealed through the meaning of words, images and
symbols.
✓ Denotation - dictionary meaning of words
✓ Connotation - figurative meaning of words
WHITE
DENOTATION
A name of color
CONNOTATION
Purity, cleanliness
4. IMAGERY AND SENSE IMPRESSION - words and lines that appeal to the senses and
emotion.
✓ Sight/ Visual
Example: Green snake slithering on the yellow grass
✓ Sound/Auditory
Example: Pok, Pok, Pok, sounded her crude hammer, Pok, Pok, Pok-Pok.
✓ Smell/Olfactory
Example: I woke up with the sweet aroma of Inay’s adobo.
✓ Taste/Gustatory
Example: Black coffee tastes bitter.
✓ Touch/Tactile
Example:The five peso coin, all alone on the table, was smooth and round.
5. FIGURES OF SPEECH - possesses figurative meaning so it should not to be taken
literally. Use of language from its usual meaning, in order to provide emphasis, freshness
of expression, or clarity.
✓ Simile - Comparing two things using like or as
Example:
❖ Your face is as big as a seed.
❖ Skin as white as snow.
❖ A princess as beautiful like an angel.
✓ Metaphor - Uses direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas.
Comparing two things without using like or as
Example:
❖ My father is a carabao in the field.
❖ You are the flower of my life.
❖ My life is an open book.
❖ Life is a game.
✓ Personification - Giving human traits or attributes to nonliving things.
Example:
❖ The flowers are dancing in the field.
❖ Little birds are singing sweet harmonies in the garden.
❖ The wind slapped my face.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
✓ Apostrophe - Direct address to someone absent, dead or inanimate.
Example:
❖ Oh God save me from darkness!
❖ My love, why have you forsaken me?
✓ Metonymy - Substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or thing
Example:
❖ The pen is mightier than sword.
❖ He lives through the bottle.
❖ I have read all of Shakespeare.
❖ By the sweat of your brow, you will earn your food.
❖ There is death in the cup.
✓ Synecdoche - Uses a part to represent a whole or a whole to represent the part.
Example:
❖ She bought new wheels.
❖ My mother feeds five heads in the house.
❖ Will you please lend me your ears?
✓ Hyperbole - Makes use of exaggeration.
Example:
❖ I will catch all the stars in heaven for you.
❖ I am very hungry that I can eat a whole cow.
❖ It’s raining cats and dogs.
❖ The blood flooded the crime scene. Cry a river
✓ Irony - Says the opposite of what is really meant
Example:
❖ You’re so beautiful, you look like a Christmas tree.
❖ It was very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation.
✓ Allusion - Refers to any literary, biblical, historical, mythological, scientific event,
character or place.
Example:
❖ She is the Athena of the class.
❖ Mathematics is her Achilles’ heel.
❖ Ana has always been the Good Samaritan of the class.
✓ Paradox - Uses a phrase or statement that on surface seems contradictory, but
makes some kind of emotional sense
Example:
❖ The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
❖ The more you hate, the more you love.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
✓ Litotes - Makes a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its
opposite.
Example:
❖ He is no fool.
❖ She’s not ugly that she attracts many men.
❖ Amy is not unintelligent.
❖ Carl is not irresponsible that he handles tasks.
✓ Oxymoron - Uses two contradictory words placed side by side.
Example:
❖ Pretty ugly
❖ Living dead Small giant
✓ Onomatopoeia - Formation or use of words which imitate sounds.
Example:
❖ Whisper, Buzz, Boom, Bang, Crackle
✓ Chiasmus
-
a figure of speech in which the grammar of one phrase is inverted in the
following phrase, such that the two key concepts from the original phrase
reappear in the second phrase in inverted order
Example:
❖ “We shape our buildings, and afterward our buildings shape us.”
- Winston Churchill
❖ “But many who are first will be last, and the last will be first.”
- The Bible, Matthew 19:30
❖ “Never let a fool kiss you, nor a kiss fool you.”
- Joey Adams
✓ Malapropism - the use of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word
that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression
Examples:
❖ Having one wife is called monotony (monogamy).
❖ I remember because I have a photogenic (photographic) memory.
❖ I think he is suffering from a nervous shakedown (breakdown).
