Association for Information Systems
AIS Electronic Library (AISeL)
All Sprouts Content
Sprouts
9-27-2009
Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model:
Origins, Developments and Future Directions
Mohammad Chuttur
Indiana University, mchuttur@indiana.edu
Follow this and additional works at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/sprouts_all
Recommended Citation
Chuttur, Mohammad, " Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins, Developments and Future Directions" (2009). All
Sprouts Content. 290.
http://aisel.aisnet.org/sprouts_all/290
This material is brought to you by the Sprouts at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been accepted for inclusion in All Sprouts Content by an
authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contact elibrary@aisnet.org.
Working Papers on Information Systems
ISSN 1535-6078
Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,
Developments and Future Directions
Mohammad Chuttur
Indiana University, USA
Abstract
User acceptance of technology has been an important field of study for over two decades
now. Although many models have been proposed to explain and predict the use of a system,
the Technology Acceptance Model has been the only one which has captured the most
attention of the Information Systems community. Thus, it is essential for anyone willing to
study user acceptance of technology to have an understanding of the Technology Acceptance
Model. This paper provides a historical overview of the Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM) by summarizing the evolution of TAM, its key applications, extensions, limitations,
and criticisms from a selective list of published articles on the model. Current observations
indicate that although TAM is a highly cited model, researchers share mixed opinions
regarding its theoretical assumptions, and practical effectiveness. It is concluded that research
in TAM lacks sufficient rigor and relevance that would make it a well established theory for
the IS community.
Keywords: Technology Acceptance, Information System Deployment, TAM, Information
System Theory.
Permanent URL: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License
Reference: Chuttur M.Y. (2009). "Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,
Developments and Future Directions ," Indiana University, USA . Sprouts: Working Papers
on Information Systems, 9(37). http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
OverviewoftheTechnologyAcceptanceModel:
Origins,DevelopmentsandFutureDirections
ƒ••‡”Š—––—”
†‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŽ‘‘‹‰–‘ †‹ƒƒǡ
Abstract
•‡” ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ •–—†› ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” –™‘
†‡ ƒ†‡•‘™ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ›‘†‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹ ––Š‡—•‡
‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡Ž Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ•
ƒ’–—”‡†–Š‡‘•–ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡• ‘—‹–›ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘•–—†›—•‡”ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡Ž ȋȌ „› •—ƒ”‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ǡ ‹–• ‡›
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ”‹–‹ ‹•• ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ—””‡–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ› ‹–‡†
‘†‡Žǡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• •Šƒ”‡ ‹š‡† ‘’‹‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–• –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••Ǥ – ‹• ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ Žƒ • •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ”‹‰‘” ƒ†
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–ƒ™‡ŽŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘”›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ
Introduction
‹–Š ‰”‘™‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡‡†• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳǯ•ǡ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‘ˆ •›•–‡
ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ •›•–‡ —•‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” ƒ›
”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‹‡• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡ƒ•—”‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‡š’Žƒ‹•›•–‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘””‡Œ‡ –‹‘ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͻȌǤ ͳͻͺͷǡ ”‡†
ƒ˜‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† –Š‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡Ž ȋȌ ‹ Š‹• †‘ –‘”ƒŽ –Š‡•‹• ƒ– –Š‡
Ž‘ƒ Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– •›•–‡ —•‡ ‹• ƒ
”‡•’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‘” ’”‡†‹ –‡† „› —•‡” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Šǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ‹•
†‹”‡ –Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ •–‹—Ž—• ‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ •›•–‡ǯ• ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•
ƒ† ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ
ActualSystem
SystemFeatures
User’sMotivationto
Use
andCapabilities
UseSystem
Stimulusorganismresponse
‹‰—”‡ͳǣ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‘†‡Žˆ‘”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͷǡ’ǤͳͲȌǤ
›”‡Ž›‹‰‘’”‹‘”™‘”„› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ™Š‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡ˆ‹‡† Š‹•
‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘’”‘’‘•‡–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ
1
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
UserMotivation
X1
Attitude
Actual
X2
Toward
System
Using
Use
X3
Perceived
EaseofUse
‹‰—”‡ʹǣ”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•‡†„› ”‡†ƒ˜‹•ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺ͸ǡ’ǤʹͶȌǤ
 –Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– —•‡”•ǯ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „›
–Š”‡‡ˆƒ –‘”•ǣPerceivedEaseofUseǡPerceivedUsefulness,ƒ†AttitudeTowardUsing–Š‡
•›•–‡Ǥ ‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —•‡” –‘™ƒ”† ƒ •›•–‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘”
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡—•‡”™‹ŽŽƒ –—ƒŽŽ›—•‡‘””‡Œ‡ ––Š‡•›•–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ —•‡”ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› –™‘ ƒŒ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǣ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ™‹–Š ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ †‹”‡ –
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‘–Š –Š‡•‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ™‡”‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –‘ „‡
†‹”‡ –Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡†‡•‹‰ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ͳǡʹƒ†ǡ͵‹
‹‰—”‡ʹǤ
—”‹‰ Žƒ–‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ™‘—Ž† ”‡ˆ‹‡ Š‹• ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡
‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡”
”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•™‘—Ž†ƒ’’Ž›ǡƒ†’”‘’‘•‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡
‘†‡ŽȋȌǡ•— Š–Šƒ–‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‘†‡Ž‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ†
’”‡†‹ –‹‰•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡŠƒ•„‡ ‘‡•‘’‘’—Žƒ”–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•„‡‡ ‹–‡†‹‘•–
‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –Šƒ– †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š —•‡” ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”•‡ǡ
ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• Žƒ‹ –Šƒ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ––”ƒ –‡†‘”‡‡ƒ•›ƒ†
“—‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ•— Š–Šƒ–Ž‡••ƒ––‡–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ȋ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”•‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‹•
•–‹ŽŽ‘‰‘‹‰ǡƒ†–Š—•ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ•–”‡‰–Š•ǡƒ†Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ›‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ •–—†› —•‡”
ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
Š‹•’ƒ’‡”–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‹–Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘
ͳͻͺͷ –‘ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ ‹–• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘”‹‰‹ǡ ƒ† •‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ƒŒ‘” ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡƒ† ”‹–‹ ‹••Ǥ ‹†‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‹˜‡Ž‹•–‘ˆƒ”–‹ Ž‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‘ ƒ”‡ –Š—•ǡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ –Š‡ ‡š– •‡ –‹‘ „”‹‡ˆŽ›
†‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‘†—•‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡
–Š‡ ƒ—•ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘•–”— –• ‘ˆ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡• ”‹„‡†Ǥ
—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
Perceived
Usefulness
2
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
‡š–‡•‹‘•’”‘’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ ‘ Ž—†‡™‹–Šƒ‘–‡‘
–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”ƒˆ–‡”Šƒ˜‹‰‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‘‹–•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ”‹–‹ ‹••Ǥ
TheTheoryofReasonedAction
‹‰—”‡ ͵ •Š‘™• ƒ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’”‘’‘•‡† „›
‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ
‹‰—”‡͵ǣŠ‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘‘†‡Žȋƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡͳͻͺͻȌ
–Š‡‹”–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Žǡ ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•ƒ –—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
‘—Ž†„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰Š‹•‘”Š‡”’”‹‘”‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ’‡”•‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡
