TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
WITH DRIVING
I: MANPOWER, ANIMAL POWER AND WIND POWER
TRANSPORTATION- is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to
another.
NOMADIC- from the Greek word meaning “to pasture” was originally used to refer to
pastoralists-a group that in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their domestic
livestock.
❖ foraging populations-looking for food
❖ pastoral nomads- move with their families and belongings
❖ Gypsies, Tinkers, and itinerants in urban and complex societies
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
1. MANPOWER
a. Carrying Pole- China and Far East; the carrying pole is balanced on one shoulder; the ends
of the pole are supported by two men with goods suspended from pole in between.
b. Back Load and Tumpline- goods are carried on the back
c. Sledge on rollers- heavy burdens are placed on sledge which rested on a series of rollers
d. Sledge on runners- simple sledge man-drawn used at the end of Stone Age in Northern
Europe as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners which survived.
e. Travois- pole arrangement, serves as a platform on which burdens are placed.
2. ANIMAL POWER
a. Ox- first domesticated animal at Mesopotamia and were used as draft animals to draw war
chariots
b. Reindeer-first domesticated in Siberia; ridden with saddles
c. Dog- first animal domesticated is too slight to carry heavy loads
d. Donkey- first domesticated in the Middle East; chief beast of burden among the farmers of
the near East.
e. Llama-only new world animal capable of domestication for use in transport; pack animal in
Incas
f. Elephant- used African Elephant in their war against Rome; n Burma and Thailand, these
huge animals are widely used in the lumber industry.
g. Horse- In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for riding sometime until
the introduction of mechanized vehicles.
h. Camel
*2 humped Bactrian camel of Central Asia- used to draw carts
*1 humped Dromedary Camel of Arabia- less endurance but fleeter and special fast
paced riding camel.
i. Yak- long haired type of cattle that lives at Tibetan Plateau and used as pack animal at heights
where horses and ordinary animal could not live/survive.
3. WIND POWER- Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to utilize
such powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved to invention of air lifted transportation vessels.
a. Ancient Kite- Based on Korean Tradition, kite was first used when a Korean General
employed one in a Bridge Building. By means of a kite, a Cord was conveyed across the river
where heavier ropes were fastened and finally the bridge cable.
b. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter- Leonardo Da Vinci studied the Flight of Birds and sketched a
number of Ornithopter (aka Orthopter) which derives its principal support and propelling from
flapping wings like those of birds.
c. Montgolfier Balloon-France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entiene released several balloons when
they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first ascent with passengers(condemned
prisoners). PILATRE DE ROZIER protested and in 1783, he and Arlanoes became the first men to
make a free balloon ascent.
d. Siemens’ Rocket Plane- Ernst Werner Von Siemens designed a rocket plane which was to
be propelled by gunpowder. Siemens’ rocket was never carried beyond design stage.
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e. Lilienthal Glider-Otto Liliental, a German Inventor who also made a study of birds and
experimented with ornithopters. His chief work was with gliders.
f. Santos Dumont’s Airship- Alberto Santos Dumont-a Brazilian who experimented with the
steam-powered balloon in Paris. In 1898 completed the construction of his first airship.
g. Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine- Orville and Wilbur Wright studying the problems of
heavier than air flight. They built biplane kite before they flew successfully their first mancarrying powered machine.
h. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis-following the Wright brothers’ airplane, development of
aviation was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in 1911. An achievement which captured
popular imagination was the first solo flight from New York to Paris made by Capt. Charles
Lindbergh in May 1927 in a plane specially built for the flight, the Spirit of St. Louis.
II: ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY
WHEEL was invented probably in western Asia. Such invention was a milestone and a great step
forward in Transportation.
o Crude Carts and Wagons began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates Valley about 3500 BC.
o The wheel enables the man to transport burdens beyond his power or animals to carry or
drag
The following were some of the earliest types of wheeled carts:
o Solid wheels on fixed axle- this ancient cart represent an early step in the evolution
of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single wood rotatedon single
axle.
o Sumerian Chariot with flank wheels- 2400 BC., had solid wheels built up of three
pieces and was more durable than the one-piece wheel.
o Greek Quadrica with spoked wheels- drawn by four horses was a light and elegant
vehicle for gentlemen about 50 BC. It had spoked wheels and axles of irons and bronze,
handles for aid in mounting, and seat formed by a board placed across the handles.
o Roman Carpentum- a closed two-wheeled cart was the favored vehicle of Roman
women.
o Italian Cocchio, 1288- a travelling wagon in which the passengers were protected by a
covering leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.
WHEELED VEHICLES could not use the narrow paths and trails used by pack animals, and
early roads were soon built.
THE ROMANS were the major road builders. The road reached a total of about 50 000 miles
(80,000 kms), with feeder roads branching out from the main highways.
JOHN L. MACADAM- did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected the
macadamized road in England about 1815.
AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS 5th century, land haulage generally declined because
highways suffered from inadequate maintenance.
SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the adaptation of Coach
Spring about 1650.
MID 18th CENTURY- English Roads were so bad that the coaches could average only about
4mph (6.4 km/h) and mail was usually carried by boys on horses.
JOHN PALMER- introduced the first fast mail coach
THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE -19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders.
o HOBBY HORSE/DAN HORSE- ancestor of modern bicycle. The wheels were made of
wood with tires of iron and the riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the
ground.
o KARL VON DRAIS-introduced steerable wheel creating “draisienne” or “Dandy Horse”.
o KIRK PATRICK MACMILLAN- first machine with pedals which were attached to and
drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.
PNEUMATIC TIRE- (inflated by air)- by SCOT JOHN BOY DUNLOP appeared in late 19th century
(about 1888).
MOTOR VEHICLE- first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
o Frenchman Etienne Lenoir introduced the motorized carriages by his invention in the
1860s and 70s of the Internal Combustion Engine.
o Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler pioneered the manufacture of gas engines and
later Daimler became a successful automobile manufacturer.
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Rudolf Diesel- developed an internal combustion engine which is similar with the
gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other
form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
o AUTOMOBILE found its greatest popularity in the US., where the first horseless carriage
appeared in 1890s.
o HENRY FORD- In 1908, he introduced the MODEL T which was proven so popular that
by 1914, Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.
o FELIX WANKEL- In 1956, he developed an advanced-type of engine named after him,
that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by moving the
crankshaft.
From Ford Era, the demand of vehicles became great for the transportation of goods, products,
communications and people.
Presently, the introduction of the Light Rail transit (LRT) , Metro Rail Transit (MRT),
flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts contributed to the movement of traffic users.
o
UNIT II: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
I: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose.
OPERATION- Pertains to a course or series of acts o effect a certain purpose, manner of action;
or a vital or natural process of activity.
ROADWAY- Refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass.
SHOULDER- It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
TRAFFIC- it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by
combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel. (from
the Italian word “trafficare”-to carry on trade.)
TRAFFIC WAY- refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for the purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of
right or custom.
***WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS NECESSARY?
It is designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers, expedite the movement
of traffic and to provide convenience to the traffic facilities users.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT is an exclusive function such as planning, organizing, and directing,
supervising, coordinating, operating, recording and budgeting traffic affairs.
❖ TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES- these measures are aimed at improving
vehicular flow and increasing the efficiency of existing road space, thereby avoiding the
need for major road expansion.
o Traffic Control Utilizing Signal Coordination, pavement markings, delineators,
traffic sig ns and lighting to promote safe and smooth flow of traffic.
o Flow regulations are used to increase the capacity of roads particularly during
the peak periods without road expansion.
o Minor improvements of the road system by means of channelization, road
widening and intersection design are carried out whenever traffic management
schemes fail to increase the road efficiency.
o Conduct continuing researches on the improvement of transport and traffic
system and facilitate to achieve the required standards of performance for the
entire road network.
o Develop and administer for the entire area of transport operation in an
integrated program that shall cover the operation, design, coordination and
administration of all public and private transport.
o Undertake a continuing information program of transport problem and
identification of transport problem and identification of traffic congestion areas.
o Establish coordinative linkages with other government agencies and private
sector groups relating to transport, mobility and traffic management program.
❖ MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION
o Physical Inadequacy-characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad
crossings, lack of traffic facilities, etc.
o Poor Control Measures- characterized by ineffective mechanical control
devices, inefficient traffic officers and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules
and regulations.
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o
o
Human Errors- Most traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor
driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officer’s errors, poor planning, poor
legislation.
Poor Maintenance- characterized by unrepaired diggings, cracks on the
pavements or unfinished road pavement concreting. This can be attributed to
inappropriate budget for the maintenance of the traffic facilities.
❖ SCOPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
o All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all other types of
conveyances for the movement of persons and things.
o All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements,
planning, approving, funding, construction, and/or maintaining these public
facilities for such movements.
o All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting
or controlling the use of facilities.
❖ AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
o Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)-through Land
Transportation Office is responsible for the implementation of RA 4136 Land
Transportation Code of Philippines and Land Transportation Franchising and
Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
o City/Municipal Engineers’ Office –planning, construction and maintenance of
traffic facilities within respective locality
o Department of Public Works and Highways(DPWH)- main executive
department which is responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance
of traffic facilities particularly categorized as national highways and other major
arteries.
o Legislative (Congress/ City or Municipal Boards)- They are not only
responsible for the passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but also
they involved in the planning and approval of government projects.
o Philippine National Police –through Traffic Management Group (TMG) is
responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and
regulations.
o Academic Institutions
o Courts
o Public Information Offices
o Citizen Support Groups
o Media
o Other Agencies
❖ TRAFFIC RESTRAINTS measures and limits vehicular traffic by imposing some charges
for the use of the transportation system. The charges could take the form of payment for
the use of the transportation system and also charges in the form of penalty. Specific
measures include:
o Traffic sell solution involves the division of the central area into cells or zones
with one way street system and turn regulations to prohibit inter-zonal or
through traffic.
o Road pricing aims to reduce the overall cost of travel by reducing congestion and
favoring the more efficient public transport modes.
o Pricing charges discourage long-term parking and provide venues for the
construction of additional parking facilities.
HOW DO WE SOLVE OUR TRAFFIC PROBLEMS?
❖ TRAFFIC ENGINEERS- help to improve our street and highway system through:
▪ Use of signs, traffic signals, and control devises
▪ Design and construction of more roads, bridges, flyovers, tunnels, and update
infrastructures to lessen congestion.
▪ Focus on the comprehensive objectives of mobility, safety, energy, efficiency,
and the environment through application of scientific methods based on the
principles of system engineering and planning.
❖ EDUCATORS- schools in many cities and towns are teaching young new drivers –
sometimes older ones too- to know how to handle a car and to behave on streets and
highways.
❖ LAWMAKERS make the basic rules for using roads
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❖ POLICEMEN are the front liners and implementers of traffic rules and regulation.
II. THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
❖ It is the science of measuring traffic and travel the study of basic laws relative to the
traffic law and generation
❖ Deals with the planning and geometrical designs of streets, highways, and abutting lands
and with operation thereon.
❖ It is basically concerned with the efficiency of road design.
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:
❖ fact-finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations;
❖ supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices
❖ planning of traffic regulations
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
o Any signs, signal marking placed exerted for the purpose of regulating, warning or
guiding traffic.
▪ TRAFFIC SIGN- This is the oldest traffic control device used to guide the safe
and orderly movement of traffic
• This contains instructions, information about routes, directions
designations and point of interest must be recognizable as such the
means to convey the intended message consists of either a legend or
symbol or a combination of both.
o
o
Traffic Control Device are installed to control traffic and contribute indirectly to assurance
of traffic safety. They are means by which the road user is advised as to detailed
requirements or conditions affecting road use.
