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Language Devices
STRUCTURE (TEXT):
40. Repetition
41. Enjambment
42. Caesura
43. Use of punctuation
44. Parallel Structure
45. Anaphora
46. Epistrophe
47. Symploce
48. Asyndeton/Polysyndeton
49. Isocolon
50. In medias res
51. Monologue/Soliloquy
52. Stichomythia
53. Anacoluthon
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SETTING/ATOMSPHERE/MOOD:
54. Pathetic Fallacy
55. Tone of Voice
56. Objective-Correlative
VISUAL/GRAPHICS:
57. Font: x-height, kerning, serifs
58. Font size, bold/italics
59. Colour Scheme: brightness, saturation,
hue, coherence/unity
60. Use of pictures/charts/graphs
61. Artistic style: life-like, simplistic,
caricature, cartoonish.
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CONTEXTUAL:
26. Allegory
27. Allusion
28. Horatian Satire
29. Juvenalian Satire
30. Menippean Satire
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LINGUISTIC:
24. Double Entendre
25. Semantic Pleonasm
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TEXTUAL:
1. Lexical Choice: complexity, sentence
length, register, tone
2. Diction
3. Tense and Pronoun use
4. Imperatives
5. Simile
6. Metaphor
7. Symbol
8. Motif
9. Juxtaposition
10. Hyperbole
11. Rhetorical question
12. Oxymoron
13. Euphemism, Dysphemism
14. Parallelism
15. Foreshadowing
16. Situational Irony
17. Verbal Irony
18. Portmanteau
19. Negation
20. Synaesthesia
21. Equivocation/Circumlocution/Periphrasis
22. Double Entendre
23. Semantic Pleonasm
CHARACTER:
31. Narrator/Author: narrative voice,
objectivity/reliability, credibility.
32. Personification
33. Pathos
34. Zoomorphism
35. Objectification/Reification
36. Synecdoche
37. Hubris
38. Epithet
39. Free indirect speech
STRUCTURE (VISUAL):
62. Rule of Thirds
63. Foreground and background
64. Central and peripheral images
65. Framing: close-up portrait, wide angle
landscape
66. Relative sizes and proportion
67. Spatial distances
AUDIO:
68. Plosives, Consonants and Vowels
69. Alliteration
70. Assonance
71. Sibilance
72. End-rhyme
73. Feminine Rhyme
74. Internal Rhyme
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Language Devices
75.
76.
77.
78.
Imperfect Rhyme
Catalectic Trochaic Tetrameter
Syncopation
Euphony, Cacophony
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RHETORIC (STRUCTURAL):
93. Antithesis/Antithetic parallelism
94. Scesis onomaton
95. Tricolon
96. Accumulation
97. Epiphonema
98. Epizeuxis
99. Chiasmus
100. Antimetabole
101. Epanalepsis
102. Anadiplosis
103. Diacope
104. Eutrepismus
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RHETORIC (TEXTUAL):
79. Pathos, Ethos, Logos
80. Synthetic Personalisation
81. Rhetorical lenses: voice merging,
prophetic voice, dynamic spectacle
82. Person deixis
83. Hyperbolic auxesis
84. Dirimens copulatio
85. Expeditio
86. Anthypophora
87. Litotes
88. Aposiopesis
89. Dialogismus
90. Antimeria
91. Antonomasia
92. Hypocatastasis
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Paper 1 Textual Analysis Guide
CONTEXT: setting, time, place, personal/historical/political/social/religious context (if necessary).
AUDIENCE: age, sex, nationality, race, occupation, socio-economic background.
PURPOSE: practical, persuasive, political (satire/commentary), opinionative, emotive.
STYLE: refer to devices.
SYNTHESIS: effectiveness of text, possible improvements, personal opinions.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LANG AND LIT:
1. Non-literary texts are functional and practical.
2. In non-literary texts, the reader is not necessarily the audience (but this is always so for
literary texts).