❖ It is beyond my apprehension (comprehension).
✓ Spoonerism
-
switching the vowels or consonants in two words in close proximity, either
unintentionally as an error or intentionally for humorous purposes
Examples:
❖ You have hissed the mystery lectures. (You have missed the history
lectures.)
❖ Go and shake a tower. (Go and take a shower.)
❖ My zips are lipped. (My lips are zipped.)
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
✓ Palindrome
-
type of word plays in which a word or phrase spelled forward is the same
word/phrase spelled backward
Examples:
❖ Never odd or even.
❖ stressed desserts
❖ Norma is as selfless as I am, Ron.
6. SOUND - the result of a combination of elements.
A. Tone color
-
alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition, anaphora.
✓ Alliteration
- a literary device where two or more words in a phrase or line of poetry share the
same beginning consonant sound. Repetition of initial letter or sound in a
succession of words
Examples:
❖ Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper.
❖ She sells sea shells in the sea shore.
❖ Big bad Bob bounced bravely.
✓ Assonance
-
a literary device in which the repetition of similar vowel sounds takes place in
two or more words in proximity to each other within a line of poetry.
Examples:
❖ Haste makes waste.
❖ Nine times ninety-nine.
❖ “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.”
- The Raven, Edgar Allan Poe
✓ Consonance
-
a literary device in which a consonant sound is repeated in words that are in
close proximity. The repeated sound can appear anywhere in the words, unlike
in alliteration where the repeated consonant sound must occur in the beginning
of the word.
Examples:
❖ And all the air a solemn stillness holds. (T. Gray)
❖ “Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile”
- Zealots, Fugees
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
B. Rhythm
-
ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of the
sound and silence.
❖ I saw a fairy in the wood,
He was dressed all in green.
He drew his sword while I just stood,
And realized I'd been seen.
C. Meter
-
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
stress, duration, or number of syllables per line
❖ Let me not to the marriage of true minds. (iambic pentameter)
Iamb (Iambic: weak syllable followed by strong syllable.
Trochee (Trochaic): strong syllable followed by a weak syllable.
Anapest (Anapestic): two weak syllables followed by a strong syllable.
Dactyl (Dactylic): a strong syllable followed by two weak syllables.
Spondee (Spondaic): two strong syllables (not common as lines, but appears as
a foot). A spondee usually appears at the end of a line.
1. HAIKU - This form of poetry also focuses on the beauty and simplicity found in nature.
It has three-line stanzas with a 5/7/5 syllable count. A disciplined form of poetry that has
its origins in 17th-century Japanese poetry.
✓ They are written in three-line stanzas
✓ 1st line contains 5 syllables
✓ 2nd line contains 7 syllables
✓ 3rd line contains 5 syllables
“Sick on a Journey” by Basho
"Sick on a journey
Over parched field
Dreams wander on"
2. SONNET - the word sonetto is actually Italian for "a little sound or song." This form
has grabbed poets by the heart for centuries. It began as a 14-line poem written in
iambic pentameter. There are two common forms of sonnet: Shakespearean and
Petrarchan
✓
✓
✓
✓
Petrarchan
Comprises 2 stanzas
The First 8 lines pose a question
2nd stanza answers the question posed
The rhyme scheme is: ABBA, ABBA,
CDECDE
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
Shakespearean
✓ Comprises 3 quatrains of 4 lines each
✓ Ends with a rhyming couplet which
forms a conclusion
✓ The rhyme scheme is: ABAB, CDCD,
EFEF, GG
3. ELEGY - a type of poem that don’t really come with specific structural requirements but
still constitute a recognizable form of poetry. What makes an elegy an elegy is its
subject, that is, death. Elegies are poems of lamentation – the word elegy itself comes
from the Greek word elegeia which means to ‘lament’.
✓ A poem of reflection on death, or on someone who has died
✓ Usually comes in three parts expressing loss:
✓ Grief/ praise for the deceased
4. LIMERICK - the most defining characteristic of limericks are their renowned humor.
They’re written more for simple entertainment.
✓ 5 lines in total
✓ Distinct verbal rhythm
✓ 2 longer lines of usually between 7 to 10 syllables
✓ 2 shorter lines of usually between 5 to 7 syllables
✓ 1 closing line containing the ‘punchline’
✓ Rhyme scheme is AABBA
❖ I saw a lovely young lady from France
who quietly asked me to dance.