Traffic Signs should be installed only with the approval of a public authority. Authorized
Construction Contractors and Public Utility Companies may install temporary warning
signs at work sites to protect workmen, equipment, and the public provided that such
conform to the standard.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
o TRAFFIC SIGNALS
▪ Signal Operated manually, electrically, or mechanically by which traffic is
alternately commanded to stop and permitted to proceed.
RED-stop-no entry into intersection
Yellow/Amber- permit the driver to proceed but requires intersection to be cleared
Green- Go-Proceed; Green and arrow –directs movement
o
TRAFFIC SIGNS- A device mounted on affixed or portable support whereby official
notice is given in the form of symbol for purpose of regulating traffic, warning and
guiding.
o
SYMBOL SIGNS-Upon which words are completely omitted, they have marked
ability to compel attention and to rapidly communicate the planned message.
o
There are few signs which do not conform to this rule. It is important to note that
contrast in color is necessary in order to achieve these two (2) basic requirements:
• The sign stands out from its background
• The legend stands out form the sign board.
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o
o
TRAFFIC SIGNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN THE FOLLOWING GROUPS
ACCORDING TO THEIR USE.
NUMBERING SYSTEM
• The numbering system for signs is as follows: A letter prefix, as shown
below, denoting class of sign;
▪ R - Regulatory signs
▪ G - Guide signs
▪ W - Warning signs
▪ GE - Freeway and Expressway signs
▪ S - Special Traffic Instruction Signs
▪ HM - Hazard Markers
•
REGULATORY SIGNS (TYPE R)-regulate the movement of traffic and
traffic to comply with their directions constitute and offense.
A. PRIORITY SIGNS-these are signs intended to regulate priority
over a particular road section or roadway.
B. PROHIBITORY SIGNS OR RESTRICTIVE SIGNS- shall be
used in specified section of the road which will be easily seen by
motorist to indicate regulation which is prohibitive or restrictive and
nature.
C. MANDATORY SIGNS- These shall be used to notify the road
users of special rules in which they must comply for the safety,
convenience and smooth flow of traffic.
•
SPECIAL MANDATORY SIGNS (TYPE S)
-instruct users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road
conditions that ordinary guide or regulatory signs do not achieved the
desired result.
LANE DIRECTION SIGN
MOVEMENT INSTRUCTION SIGN
•
WARNING SIGNS (TYPE W)-warn road users of condition on or
adjacent to the road which may be unexpected or hazards to traffic
operation.
Changes in Horizontal
Alignment
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Intersections
Advance Warning of Control Devic
Converging traffic Lanes
Narrow Roads
▪
GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS (TYPE G)
-Inform and advise road users of directions, distances, and destination routes,
location of services for road users and point of interest. They are subdivided into:
o
ADVANCED SIGNS- these inform the motorists or road users of the names
and distances of the principal destination/s served by intersecting roads.
o
DIRECTION SIGNS- these shall be placed at the right of the intersection to
show he direction and destination of route. Direction signs are different from
special mandatory signs since this signs give only information as to direction
and destination of a place while special mandatory signs require compliance.
o
PLACE IDENTIFICATION SIGN-these maybe use to show frontier
between two (2) countries or for the purpose of showing the beginning
and/or end of built-up area.
CONFIRMATORY SIGNS- these are used to confirm direction of the road.
They shall bear the name of one or more places. When distances are shown,
the figures expressing them shall be placed after the name of locality.
o
o
Other signs providing useful information for drivers of vehicles.
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o
Other signs indicating facilities which may be useful to road users.
STANDARD APPLICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
o It should fulfill a need.
o It should command attention.
o It should clearly relay a simple message.
o It should be so located that a motorist would have time to respond to its message.
o It should command respect.
UNIFORMITY OF DESIGN
o Uniformity can simply be defined as treating similar situations in the same way.
o The following are the standard shapes adopted by the International Standards:
▪ OCTAGON-reserved exclusively for STOP SIGN.
▪
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE WITH ONE POINT VERTICALLY DOWN
reserved for GIVE WAY SIGN.
o
▪
CIRCLE-Regulatory sign
▪
o
CIRCLE SYMBOL-may sometimes be mounted on a regular base either for easy
recognition or for additional information.
▪
o
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE with one point vertically upward-used for
warning signs
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▪
o
RECTANGLE- with long axis horizontal is used for directional signs, signs for
road works and special purposes and supplementary plates to warning signs; for
facility information signs and destination of point of interest.
o
THE STANDARD COLOR FOR SIGNS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
o RED- background for stop signs and as border color for give way signs, warning signs
and prohibitive signs in regulatory series.
o
▪
BLACK- used as background color signs having a white, yellow, yellow-orange
background, and as background color for hazard markers.
o
▪
YELLOW- is used as background color for warning signs, advisory speed signs and for
most road work signs whose legends relate to personnel working.
o
▪
GREEN-is used as background color for most direction signs and legends for parking
signs.
o
▪
BLUE- for facility information signs and to indicate point of interest.
▪
WHEN and WHERE THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ARE APPLIED?
▪ Habitually Congested commercial areas
▪ Heavily Traffic thoroughfares
▪ Congested local areas and intersections
▪ During special occasions and events
▪ During disasters and emergencies
▪ At school crossings
METHODS IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
o Planning and Geometric Design- factor employed in planning
▪ Composition of traffic streams
▪ Traffic volumes for capacity
▪ Origin and destination
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o
Factors Influencing Design
▪ Composition of Traffic
▪ Volume of traffic
▪ Speed of vehicles
▪ The starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units.
▪ Performance values of road users
Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulation
▪ Based and Confined within the boundaries of safety, public welfare and
convenience.
▪ Limitations imposed on road users and their load
▪ Basic general rule of road use and conduct
▪ Prohibition and Restrictions.
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION
❖ It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge. The following are the agencies and offices responsible for traffic education:
o
o
o
SCHOOLS (Public and Private)
Public Information Programs
Citizen Support Groups
3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
❖ This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules
and regulations. The following are the various agencies/offices involved in enforcement
of traffic laws:
o Land Transportation Office (LTO) This office is responsible for the following:
▪ Vehicle registration
▪ Vehicle Inspections
▪ Driver’s Licensing
▪ Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles
o Legislative Bodies-included are the senate, congress, provincial boards, and city
and municipal councils. They are responsible for the passing and /or amending of
laws and/or ordinances.
o Police Traffic Enforcement- This pillar is not limited to PNP-TMG but includes all
government personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of
traffic rules and regulations such as:
▪ Metropolitan Manila Development Authority(MMDA) for NCR
▪ Police Auxiliaries
▪ LTO Flying Squad
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
❖ This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population
explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban
concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
especially transport congestion which result therein.
❖ The following are the environmental effects:
o Noise
o Vibration
o Air Pollution
o Dirt
o Visual Intrusion
o Loss of Privacy
o Changes in amount of light
o Neighborhood Severance
o Relocation
o Distraction during planning and construction
o Accident Experiences
o Pedestrian Journey
o Congestion and Other benefits to vehicles
❖ Laws and Statutes concerning Traffic Ecology
o PD 1181- Providing for Prevention, control, abatement of Air Pollution from
motor vehicles
o LOI 551- Directing Law Enforcement Agencies to implement the pollution control
programs
o RA 8749- Clean Air Act
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5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
❖ This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse
effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, Traffic Operation is designed to expedite the
movement of traffic. However with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in
a given locality, traffic adversely affects the economic status of the commuting public.
❖ One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in the world
market. Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect of
rising prices of basic commodities.
III. TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION
Concept:
o Traffic Safety Education –It is the process of training road users in avoidance and
prevention of traffic-related accidents.
o Road Safety- It refers to the reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved
through multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management,
education and training of road users, and vehicle designs.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ACCIDENTS
o HUMAN ERRORS:
▪ going too fast or excessive speed
▪ failing to give at junctions
▪ overtaking improperly
▪ following too closely
▪ misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead
▪ lack of skill
o ROAD DEFICIENCIES THAT ARE MAIN CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS
▪ Poor design of lay-out and control at junctions
▪ inadequate signing, road marking, lighting,
▪ Slippery roads
▪ Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, ongoing road construction, etc.,
o MAIN VEHICLE FACTORS
▪ defects and tires, brakes, and lights
▪ absence or non-using of seatbelts
▪ poorly maintained motor vehicles
The three principles that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accidents
are known as the three (3) E’s or pillars of traffic. Recently however Traffic Environment and
Traffic Economy were added to complete the 5 Pillars of Traffic.
o ENGINEERING (Traffic Engineering) –Effective construction and maintenance of
traffic facilities which does not only expedite the movement of traffic but also prevents
the occurrence of traffic accidents. Successful treatments have included:
▪ changes in layout at junctions to define priorities more clearly (use of
roundabouts, or traffic circles);
▪ more wide use of road markings to delineate traffic lanes and waiting areas for
turning vehicles
▪ improvements in skidding resistance of wet roads
▪ more uniform street lighting
▪ more highly visible and legible direction, information and warning signs
o EDUCATION (in traffic safety)- When road users are informed of the traffic laws,
rules and regulations, accidents are likely prevented. This is also an integral part of
curriculum. Included are:
▪ New approach on training and educating young drivers;
▪ Training in hazard perception
▪ Changing of attitudes
o ENFORCEMENT (of Traffic Rules)- The following are highly recommended in areas of
traffic enforcement:
▪ strengthening and simplifying the application of law
▪ new technology to aid traffic
▪ enhanced publicity
▪ education of teenagers in schools
▪ the development of rehabilitation course like seminars for apprehended traffic
violators
o ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT- People should be educated regarding the adverse effect
of traffic to our environment that directly or indirectly affects the population’s health.
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ECONOMY- People should also learn to develop schemes that do not only lessen
expenses but also accident-free.
LEVELS OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION
o Imparting Knowledge concerning traffic safety
o Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge
o Developing traffic safety morality
TRAFFIC SAFETY FOR CHILDREN- This is highly unsystematic and is usually carried out in the
home through parental education and in kindergarten and nurseries. This is now necessary to
make it systematic to lessen the number of children fatalities and injuries.
o Elementary- Pupils are usually educated by stressing on traffic safety and guides,
classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and other traffic safety rules.
o Secondary- This level initiates driver education program because students have reached
the age to drive, hence, proper driving should be stressed. It also includes school safety
organizations.
o Higher Education- Some universities and colleges offer and conduct courses to private
and public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION FOR ADULTS- This is easier compared to the education
designed for younger children since the adults are in a better position to understand what is
being taught to them.
o It is a general belief that by being a better driver, it follows that one becomes a better
pedestrian. By knowing the limitations of the driver and the vehicle as a driving student,
one learns to watch out for dangerous cues such as pedestrians.
o Driver education is carried out in secondary schools and in private and government
sponsored driving school. The basic purposes of this education are:
• To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in motorized
society and achieving traffic safety.
• To develop drivers who are eligible to have their driver’s license.
DRIVER’S EDUCATION In general, Driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of
driving. Secondary aims are as follows:
o To install awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic
o To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.
FOUR BASIC TYPES OF INSTRUCTION METHODS used in Driver Education Programs:
o Comprehensive-This method places the student into real life of driving situations from
beginning.
o Traditional Instruction- This depends on instructor-student communication.
o Commentary Driving Method- The student-driver accompanied by an instructor. As
the student-driver drives, the instructor has to give a commentary on his driving- what
he sees, what he does, why he does, what he proposes to do, etc.,
o Simulated Conditions (On and Off Training)- The premise of simulated conditions
training is that the behavior of the driver-subject placed in condition will be relatively
analogous to normal behavior.
▪ SIMULATOR- is a static machine with all the important features of a car used in
driving method or driver training. There are two methods of simulation presently
adopted:
• Partial Simulation Method- this method has the specific aim of
training for the “subtasks” of the driving task.
• Global Simulation- It may be classified into two (2) specific groups
which are: training, simulated in traffic conditions and situations.