3. Context, audience and purpose are of greater significance to non-literary texts.
4. Non-literary texts are less open to interpretation.
5. Non-literary texts are more open to criticisms on their effectiveness, or the veracity of the
opinions or information they present.
Useful Connectors
Next
Given that
Thus
Hence
Therefore
However
Nonetheless
Leading us to
Moreover
If so
Conversely
On the other hand
As is evident from
As is evidenced by
The poet tells us
For instance
Terms for Introducing Evidence
Draws our attention to
On the surface
Strikingly depicts
Surprisingly
Portrays
Paints
At first glance
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Right from the beginning
In this scene
Initially
The scene opens
Furthermore
Besides
Reflects
Illustrates
Echoes
Mirrors
Conveys
Suggests
Perpetuates
Terms for Introducing Elaboration
Indicates
Reinforces
Implies
Reveals
Intensifies
Highlights
Portrays
Depicts with brutal honesty
Terms for Personal Response
Elicits a sense of sympathy
Heart-wrenching
Tugs at our heartstrings
Clearly articulates
Poignant
Stresses
Sharpens
Underscores
Draws our attention to
Explores
Strengthens
Culminates in
Deeply personal and strikingly
confessional
Share in his sense of woe
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Paper 1 Textual Analysis Guide
Question selection
• Read the questions and underline question keywords.
• Decide how and whether or not to tackle the questions.
Planning
Introduction
Sourcing
• Plan and decide what the paragraphs will be about.
• Use different coloured pens/highlighters to colour code evidence for different points.
Provide an overview of the text
• Introduce the text type and content.
• Identify context, audience and purpose.
• Identify thematic concerns and conflicts, universal relevance, give emotional
response.
Thesis statement
• Answer the question directly.
• Preview your points.
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• Directly answer the question with a substantive idea.
• Use question keywords.
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Point
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• Quote directly from the text to discuss specific words or images.
• Use only evidence that helps you answer the question.
• Quote selectively and choose impactful quotes which are rich for
discussion.
• Give at least 3 pieces of evidence per content para.
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Evidence
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• Each piece of evidence must be immediately followed by
elaboration.
• Use question keywords.
• Model sentence structure: <device> <verb> <effect>.
• Level 1: Paraphrase or explain the meaning of the quote.
• Level 2: Identify literary devices and explain their effects. Use
model sentence.
• Level 3: Analyse the effects of the device, and link to the
context/audience/purpose of the text.
• Level 4: Give universal application or personal insights; explain
why the text is significant.
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Content
Paragraphs
Elaboration
Link
• Sum up the preceding analysis and link it to the point or overall
question.
• Use question keywords.
Review
• Summarise points, without repeating already-used phrases.
Conclusion
Synthesis
• Reiterate the text’s central audience and purpose, and highlight the means and
features used to achieve this aim.
• End with a symbolic metaphor; return to a central image in the text.
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Paper 1 Textual Analysis Guide
TEXT TYPES AND WHAT TO LOOK OUT FOR:
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1. ADVERTISEMENT
a. Details of publishing: where, when, through what medium.
b. What product/service is being advertised, and who is the target audience.
c. Graphic and visual design: layout, fonts, central images, branding.
d. Appeal to emotion: yearning/longing, nostalgia, hunger, envy.
2. SPEECH
a. Where it was delivered (the physical setting), when, occasion, size of crowd.
b. Background and credibility of speaker.
c. Consider historical, social, political, religious context.
d. Appeal to emotion: level of personal intimacy, use of fear, illusions of hope, etc.
e. See: rhetorical devices.
3. COMICS/CARTOON
a. Purpose: stir controversy, raise awareness, satirical/critical.
b. Consider historical, social, political, religious context.
c. Where it was published, when.
d. Graphic and visual design: minimalist, detailed, colour or black-and-white, amount
and placement of text, font choices, number of panels in comic.
e. Consider use of humour, irony and satire.
4. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
a. Note the bias of publisher: which newspaper it is published in (tabloid, formal
newspaper etc), objective reporting vs sensationalist language.
b. Purpose: reporting facts, stirring controversy, raising awareness.