‹–‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• ’”‹‘” –‘ ƒ ƒ –—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ǡƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†‹–ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ‘‡ǯ•‹–‡–‹‘–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „›
‘•‹†‡”‹‰ „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ “—‡•–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡
–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ•ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ„‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰
–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆƒ’‡”•‘–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋȌ ƒ
„‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ȋbiȌ ƒ„‘—–
‘•‡“—‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ȋeiȌ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡
‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ǡƒ••Š‘™„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”—Žƒǣ
Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ǯ•
’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Š‹‘”Š‡”–Š‹Š‡‘”•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘”
•Š‘—Ž† ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ǡ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡
‘” ȋȌ ‘—Ž† „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ•
‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ȋnbiȌǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘” ‰”‘—’•ǡ
ƒ†Š‹•‘”Š‡”‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘ ‘’Ž›ȋmciȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–Š‡›’”‘’‘•‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡
•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒƒ –—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ
Š—•ǡ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘—Ž† „‡
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǡ™‹–Šƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†
–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ
αΪ
Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ –Š—•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‘†‡Ž –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ†
’”‡†‹ ––Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ–‘‘–Š‡•ƒ‡
3
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
‘†‡Ž ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ‹– –‘ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ —•‡” ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ǡ ‹
‘”†‡” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ƒ˜‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ
—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‹•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†–Š—•ǡ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘ –‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
‘†‡Ž–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹ ––Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥƒ˜‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†‡–™‘ƒ‹ Šƒ‰‡•–‘
–Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ ȋȌ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ Š‡ †‹† ‘– –ƒ‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”
‹–‘ ƒ ‘—– ‹ ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹•Š„‡‹
ƒ† Œœ‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘” ™ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•–
—†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– Šƒ† — ‡”–ƒ‹ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ˜‹•
ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ‘Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ Š‹• ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡
–Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡†
•–—†‹‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‘Ž›–™‘†‹•–‹ –„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
—•‡ǡ –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ’”‡†‹ – –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —•‡” –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ
•›•–‡Ǥ
Relatedstudiesonperceivedusefulnessandperceivedeaseofuse
”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ† Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ 
‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‘”‘™ǡ‘Ž›•‘‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ”‡†‡• ”‹„‡†Ǥ
Š—Ž–œƒ†Ž‡˜‹ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†›ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‡†‹ –‹‘ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹ –‡†—•‡‘ˆƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘
‘†‡ŽǤ ‘„‡› ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Žƒ–‡” ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ Š—Ž–œ ƒ† Ž‡˜‹ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ ƒ†
‘ˆ‹”‡† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† •›•–‡
—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘—†
‹–Š‡‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘”ƒ–œ›ƒ†Ž‡‹ǯ•ȋͳͻͺʹȌ‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ‘”ƒ–œ›
ƒ†Ž‡‹•–—†‹‡†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–•
ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ• ‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡–Š”‡‡ˆƒ –‘”•
–Šƒ–Šƒ†–Š‡‘•– ‘•‹•–‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ‘‰ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘
–›’‡•Ǥ
ƒ†—”ƒȋͳͻͺʹȌˆ—”–Š‡”ǡ•Š‘™‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰„‘–Š’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
—•‡ ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ› ‰‹˜‡
‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‘—Ž† „‡ „‡•– ’”‡†‹ –‡† „› „‘–Šǡ •‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ › ƒ†ǡ ‘—– ‘‡
Œ—†‰‡–•Ǥ ‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ ›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ™ƒ• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ•
Œ—†‰‡–• ‘ˆ Š‘™ ™‡ŽŽ ‘‡ ƒ ‡š‡ —–‡ ‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ –‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š
’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‘—– ‘‡ Œ—†‰‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ™ƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Šƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ ‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‡š‡ —–‡†‹•
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡Ž‹‡†–‘˜ƒŽ—‡†‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™ƒ•‘ǯ•”‡•‡ƒ” ŠȋͳͻͺʹȌ’”‘˜‹†‡†‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ™‡”‡ „‘–Š ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•Ǥ ™ƒ•‘
Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ —•‡”• ™‹ŽŽ •‡Ž‡ – ƒ† —•‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡’‘”–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ
–”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‘•– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡••Ǥ 
™ƒ•‘ǯ• ™‘”ǡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‘•–‘ˆƒ ‡••™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ
–Š‡‡†ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ‘ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡–‡†–‘—•‡‘”‘––‘—•‡ƒ•›•–‡–‘–Š‡
‡š–‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Œ‘„ „‡––‡” ȋ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
4
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ȍǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘—•‡ƒ•›•–‡ ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›
ƒˆˆ‡ – •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ȌǤ ‘”‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ
†‡ˆ‹‡†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat
usingaparticularsystemwouldenhancehisorherjobperformanceǤ
‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat
usingaparticularsystemwouldbefreeofphysicalandmentaleffort.
ƒ˜‹•–Š‡ǡ’”‘ ‡‡†‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡
Developing measurement scales for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of
use
‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– • ƒŽ‡• ˆ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ
ƒ˜‹• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’•› Š‘‡–”‹ • ƒŽ‡• —•‡† ‹ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ Š‡•‡ • ƒŽ‡•
–›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ’”‘’– ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘˜ƒ”‹‘—• “—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹ –‘ƒ ‰‹˜‡
‘–‡š–Ǥ‡•’‘•‡•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡’”‘’–• ƒ–Š‡„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ǡƒ†—•‡†ƒ•ƒ
‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• ‹–‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ǡ
ƒ˜‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Š‹•’•› Š‘‡–”‹ • ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”„‘–Š’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‹–Š”‡‡•–ƒ‰‡•ǣƒ’”‡–‡•–‹‰’Šƒ•‡ǡƒ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ǡƒ†ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›
‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡƒ†‡ƒ Š–‹‡Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†”‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡• ƒŽ‡•Ǥ
 –Š‡ ’”‡–‡•–‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ͳͷ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ‘’—–‡” —•‡”• –‘
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ͳͶ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ™‘—Ž† „‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ
—•‡ǡ ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ • •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͳ ƒ† ʹǡ ‡ƒ Š „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ Šƒ† ͳͶ •–ƒ–‡‡–• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ –ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ƒ„Ž‡ͳ
Initialscaleitemsforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,p.324)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ˆ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ
›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†„‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘’‡”ˆ‘”™‹–Š‘—–‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽǤ
ʹ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”›™‘”Ǥ
͵
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ
Ͷ
Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡ ƒ††”‡••‡•›Œ‘„Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡‡†•Ǥ
ͷ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•ƒ˜‡•‡–‹‡Ǥ
͸
Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡“—‹ Ž›Ǥ
͹
Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•—’’‘”–• ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͺ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽƒŽŽ‘™•‡–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‘”‡™‘”–Šƒ™‘—Ž†
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͻ
ͳͲ
ͳͳ
ͳʹ
ͳ͵
ͳͶ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž”‡†— ‡•–Š‡–‹‡ •’‡†‘—’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‡Šƒ ‡•›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘” †‘Ǥ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•›’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Žƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ
5
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
ƒ„Ž‡ʹ
Initialscaleitemsforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,p.324)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡
ͳ
‘ˆ–‡„‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ—•‡†™Š‡ —•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ʹ
ƒ‡‡””‘”•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›™Š‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽǤ
͵
–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ
Ͷ
‡‡†–‘ ‘•—Ž––Š‡—•‡”ƒ—ƒŽ‘ˆ–‡™Š‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽǤ
ͷ
–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ›‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
͸
ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘”‡ ‘˜‡”ˆ”‘‡””‘”•‡ ‘—–‡”‡†™Š‹Ž‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽǤ
͹
Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–ŠǤ
ͺ
ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡––Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡–‘†‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ–‹––‘†‘Ǥ
ͻ
Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‘ˆ–‡„‡Šƒ˜‡•‹—‡š’‡ –‡†™ƒ›•Ǥ
ͳͲ
ˆ‹†‹– —„‡”•‘‡–‘—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ͳͳ
›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ
ͳʹ
–‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘”‡‡„‡”Š‘™–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–ƒ••—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž
•›•–‡Ǥ
ͳ͵
Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡’”‘˜‹†‡•Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‰—‹†ƒ ‡‹’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰–ƒ••Ǥ
ͳͶ
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ
Š‡’”‡–‡•–’Šƒ•‡ƒ••‡••‡†–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹ ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•ǡƒ† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†–Š‡‹
Ž—•–‡”• ‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• •— Š –Šƒ–ǡ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ —”ƒ–‡
‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž›
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‘‡ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– †‹† ‘– Ž—•–‡” ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡• ™‡”‡
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰”‡ƒ‹‹‰‘‡• ™‡”‡”‡’Š”ƒ•‡† –‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ–‡
‹–‡• ƒŽ‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•͵ƒ†ͶǤ
ƒ„Ž‡͵
Revised10itemscaleforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,Table3,p.326)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘” †‘Ǥ
ʹ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”›™‘”Ǥ
͵
Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡“—‹ Ž›Ǥ
Ͷ
Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•—’’‘”–• ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͷ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•›’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
͸
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ
͹
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽƒŽŽ‘™•‡–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‘”‡™‘”–Šƒ™‘—Ž†
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͺ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‡Šƒ ‡•›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
ͻ
•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Žƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͳͲ
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ
6
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
ƒ„Ž‡Ͷ
Revised10itemscaleforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,Table4,p.326)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡
ͳ
ˆ‹†‹– —„‡”•‘‡–‘—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ʹ
‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
͵
–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ
Ͷ
ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡––Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡–‘†‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ–‹––‘†‘Ǥ
ͷ
Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–ŠǤ
͸
–‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘”‡‡„‡”Š‘™–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–ƒ••—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž
•›•–‡Ǥ
͹
–‡”ƒ –‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ›‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
ͺ
›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹• Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
ͻ
ˆ‹†‹––ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘„‡ ‘‡•‹ŽŽˆ—Žƒ–—•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹ŽǤ
ͳͲ
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ ˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ
‘–‡•––Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ͳͲ‹–‡• ƒŽ‡•ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ‘†— –‡†ƒ
ˆ‹‡Ž† •–—†› ™‹–Š ͳͳʹ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹ ‘”‘–‘ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǤ ƒ˜‹• ”‡“—‡•–‡†
–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ • ƒŽ‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͵ ƒ† Ͷ –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ†
‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ •›•–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› —•‹‰ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘—Ž†ƒ••‹‰ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆͳ–‘͹‘ƒŽ‹‡”–• ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡
’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͵ ƒ† Ͷǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ͳ ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–”‘‰Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ͹
‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– •–”‘‰ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ ƒ–‹‰ • ƒŽ‡• ‹
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‡š–”‡‡•ǡ ͳ ƒ† ͹ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ˜ƒ”›‹‰ †‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ
‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ—•‹‰’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ
—Ž–‹–”ƒ‹–Ǧ‡–Š‘†ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡƒ†ˆƒ –‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͲ• ƒŽ‡‹–‡•–‡•–‡†ǤŽŽ–Š‡–‡•–••Š‘™‡†ƒŠ‹‰Š”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳͲ
‹–‡• ƒŽ‡•Ǥ
ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͻȌƒŽ•‘ƒ•‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ˆ”‘ –‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
–™‘•›•–‡•–Š‡›™‡”‡”ƒ–‹‰ǡ—•‹‰ƒ• ƒŽ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›Œœ‡ƒ† ‹•Š„‡‹ȋͳͻͺͲȌˆ‘”
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ Š‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ
ƒ––‹–—†‡–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–‘™ƒ”†ƒ•›•–‡‘ƒ•‡˜‡’‘‹–• ƒŽ‡™‹–Š‹†Ǧ’‘‹–
Žƒ„‡Ž‡†Dz‡—–”ƒŽdzƒ••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ
ŽŽ–Š‹‰• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡ›—•‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ƒ‹Ž‹›Œ‘„‹•ǣ
‡—–”ƒŽ
‘‘† ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ƒ†
‹•‡ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ
‘‘Ž‹•Š
ƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡
ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡
‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ
ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ
ƒ”ˆ—ŽǢƒ†
‘•‹–‹˜‡
ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ –—ƒŽ—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•‘ƒ•‹š
’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Žƒ„‡Ž•ǣ
7
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
Don’tuseatall,Uselessthanonceeachweek,Useaboutonceeachweek,Useseveraltimes
aweek,UseaboutonceeachdayandUseseveraltimeseachday.
‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ–ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š
„‘–Š’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•‹—•‡ƒ– ǡ
–Š—• ‘ˆ‹”‹‰ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘†‡Žȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ™‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ† ”‡ˆ‹‡† „‘–Š ͳͲ ‹–‡ • ƒŽ‡• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –™‘
•Š‘”–‡”•‹š‹–‡• ƒŽ‡•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–‡‡’‹‰–Š‡• ƒŽ‡••Š‘”–™‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ —•‡† –Š‡ ’‡ƒ”ƒǦ”‘™ ’”‘’Š‡ › ˆ‘”—Žƒ –‘
”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹–‡• –‘ •‹š •‘ ƒ• –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒ Ǥͻ͹ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡•‹š‹–‡• ƒŽ‡••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͷƒ†͸Ǥ
ƒ„Ž‡ͷ
Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedusefulnesswordedtowardsCHARTMASTER
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ
•‹‰ Ǧ‹›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡‡–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡
“—‹ Ž›Ǥ
ʹ
•‹‰ Ǧ™‘—Ž†‹’”‘˜‡›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ
͵