Simulators are most commonly use for the following types of training:
o Training in basic car-control skills
o Perceptual Training
o Emergency Training
• Classification of Films as shown by the simulators:
o Analytical Film- Which provides an objective analysis of the
driving situation presented to the subject.
o Didactic Film- aims to show good driving behavior
o Simulation Film- offers “visual realism” to driving situations
and therefore aid in actual practice.
o
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF DRIVING TASKS- Driver Education includes:
o Collection of Information which includes:
▪ Perceptual Scanning and
▪ Identification
o Process of Information which includes:
▪ Predicting and
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o
▪ Decision-making
Action which is focused on:
▪ Motor Skills and control of vehicles and
▪ Knowledge and subjective Interpretation.
BIORHYTHM- It is a theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of the energy
and mood states. Men’s theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of
most natural phenomenon like:
o the dilurnar exchange of light and darkness
o four seasons
o wet and dry seasons
o waxing and waning of moon
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
The observation of the rhythm mentioned and their possible correlation with the habits of
man has led to a host of different theories that tried to explain this correlation in terms of
physical, psychological, etc. The following are the most controversial theory of
biorhythm:
o 23 day cycle a.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (male
component of a person)
o 28 day emotional cycle (equivalent to female’s 28 day menstrual cycle) is a.k.a
our cycle of sensitivity, love and intuition (female component)
o 33 Day Intellectual cycle
All of these are present at the time we are born. When the curve is above the center line,
the biorhythm value is said to be “high” or a person has more energy to spare:
o Physical High
o Emotional High
o Intellectual High
When the curve is below the centerline, the biorhythm is said to be “Low” or in a
recharged period.:
o Physical Low
o Emotional Low
o Intellectual Low
Importance of Biorhythm in the field of study. It should be borne in mind that
biorhythm does not predict what actually happen. All it does is to give us a hint on how
we tend to feel in a certain day.
o The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm crosses the
centerline on a certain day or is totally below the line.
o Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can psychologically
cope up with any situation.
The idea has been put into use in different countries in the world, and the result helps
reduce accident rates until it is totally refuted.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN. This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely.
These basically focus on public information attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or
combination of these.
Safety Campaign- is also known as road propaganda which may be intended simply to inform
or it may be felt that the public is already aware of the recommended behavior by need to be
persuaded into adopting it.
o
o
o
SAFETY CAMPAIGN CLASSIFICATIONS:
• According to purpose-maybe categorized as informational, attitudinal and
behavioral
• According to kind of appeal- used to reason by simply feeding the public with
authenticated factual data
SAFETY CAMPAIGN DESIGN:
• Initial campaign planning
• Final campaign design
• Campaign evaluation
PRIVATE and GOVERNMENT ENTITIES FOR SAFETY CAMPAIGN:
• Newspapers
• Radio Broadcasting Networks
• Television Broadcasting Networks
• Public Information Agencies
IV. TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS
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Concept: The standards of regulating movements on roads, streets, and highways are found in
traffic laws, rules and regulations.
A. SOURCES
1. Republic Acts (R.A’s)
➢ R.A 4136- This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines. It has
repealed Act No. 3992 (the Revised Motor Vehicle Law).
➢ R.A 6539- The act which is known as the “Anti-Car napping Act of 1972”
➢ R. A 5448- An at imposing tax on privately-owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles,
and scooters,
➢ Republic Act 10586 or the “Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013”
➢ R.A. 8749- Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
➢ R.A 8750- Seat belts Use Act of 1999
➢ R.A. 7924- Act Creating Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
2. Presidential Decrees (P.D’s)
➢ P.D No. 96- Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns, etc.
➢ P.D. No. 101- Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines
and mode of operations of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines.
➢ P.D. No. 207- Declaring as Part of the laws of the Philippines the Vienna convention on
Road traffic, Signs and Signals
➢ P.D No. 612- Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicles against
third party liability as an additional pre-requisite for registration by the LTO.
➢ PD 1686- imposing tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner.
➢ PD 1181- Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other
purposes.
➢ PD 1605- granting Metro Manila Commission certain powers related to traffic
management and control in Metropolitan Manila.
➢ PD 98- Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.
➢ PD 109- Modifying PD 98
➢ PD 1729- Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose of impounded
motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.
➢ PD 1730- Declaring the syndicated printing manufacture, distribution, possession or use
of fake official Bureau of land Transportation forms, documents, plates and stickers as
offenses involving economic sabotage.
3. LETTERS OF INSTRUCTION (LOI’s)
➢ LOI No. 43- Providing for the removal of all impediments on roads, streets and
highways such as constructions, parked vehicles etc., which obstruct free passage.
➢ LOI No. 112- prohibiting fright and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and
bridges whose load capacities are in excess of specific allowable limits.
➢ LOI No. 229- Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users, or drivers to have in their
possession at all times while driving at least one (1) pair of early warning device (EWD)
for use when the vehicle is disable on roads, streets, highways, or other emergencies.
➢ LOI No. 716- Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning device.
➢ LOI No. 551- Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement th Pollution Control
Program
➢ LOI No. 853- Calling for the National Tripartite Conference to consider the
establishment of viable labor management relations based upon the “boundary” system
in land transportations.
➢ LOI No. 1009- All owners of private motor vehicles who desire to stop operating or
using their number plates and registration certificates to surrender at BLT.
➢ LOI No. 1071- Owners and Operators of motor vehicles are authorized to pay the
annual premiums for the insurance of their motor vehicles on quarterly basis.
4. DEPARTMENT ORDERS (D.O’s)
➢ DOTC D.O 88-305- Rules of pleadings, practice and procedure for appeals on
franchising, fare rates charges and other related matters pertinent to Land
Transportation Public utilities.
➢ DOTC D.O 93-693- Revised Schedule of administrative fees and charges of the Land
Transportation Code.
5. ADMINISTRATIVE and SPECIAL ORDERS
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➢
➢
➢
Administrative Order No. VIII, S-1968, LTC- requiring the towing and impounding
of stalled motor vehicles on public highways and the imposition of corresponding fees
thereof.
Administrative Order No. 1, S-1973, LTC- Prescribing guidelines and procedures in
the implementation of PD 96.
Special Order No. 101-IRM, LTC- Enumerating and identifying various city streets
where parking is prohibited.
6. MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS
➢ LTC Memorandum to all Patrol Officers, Deputies and Agents dated Aug 9,
1975- Directing that motor vehicles whose loads are rice, cereals, fertilizers and other
prime commodities are not to be apprehended and stopped on roads and highways
except only in cases of serious violations.
➢ LTC Memorandum Circular No. 33, dated Sept 12, 1972. Providing guidelines in
the apprehension of illegally parked motor vehicles.
➢ LTC Circular no. 15, dated January 19, 1972- regulating and laying instructions in the
use of Special Commemorative Plates.
➢ M.C 94-199- Aide-memoir regarding retention and authority by L.T.O to register
motorized tricycles under RA 4136, and guidelines to implement devotion of LTFRB’s
Franchising authority over TC’s per RA 7160.
➢ M.C 94-188- Issuance of driver’s license to disabled persons.
➢ M.C 92- 146- Re-implementation of LOI 229, as amended by LOI 479 directing the
installation of early warning device of motor vehicles.
➢ M.C 90-011- Enjoining all public utilities operator’s arising from the violations of their
drivers.
➢ M.C 94-192- Diesel smoke emission test for motor vehicles.
7. EXECUTIVE ORDERS (E.O’s)
➢ E.O 125- Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and functions and for other
purposes.
➢ E.O 266- Providing for two service units in the office of the Asst Sec for Land
Transportation in the DOTC (Law Enforcement Service-LES Transportation Adjudication
Service (TAS), defining its powers and functions thereof and for other purposes.
➢ E.O 202- Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB).
➢ E.O 248- Empowering the Land Transportation Commission to control and supervise the
operations of motor vehicle driving schools.
8. OTHER SPECIAL LAWS, STATUTES, etc
➢ Batas Pambansang Blg. 344 – Act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by
requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishments, and public utilities to install
facilities and other devices.
➢ Memorandum Unnumbered Dated July 13, 1992- Early Warning Device (EWD) not
a requirement for registration.
➢ SC Bars Lawmen from removing Car plates (187 SCRA 432)
V. IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R.A 4136-Land Transportation and Traffic Code
A. Words and Phrases used in RA 4136
(a) "Motor Vehicle" shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using
the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public highways, vehicles
which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively
for agricultural purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a
motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating.
(b) "Passenger automobiles" shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those usually
known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep, cycle,
car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles), coupe, landaulet,
closed car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.
Motor vehicles with changed or rebuilt bodies, such as jeepneys, jitneys, or station wagons, using a
chassis of the usual pneumatic-tire passenger automobile type, shall also be classified as passenger
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automobile, if their net allowable carrying capacity, as determined by the Commissioner of Land
Transportation, does not exceed nine passengers and if they are not used primarily for carrying freight or
merchandise.
The distinction between "passenger truck" and "passenger automobile" shall be that of common usage:
Provided, That a motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers shall be classified as "truck":
And Provided, further, That a "truck with seating compartments at the back not used for hire shall be
registered under special "S" classifications. In case of dispute, the Commissioner of Land Transportation
shall determine the classification to which any special type of motor vehicle belongs.
(c) "Articulated vehicle" shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so
attached that part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the
trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called as "semi-trailer."
(d) "Driver" shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
(e) "Professional driver" shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a
motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public. Any person driving his own motor vehicle
for hire is a professional driver.
(f) "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the Land Transportation Commission.
The "owner" of a government-owned motor vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau to
which the said motor vehicle belongs.
(g) "Dealer" shall mean every person, association, partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing,
constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity
acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor
vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling same or handling with a view to trading same.
(h) "Garage" shall mean any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service stations, or
other public places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for motor vehicles for hire while
awaiting or soliciting business.
(i) "Gross weight" shall mean the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable
carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passenger, as determined by the Commissioner of Land
Transportation.
(j) "Highways" shall mean every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley
and callejon, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges,
universities, or other similar institutions.
(k) "The Commissioner of Land Transportation or his deputies" shall mean the actual or acting
chief of the Land Transportation Commission or such representatives, deputies, or assistants as he may,
with the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications, appoint or designate in writing
for the purpose contemplated by this Act.
(l) "Parking or parked", for the purposes of this Act, shall mean that a motor vehicle is "parked" or
"parking" if it has been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. A motor vehicle which properly
stops merely to discharge a passenger or to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small
quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch shall not be considered as "parked", if the motor vehicle
again moves away without delay.
(m) "Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.
B. SELECTED PROVISIONS OF R.A 4136
1. Exceeding Registered Capacity (Overloading)- Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor
vehicle should not be more than its registered carrying capacity. Conductors are held liable of public
utility trucks or buses for overloading.
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All passenger automobiles for hire shall have the registered passenger capacity plainly and
conspicuously marked on both sides thereof, in letters and numerals not less than five (5) centimeters
in height. All motor trucks, whether for passenger or freight, private, or for hire, shall have the registered
passenger gross and net weight capacities plainly and conspicuously marked on both sides thereof, in
letters and numerals not less than five(5) centimeters in height.
2. CARGO CARRYING DEVICES- may be allowed to construct any cargo carrying device at the rear or
at the side of the truck, subject to the approval of the Commissioner: Provided, however, That the total
weight of the device, including the cargo, shall not exceed one hundred kilos.
3. Riding on Running Board- It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors collecting passenger fare.
4. Riding on top of the Motor Vehicle- Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top of motor
vehicles, but baggage or freight maybe carried on top of the truck, provided that the weight thereof is
not more than 20 kilos per square meter distributed in such a way as not to endanger passengers or the
vehicle’s stability.
5. Required Motor Vehicle Accessories
(a) Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with metallic tires shall be operated upon any public
highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims thereof
from coming in direct contact with the road.
(b) Brakes - Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic brake
system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four wheels at
least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal braking capabilities.