I tripped on my shoe,
became black and blue,
and may have just missed my chance.
5. EPIC - Epic poems are poems of monumental length and scope, often detailing lengthy
narratives about ancient heroes as they fought against mythical creatures, enemy
warriors, and impossible odds.
❖ Gilgamesh and Homer’s Odyssey.
6. BALLAD - A type of narrative poetry that has close ties to musical forms. Often written
to be sung, usually but not always based in folklore.
7. CINQUAIN - A five-line poetic form which consists of 2, 4, 6, 8 then 2 syllables.
8. ODE - A lengthy lyric poem typically of a serious or meditative nature and having an
elevated style and formal stanza structure.
❖ Example: Sappho’s “Ode to a Loved One”
9. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE - A type of poem which is spoken to a listener. The
speaker addresses a specific topic while the listener unwittingly reveals details about
him/herself.
10.
FREE VERSE - Free verse is exactly what its name implies. There are no rules, and
writers can do whatever they choose: to rhyme or not, to establish any rhythm. Free
verse is often used in contemporary poetry.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
PROSE:
1. Prose Drama - consists entirely of dialogues in prose, and is meant to be acted on
stage.
2. Essay - the author shares some of his thoughts, feelings and experiences or
observation on some aspects of life.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Biography and Autobiography
Letter
Diary
Journal
7. Prose Fiction - something invented, imagined or feigned to be true.
A. Novel
Long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot.
It may have main plot and one or more sub plots that develop the main plot and the
characters and actions are representative of real life.
Example: Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana
B. Short Story
A fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time, place, and action.
Example: How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla
8. Legends – are fictitious narratives, usually about origins
Example: The Bikol Legend by Pio Duran
9. Fables – are fictitious narratives which deal with animals and inanimate things who speak
and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can
mold their ways and attitudes
Example: The Monkey and the Turtle
10. Magazines
11. Newspapers
12. Subject Textbooks - such as in Geography, History
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
A work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in
narrative format
A fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time,
Place and action.
1. CHARACTERS - are representation of human beings in a story.
According to Principality:
 Protagonist - hero/ heroine
 Antagonist - the character that goes against the protagonist
 Deuterogamist- second in importance
According to Development and Personality:
 Round Character - is a dynamic character who recognizes changes.
It is also a fully developed character.
 Flat Character - also known as stock or stereotype character who does not grow and
develop.
2. SETTING - The locale (place) or period (time) in which the action takes place.
3. CONFLICT - The opposition of persons or forces in a story that give rise to the dramatic
action in a literary work.
 Internal Conflict (Person vs. Self)
-
occurs when the protagonist struggles within himself or herself.
 Interpersonal Conflict (Person vs. Society/ Person vs. Person)
-
the characters are against one another or elements of society like law, school and
religion.
 External Conflict (Person vs. Nature)
-
the character has a problem with natural happenings.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
4. PLOT DEVICES:
 Flashback - something out of chronological order, to reveal information which
occurred prior to the beginning of the story.
 Foreshadowing - a device to give hints and clues to indicate event that will occur
later in the story.
 Suspense - the feeling of excitement or tension in the reader’s experiences as the
action of the plot unfolds.
 In Medias/ Media Res - the technique in which the story begins in the middle of
the action, with background information given later in flashbacks.
5. POINT OF VIEW - determines the narrator of the story
POV
First Person
Third person
Limited Third
Person
Omniscient
CHARACTERISTICS
Speaker is part of the story, can
observe characters, but reveals
feelings and reactions only to self
Story told only as one character can
observe, Narrator is not part of the
story, cannot read any character’s
mind
Narrator/ Author knows all and sees
all.
PRONOUNS
I, me, we, us, our (s)
He, him, his, she,
her (s), they, them,
theirs
He, him, his, she, her (s),
they, them, theirs
 First Person POV
Example: “I have of late, —but wherefore I know not,—lost all my mirth, forgone all
custom of exercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily with my disposition that this
goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory.” – Shakespeare
 Third Person Limited POV
Example: "This Anselmo had been a good guide and he could travel wonderfully in
the mountains. Robert Jordan could walk well enough himself and he knew from
following him since before daylight that the old man could walk him to death. Robert
Jordan trusted the man, Anselmo, so far, in everything except judgment.”