5. OPINION COLUMN
a. Credibility/reliability of author.
b. Note the bias of publisher: which newspaper it is published in (tabloid, formal
newspaper etc), objective reporting vs sensationalist language.
c. Purpose: reporting facts, stirring controversy, raising awareness.
6. ONLINE ARTICLE
a. Purpose: practical/functional (how-to guides or information providing articles) or
persuasive (see: opinion column).
b. Which website is it from, and how this contributes to reliability of the article.
c. Graphic and visual design: layout, fonts, images, readability.
7. WEBPAGE
a. Purpose: functional, personal sharing, promotional
b. Layout of webpage (fonts, colours, visuals, text placement) and its emphasis of
certain parts or effect on readability.
8. INTERVIEW
a. Purpose: opinionative, or political, or persuasive (advertising a product).
b. Differing characterization/portrayals of interviewee.
c. Consider possible biases: interviewer bias, bias of publisher.
9. AUTOBIOGRAPHY
a. Purpose: opinionative, or political.
b. Consider personal context of the writer.
c. Analyse formality, colloquialisms, use of personal examples, emotive language.
10. SONG LYRICS
a. Analyse devices that contribute to euphony or melody of the song.
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Paper 1 Textual Analysis Guide
b. Target audience, and appeal to emotion.
11. MANIFESTO
a. Purpose: politically persuasive. Consider who wrote it.
b. Consider social/historical/political context.
c. Medium of publishing: newspaper, online, as letters to specific people.
d. Consider
12. LETTER
a. Consider personal context, who wrote the letter and to whom.
b. Consider the relationship between the sender and addressee: tone, level of
formality, salutations.
13. DIARY
Time, place. Layout, fonts and visuals.
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Writer’s values and assumptions.
Handwritten note.
Title of article. Depiction of humour
and strangeness.
Elements of persuasion. Parallels
between text and image.
Questions and answers,
characterisation. Attitudes and values.
Relevance to audience. Persuasive
techniques and devices.
Conflict of values. Humour used to
convey meaning.
Speech techniques. Purpose.
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List of past IB questions.
M13 Q1
Advert
Charity ad for Crisis at
(newspaper)
Christmas.
M13 Q2
Autobiography Music, learning how to play
the guitar.
N13 Q1
Online article
A special type of ping-pong
game in Indonesia.
N13 Q2
Advert
Campbell’s tomato soup,
(magazine)
1934, Time magazine.
M14 Q1
Interview
Celebrity interview with winner
(online)
of a reality TV game show.
M14 Q2
Speech
Lecture on decorative arts to
(lecture)
artisans’ guild, 1877.
N14 Q1
Cartoon and
Designer babies.
commentary
N14 Q2
Speech
Eulogy for Mahatma Gandhi,
(eulogy)
by Jawaharlal Nehru, 1948.
M15 Q1
Opinion
Inability to speak foreign
column
languages.
M15 Q2
Letter
Soldier writing to his wife
during WW1, 1915.
N15 Q1
Newspaper
A scenario where dogs own
article
men as pets, 1952.
N15 Q2
Comic
Failures of African education
system.
M16 Q1
Magazine
Listening to the human heart
article
and the flow of blood.
M16 Q2
Self-help
How to interpret and
guide (book)
manipulate body language.
N16 Q1
Interview
Interview with an author,
(magazine)
about South Asian literature.
N16 Q2
iTunes store
webpage
An iTunes review for an app
about fiction works.
Depiction of British, illustration.
Persuasive techniques, humour.
Use of detail. Tone, relation to
situation and audience.
Point of view, humour. Challenging
perceptions of world.
How pictures are used to succinctly
convey ideas. Use of irony.
Combining scientific and literary.
Structure, style, appeal to audience.
Context, purposes, values. Written
and visual style.
Characterisation of interviewer and
interviewee. Cultural and literary
opinions.
Appeal to buyer. Revolutionary nature
of product,