(b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or signalling devise in good working
order: Provided, however, That no horn or signalling device emitting an exceptionally loud, startling, or
disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any motor vehicle.
(c) Headlights. – The vehicle should have 2 headlights, one on each side, which must be dimmed
when meeting another vehicle
(d) Taillights. – Installed at the rear portion of the vehicle, this should be visible at least 500 meters
away.
(e) Stop lights. – Installed at the rear portion of the vehicle, this should be visible at least 100 meters
away. Red lights are prohibited at the forward portion of the vehicle.
(f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every motor vehicle of less than one meter of projected
width shall be subject to the preceding provisions of this section, except that one headlight and one
taillight shall be required. No signal light shall be necessary.
(g) Lights when parked or disabled. - Appropriate parking lights or flares visible one hundred meters
away shall be displayed at a corner of the vehicle whenever such vehicle is parked on highways or in
places that are not well-lighted or is placed in such manner as to endanger passing traffic.
(h) Windshield wiper. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or electrically
operated device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from its front windshield.
(i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one meter beyond the bed or
body thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such load a red flag not less than thirty
centimeters both in length and width, except that during the hours fixed under subsection there shall be
displayed, in lieu of the required red flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away.
(j) Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be equipped with a
muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke
or noise.
6. HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE. The following practices are prohibited:
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a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether foot or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on or to ride outside of or at the rear end of the vehicle.
7. OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC. No person shall drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to
obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle, nor, while discharging or taking on passengers or loading
or unloading freight, obstruct the free passage of other vehicles on the highway.
8. DRIVING while under influence of liquor or other prohibited drugs.
9. DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT- In the event that any accident should occur as a
result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver shall observe the following:
a. STOP immediately
b. SHOW his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law enforcer.
c. GIVE his true name and address, including the owner of the vehicle.
d. ASSIST injured person.
e. TAKE MEASURES to protect belongings of passengers.
f. REPORT the accident.
10. WHEN COULD THE DRIVER LEAVE THE AREA OF ACCIDENT WITHOUT BEING LIABLE FOR
HIT-and-RUN?
1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of the
accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; He surrenders to proper authority or
3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
ASSIGNMENT: On your way home or before coming here to school, take down at least 5 plate
numbers of any motor vehicles. Write it in your notebook. ☺leah
VI. REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
CONCEPT: RA 4136 mandates that all motor vehicles shall be registered by its owner before the
designated District Offices of the Land Transportation Office.
A. CLASSIFICATION OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES
1. PRIVATE (not for hire)- These are motor vehicles used for the personal use of their
owners.
2. PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLE (P.U.V aka for hire)- These are registered primarily for the
conveyance of passengers and other commercial goods.
3. GOVERNMENT- These are motor vehicles owned by government offices and are used for
official purposes only.
4. DIPLOMAT- These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the Philippines.
B. PLATE NUMBERS
1. Green with white background- Issued to private or not for hire motor vehicles (MVs).
2. Black with yellow background- Issued to PUJs.
3. Red (Maroon) with white background- Issued to government owned MVs.
4. Blue with white background- Assigned for foreign diplomats, consuls, and other foreign
dignitaries.
5. Commemorative plate - Issued for specific purposes such as fund-raising for government
projects and programs.
C. SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION- Registration of motor vehicles should be done annually which
follows the numerical suffixes of their plate numbers.
Last Digit of Plate
Number
1- Jan
6-Jun
2- Feb
7-July
3-Mar
8-Aug
4- Apr
9-Sep
5-May
0-Oct
Middle Digit of Plate
Number
1
2
3
1st
4
5
6
2nd
7
8
3rd
9
0
4th
Weekly Deadline(working days of
months only)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
NOTE: Vehicles may be registered one month in advance of weekly deadline. For motorcycles,
use 3rd digit.
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EXAMPLE:
TNG 984
The above motor vehicle shall be registered in April every year because the last digit is
“4” and the day of registration falls in April 15-21 since the middle digit is “8”.
D. LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS
1. Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;
2. Year of initial registration and the possible year model of the registered motor vehicle could be
determined from the order of the letter prefixes, i.e., the higher the letters the later the year of
registration and year model of the motor vehicle.
EXAMPLE: VEHICLE 1- PLT 255
VEHICLE 2- TNU 636
Between the above motor vehicles, Vehicle 1 was registered earlier than Vehicle 2, and possibly, Vehicle
2’s model is later than Vehicle 1.
E. PLACE PREFIXES
Place Prefix
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
R
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Place Designation
Ilocos Region and Cordillera Administrative Region
Cagayan Valley Region
Central Luzon
Southern Tagalog (CALABARZON and MIMAROPA)
Bicol Region
Western Visayas
Central Visayas
Eastern Visayas
Zamboanga Peninsula and Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
Northern Mindanao and CARAGA
Davao Region
SOCCSKSARGEN
National Capital Region
National Capital Region
Central Luzon
National Capital Region
National Capital Region
Southern Tagalog
National Capital Region
National Capital Region
Central Visayas
National Capital Region
NOTE: I and O are not in use to avoid confusion with the numbers 1 and 0, uses only for private
motorcycles.
Q is a special letter and is not in use on regular plate circulation or used only for motorcycletricycle for hire.
S is reserved for government-owned vehicles.
E. SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Executive Order No. 400, signed by Pres. Arroyo on January 18, 2005
The following Officials shall be entitled to the use of low-numbered/ protocol license plates:
OFFICIAL
President of the Republic of the Philippines/PANGULO
Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines
Senate president
Speaker of the House Representative
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PROTOCOL PLATE
1
2
3
4
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Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Cabinet Secretary
Senator
Congressman
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court
Presiding Justice and other Justices of Court of Appeals
Chairman of the Commission on Elections
Cabinet undersecretary
Solicitor General
Chief of Staff, AFP/Chief, PNP
RTC Judges
First level Courts
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
F. VANITY LICENSE PLATE- This is an optional MV plates having preferred inscriptions for purpose of
establishing personalize identity of MV to registered owner. This is issued in conjunction with regular
plate placing it on top of regular license plate.
-issued to MV owner with effectivityx period for life unless revoked.
CATEGORIES OF VANITY PLATES:
o LIMITED EDITION- consists of four (4) characters or maximum of six (6) characters
either all numeric/alphabets.
▪ Ex: AAAAAA, ACACAC, ACCA, 1111, 2222
▪ P50K thru public auction
o
PREMIUM EDITION- 6 characters, combination numeric or alphabets (reverse of
current license plate number)
▪ Ex: 682XED
▪ P15K thru public auction
o
SELECT EDITION- minimum of 3/ maximum of 6
▪ Ex: GANDA, JUST4U, LUV8
▪ P10K thru public auction
o
SPECIAL PLATE- 3 alphabet character and number ranging from 1-100
▪ Ex: AVE 15
VII. DRIVER’S LICENSE
Concept: Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT a RIGHT but a
PRIVILEGE granted by the Philippine government through the LTO based on Republic Act 4136 and
Batasang Pambansa Blg. 398. Further, it is a privilege which may be suspended or revoked.
DRIVER’s LICENSE- A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification
as provided therefore. It is also a public document which has the legal presumption of genuiness.
A. DUTY PROCEDURE LICENSE
• Sec. 19, of R.A 4136 states that no person shall operate any motor vehicle without first
procuring a license to drive for the current year.
B. CONFISCATION OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
• When a driver’s license is confiscated for any reason, the traffic enforcer must, however
issue a receipt (Temporary Operator’s Permit) which is good for 72 hours within which
the driver may continue to operate his vehicle. Failure to settle the case within 15 days
will cause suspension and revocation of the license.
C. TYPES OF LICENSES, PROCEDURES and REQUIREMENTS. A driver is licensed by the LTO
as a proof of his proficiency in driving his knowledge of road rules and regulation while operating
a motor vehicle.
1. INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’s LICENSE – Bonafide tourist and transients who are dully
licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries may be allowed to operate motor
vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days of their sojourn in the Philippines (Sec. 21,
R.A. 4136). The applicant must submit the following requirements:
a. The original foreign license plus a photo copy of the same license.
b. In the event that the foreign license is written in the language of the license holder other
than ENGLISH, a language of the contents of the license into ENGLISH from the embassy
from which the license was issued.
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c.
In the event that applicant applies for a license or of his foreign license expired at the time
that application is filled, the applicant will have to undergo both
a. WRITTEN EXAMINATION AN ACTUAL ROAD TEST.
b. An application form filled the applicant.
Note: Foreign license applicants can only be issued a NON-PROFESSIONAL LICENSE.
2. Military Driver’s License. Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by
the government shall be licensed in accordance with RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fess
shall be collected thereof.
All licenses so issued shall bear the words “ FOR GOVERNMENT VEHICLE ONLY” plainly marked
or stamped in inks across the face thereof. A military Driver’s License does not authorize the
holder to operate a private-owned motor vehicle (Sec. 20, R.A. 4136)
3. Professional Driver’s License. This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to public. Any person driving his own
motor vehicle for hire is professional driver (Sec. 3, e, R.A. 4136)
Applicants for professional driver’s license should fulfill the following requirements;
a. Must be at least 18 years of age.
b. Presentation of either the following documents:
(1). A STUDENT PERMIT which has been issued in the possession of the applicant for at
least 5 months.
(2). A NON-PROFESSIONAL Driver’s License that has been in the possession of the
applicant for not less 4 month.
c. A certificate from an LTO accredited doctor attesting the following that the applicant:
(1) is physically and mentally sound;
(2) has normal, non impaired vision and hearing;
(3) does not have history of heavy drinking and drug abuse
d. A Police, NBI, Prosecutor’s clearance certifying that the applicant does not have criminal or
any record or any case involving the taking of a human life.
e. He must pass WRITTEN EXAMINATION.
f. to pass an actual ROAD TEST .
g. an application from ( ADL ) Filled out by the applicant.
h. payment of the following amount:
Application fee : P 100.00
Computer fee :
67.63
========
Total
P 167.63
License fee:
Computer fee:
Total
P 350.00
67.63
========
P 417.63
Note: The professional driver’s license is renewable every 3 years. The identifying color is RED.
4. Non-Professional Driver’s License. This kind of license is issued to owners of private-owned
motor vehicles or those not for hire or paid for driving (Effect of sec. 3,e, R.A. 4136). The
applicant must fulfill the following requirements;
a. Must be at least 17 years of age .
b. A student Driver’s Permit that has been issued not less than 1 month from the date of
application.
c. A certificate from LTO accredited doctor attesting that the applicant:
(1).Is physically and mentally sound.
(2).Has normal vision and hearing.
d. Must pass a WRITTEN EXAMINATION.
e. must pass an actual ROAD test.
f. An application form (ADL) filled out by the applicant.
g. Payment of the following:
(1) Application fee: P 100.00
License fee: P 350.00
(2) Computer fee:
67.63
Computer fee: 67.63
========
=========
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Total
P 167.63
Total
P417.63
The holder of a Non-Professional driver’s License shall be restricted to operate motor
vehicles up to 4500 kgs. Gross vehicle weight (GVW) and also renewable every 3 years. The color of its
logo is GREEN.
5. Student Driver’s Permit. This kind of document is issued to person s who desire to learn how
to drive cannot operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who either be a licensed
Professional or non-professional driver (Sec. 30, R.A. 4136). The applicant must fulfill the
following:
a. Must be at least 16 years of age.
b. Must be physically sound and good health with no contagious ailments.
c. Must be mentally capable.
d. Must know how to read and write in his native dialect, in Tagalog, or English.
e. Must apply personally at any LTO and have with him the following documents:
(1) Document of birth proof that is 16 years old, either of the following:
(a) Joint affidavit by 2 not related individuals attesting to the age of the applicant.
(b) SSS identification card.