 Third Person Omniscient POV
Example: "And what right did he have to look at him like that?" thought Anna,
recalling how Vronsky looked at Alexei Alexandrovich.” –Tolstoy
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
6. MOOD - The atmosphere or emotional effect generated by the words, images, situations.
Example: joyous, melancholic, tense and so on.
7. TONE - The attitude of the narrator or the persona of the work.
8. IMAGERY - These appeals to the senses.
9. THEME - The central, dominating revolving idea in a literary work.
(note: Theme is not a quote or a moral lesson)
10. SYMBOLISM - stand for something other than themselves. They reoccur in the
duration of the story.
Pre- Colonial Period (B.C. To 1564)
- The longest period in Philippine Literature.
Riddles - gives an enigma or puzzle
Example:
• Baboy sa lasang, ang tunok puro lansang.
Proverbs - wise saying or “salawikain”
Examples:
• Kung di ukol, di bubukol.
• Kung may isinuksok, may madudukot.
Songs
Mimetic Dances - accompanied with songs and dances and were the
precursor of drama form.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
Prose: Pre- Colonial Literature
MYTH - a traditional story accepted as history; serves to explain the world view of
people.
 Mythical Creatures:
• Bathala - chief god of gods
• Diwata - fairies
• Aswang - ghouls
• Agta - black tree spirit man
• Duwende - dwarves
• Tikbalang - demon horses
• Mambabarang - spirit- summoners
FOLKTALE - “kwentong bayan”
• How the First Head Was Taken
FABLES - “kwentong nag bibigay aral” o “pabula”
• The Ant and the Grasshopper
LEGEND - “alamat”
• Alamat ng Pinya
EPIC - “epiko”
• Aliguyon
LITERARY OUTPUT
• Catechisms
• Confession Manuals
• Grammar Books
• Dictionaries
PASYON - The most popular form of religious literature
•
About the passion and death of Christ
SINAKULO/ CENACULO - a dramatization of the pasyon
•
•
a play on the death of Christ
performed during the Holy Week
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
Nationalistic Period (1864- 1896)
A strong feeling of nationalism was the main agenda of the period.
At the close of 19th century the revolutionist took over and there was a shift not
only in the language but in the readers as well. (Balabar,1989).
Rizal, Lopez Jaena, Del Pilar, Bonifacio, Jacinto and Mabini were prominent
revolutionists and writers.
The United States Colonial Rule (1910-1945)
Literature flourished in three languages:
• Spanish
• English
• Filipino
Most
•
•
•
writers are writing the Francisco Balagtas way:
Rhetorical
Verbose
Figurative
Famous Filipino writers during the period:
 Paz Marquez Benitez
 Jose Garcia Villa
 Paz Latorena
Japanese Occupation (1942-1944)
Writers broke away from the traditional Balagtas writing and started writing in simple
language and free verse.
Flowering of Tagalog Short Poetry
Palanca Awards/ National Awards were launched
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
Contemporary Period (1960- 1986)
Martial Law Years
Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
Merging of three traditions:
• Oral Lore- Ethnic Tradition
• Spanish Tradition
• American Colonial Tradition
Post Edsa Literature (1986)
Post EDSA publishing has been marked by adventurousness, a willingness to gamble
on non- traditional projects.
Retrieval of writing in Philippine languages other than Tagalog.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
1. AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
✓ Poet of The Workers or Laborers”
MGA IBONG MANDARAGIT – In this book, he narrated the living conditions of
Filipinos then, readers will note how Hernandez had high hopes for significant
changes that would uplift the Philippine society.
2. ALEJANDRO ABADILLA
✓ The Father of the Modern Tagalog Poetry
3. BOB ONG
✓ ABNKKBSNPLAko?! – This book makes use of conversational Filipino language
as he narrates stories in a humorous way while depicting the real-life situations in
Philippine context.