•‹‰ Ǧ‹›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡›’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
Ͷ
•‹‰ Ǧ™‘—Ž†‡Šƒ ‡›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
ͷ
•‹‰ Ǧ™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ
͸
™‘—Ž†ˆ‹† ̴—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ
ƒ„Ž‡͸
Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedeaseofusewordedtowardsCHARTMASTER
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ
‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
ʹ
™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡– Ǧ–‘†‘™Šƒ– ™ƒ––‘†‘Ǥ
͵
›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
Ͷ
™‘—Ž†ˆ‹† ǦˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–ŠǤ
ͷ
–™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘„‡ ‘‡•‹ŽŽˆ—Žƒ–—•‹‰ ǦǤ
͸
™‘—Ž†ˆ‹† Ǧ‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ
ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ —•‡† –Š‡•‡ •‹š ‹–‡ • ƒŽ‡• –‘ ‘†— – ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› •–—†› ™‹–Š ͶͲ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž •Š‘™ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ Š‡ •›•–‡•
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†™‡”‡–™‘ Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰”ƒ’Š‹ ••›•–‡•ǡŠƒ”–Ǧƒ•–‡”ƒ†‡Ǧ†”ƒ™ǡ™Š‹ Š
–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• Šƒ† ‡˜‡” —•‡†Ǥ  –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ™ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ˆ‹†‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡”
–Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ› ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‹š ‹–‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
’”‡†‹ –‡† —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‘ǡ Š‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ ‘‡ Š‘—” Šƒ†•Ǧ‘
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ Š •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š•›•–‡•Ǥ
‡”‡–‘‘ǡŠ‡—•‡†–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒŽ‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ–‘
‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•”‡’‘”–‡†–Š‡‹”•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹ –‡†ˆ—–—”‡—•‡‘ˆ„‘–Š•›•–‡•„›ƒ•™‡”‹‰–Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‡•–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ
8
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
••—‹‰ Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘›Œ‘„ǡ ’”‡†‹ ––Šƒ–
™‹ŽŽ—•‡‹–‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹•‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡“—‡•–‹‘„›”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‡†‹ –‡†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡
•›•–‡ ‘ –™‘ •‡˜‡Ǧ’‘‹– • ƒŽ‡•ǡ ‘‡ ™‹–Š Ž‹‡Ž›Ǧ—Ž‹‡Ž› ‡†Ǧ’‘‹– ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ –Š‡
‘–Š‡”ǡ™‹–Š‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡‡†’‘‹–ƒ†Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
› ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹ Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ˆ‘—† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡• ƒŽ‡•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹ –‡†ˆ—–—”‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ˜‹•—•‡†
”‡‰”‡••‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‡†‹Š‹•‘†‡ŽǤŽ‘‰
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ †‹• ‘˜‡” ‘–Š‡”
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡š’‡ –‡†–‘„‡‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ
ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍ –Š—•ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ™Šƒ– Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‡†‹ –‡†ǡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡ –‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ƒ –—ƒŽ•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡŠ‡
ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– •›•–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘—Ž† †‹”‡ –Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘
–‘™ƒ”†—•‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”•‘–‘ˆ‘”ƒƒ –—ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ„‘—–
–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ
Perceived
Usefulness
Attitude
Actual
System
Toward
System
Using
Use
Perceived
EaseofUse
Linkhypothesizedinsignificantbutfound
significant
‹‰—”‡Ͷǣ‡™”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‹ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͵ǡ’ǤͶͺͳȌǤ
‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹ †‡’–Š –Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ
TAMevolving
ƒ–‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ™‘—Ž† ‹ Ž—†‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡™ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ–
™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹
ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ ƒ˜‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ•‡• ™Š‡ǡ
‰‹˜‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Žǡ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹‰Š– ˆ‘” ƒ •–”‘‰
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘–‘—•‡–Š‡•›•–‡™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ›ƒ––‹–—†‡ǡ–Š—•‰‹˜‹‰”‹•‡–‘
ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ
9
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
Perceived
Usefulness
(U)
Attitude
Toward
Using(A)
External
Variables
Behavioral
Intentionto
Use(BI)
Actual
System
Use
Perceived
EaseofUse
(E)
‹‰—”‡ͷǣ ‹”•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆȋƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡͳͻͺͻǡ’ǤͻͺͷȌ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ —•‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‘†— – ƒ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
•–—†› ™‹–Š ͳͲ͹ —•‡”• –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡–‹‘ –‘ —•‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ‘‡ Š‘—”
‹–”‘†— –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ‹ ͳͶ ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ  „‘–Š ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡‹” ”‡•—Ž–•
‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ •–”‘‰ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† •›•–‡
—•ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•
‹–‡–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •ƒŽŽ „—– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
‡ˆˆ‡ –‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘™Š‹ ŠŽƒ–‡”•—„•‹†‡†‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‹†‹‰™ƒ•
–Šƒ– „‘–Š ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹”‡ –
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ǡ –Š—• ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘•–”— –
ˆ”‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‘†‡Ž‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ
‹‰—”‡͸ǣ ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆȋ‡ƒ–‡•ŠƬƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡ’ǤͶͷ͵Ȍ
Š—•ǡ „› ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘•–”— – ƒ† ‹–”‘†— ‹‰ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘
‘•–”— –ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘ƒ –—ƒŽ
•›•–‡—•‡ǡƒ•™ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡Ͷǡ ‘—Ž†„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ”‡‘˜‹‰
–Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡† ƒ› —‡š’Žƒ‹‡† †‹”‡ – ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
•›•–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • –‘ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‘†‡Žǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ š–‡”ƒŽ
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹ Ž—†‡† •›•–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ —•‡” –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ —•‡” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹
†‡•‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ȋ‡ƒ–‡•ŠƬƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ
‹–Š–Š‹•ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‹’Žƒ ‡ǡˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” ŠŽ‡†–‘ͳȌ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒ†–‡•–‹‰‹–•
’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǢʹȌ ‘’ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž••— Šƒ•–Š‡
Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌǢ ͵Ȍ
ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡––‹‰••— Šƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›• ‡ƒ”‹‘•ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
10
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
ƒ† —Ž–—”‡•Ǣƒ†ͶȌ‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡••— Šƒ••—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡
‘”ȋȌǡ‡š–”‹•‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ
ReplicatingTAMandtestingitspossiblelimitations
‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ™ƒ• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– „› †ƒ•ǡ ‡Ž•‘ ƒ† ‘††
ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤŠ‡› ƒ””‹‡†„‘–Šˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘–‡•–ǯ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹
‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ‡ƒ‹Žǡ ˜‘‹ ‡ ƒ‹Žǡ ™‘”† ’‡”ˆ‡ –ǡ ‘–—•
ͳʹ͵ǡƒ† ƒ”˜ƒ”†‰”ƒ’Š‹ •Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†—•‡†ƒ–ƒ
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ –—ƒŽ—•‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–—†›
‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‹–• ‘•‹•–‡ › ‹ ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰
•›•–‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ
‡†”‹ •‘ǡƒ••‡›ƒ†”‘ƒȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”–‡•–‡†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‹–‡•
—•‡†–‘‡ƒ•—”‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‹ǤŠ‡› ƒ””‹‡†
‘—–ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Šͳʹ͵—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•™Š‘™‡”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ
ƒ† ƒ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡– ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† —•‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡• –‘
’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ –‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•– ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‡†”‹ •‘ǡ ƒ••‡›ǡ ƒ† ”‘ƒ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ˆ‘” „‘–Š
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ –Š‡ • ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
–‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ —„”ƒƒ‹ƒ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ˜‘‹ ‡ ƒ‹Ž
ƒ† —•–‘‡”†‹ƒŽ—’•›•–‡•‹ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Šͳ͹ͻ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‘”‡”•ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†
‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•—Ž–•”‡’‘”–‡†‹•–—†‹‡•Ǥ
ƒ˜‹•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡•Šȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ ‘ˆ‹”‡†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ „› ˜‡”‹ˆ›‹‰
™Š‡–Š‡”‰”‘—’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‹–‡•‹–”‘†— ‡†‡””‘”•‹’”‡†‹ –‹‰—•ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡› ƒ””‹‡†
‘—– ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‹–Š ͳͻͷ •–—†‡–• „› ‡š’‘•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‹–‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ•‹‰’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•
–‘ ”ƒ–‡ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •›•–‡ —•‹‰ –™‘ • ƒŽ‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–• ‰”‘—’‡† „› ‡‹–Š‡”
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ • ƒŽ‡•ǡ ™‹–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–• ˆ‘” „‘–Š ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ†
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹š‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ˜‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ˆ‘—†
–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡•
™Š‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •–ƒ–‡‡–• ™ƒ• Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ƒ† ‡ƒ–‡•Š
‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– †—‡ –‘
‹–‡• ‰”‘—’‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ ˜‡”„ƒŽ ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž• ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– †—”‹‰ –Š‡
‡š’‡”‹‡– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‡”‡ ‘”‡ ‘ˆ—•‡† ™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– • ƒŽ‡
‹–‡• ˆ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™‡”‡ ‹š‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Š—•ǡ
ƒ˜‹•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡•Š”‡ ‘‡†‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”ǡ
ƒ•™ƒ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͷƒ†͸Ǥ
Comparing TAM with the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned
Behavior
ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ‘’ƒ”‡† –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™‹–Š –Š‡
Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ ȋȌˆ‘”’”‡†‹ –‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ ͳͲ͹•–—†‡–•‹
—•‹‰ƒ™‘”†’”‘ ‡••‹‰•›•–‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‘‡ǦŠ‘—”‡š’‘•—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡•›•–‡ǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹
ͳͶ ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ „‘–Š ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡†
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•–‘’”‡†‹ ––Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘—•‡–Š‡™‘”†’”‘ ‡••‘”Ǥ
11
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
–Š‡ Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘‘†‡ŽŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ ˆ‘—†
–Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘” ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† –™‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Š‹•
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒȌ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– • ƒŽ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ’•› Š‘‡–”‹ •–ƒ†’‘‹–ǡ ƒ† „Ȍ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ™‘”† ’”‘ ‡••‘”• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ˜‡”› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ†
’‡”•‘ƒŽǢ–Š—•ǡ–Š‡‹”—•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡••‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ‘ Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ — Š •‹’Ž‡” ƒ† Ž‡•• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘
‹’Ž‡‡–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•™‡”‡ ‘–‡š–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡–™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‘™‘”†’”‘ ‡••‘”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡• ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ
ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡†
‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› Œœ‡ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘†‡Ž ‹•
˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘‘†‡Žǡ‡š ‡’––Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ ‘—–
–Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘•–”— –ǣ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ȋȌǡ ™Š‹ Š ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡
’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „›
–Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –™‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǣ ‘–”‘Ž „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘–”‘Ž „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•
‹ Ž—†‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡• –‘ –Š‡
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ †‡’‹ –• –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
Žƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
BehavioralBeliefs
and
OutcomeEvaluations
Attitude
NormativeBeliefs
and
MotivationtoComply
Subjective
Norms
ControlBeliefs
and
PerceivedFacilitation
Perceived
Behavioral
Control
Intention
Behavior
‹‰—”‡͹ǣŠ‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋȌȋƒ–Š‹‡•‘ǡͳͻͻͳǡ’Ǥͳ͹ͷȌ
ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ „‘–Š ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
Žƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ˆ‘”’”‡†‹ –‹‰–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆʹ͸ʹ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹—•‹‰ƒ•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹ ‡‘’”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ƒŽ‡•‡š‹•–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽƒ‡†
‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‡••‹‘™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‘•‡•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–
™‘—Ž† „‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ —†‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • †‹• —••‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ
‹Š‡”‡– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘‘†‡ŽǤ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– „‘–Š ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‡”‡
•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‡†‹ –•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ
12
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Žǡ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌ ‘†‡Ž
’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• –Šƒ– ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡
•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡„‡‹‰ƒ‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š‘†‡ŽŠƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
‹†‡’‡†‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ƒ’–—”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ǡ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ‘•–”— – ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’
‹†‡–‹ˆ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ „ƒ””‹‡”•–‘•›•–‡—•‡ •— Šƒ•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹ —•‡” •‹ŽŽ•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ
–Š‡‘†‡ŽƒŽ•‘ ‘—Ž†‹†‡–‹ˆ›‰”‘—’•™Š‘•‡‘’‹‹‘•‹‰Š–„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ˆ—–—”‡—•‡”•
–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”• ‘•–”— –Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡†
‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘†‡Ž ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘Ž› „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ •›•–‡ǡ ‘”‡
ƒ —”ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ™ƒ•ƒ•‹’Ž‡”‘†‡Ž–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ› •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘Ž› „”‘ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—–
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ
‡–ǡ †—‡ –‘ ‹–• •‹’Ž‹ ‹–› ƒ† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‘”‡ ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡
–Šƒ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡† –‹‘‘”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡”
‡ˆˆ‘”–•Žƒ–‡” ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‘‡‹–Š‡”ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡––‹‰•‘”‡š–‡†‹‰
–‘‹ Ž—†‡‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ
AdaptingandextendingTAM
‹–Š‘”‡–Šƒ͹ͲͲ ‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘Š‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”ǡƒ˜‹•ǯ”‡•‡ƒ” Šȋƒ˜‹•ǡ
ͳͻͺͻȌŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†‹ƒ›™ƒ›•Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
ƒ––‡’–•–‘ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•ǤŠ‡‘•–”‡ ‡–‘‡‹•
„› ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹•–‡” ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ™Š‘ †‹† ƒ ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ͳͶͷ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹••–—†‹‡• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹Šƒ”’ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ‹‰ƒ†
‡ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡƒ ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ” ƒ† ƒ”•‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ƒ†ǡ ‡‰”‹•ǡ ‰Šƒ ƒ†
‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ƒ„Ž‡ ͹ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ
‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†•‡––‹‰•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š™ƒ•—•‡†Ǥ
ƒ„Ž‡͹
Applications, participants, country and setting used for applying TAM (Yousafzai et al.,
2007), Sharp, 2006, King et al., 2006, Ma et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2003, and, Legris et al.,
2003)
ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ šƒ’Ž‡•
’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•
ƒ‹Žǡ ˜‘‹ ‡ƒ‹Žǡ ˆƒšǡ †‹ƒŽǦ—’ •›•–‡ǡ ‡Ǧ ‘‡” ‡
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰”‘—’™ƒ”‡ǡ ™‘”† ’”‘ ‡••‘”ǡ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ǡ
’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ ƒ•‡ –‘‘Ž•ǡ
Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ ǡ ‡ ‹•‹‘ •—’’‘”– •›•–‡ǡ š’‡”– •—’’‘”–
•›•–‡ǡƒ†–‡Ž‡‡†‹ ‹‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
‘—–”›
ǡ ǡ ƒ‹™ƒǡ ‘‰ ‘‰ǡ ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†ǡ ƒ’ƒǡ
—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ —”‡›ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǡ —™‡‹–ǡ ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ ”ƒ ‡ǡ
‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ǡŠ‹ƒǡƒ† ‹Žƒ†Ǥ
›’‡‘ˆ–—†›
ƒ„•–—†›ǡ ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ƒ†‡„•—”˜‡›•
ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•
–—†‡–• ȋ—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•Ȍǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡
™‘”‡”•ǡ ’Š›•‹ ‹ƒ•ǡ „ƒ ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡”
ƒƒŽ›•–•ǡ ˜‡†‘”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ ‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ‡”•ǡ
‹–‡”‡–—•‡”•ǡ„”‘‡”•ǡƒ†•ƒŽ‡•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–•Ǥ
‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘—† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘–‘—•‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •›•–‡ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†
‹š‡† ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹”‡ – ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† —•ƒ‰‡
13
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •–”‘‰ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒ• ƒ
‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ’”‡†‹ –‹‰ •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ‘—Ž† ‘– ‰‘ „‡›‘†
–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–‡•–Šƒ–‡ƒ•—”‡†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ –™ƒ•
–Š—•ǡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘•– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ ˆ‘ —•‡†
‘Ž› ‘ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› •‡––‹‰•Ǥ ‘
ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡š–‡†‡†Ǥ
‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡š–‡•‹‘•„”‘—‰Š––‘‹•„›‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•ȋʹͲͲͲȌ™Š‘
’”‘’‘•‡†–Š‡ʹ‘†‡Ž•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͹Ǥ‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ–
Šƒ† •‘‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š ƒ ’‡”•‘ ™‘—Ž† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡ ƒ
‰‹˜‡•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Žǡƒ†•‘–Š‡›’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͳ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††‡†ƒ•
ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‹• ‡™ ‘†‡Žǡ
–Š‡ ʹ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆʹ‹ƒƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡––‹‰Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡› ‘†— –‡†ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Š
ͳͷ͸ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ™‘”‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ —•‡† ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •›•–‡•ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ˆ‘”
˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› —•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –™‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† —•‡”
’‡” ‡’–‹‘• ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ ƒ– –Š”‡‡ ’‘‹–• ‹ –‹‡ǣ ’”‡Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘‡
‘–Š’‘•–Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š”‡‡‘–Š•’‘•–Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‹‰—”‡͹ǣʹȋ‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•ǡʹͲͲͲȌ
•‹‰ –Š‡ ʹ ‘†‡Ž ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ˆ‘—†ƒ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—ŽǤŠ‡‹””‡•—Ž–•ƒŽ•‘
‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ʹ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ™‡ŽŽ ‹ „‘–Š ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ†ƒ–‘”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–•
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š ‡’–‹‘ –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘” Šƒ† ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› •‡––‹‰• „—– †‹† ‹
ƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡––‹‰•Ǥ
•‡ ‘† ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• „› ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ•
‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡
1
Descriptionsfor–Š‡‡™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š
14
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
‘†‡ŽǤ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͺǡ‡ƒ–‡•Š‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–™‘ƒ‹‰”‘—’•‘ˆƒ–‡ ‡†‡–•
ˆ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǣ ƒ Š‘”• ƒ† ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•Ǥ  Š‘”• ™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ•
‰‡‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ„‘—– ‘’—–‡”• ƒ† ‘’—–‡” —•ƒ‰‡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ™‡”‡
‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•Šƒ’‡†„ƒ•‡†‘†‹”‡ –‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–•›•–‡Ǥ
 „‘–Š ‰”‘—’•ǡ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ʹ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘•–Ž›
†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‡ ‡†ƒ–•–‘’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡
ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡ ͳͻͻʹǡ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌ
–‡•–‡† Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‹ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ʹͶ͸ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ƒ† –Š”‡‡
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• –ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ –Š”‡‡Ǧ‘–Š ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† •–”‘‰
•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡Ǥ
‹‰—”‡ͺǣš–‡†‹‰–‘‹ Ž—†‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ˆ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ȋ‡ƒ–‡•Šǡ
ʹͲͲͲȌ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡†–Š‡”‘„—•–‡••‘ˆ–Š‡
‘†‡Žǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘†‡ŽǤ ›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‹–‹ ‹•• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š”‡‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ͳȌ –Š‡
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› —•‡† ˆ‘” –‡•–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘†‡Žǡ ʹȌ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• –Šƒ–
‡š‹•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘†‡Žǡƒ†͵Ȍ–Š‡ ‘”‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡
‘†‡ŽǤ
2
Descriptionsf‘”–Š‡‡™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š
15
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
LimitationsinthemethodologyusedfortestingtheTAMmodel
‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ ”‹–‹ ‹••ˆ‘”•–—†‹‡•‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž‹•–Šƒ–•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†—•‡†ƒ–ƒ
ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ •›•–‡ —•‡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ ƒ –—ƒŽ —•‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ • •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•
’‘‹–‡† ‘—–ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• ƒ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ ƒ† ‹• –Š—• —”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹
‡ƒ•—”‹‰ƒ –—ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡ȋ‡‰”‹•ǡ ‰Šƒƒ†‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ
ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹•–‡” ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ› •–—†‹‡• ‘ ‡’Ž‘› •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ‘ ƒ‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†
‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡• ƒ‘–„‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†
–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ȋ‡‡ǡ‘œƒ”ǡƬƒ”•‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•ƒ›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•ƒ”‰—‡ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ›
Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”ƒ†‡•ǡ ”‡™ƒ”†•ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‘ ȋ‡‰”‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ
ʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹ǡƒ†‡‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”
‘ˆ•–—†‹‡• ƒ””‹‡†‘ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹ ––Š‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•ǡ
˜‡”› ˆ‡™ •–—†‹‡• ‘•‹†‡”‡† •›•–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› —•‡ ȋ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ
ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•‡––‹‰•ǡ‘•–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—•—ƒŽŽ›”‡“—‹”‡—•‡”•–‘—•‡–Š‡
•›•–‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ȋ‡‡ƒ–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
LimitationsinthevariablesandrelationshipspresentwithintheTAMmodel
ƒ‰ƒ†‘‘ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘•›•–‡—•‡ǡ
ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‡› ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž „—– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™
ȋͳͻͺͻȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡†ǡ –™‘ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ ™‡”‡
‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥƒ‰ƒ†‘‘ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ•—”˜‡›ƒ•‹‰”‡•’‘†‡–•–‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
ƒ•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ††ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•—”˜‡›“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–
ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‹† ‘– •Š‘™ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ –‘ ’”‡†‹ –
•›•–‡—•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –„› ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡™ƒ•˜‡”›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ǥ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ”‘™ǡƒ••‡›ǡ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹••ǡƒ†—”ƒȋʹͲͲʹȌ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›
–‘”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡‹–Š‡„ƒ‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›—•‡
‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ǡ ”‘™ǡ ƒ••‡›ǡ ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹•• ƒ†ǡ —”ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‹ ƒ ‘–‡š–
™Š‡”‡—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ
‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹’ƒ –‘•›•–‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡–Šƒ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ‹ƒ†ƒ–‘”›
•‡––‹‰•ǤŠ‡‹””‡•—Ž– ‘–”ƒ•–•™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹
˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›•‡––‹‰ǡ‹™Š‹ Š’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••™ƒ••‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Šƒ
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘•›•–‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ
—”–‘Ǧ ‘‡•ƒ† —„‘ƒȋʹͲͲ͸ȌƒŽ•‘”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†„›ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ƒ•—”˜‡›–‘ͳʹͷ
‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‘ˆƒ ‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡ ›Ǥ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†ǡ
—•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –™‘ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ƒ† ƒƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–•
‘„–ƒ‹‡†•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ›‘–‡†‹ƒ–‡
ƒŽŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡• ˆ”‘ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”• ‘ •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ •‘‡
‡š–‡”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”••— Šƒ••›•–‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡ –
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ
LimitationsinthetheoreticalfoundationfortheTAMmodel
ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ’‘‘” –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†
ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘•–”— –• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ Ǥ ‡ “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ
•–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘Ǧƒ –—ƒŽ —•‡ Ž‹ǡ ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡
‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽǤ •–‡ƒ†ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ
‡ƒ• –‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‰‘ƒŽǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ Š‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ› ‘– „‡
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‘—‰Š ‘ˆ ƒ –—ƒŽ —•‡ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ†
16
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ — ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ƒ
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ƒ†‘’– ƒ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒŽ•‘ “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
†‡–‡”‹‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” „› ƒ††‹‰ —’ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ˆ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡Ǥ ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹‰Š– „‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‹‡–
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–Š—ƒ‡‘”›‹‰Š–‘–™‘”‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•
™‡”‡’”‘ ‡••‡†‹Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ”‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ †‡–‡”‹‹•–‹ ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•ƒ –™ƒ•ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡–‘–ƒŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†„›Š‹•‘”Š‡”‹–‡–‹‘–‘ƒ –Ǥ—–
ƒ•ƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ”‰—‡†ǡƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•‹–‡–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ
™Š‹ Š ‹‰Š– †‹”‡ – –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ‹–‡–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ –‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡŠ‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘†‡Ž ‘—Ž†‘–„‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
ˆ‘”‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ†’”‡†‹ –‹‰•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ
Conclusions
Š‡ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‹†‡‡† ƒ ˜‡”› ’‘’—Žƒ” ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ ƒ†
’”‡†‹ –‹‰ •›•–‡ —•‡Ǥ ‘ †ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡• ‘
ǡ„—–™Š‹Ž‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‘”›”‡•—Ž–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡’–‹ ‹••
•Šƒ”‡† ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ —”ƒ › ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‹– ‹• –‡’–‹‰ –‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ ƒ› Šƒ˜‡
”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ •— Š –Šƒ– ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘ —• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‡™
‘†‡Ž• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‡š’Ž‘‹– –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ™Š‹Ž‡ †‹• ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–•
™‡ƒ‡••‡•Ǥ
Acknowledgements
™‹•Š–‘•‹ ‡”‡Ž›–Šƒ”Ž‹ ‡‘„„‹ˆ‘”Š‡”˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡–•‹–Š‡™”‹–‡—’‘ˆ
–Š‹•”‡˜‹‡™’ƒ’‡”Ǥ
Bibliography
†ƒ•ǡǤǡ‡Ž•‘ǡǤƬ‘††ǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣƒ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǤMISQuarterlyǡ16ȋʹȌǡʹʹ͹ǦʹͶ͹Ǥ
Œœ‡ǡ ǤǡƬ ‹•Š„‡‹ǡǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ†’”‡†‹ –‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
‰Ž‡™‘‘†Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ ǣ”‡–‹ ‡Ǧ ƒŽŽǤ
œŒ‡ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ”‘‹–‡–‹‘•–‘ƒ –‹‘•ǣ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  Ǥ—ŠŽǡƬ Ǥ
‡ ƒȋ†•ǤȌǡ –‹‘ ‘–”‘Žǣ ”‘ ‘‰‹–‹‘–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ’”‹‰‡”Ǧ
‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ
Œœ‡ǡ ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤOrganizationalBehaviourandHuman
DecisionProcesses,50ȋʹȌǡͳ͹ͻǦʹͳͳǤ
ƒ‰‘œœ‹ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡Ž‡‰ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žƒ†ƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”
ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–ǤJournaloftheAssociationforInformationSystemsǡ8ȋͶȌǡʹͶͶȂʹͷͶǤ
ƒ†—”ƒǡǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ‡ŽˆǦˆˆ‹ ƒ ›‡ Šƒ‹•‹ —ƒ‰‡ ›ǤAmericanPsychologist,
37ȋʹȌͳʹʹǦͳͶ͹Ǥ
17
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
”‘™ǡǤǡƒ••‡›ǡǤǡ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹••ǡǤǡƬ—”ƒǡ ǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‘ ”‡ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡–‘ǫǤ
Useracceptanceofmandatedtechnology.EuropeanJr.ofISǡ11ǡʹͺ͵ǦͻͷǤ
—”–‘Ǧ ‘‡•ǡǤǡƬ —„‘ƒǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡‡†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡ŽǡInformation&Management.43ȋ͸Ȍǡ͹Ͳ͸Ȃ͹ͳ͹Ǥ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žˆ‘”‡’‹”‹ ƒŽŽ›–‡•–‹‰‡™‡†Ǧ—•‡”
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•ǣ–Š‡‘”›ƒ†”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ –‘”ƒŽ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Ž‘ƒ
Š‘‘Ž‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡǤ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǡƒ†—•‡”ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǤMISQuarterlyǡ13ȋ͵Ȍǡ͵ͳͻǦͶͲǤ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ•‡”ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘’—–‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ•›•–‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ—•‡”
’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ǤInt.J.ManMachineStudiesǡ38(͵ȌǡͶ͹ͷǦͺ͹Ǥ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤƬ‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–„‹ƒ•‡•
‹–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ–Š”‡‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǤInt.J.HumanComputerStudies,
45ȋͳȌǡͳͻǦͶͷǤ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ǡǤǤǡƬƒ”•Šƒ™ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ•‡”ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘’—–‡”
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ–™‘–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ǤManagementScience,35ȋͺȌǡͻͺʹǦ
ͳͲͲ͵Ǥ
ƒ˜‹•ǡ Ǥǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ǡǤƬƒ”•Šƒ™ǡǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤš–”‹•‹ ƒ†‹–”‹•‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘—•‡
‘’—–‡”•‹–Š‡™‘”’Žƒ ‡ǤJournalofAppliedSocialPsychology,22(ͳͶȌǡͳͳͳͳǦ͵ʹǤ
‹•Š„‡‹ǡǤǡƬŒœ‡ǡ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ––‹–—†‡ǡ –‡–‹‘ǡƒ†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǣ –”‘†— –‹‘
–‘Š‡‘”›ƒ†‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ‡ƒ†‹‰ǡǣ††‹•‘Ǧ‡•Ž‡›Ǥ
‡†”‹ •‘ǡǤǤǡƒ••‡›ǡǤǤǡƬ”‘ƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ–Š‡–‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•–”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡• ƒŽ‡ǤMISQuarterly,17(ʹȌǡʹʹ͹Ǧ͵ͲǤ
‹‰ǡǤǡǤǡƬ ‡Ǥǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǡ
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǤͶ͵ȋ͸Ȍǡ͹ͶͲȂ͹ͷͷ
ƒ” ‡”ǡǤ ǤǡƬ‡••‹‰ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ‡” ‡‹˜‡†•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣ
•› Š‘‡–”‹ šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤDecisionSciences,11ȋͳȌǡͳʹͳǦͳ͵ͶǤ
‡‡ǡǤǡ‘œƒ”ǡǤǤƬƒ”•‡ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ’ƒ•–ǡ
’”‡•‡–ǡƒ†ˆ—–—”‡ǤCommunicationsoftheAIS,12ȋͷͲȌǡ͹ͷʹǦͺͲǤ
‡‰”‹•ǡǤǡ ‰Šƒǡ ǤǡƬ‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ›‘‡‘’Ž‡•‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǫ
”‹–‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡ŽǤInformation&Managementǡ40ǡ
ͳͻͳǦʹͲͶǤ
—ǡ ǦǤƬ —•–ƒˆ•‘ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ•–—†›‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘ ‘’—–‡”‹œ‡†•—’’‘”–•›•–‡—•‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤInternational
JournalofInformationManagement.14ȋͷȌǡ͵ͳ͹ǦʹͻǤ
18
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
ƒǡǤƬ‹—ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣƒ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ
ˆ‹†‹‰•ǤJr.ofOrg.,EndUserComputing,16ȋͳȌǡͷͻǦ͹ʹǤ
ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ǡǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ”‡†‹ –‹‰—•‡”‹–‡–‹‘•ǣ ‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡™‹–Š–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
’Žƒ‡†
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤInformationSystemsResearch,2ȋ͵Ȍǡͳ͹͵ǦͻͳǤ
‘„‡›ǡǤȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ•‡”––‹–—†‡•ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡—•‡ǤAcademyof
ManagementJournal22ȋ͵Ȍǡͷʹ͹Ǧͷ͵ͺǤ
Š—Ž–œǡǤǡǤƬŽ‡˜‹ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ‹†‹–›ǣ
’‹”‹ ƒŽ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ’Ž‡‡–‹‰’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‡•‡ƒ” Šƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹‡ ‡ǡ
ǤǤ Š—Ž–œƒ†ǤǤŽ‡˜‹ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ‡”‹ ƒŽ•‡˜‹‡”ǡ‡™‘”ǡǡ’’Ǥͳͷ͵ǦͳͺʹǤ
‹Ž˜ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘•–Ǧ’‘•‹–‹˜‹•–‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡ŽǤJournalofthe
AssociationforInformationSystemsǡͺȋͶȌǡʹͷ͸Ǧʹ͸͸Ǥ
Šƒ”’ǡ Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣƒ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Ž.InformationSystemsEducationJournalǡ5ǡͳǦͳͳǤ
—„”ƒƒ‹ƒǡ Ǥ ǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
—•‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ǤDecisionSciences,25,(ͷȀ͸Ȍǡͺ͸͵Ǧ͹ͶǤ
™ƒ•‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ‡ƒ•—”‹‰•‡”––‹–—†‡•‹ ‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ‡˜‹‡™ǤOmega
InternationalJournalofManagementScience,10ȋʹȌǡͳͷ͹Ǧͳ͸ͷǤ
™ƒ•‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ‡Ž‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†•‡ǤDecisionSciences,
18ȋͳȌǡͳ͵ͳǦͳͶͷǤ
‘”ƒ–œ›ǡǤ Ǥƒ†Ž‡‹ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ ‘˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ† ‘˜ƒ–‹‘
†‘’–‹‘Ǧ ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ‡–ƒǦƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ ‹†‹‰•ǤIEEETransactionson
EngineeringManagement29ȋͳȌǡʹͺǦͶͷǤ
‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡—•‡”’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ǣ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ
‹–”‹•‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤMISQuarterly,23ȋʹȌǡʹ͵ͻǦ͸ͲǤ
‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ‘–”‘Žǡ
‹–”‹•‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡ŽǤInformation
SystemsResearch,11ȋͶȌǡ͵ͶʹǦ͸ͷǤ
‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–•‘ˆ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–‡•–ǤDecisionSciences,27ȋ͵ȌǡͶͷͳǦͶͺͳǤ
‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡
‘†‡Žǣˆ‘—”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†‹‡•ǤManagementScience,46ȋʹȌǡ’’Ǥͳͺ͸ǦʹͲͶǤ
‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤǡ‘””‹•ǡǤǡƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤǡƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•‡”ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ǤMISQuarterly,27ȋ͵ȌǡͶ͹ͻǦͷͲͳǤ
19
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
ƒ‰ǡ ǤǤǡƬ‘‘ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ –̵•ŽŽ„‘—–––‹–—†‡ǣ‡˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡ŽǤDecisionSupportSystems.38ȋͳȌǡͳͻȂ͵ͳ
‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡǤǤǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ ǤǤǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‹•–‡”ǡ Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ǣƒ‡–ƒǦ
ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ǣƒ”–ͳǡJournalofModellinginManagementǡʹȋ3ȌǡʹͷͳǦʹͺͲǤ
20
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡’–ƒ ‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡ –‹‘•
Š—––—”
AppendixA:AntecedantstoPUandPEOUasproposedinextendingTAM
Variable
Definition
Voluntariness
Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹ Š—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›ǡ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡‡™‹ŽŽǤ
Experience
Subjectivenorm
Image
Jobrelevance
Outputquality
Resultdemonstrability
Computerselfefficacy
Perceptionsofexternal
control
Computeranxiety
Computerplayfulness
Perceivedenjoyment
Objectiveusability
”‹‘”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
‡”•‘ǯ•’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡
‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Š‹–Š‹Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘”•Š‘—Ž†‘–
’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹“—‡•–‹‘
Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹ Š—•‡‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
–‘‡Šƒ ‡‘‡ǯ•‹ƒ‰‡‘”•–ƒ–—•‹‘‡ǯ••‘ ‹ƒŽ
•›•–‡
Š‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ•›•–‡–‘‡Šƒ ‡ƒ†
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡
Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡•›•–‡’‡”ˆ‘”•–ƒ••
–Šƒ–ƒ– Š™‹–ŠŒ‘„‰‘ƒŽ•
Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒ†‘’–‹‰Ȁ—•‹‰–Š‡
‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ„Ž‡–‘
‘–Š‡”•
Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–‘‡Šƒ•–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘”‡•‘—” ‡ˆƒ –‘”••— Š
ƒ•–‹‡ƒ†‘‡›ƒ† ‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›‹••—‡•–Šƒ–
ƒ› ‘•–”ƒ‹—•ƒ‰‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǡ‘”‡˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‡
•Š‡ȀŠ‡‹•ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ—•‹‰
‘’—–‡”•
Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡•’‘–ƒ‡‹–›‹
‹ ”‘ ‘’—–‡”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•
Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ—•‹‰ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •›•–‡‹•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡‹‹–•‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ
ƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘ƒ›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰
ˆ”‘•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡
‘•–”— ––Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ•›•–‡•
‘–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡ –”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘
‘’Ž‡–‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –ƒ••
21
Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
Working Papers on Information Systems | ISSN 1535-6078
Editors:
Michel Avital, University of Amsterdam
Kevin Crowston, Syracuse University
Advisory Board:
Editorial Board:
Kalle Lyytinen, Case Western Reserve University
Roger Clarke, Australian National University
Sue Conger, University of Dallas
Marco De Marco, Universita’ Cattolica di Milano
Guy Fitzgerald, Brunel University
Rudy Hirschheim, Louisiana State University
Blake Ives, University of Houston
Sirkka Jarvenpaa, University of Texas at Austin
John King, University of Michigan
Rik Maes, University of Amsterdam
Dan Robey, Georgia State University
Frantz Rowe, University of Nantes
Detmar Straub, Georgia State University
Richard T. Watson, University of Georgia
Ron Weber, Monash University
Kwok Kee Wei, City University of Hong Kong
Margunn Aanestad, University of Oslo
Steven Alter, University of San Francisco
Egon Berghout, University of Groningen
Bo-Christer Bjork, Hanken School of Economics
Tony Bryant, Leeds Metropolitan University
Erran Carmel, American University
Kieran Conboy, National U. of Ireland Galway
Jan Damsgaard, Copenhagen Business School
Robert Davison, City University of Hong Kong
Guido Dedene, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Alan Dennis, Indiana University
Brian Fitzgerald, University of Limerick
Ole Hanseth, University of Oslo
Ola Henfridsson, Viktoria Institute
Sid Huff, Victoria University of Wellington
Ard Huizing, University of Amsterdam
Lucas Introna, Lancaster University
Panos Ipeirotis, New York University
Robert Mason, University of Washington
John Mooney, Pepperdine University
Steve Sawyer, Pennsylvania State University
Virpi Tuunainen, Helsinki School of Economics
Francesco Virili, Universita' degli Studi di Cassino
Sponsors:
Association for Information Systems (AIS)
AIM
itAIS
Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
American University, USA
Case Western Reserve University, USA
City University of Hong Kong, China
Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Hanken School of Economics, Finland
Helsinki School of Economics, Finland
Indiana University, USA
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Lancaster University, UK
Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
New York University, USA
Pennsylvania State University, USA
Pepperdine University, USA
Syracuse University, USA
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
University of Dallas, USA
University of Georgia, USA
University of Groningen, Netherlands
University of Limerick, Ireland
University of Oslo, Norway
University of San Francisco, USA
University of Washington, USA
Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Viktoria Institute, Sweden
Managing Editor:
Bas Smit, University of Amsterdam
Office:
Sprouts
University of Amsterdam
Roetersstraat 11, Room E 2.74
1018 WB Amsterdam, Netherlands
Email: admin@sprouts.aisnet.org