(c) Passport
(d) Voter’s I.D
(2) Applicants whose age is between 16 to 18 years old, an affidavit of consent signed by
the parents or by the applicant legal guardian allowing the applicant to learn how to
drive.
f. 2 pcs. 1x 1 black and white or color photographs of the applicant.
g. Payment of the following :
(1) Application fee
P 100.00
(2) Student Permit fee 150.00
(3) Computer fee:
67.63
=======
Total
P 317.63
Note:A student permit is valid for up 12 months from the date of issue.
A. Drivers’ Examination. All drivers’ license applicants must obtain the passing score follows:
1. The written Examination. Written examinations will contain questions concerning proper driving
procedures, road rules and regulations, emergency procedures, etc., Number of questions will
be follows:
a. Non-Professional License – 40 questions
b. Professional License – 60 questions
Examinees will have to pass the written examination with the following marks:
a. Non – Professional – 30 out of 40 questions
b. Professional – 50 out of 60 questions
Before each examination, a DRIVING SKILL RATER will provide a 30 minute lecture
about traffic rules and other driver information as a “review “ for the applicants.
2. The Road Test. The actual road test will be undertaken under the auspice of a “DRIVING
SKILL RATER “ This actual road test will have to scheduled in advance and the applicant will
have to provide the vehicle in which the road teat will be conducted. The applicant should
make sure that the vehicle to be used is in proper working condition and is currently registered.
During the road test, the applicant will be rated according to his proficiency on the following
aspects:
a. That the applicant is aware of and capable of performing a check on the primary
components of the vehicle such as the engine , the tires, the battery, lights, windshield
wipers, brakes, transmission and clutch etc..
b. Proper use and correct positioning of the hands on the steering wheel.
c. Proper engine control and use of the gear shift lever and the foot pedals.
d. Proper speed control and observance and practice of road discipline.
e. Proper knowledge and interpretation of road signs and markings.
f. Proper turning procedures.
g. Proper backing procedures.
h. Proper parking procedures.
The applicant will be credited with the score of 100 points at the start of the road test.
Each infraction or unsatisfactory performance will be listed down on a ROAD TEST SCORE
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SHEET and the corresponding deductions made at the end of the test. Passing grade will
be 70 points or total possible deduction of 30 points.
B. Mandatory Drug Test. It is mandatory to all drivers’ license applicants except for student drivers’
permit to pass a drug test conducted by duly LTO accredited drug testing centers.
C. Drivers’ Restriction Code. When the driver is issued a license, the drivers’ restriction code is
indicated as follows:
1. Motorcycles/Motorized tricycles
2. Vehicle up 4500 kgs Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)
3. Vehicle above 4500 kgs GVW
4. Automatic clutch up 4500 kgs GVW
5. Automatic clutch above 4500 kgs GVW
6. Articulated vehicle 1600 kgs GVW & below
7. Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 kgs GVW
8. Articulated vehicle 4501 kgs & above GVW
9. Disabled
D. Drivers, condition. The conditions for drivers’ license holder while operating a motor vehicle are
indicated as follows:
1. A- wear eye glasses
2. B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
3. C – drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
4. D – daylight driving only
5. E – accompanied by a person with normal hearing.
VIII. GENERAL RULES OF USE AND CONDUCT
Concept
The traffic rules in the Philippines are based entirely on the general rules of road use and conduct
which also include the general prohibitions and restrictions. Chapter IV, Articles I to V of the R.A. 4136
comprehensively discuss the traffic rules observed in the Philippines.
A. Speed Limit and other Rules on speed. Any person driving a motor on a highway shall drive
the same at a careful and prudent speed, not greater nor less than is reasonable and proper,
having due regard for the traffic, the width of the highway, and of any other condition then and
there existing; and no person shall drive any motor vehicle upon a highway such speed as to
endanger the life, limb and property of any person , nor at a speed greater than will permit him
to bring the vehicle to a stop within the assured clear distance ahead.
1. Maximum Allowable Speeds. Subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the
rate of speed of any motor vehicle shall not exceed the following per hour.
a. An open country roads with no blind
corners not closely bordered by
habitations
b. On “through streets” or boulevards clear
of traffic, with no blind corners, when so
designated
c. On City and municipal streets, with light
traffic, when not designated “through
streets”
d. Through crowded streets approaching
intersections at “blind corners” passing
school zones, passing other vehicles
which are stationary or for similar
dangerous circumstances.
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Passenger cars and
Motorcycles
80 km.
Motor Trucks and Buses
40 km.
30 km.
30 km.
30 km.
20 km.
20 km.
50 km.
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2. Exception to the speed limit. The rates of speed hereinabove prescribed shall not apply
to the following:
a. A Physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls.
b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the place of accident or other
emergency
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic,
or any other similar place.
d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the armed forces while in use for official purposes
in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
f. A law enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.
g. The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided that
exemption shall not be construed to allow useless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
3. Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines. No provincial, city or municipal
authority shall enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution specifying maximum allowable
speed other than those period RA 4136.
B. Lateral placement. Lateral placement means the proper positioning of the motor vehicle while
traversing on a traffic way or while on parked.
In the Philippines, unless a different course of action is required in the interest of the safety and the
security of life, person or property, or because of unreasonable difficulty of operating in compliance
herewith, every person operating a motor vehicle or an animal drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to
the right when meeting persons or vehicles going to the same direction, and when meeting persons or
vehicles going to the same direction, and when turning to the left in going the same direction, and when
turning to the left in going from one highway to another every motor vehicle shall be conducted to the
right of the center of the intersection of the highway.
On the other hand, motor vehicles should be parked only on designated areas and so properly
parked without encroaching the parking stall or space of another vehicle.
C. Overtaking and Passing. In overtaking another vehicle, a driver should pass at a safe distance to
the left, of the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume driving on the right side of the road only after
passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.
1. Exception: On the highways with two or more lanes where traffic goes in one direction,
another vehicle may be overtaken on the right.
2. Driver to Give Way to Overtaking Vehicle. The driver of a motor vehicle about to be
overtaken must give way to the overtaking vehicle and shall not increase his speed until the overtaking
vehicle has fully passed by (Sec. 40, RA 4136).
3. Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing. To avoid accident or any unusual incidents, or
any unusual incidents overtaking and passing on the following places are restricted (Sec. 41, RA 4136)
a. To the left side of the center line of a highway overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction, unless such left side is clearly visible and is free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient
distance ahead to permit safety overtaking.
b. When approaching the crest of a grade, nor upon a curve in the highway, where the driver’s view
along the highway is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead, except on a
highway having two or more lanes for movement of vehicles in one direction.
c. At any railway grade crossing nor at any intersections of highways, unless such intersection or
crossing to controlled by traffic signal or a traffic officer.
d. Between any points signs indicating that men are temporary or caution signs indicating that men
are working on the highways.
e. In any ‘”no passing or overtaking zone.”
D. Right of Way. This principles refers to the legal or customary precedence (priority in place or time)
which allows one vehicle to cross or pass in front of another.
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1. Rules on Right of Way. Sections42-44 of RA 4136 provides for the rules on giving the right
of way.
a. In case of the two vehicles approaching or entering an intersection at the same time, the driver
of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way; however, the driver of any vehicle traveling
at any unlawful speed forfeits this right (Sec. 42, a), See Figure 7.1.
b. In the case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet entered the intersection, its driver shall yield
the right way to vehicles already within such intersection or turning therein to the left across the
line of travel of the first mentioned vehicles (Sec. 42, b).
c. In case of a vehicle on a highway within a business or residential district, its driver shall yield the
right way to pedestrians crossing the highway within a crosswalk, except at intersections where
traffic is regulated by a peace officer or a traffic signal. If there is no crosswalk, pedestrians shall
yield the right of way to vehicles on the highways sec. 42. c)
d. In case of a vehicle traversing a “thru-highway”, its driver should bring it to a full stop before
crossing. However, if it is clear and no hazard exist, the vehicle may slow down to 5 miles per
hour instead of a full stop (sec. 42, d).
Exceptions to the right of Way Rule. Right of way rules do not apply in the case:
a. Of a vehicle entering from a private road or drive. The right of way is in favor of all vehicles
utilizing the highway (Sec. 43)
b. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to police or fire department
vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles are operated on official business and the drivers
thereof sound audible signal or their approach.
c. The driver of a vehicle entering a “through highway” to a “stop intersection” shall yield the right
of way to a vehicles approaching in either direction on such ‘through highway.”
E. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules. The driver of any motor vehicle on a highway, before
starting, stopping or turning from a direct line, shall first see that such movement can be made safely,
and if any pedestrian is affected by such movement, he shall give a clearly audible signal by sounding the
vehicle’s horn.
1. When Other Motorists are affected. Whenever the operation of any other approaching or
following may be affected by such movement, the driver making the movements shall give a
signal to the other driver/s of his intention to make such movement (Sec. 44,a)
2. Hand signal. The required signal shall be given by means of extending the hand or arm beyond
the left side or the vehicle or by an approved mechanical or electrical signs device (Sec. 44, b).
3. Making a right Turn (Normal Procedures). The following are the rules to be observed in
making a correct turning to the right from a four lane street to a four lane street.
a. Signal your intention to turn right with your turning signal light or a hand signal at
least 100 ft. before you intend to make your turn.
b. Stay on the right lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a right turn from left lane.
d. At an intersection with a red traffic light, make a right turn ONLY after coming to a
full stop to make sure that no vehicle is coming from the left.
e. Do not move immediately to the middle of the road. Keep to the right side until
you have increased your speed sufficiently to move to the middle of the lane.
4.Making a u- Turn on a Four- Lane Highway (Normal Procedure)
a. Check for traffic behind you and indicate your intentions with a left turn signal. If no fast
vehicles, stay on the left lane.
b. Clear the “other side” for oncoming traffic and initiate your turn as soon as it is clear. Do not
come to a complete stop. Straighten out on the right lane and begin gaining speed.
c. As soon as you have reached a relatively safe speed signal your intention to move to the fast
lane with a left turn signal.
d. Move to the fast lane as soon as you are fast enough to hold up traffic moving in the same
direction.
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5. Making a U- Turn on a Two- lane Road (Normal Procedure). Following is the
recommended procedure in making a U- turn on two- lane road:
a. Make a right turn signal at least 100 ft. before you start moving to the right side of the road
b. Stay as close to the right side as possible. Come to a complete stop if necessary. Check behind
you for traffic. Also check for oncoming traffic on the other lane.
c. Once all traffic has passed you, initiate your U- turn. See to it that you can make it one “sweep”.
If you have a long vehicle, look for an intersection or a wide section of the road to make a Uturn in.
d. At this point, you should be making the U- turn IF you know the turning radius of your vehicle.
e. Do not move immediately to the middle of the road. Keep to the right side until you have
increased your speed sufficiently to move to the middle of the lane.
6. Making a U- Turn on a Four Lane Highway (Normal Procedure)
a. Check for traffic behind you and indicate your intentions with a left turn signal. If no fast
vehicles, stay on the left lane.
b. Clear the “other side” for oncoming traffic and initiate your turn as soon as it is clear. Do not
come to a complete stop. Straighten out on the right lane and begin gaining speed.
c. As soon as you have reached a relatively safe speed signal your intention to move to the fast
lane with a left turn signal.
d. Move to the fast lane as soon as you are fast enough to hold up traffic moving in the same
direction.
F. Pedestrians’ Rights and Duties: Pedestrians have the right to occupy or pass on spaces or
portions of traffic way allocated for them like crossing on pedestrian lanes and passing on sidewalks or
catwalks. In addition, pedestrians as part of the traffic system, their fundamental duty is to observe and
obey all traffic rules and regulations. Motorists should also know the rights of the pedestrians so that
they will not be using the portions of the traffic way allocated for the pedestrians for parking purposes.