4. CARLO J. CAPARAS
✓ Best known for creating Filipino superheroes and comic book
PANDAY/GAGAMBINO/ELIAS PANIKI
5. CLARO CALUYA
✓ Prince of Ilocano poets
6. F.H. BATACAN
✓ SMALLER AND SMALLER CIRCLES – (the first Filipino crime detective story) set in
the Philippines. In 1999, Batacan’s mystery novel won the Carlos Palanca Grand
Prize for English Novel.
7. F. SIONIL JOSE
✓ POON - The first book in the Rosales Saga, reflected in this books and short
stories, particularly the five-part novel series Rosales Saga, which narrated class
struggles and colonialism experienced by Filipinos.
8. FRANCISCO BALAGTAS
✓ IBONG ADARNA - The classic Filipino story, with magical elusive bird known for its
enchanting song that can heal or make someone fall asleep.
9. FRANCISCO BALTAZAR
✓ FLORANTE AT LAURA – popularly known as Balagtas, he is considered the prince
of Tagalog poets.
10. FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE
✓ He has been called a Philippine national treasure.
11. JOSE GARCIA VILLA
✓ FOOTNOTE TO YOUTH – symbolizes the struggles of a teen that finds himself
caught in the hardships of teen marriage, and parenthood.
A Filipino poet and a National Artist for Literature.
He is known for introducing the "reversed consonance rime scheme," as well as
for "comma poems.
12. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
✓ Known for his “Memoria Fotografica”
13. JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO
✓ The Father of Pampanga Literature who wrote “There Is No God”
14. LEON PICHAY
✓ Best Bukanegero, known as the King of Ilocano Poets
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
15. LEONA FLORENTINO
✓ First poetess of the Philippines, her poems were given international recognition at
the Exposicion in Madrid in 1887 and in Paris in 1889.
16. LEVI CELERIO
✓ Guinness Book of World Record’s the only person able to make music using just a
leaf.
17. LOPE K. SANTOS
✓ BANAAG AT SIKAT – Themes of love, livelihood, and societal status are embedded.
This book was critic by Teodoro Agoncillo as one of the most important books in
Philippine literature in 1949. That’s because according to Agoncillo, it paved the
way for the development of a system on how Tagalog novels were written.
18. LUALHATI BAUTISTA
✓ DEKADA ’70 – this novel captured true-to-life scenarios in the ’70s, mentioning
changes that arose after the Plaza Miranda bombing and the suspension of the
Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Philippines.
19. MANUEL E. ARGUILLA
✓ Was an Ilocano who wrote in English, best known for his short story "HOW MY
BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A WIFE." which received first price in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.
How My Brother Leon Brought Home A Wife - The story of a man introducing his
city-born wife to his more provincial family
20. MARS RAVELO
✓ Graphic Novelist – best known for DARNA, DYESEBEL, CAPTAIN BARBEL
21. MIGUEL SYJUCO
✓ ILUSTRADO – This novel landed him a spot on the 2008 Man Asian Literary Prize,
being awarded the Grand Prize. Layered with fiction and non-fiction themes
22. NICK JOAQUIN
✓ He was recognized as National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1976.
The Woman Who Had Two Navels - Joaquin examines the effects and influence of
the past towards the post-war events in the Philippines.
23. N.V.M GONZALEZ
✓ Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez – Won the first Commonwealth Literary Contest
in 1940.
24. PAZ MÁRQUEZ-BENÍTEZ
✓ The first Filipino a short-story writer in modern English language
DEAD STARS - considered as the “short story that gave birth to modern Philippine
writing in English, published in the Philippine Herald in 1925.
25. PASCUAL POBLETE
✓ Father of Filipino newspapers
26. PEDRO BUKANEG
✓ Father of Ilocano Literature, Biag ni Lam-ang
27. SEVERINO REYES
✓ Pen Name: LOLA BASYANG, Father of the Tagalog PLays.
MGA KWENTO NI LOLA BASTANG (Tagalog version of MOTHER GOOSE)
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
1. ALIM
✓ Tells the story of Gods that resemble the Indian Gods in the Epic Ramayana
2. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA
TAGALOG
3. DEAD STARS
✓ The work of Andres Bonifacio which tells the history of the Philippines.
4. EL FILIBUSTERISMO (The
Subversive)
5. FRAY BOTOD
✓ PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ -recognized as one of the best short stories yet
written by a Filipino.