G. General Parking Rules and Similar Regulations. Motor vehicles should park only on areas
specifically designated for parking. All accidents are not caused while vehicles are being driven. A
parked vehicle may create an accident, kill someone or destroy property. Before leaving your vehicle, set
the brakes, put the gear in low or reverse or park position and remove the key. This will prevent your
car from rolling down an incline and will also prevent cars from pushing your car.
1. Parking on Cities: In cities and towns, unless otherwise directed by a city or municipal
ordinance, motor vehicles will be parked parallel and within 12 inches of the curb. For additional
precaution while parking, observe the following:
a. Downhill with or without curb- turn wheels to right.
b. Uphill curb with curb- turn wheels from curb
c. Uphill without curb- turn wheels to curb
2. Parking on a Highway: On rural roads, pull entirely off pavement to park. Whenever
practicable, turn on your parking lights.
3. Parking Prohibited in Specified Places. No driver shall park a vehicle or permit it to stand,
whether attended or unattended, upon a highway in any of the following places.
a. Within an intersection
b. On a crosswalk
c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines
d. Within four meters of the driveway entrance to any fire station.
e. Within four meters of a fire hydrant
f. In front of a private driveway
g. On the roadway side of any vehicles stopped or packed at the curb or edge of the
highway
h. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking
IX. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
Concept
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Traffic control. Generally it refers to procedures, devices and communication systems that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the same roads, rails, waterways or air space. Traffic control
establishes a set of rules and instructions that drivers, pilots, train engineers, and ship captains rely on to
avoid collisions and other hazards. Safe travel for pedestrians is an additional goal in highway traffic
control.
A. Traffic Control as Applied to Land Transportation: a system of traffic engineering, employing
prescribed traffic rules and regulations and devices such as signals, and markings, to relieve vehicular
congestion and air pollution and to promote safety and pedestrian mobility, usually in heavily populated
urban areas. In smaller towns, with lighter traffic, similar but simpler control devices and engineering
techniques are used.
B. Control Techniques: The primary emphasis of traffic control is on the safe and efficient flow of cars,
buses, vans and lorries over urban streets and highways. The means of promoting this can vary from
simple improvement of local streets by installing traffic signs and road markings to constructing
comprehensive motorway control systems. These systems are:
1. Across- road meters to monitor and control motorway
2. Closed – circuit television surveillance to detect quickly any deterioration in traffic flow; and
3. Emergency services in case of accident and injury
C. Other- traffic control techniques include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The use of one way streets
Enforcement of traffic flow regulations
Channelization (building traffic islands turning lanes and so on ) and
The use of traffic signals
D. Highway Traffic Control
Motorist depend on traffic control devices to avoid collisions and travel safely to their
destinations . Traffic control devices for highway travel include signs, signal lights, pavement markings
and a variety of devices placed on, over, near or even under, the roadway.
1. Traffic Signs. Traffic signs are the most extensively used form of traffic control in the United
States. More than 55 million traffic signs line the nation’s roadside. They provide information
about speed limits and road conditions. They direct traffic along certain routes and to specific
destinations, by using signs, traffic control planners tell drivers what to do, what to watch for
and where to drive.
2. Pavement Markings. Pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic and direct
vehicles into proper positions on the roadway. For example pavement markings delineate turn
lanes at intersections and establish no passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily used
for pavement markings. Reflective devices are more visible at night and are used in some
locations to mark lanes and other significant places in the road.
Traffic signs and road markings follow a uniform practice throughout the world and are
designated to convey information with a minimum of words to avoid confusing drivers unfamiliar
with the area and the language. Uniform pictorials signs and markings have been adopted
throughout Europe and United States. They include uniform sign formats and sizes and uniform
codes regulating the traffic law.
3. Traffic- Signal: Traffic signals are installed to permit safe movement of vehicles and
pedestrians at busy intersections. The signal light is probably the most easily recognized traffic
control device. At a busy intersection in a large city, a traffic signal may control the movements
of more than 100,000 vehicles per day. More than 60 percent of all miles driven each year are
on roadways controlled by traffic signals.
Traffic signals direct streams of vehicles and pedestrians when to go, stop or proceed with
caution. The signals increase the traffic handling capacity of most intersection. They can work
independently on timers or connect to computer controlled system that operates over several
intersections.
4. Priority control: In one of the oldest method of traffic control, one form of transportation is
given priority by restricting or banning other forms of transportation. In the 1st century, BC,
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Roman Emperor Julius Caesar banned wheel traffic from Rome during day time, which allowed
pedestrians and horse riders to move freely around the city. Some modern cities ban or restrict
truck travel through certain neighborhoods.
Bus lanes and high occupancy vehicles lanes exist in many urban areas. Only specified types of
vehicles primarily those carrying several occupants can use these lanes. By giving priority t high
occupancy vehicles transportation planners encourage carpooling and reduce congestions.
5. Restraints. As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners use devices to
discourage heavy use of a route. Island built in the centers of intersections force drivers to
proceed slowly. Speed bumps discourage high speed commuting through residential
neighborhoods. Concrete median strips prevent vehicles from making turns except at
intersections.
X. TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS
Concept
Traffic Lights. These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is
warned or directed to take some specific actions. Traffic light signals are used to control traffic at
junctions and also to stop traffic to provide safe crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists.
The color of traffic lights are chronologically arranged to give motorists better view of signal
lights. From the top, the series of color is Red, Yellow and Green. If there is a left or right arrow, the
color alternates from green, yellow to red and is usually installed at the left side of green, yellow and red
lights.
A. Historical Background. Traffic lights were first introduced on railways- the American railroads.
Their application on the road came only later. The choice of their colors, internationally adopted,
was not arbitrary. It was the result of traditions, careful considerations and experience.
1. The Colors. Today, traffic lights are taken for granted. Few realize the amount of
deliberation and the various factors that lead to their selection. To begin with, fundamental
conditions had to be met;
a. The colors had to be recognized easily, quickly and unmistakably.
b. This had to be possible from the considerable distance and while in motion.
c. The quality, intensity and contrasts of the colors had to be such that they served their
purpose in all weather, day and night
As for the choice of the individual colors best- suited to convey the essential information, some
seemed to be “pre-selected.” Certain colors were traditionally linked with the very purpose they were
now meant to serve. Almost from antiquity, their association had prepared them to express to the
modern age of speed the command to stop, to pay heed, or to go “full steam” ahead.
2. Red for “Stop”. Red was an obvious choice for “stop”. It had always represented danger.
Fire was red: man had learned early on to keep a safe distance from it lest he be burned.
Blood was red; to shed it, brought death. It is no wonder that therefore, red became
associated with emergency and with danger.
3. White for “Go”. Though “to give the green light” has become the proverbial permissive
signal in many a situation, green was not the original choice for “go.” White first indicated
that the railroad was safe and that the train could proceed without danger. After all, white
had always been regarded though unscientifically so, as a pure and clear color.
Consequently, in the language of symbolism it came to express purity. Therefore, it was
surprising either that initially it was decided upon to make it the signal that the line was
“clear”
4. Caution. Two “lights” were to control the running of trains- while for “go” and red for
“stop”. It was then realized that safety would be served better still by introducing a
cautionary light to warn the driver of an imminent change. Its color once again was to be
determined by considerations of contrast, distinctiveness and visibility. The eventual choice
was green.
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5. Green for “Go”. It did not take long for “white” to prove the wrong color for “go”. Bitter
experience taught that it was far from ideal. In fact, it could prove fatal and for a very
pertinent reason. At that early stage, kerosene lamps, served as the source of light. Any
color other than white was produced by fixing a color glass plate in front of the lamp.
B. From Rail to Road Traffic. The increase or road traffic in cities necessitated its regulation.
Policemen on point duty did a good job, but soon were outnumbered by intersections demanding
attention. It became clear that only mechanical aids could solve the problem. The traffic authorities did
not have to go far in their search. They simply adopted and adopted- though very gradually and even
before their final standardization- the ready- made and well- tried system of railroad signals.
In England, primary consideration was given to Members of parliament to help them safely
across the street to reach the Houses of Parliament; the Metropolitan Commissioner of Police in London
had the first lights installed at a “danger spot” near Parliament./ it was a revolving gas- lit lantern
mounted on a pole almost seven meters high, which indicated the red and the green (the latter than still
being used for “caution”). A policeman stationed at its base controlled it by turning a lever. These
“lights” were inaugurated on December 10, 1868. No one then guessed the hazard they presented. On
January 2, 1869, the gas container supplying the lights with fuel exploded, badly injuring the policeman.
One of the world’s first electric traffic lights was developed in 1912, in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
By Lester Wire, a detective on the city police force. A wooden box with a slanted roof, the lights were
colored with red and green dye and shone through circular openings. The box was mounted on a pole
and the wires were attached to the overhead trolley and light wires. It was manually operated.
Clever land, Ohio, adopted a more elaborate electric signal in 1914, which became the prototype
of all modern systems. Its two colors (red and green) could be controlled either by hand or by an
automatic timer. They were supplemented by warning buzzers. These could still easily be heard, as
traffic then was not as deafening as it is nowadays.
In 1918, New York City put up the first automatic (three colored) lights. Britain followed suit as
late as 1926 with still manually- operated set in the West end of London. The first England automatic
lights were installed- as a one day experiment- in the following year at a busy intersection in
Wolverhampton, a town in Staffordshire, north- west of Birmingham. The test proved so successful that
within a month the new lights were adopted in Leeds, and subsequently, in Edinburgh, to become
eventually and inevitably a common and essential feature of traffic controls everywhere.
C. Rationale. Regulating traffic flow at intersections and road crossing is just a matter of alternating the
GO and STOP signal so that every driver gets his “fair share.” As a result of this traffic lights were
invented to relieve the traffic policeman of the mechanical duties of alternating traffic to make everybody
happy.
During instance wherein traffic officers are directing traffic at a crossing or intersection equipped
with traffic lights, the INSTRUCTIONS OF THE POLICE OFFICER TAKE PRECEDENCE over the traffic
lights.
D. Problems concerning traffic lights. There are several problems arising from intersections
controlled by traffic lights. These are:
1. Failure to respect traffic laws and regulations particularly in the absence of traffic law enforcers.
In the Philippines setting, respect to laws (not necessary traffic laws) needs improvement.
2. When a traffic light suddenly becomes inoperative, very seldom do order and a sense of discipline
prevail. It always ends up as massive free for all.
3. Even pedestrians are guilty of disobeying traffic lights by crossing on DON’T WALK signs. This
usually halts traffic.
4. Many times, presence of traffic law enforcers does not deter pedestrians from disobeying traffic
laws, rules and regulations.
Oftentimes, inoperative traffic lights (either due to brownout or out of order) cause traffic jams. In
cases like these, Lichauco advised that IT IS SAFER TO SLOW DOWN OR COME TO A COMPLETE STOP
and make certain what the flow of traffic is. Further, he noted the common observation that too many
accidents have happened with drivers on both sides. ASSUMING that the light on their side is SUPPOSED
TO BE GREEN.
E. Classification of Traffic Signal Lights. Traffic signal lights are further classified into three:
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1. Traffic Control Signals. These are signal lights designed primarily to control and regulate
traffic flows.
2. Special Pedestrian Signals. These signals lights provides regulation for pedestrians like the
“WALK” and “DO NOT WALK” signal lights.
3. Train Approach and Gates Signals. These are usually installed on road rail intersections
designed to inform motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.
4. Other Special Traffic Signals. These are installed on road- rail intersections designed to
inform motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.
F. Traffic Signal Systems. Traffic Signal Lights use different signaling system which vary according to
the needs of the traffic way.
1. The Fixed – time System. A traffic control signal by which traffic is alternately commanded to
stop and permitted to proceed in accordance with predetermined time schedule. This is the most
widely used system of traffic signaling. The duration of the green light remains constant and is
set to favor traffic on the main roadway. Main road traffic is halted periodically to permit the
side road traffic to cross the intersection for a short fixed time before the signal again signal
changes are determined by systematic studies of traffic flow and pedestrian needs. Such cycle
lengths can be set to vary during the day to accommodate changing traffic patters. Traffic
activated controllers can also be use. These vary the length of the green light on a street
according to changes in traffic demand.
2. Progressive System. These are used on major arteries of a number of cities. Signals at
successive intersections along the artery are timed to change from red to green at staggered
intervals, permitting a vehicle that maintains a constant speed to proceed without interruption
under normal circumstances.
3. Computerized Control of Signal Networks. Signal changes are ordered by the demands of
traffic and are directed by computers that operate on the basis of traffic information relayed from
vehicle sensors on the streets. In this system, traffic detectors are placed at several locations
generally in the pavement. A computer continuously scans the traffic information from each
detectors. The computer then selects the best timing for each signal to reduce traffic congestion
and minimize delays.
G. Specific Meaning of Traffic Lights. To attain more effective and efficient controlling of traffic,
each color of the traffic light has specific meaning and traffic regulation.
1. Steady Red
a. STOP at the designated line
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
c. Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
d. Unless specified, you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic coming from the
left.
2. Steady Green
a. GO
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to STOP
c. Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the pedestrian
d. Unless specified, you can move up to the middle section of the intersection and make a left
turn when clear.
e. Vehicles GOING STRAIGHT have the right of way.
f. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN LIGHT
3. Steady Green Arrow
a. GO
b. Vehicles turning left can do so
c. On coming straight traffic is still RED to give way for the vehicles turning left
d. DO NOT ANTICIPATE A GREEN ARROW
4. Steady Yellow
a. PREPARE TO STOP
b. It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the GO signal shortly
c. DO NOT BEAT A YELLOW LIGHT
5. Flashing Red
a. This is the same as STOP SIGN
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b.
c.
d.
e.
STOP at the designated line
Vehicles will be crossing from the “other side”
Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrians’ lane.
PROCEED WHEN CLEAR
6. Flashing Yellow
a. This is the same as a YIELD SIGN
b. Proceed through the intersection with CAUTION
c. You have the right of way over a flashing RED LIGHT
d. Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a FULLSTOP
7. Steady Green and Steady Left/ Right Arrow
a. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left turn.
b. Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a right turn.
c. The RIGHT GREEN signal might or might NOT have a road sign disallowing a right turn while
the RED light is ON.
XII. PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
Concept
Pavement Markings and Markers. The pavements of all main highways have certain
markings to help you drive safely. Those include the center lane lines, barrier lines and directional
arrows, depending upon the type of highway and the needs for such markings to make the road safe
under varying conditions.
A. Pavement Markings Defined. These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets
except signs set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or to objects
within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding
traffic.
Similarly, pavement markings are standardized as to color and location to conform to
international standards. Basically, pavement markings are placed on the roadway to convey warning or
information to the road users without diverting his attention from the roadway under favorable condition.
B. Types of Pavement Markings and Markers. Pavement markings and markers are further
classified into the following depending on their purpose and location of placement.
1. Pavement Markings. These are the lines usually white and yellow or a combination of yellow
and white officially set on the roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite
direction or the same direction in case of two lane one- way street, two lane, two way street or
four- lane, two-way.
2. Curb Markings for Restrictions. These are markings placed on the curbs or edges of the
traffic for restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
3. Object Makings. These are markings placed on objects on the road or beside the road like
humps, rocks or similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.
4. Reflectorized Markings. These are markings or gadgets designated to reflect and become
luminous when hit by vehicles headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the
roadway to supplement separation lines or on object at the side of the roadway which are too
near or within the road pavement itself.
C. Specific Meaning of Pavement Markings. Pavement markings vary depending on the traffic
regulations in its location or depending on the road or traffic condition.
1. Single White Dotted Line. This pavement marking indicates the following:
a. On two lane road, it separates traffic moving in opposite directions.
b. On a one way street, separates traffic moving in one direction.
c. Overtaking is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming possible.
2. Single White Continuous Line in a two- Lane Traffic Way. This line indicates the following
a. Separate traffic moving in opposite direction.
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b. Could be found in road sections that are dangerous
c. Passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY under circumstances when there is no
oncoming traffic
3. Single Continuous Line On a Four lane Road. This sign when found on four lane streets,
indicates:
a. When there are slow and fast lanes, NEVER overtake by passing over the solid white line
b. Lanes 1 and 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles. Vehicles on this lane should not be
BELOW the minimum speed limit,
c. Lanes 2 and 3 (inner lanes) are usually for faster moving vehicles.
4. Double Yellow Line or Double White Line. A double yellow or white line with a dotted line
in between means.
a. ABSOLUTELY NO OVERTAKING
b. Overtaking is extremely dangerous
c. Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines.
5. Single Yellow/ White Line. A white or yellow line with a dotted white line means.
a. That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side
b. If you overtake, return to your lane BEFORE the solid line
6. Yellow Continuous Line on Road Provided with a Passing Lane. This line indicates the
following:
a. These are common on mountain roads
b. Slow moving vehicles such as buses and
c. Heavy trucks should always use the outer lane
d. Inner lane (lane 2) is for vehicles to pass without having to use the other lane (lane 1) for
vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
e. Vehicles coming from the opposite direction (lane 1) should not use the inner lane (lane 2) at
the other side for overtaking
7. Crosswalk or Pedestrian Lane. This pavement marking indicates the following:
a. For pedestrian to cross
b. Stop for pedestrians on an intersection with no traffic light
c. DO NOT STOP on pedestrian lane especially to load or unload passengers.
d. Pedestrians should ALWAYS cross a street on a crosswalk
8. Directional Arrows. These pavement markings indicate the following traffic regulations
a. Directions of permitted traffic movement
b. When approaching intersections where pavement arrows are used , you should enter the
lane where the arrow points in the direction you want to go
c. If you get in the wrong lane, you should keep going in the direction indicated by the arrow
until it is safe to turn off and get back on the street or highway which will carry you to your
destination
d. Some have double headed arrows which means the lane is for traffic going in the two
directions indicated.
9. Stop Lines. These are painted across pavement lanes at traffic signs or signals. Where these
lines are present, you should stop behind the stop line.
10. The Barrel Lines. A new concept in reducing the seriousness of accidents. The barrels are
engineered to act as impact cushion. Usually installed in front of a solid obstacle or traffic island
at an area of high accident frequency.
XIII. TRAFFIC ISLANDS
Concept
A. Traffic Islands Defined. These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
B. Functions of Traffic Islands. Traffic islands as part of traffic control devices are designed to:
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1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles; and
2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase safety
C. Classifications of Traffic Islands. Traffic islands are classified according to the design, place of
installation and purpose of construction
1. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers). These are constructed between the pedestrian
sidewalk and the road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to
prevent motor vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.
2. Traffic Islands. These are the raised portion in the middle of the traffic way constructed to
separate the streams of motor vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the same time
preventing motorists from using the opposite lane for overtaking. Traffic islands are further subclassified into three.
a. Division Islands. These are constructed primarily to divide the streams of the motor
vehicles.
b. Channeling Island. These are constructed to channelize or direct the flow of traffic
c. Rotary Islands. These are constructed along intersections or “rotundas” for purposes of
turning around. Their functions are:
1. Prohibit pedestrians from crossing major thoroughfares at points where such crossing are
exceptionally hazardous
2. Minimize imprudence and delays to vehicular traffic, and
3. Channelize and control pedestrians
XIV. TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
Concept
Traffic Law Enforcement Defined. Traffic Law enforcement action is part of enforcement
involving the arrest, issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons or
warning of any person who is believed to have violated a law, ordinance or regulation pertaining to the
use of traffic roads.
A. Scope of Traffic Law Enforcement. The range of action of traffic law enforcement includes but not
limited to the following:
1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinances
regulating the movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a deterrent to
unlawful behavior by all potential violators.
2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at controlling road users, let
behavior by preventive persuasive and punitive methods in order to effect a safe and efficient
traffic movement; and
3. It applies to all statutes, ordinances and legally authorized regulations relating to the use of
street and highways and operation of motor vehicles.
B. Two major functions of traffic law enforcement. For more effective traffic law enforcement and
more specific roles in enforcement, the function is divided into the following:
1.
Police Traffic Law Enforcement. This function includes the enforcement of traffic laws
deterrent to law violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental service to
highway users. Usually these are the responsibilities of traffic enforcers like members of the
PNP- TMG and LTO Law Enforcement Service (LES)
2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement. One part of traffic law enforcement is performed by the
court through PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATION AND PENALIZATION of cases. These actions are
usually undertaken by any of the regular courts where traffic cases fall under their jurisdiction
and the Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS) of the LTO.
C. Three Important Goals and Enforcement Activities. For more specific actions, enforcement
activities aim:
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1. To increase safety level. Enforcement effort should be directed, towards the reduction of
accidents or minimizing their effects.
2. To increase traffic efficiency. When traffic violators are reduced particularly those related to
traffic obstruction through an effective enforcement, there will be free flow of traffic
3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment. When there is an increase safety
level and increase traffic efficiency, traveling is more comfortable and luxurious and it may
reduce chaotic situations in the traffic way.
D. Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System. In the pursuit of effective traffic movement,
three elements are involved. Removing one of the elements or any of the elements enforcement is not
complete.
1. Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police and the courts. Legislation
defines and specifies correct or incorrect road user behavior. Police and the courts are charged
with the responsibility of insuring that these laws are adhered to:
2. Road Users System (Traffic Way Users). This element includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist,
drivers, passengers and others.
3. Road System (Traffic System). This area is composed of the entire road and vehicle complex
as well as all traffic rules and regulations.
E. Five (5) Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process. Enforcement of traffic laws includes the
following process.
1. Detection (of violation). A whole police responsibility that entails looking for defects in the
behavior of motorist, pedestrians, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition. Requires
knowledge of law on the part of the police.
2. Apprehension. It is also a whole police function which involves the actual taking of
enforcement actions.
3. Prosecution. This area is handled by the prosecution and partly the court where the police also
provide corresponding influences through preparation and introduction of evidence or close
contact with the prosecuting officer.
4. Adjudication. While this is obviously a court and prosecutions’ function, the police provide
influence on this step by acting as witness to the prosecution or supplying additional evidence.
This step determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
5. Penalization. The court after due process imposes the penalty upon the accused if found
guilty. The penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by police.
Penalty involved is either fine or imprisonment or both fine and imprisonment or may result to
the suspension or revocation of the driver’s license of the accused.
F. Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws. Road users violate traffic laws and ordinances due to
varying traffic laws and ordinances due to varying reasons. The following are the common reasons why
road users violate traffic laws, rules and regulations and other traffic statutes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Physical disabilities or infirmities
Ignorance of traffic
Lack of training and experience
Wrong attitude towards driving
PUV drivers for increased compensation
Driver’s apathy towards signs, signals and markings
Influential person violate because they feel they are exempted from punishment.
G. Consideration that act as deterrents to motorist and pedestrians. Some road users are
hesitant in violating any traffic law or ordinance because of varying reasons which are enumerated as
follows:
1. Fear of fine or punishment
2. Loss of driving privilege
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
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4. Positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an example
H. Kinds of Enforcement Action. When traffic enforcers detected violation of traffic laws, an
enforcement action may be taken against the individual which is either arrest, or citation or warning
alone.
1. Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for
the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.
a. When a traffic violator can be arrested?
(1) Offense committed is serious
(2) Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
(3) There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court.
b. How is arrest made? In general, arrest is made by any of the following:
(1) By an actual restraint of the person to be arrested, or
(2) By his submission to the custody of the person making the arrest
c.
Use of force in arresting. No violation or unnecessary force shall be used in making an
arrest and the person arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint than is
necessary for his detention
d. Arrest in Traffic. In arresting a traffic violator, the traffic officer must consider the following
(1) An arrest can be effected even without warrant if the offense is committed in the
presence of an arresting officer.