✓ JOSE RIZAL – (The Subversive), second novel written in Spanish and a sequel
to Noli Me Tangere, was published in Ghent, Belgium on September 18,
1891
✓ A satirical story written by a Filipino writer and revolutionist during the
Spaniard occupation, Graciano Lopez Jaena.
He portrays a bloated, hypocritical priest as a metaphor for the abuses of the
Catholic Church as part of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
6. FLORANTE AT LAURA
✓ FRANCISCO BALAGTAS – the earliest literary work in Tagalog, an peic poem
published in 1838
7. KAIINGAT KAYO
✓ a satire piece mocks Spanish friar in particular written by Marcelo H Del Pilar
in the 19th century, criticizing the Spanish government that controlled the
Philippines at the time. Originally published in the newspaper "Diariong
Tagalog,".
✓ EMILIO JACINTO – Kartilya was considered as the 'bible' of the Katipunan
movement
✓ ZOILO M. GALANG – The first volume of essays in English
8. KARTILLA
9. LIFE AND SUCCESS
10. LUPANG TINUBUAN
✓ NARCISO REYES – Considered to be the best story written during Japanese
Period
11. MI ULTIMO ADIOS
✓ Dr. Jose Rizal wrote this poem before he was executed
12. NOLI ME TANGERE
✓ JOSE RIZAL – (Touch Me Not) a novel written in Spanish published in 1887
in Berlin, Germany
13. PAG- IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA ✓ ANDRES BONIFACIO – (Love for the Native Land)
14. DASALAN AT TUKSUHAN
✓ MARCELO H. DEL PILAR – wrote it in his own funny and sarcastic way of
mocking the friars.
15. SA MGA KABABAYANG DALAGA
NG MALOLOS
✓ JOSE RIZAL – Rizal was in Europe when he wrote this very long letter to the
young women of Malolos, Bulacan,
16. SURSUM CORDA
✓ JUSTO JULIANO – (poem) First work to be published in English
17. URBANA AT FELISA
✓ MODESTO DE CASTRO – (Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog)
Letters between two sisters dealing with good behavior.
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO
18. VOCABULARIO DELA LENGUA
TAGALA
19. ZITA
✓ FR. PEDRO DE SAN BUENAVENTURA – First Tagalog dictionary
20. BIAG NI LAM-ANG
✓ ARTURO B. ROTOR – One of the finest love stories in Filipino literature in
English
✓ Epic in ILOKANO
21. BIDASARI
✓ Epic in Muslim
22. HUDHOD (ALIGUYON AS HERO)
✓ Epic in IFUGAO
23. HANDIONG
✓ Epic in BICOLANO
24. MARAGTAS
✓ Epic Visayas (about good manners and right conduct)
25. PASION
✓ Life & sufferings of Jesus Christ
26. BAGBAGTO
✓ Harvest Song (MT. PROVINCE)
27. COLLADO
✓ Awit ng mga taong hindi naimbitahan sa kainan
28. DUNG-AW
✓ Wake Song (ILOCANO)
29. IHIMAN
✓ Wedding Song
30. KUMINTANG
✓ War Song
31. KUNDIMAN
✓ Love Song
32. LAJI
✓ Work Song (BATANES)
33. PANAMBITAN
✓ Courtship Song
34. TALINDAW
✓ Boat Song
35. TAGUMPAY
✓ Victory Song
36. UYAYE AND HELE
✓ Lullaby Song
37. DANDANSOY
✓ Courtship Dance (VISAYAN)
38. KINNALLOGONG
✓ Hat Dance (ILOCANO)
39. KINNOTON
✓ Ant Dance (ILOCANO)
40. AMBAHAN
✓ Poetry
41. BUGTONG
✓ Tagalog Riddles
42. BUKANEGAN
✓ Ilocano Balagtasan
43. EPIC
✓ Narrative poem tells of the heroic exploits of the great heroes
44. HEROIC COUPLET
✓ Called to the last two lines of the sonnet
45. TALINGHAGA
✓ Metaphor
46. SALAWIKAIN
✓ Proverbs
LEVIE P. ALPOS, BSED – English 3
EL 110 – SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
Professor-In-Charge: MS. CHARLENE ARARAO