(2) The officer making an arrest must intend to take the violator into custody for the purpose
of bringing him before a court.
(3) Detention of the arrested person may take place
(4) Officer making an arrest must act under legal authority when taking the arrested person
into custody.
(5) The person being arrested must understand that he is being arrested.
(6) The purpose of arrest is to bring a suspended violator before a court to answer a charge
of violation.
e. Recording the Data of Arrest. Whichever action is used by the officer or Agency, the
following information are necessary:
(1) Date/ Time of Arrest
(2) Place of Arrest
(3) The common name of the offense for which the person is arrested
(4) The full name of the arrested person, his home address, his business address and his
telephone number.
(5) Physical description of the arrestee, including his date of birth, nationality and marital
status.
(6) Name of witnesses to the arrest
(7) Name and badge number of arresting officer
f.
When taking person into custody. The arresting officer when taking a person into custody
must consider the following:
(1) The possibility that the person you are arresting may attempt to injure or kill you or
escape in your custody.
(2) Inform him that you are placing him under arrest.
(3) Explain to him why you are placing him under arrest.
(4) Reasonable search may be carried out in connection with the lawful arrest.
g. When transporting arrested person. The arresting officer should observe the following
guidelines in transporting arrested person.
(1) If your unit is equipped with radio, request transportation unit and maintain custody of
your prisoner until it arrives
(2) Give instructions to the transporting officer about the place where the arrestee is to be
delivered.
(3) Have the necessary information and instructions written out so that the transporting
officer will not err in the delivery
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(4) In certain conditions, direct the arrested person to drive his own vehicle to your
Headquarters and follow him with your police mobile.
(5) However, if the driver is not in good condition or the vehicle is in bad shape, let someone
drive the vehicle to the Headquarters.
h. Warrantless Arrest or Citizen’s/ Civilian Arrest. Oftentimes, arrest in traffic is made right after
the commission of the traffic violation. Hence, traffic enforcers should know the following
rules to be observed in arresting a person without warrant of arrest as stipulated by
paragraph a-c, Sec. 6, rule 113, Rules of Court:
(1) When in the presence of the arresting officer, the person to be arrested has committed is
actually committing, or is about to commit an offense.
(2) When an offense has in fact been committed, and the arresting officer has personal
reasons to believe that the person to be arrested has committed it.
2. Traffic Citation. This is a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest. To
ensure that an apprehended traffic violator will appear to the court or to the proper authority, the
traffic officer should confiscate the violator’s driver’s license and issue Traffic Citation Ticket
(TCT), TOP, or Traffic Violator’s Receipt (TVR)
a. Apprehension. As an apprehending officer duly designated by the LTO, you should observe
the following when apprehending a traffic violator:
(1) You may confiscate the drivers license or certificate of registration of the vehicle for any
violation of the RA 4136 and its rules and regulations, City and Municipal Ordinances.
(2) Fill out the blank spaces of TOP/ or TCT forms in order to provide a detailed report of
apprehension for the information, guidance and reference of all concerned.
(3) Advise the violator to report within 72 hours, but not less than 24 hours to give
allowance for proper transmittal from receipt thereof to appropriate offices.
b. Where the violator should report? The violator should be advised to report to:
(1) Traffic Court, if in Manila and for violation of the City’s Traffic Ordinance.
(2) City/ Provincial Prosecutor, if in other chartered cities or provincial capitals without traffic
courts, for violations of local traffic ordinances.
(3) Municipal Courts, in its municipalities, for violation of local traffic ordinances.
(4) LTO Central Office (TAS) for Metro Manila or its counterparts (REGIONAL TRAFFIC
ADJUDICATION SERVICE (RTAS) for violation of the Land Transportation and traffic Code
(RA 4136) and its rules and in the provinces regulations.
c.
Uses the TOP, the TCT and the TVR. These are official documents designed for various
purposes, namely:
(1) It serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a vehicle or the driver’s license or the
CR/OR of the vehicle.
(2) It serve as a temporary permit to operate motor vehicles for 72 hours without extension
from the time of confiscation or apprehension (in case of TVR in Manila, 7 days)
(3) It is an official for of judicial or administrative citation to facilitate action on the case for
which it is issued.
(4) It is a record for disposing a case cited therein either administratively or judiciary.
(5) It is also a receipt for release of the confiscated items after adjudication and termination
of the case.
d. Preparation of the Information/ Complaint. Within your tour of duty, prepare information or
complaint by filing up the TOP for processing of all traffic apprehensions at the appropriate
office.
e. Filing of information/complaint. Within 24 hours from the time of apprehension, file the
complaints, together with the confiscated items, with the Clerk of Court or Provincial
Prosecutor or the court having appropriate jurisdiction as previously stated.
f. Preliminary findings and disposition of License. Within 72 hours or three (3) days from the
filing of the case with the respective traffic enforcement offices, the hearing authority shall
make immediate preliminary findings on the basis of police or complainants witness reports
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as to whether or not there is an imperative necessity of withholding the driver’s license
confiscated.
(1) Should there be no such necessity; he shall promptly order the return of the confiscated
license to the owner without prejudice to re-calling said license.
(2) Where the violator fails to appear before the court or the investigating officials concerns,
his license or permit shall be forwarded to the LTO for its suspension or revocation
pursuant to section 29, R.A 4136.
g. Records of court proceedings:
1. When the violators appears in court 15 days and pleads guilty, the clerk shows the fine
schedules and the violators pays the fine at the treasurer’s office, receipt of which is
shown to clerk of court who records the same on the TOP, and his license, if cleared for
release , is now returned to the driver
2. If the violator appears after 15 days, his license is forwarded to the LTO for suspension
or revocation; he shows his TOP copy to the LTO for proper disposition of his license.
Clerks of courts, in every case, should inform the LTO and/or the apprehending officer
of the final disposition of the case.
3. The violator appears in Court, and desires not to plead not guilty to the charge, the Clerk
of court sets the date of hearing and notifies the accused accordingly and sends a
corresponding subpoena to the apprehending officer for his appearance.
4. When the accused is found not guilty after trail, his license, if in the possession of the
Court or of the LTO, shall immediately be returned to him unless there is any other legal
ground for it’s suspension or revocation.
3. Traffic Warning. This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible
assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone. There are three
types of traffic warning: visual, verbal, and written.
a. Visual Warning. This is usually used when you have observe a minor violation but are more
importantly occupied at the moment. Indicate by gesture of the land and/or of the head.
b. Verbal Warning. This is a form of safety education. Tell the driver/violator that he violated a
law and explain the hazards of such violations.
c. Written Warning. This is a combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives the spirit of
verbal warning and the form of citation. This is seldom used nowadays.
I. Decision Enforcement. In determining what enforcement action to be taken, whether you arrest,
cite or warn the apprehended violator, consider the following:
1. Degree of violation;
2. Accuracy of observation;
3. Traffic and weather condition;
4. Evidence gathered;
5. Whether a new law or not; and
6. Continuous or momentary actions, a factor in some type of violations.
J. Pursuit in Traffic Enforcement. Pursuit is a part of routine enforcement activity performed by
police and is issued when a violating driver is detected.
Pursuit is a part of the apprehension of a violator. In general, a driver who is aware of his
violation at your presence will stop his vehicle when signaled to do so. In this instance, apprehension is
complete and pursuit is not necessary. There are times, however, when a driver is not aware that he
has been detected in violation and must be pursued until apprehended. Pursuit and successful
apprehension of a violator may require the operation of your patrol vehicle at high speed for an
extended distance.
1. When to pursue? When a violator fails to stop on signal, your normal reaction is to pursue
the violator until you apprehended him. However, due to traffic congestion or other
complications, such action is sometimes neither practical nor safe. In pursuing, observe the
following:
a. Pursuit must always be tampered with common sense and foresight of like hazards.
b. Better judgment is used in deciding to lose a traffic violator who can be apprehended
at another time than giving great risk to yourself, your vehicle and other drivers.
c. Pursuit requiring high speed operation of police vehicle may be justified in certain
circumstances such as in the apprehension of a driver endangering the lives of
motorists, pedestrians, and others through operation which can be classified as other
than reasonable and proper which is dangerous and negligent.
d. Type of serious violation is an important factor in deciding to pursue:
(1) Non-hazardous violations. Pursuit to apprehend this violator seldom warrants
a prolonged chase or operation of your police vehicle at high speed. These
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violations do not justify the same degree of risk as may be justified as
hazardous violations.
(2) Hazardous violations. These violations present continuing danger to other
road users that require immediate and sometime aggressive pursuit.
Examples are:
(a) Driving while under the influence of liquor;
(b) Reckless driving; and
(c) Driving on excessive speed.
e. Consider the following when pursuing hazardous violators:
(1) A violator of this nature is likely to have little concern for other drivers at
their safety.
(2) Successful flight from identification and apprehension is usually his only
concern.
(3) Be prepared for acts of this type of violator which could give him an
advantage while interfering with your pursuit and successful apprehension.
Like trying to force you or other motorist off the road.
f. Consider your driving skill and experience. Driving skill is that collection of proper
habits which enable a person to detect and evaluate road and traffic conditions about
him, and to maneuver his vehicle properly without consciously thinking about what
he is doing. Check your skill in these areas:
(1) Manipulative skills- making your vehicle behave a you intend.
(2) Recognizing road and traffic conditions that may hinder your pursuit.
(3) Defense driving- Anticipating and allowing bad driving by others.
g. Resisting distraction. You should know what evasive actions will permit you to avoid
or escape unfavorable traffic conditions. A driver can often protect himself from
danger if he knows how to recognize the danger in time and take proper evasive
action.
2. Pursuit Techniques. A successful pursuit operation can be attained if the pursuing officer
knows the following:
a. His limitations and strength in driving a patrol vehicle under normal conditions.
b. Good driving combined with effective techniques will help to minimize the dangers
involved in pursuit in high speed.
c. Normal driving skill is not automatically improved by wearing a police uniform, or by
having a police car to operate.
3. Identification of Pursued vehicle.
a. When alone, use a clipboard with attached paper and pencil. Anchor the clipboard by
sitting on part of it so that notes can be written without looking down.
b. Post a list of wanted persons or vehicles on a “hot sheet” within easy viewing range
while in driving position. The list should be arranged by cases of offense for rapid
identification of violators wanted for more serious offense.
c. Identify the violator’s vehicle for later identification, particularly when pursuit is
lengthy, interrupted or abandoned, or in case you are injured by the violators.
d. The registration plate is very important and accurate method of establishing identity
of a vehicle is also important. Train yourself to observe complete license plate
number at a glance.
e. Record the registration number as soon as possible, and check it against your “hot
sheet”. Sometimes prescribed registration number on a clipboard is the only clue to
the identification of an escaping violator who has struck or injured an officer.
4. Itemized Identification Features of the Vehicle. For an effective identification of the
pursued vehicle, the officer must be familiar with the following features:
a. COLOR- For example, red, black, etc. When the vehicle has more than one color, first
give the color of the body and then top, i.e., black body, gray top.
b. YEAR OF MANUFACTURE- learn to identify the year model of a vehicle, i.e., “1996”.
c. MAKE- Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Isuzu, etc.
d. BODY TYPE- p-up, wagon, 4dr sedan, truck, etc.
e. LICENSE PLATE NUMBER- city or province of issuance, letter and number prefixes,
i.e., AAA 456
f. OUTSTANDING FEATURES AND ACCESSORIES- “wide bank racing stripe,” vinyl top,
particular damage which are noticeable as crumbled fender, damaged door, or
cracked door.
g. UNUSUAL FEATURES OF THE DRIVER OR PASSENGERS- clothing, air, glasses, etc.
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5. Keep Headquarters Advised- through the dispatcher about the progress of the pursuit
operation.
a. It is your duty to apprehend violators as soon as possible. Radio contact with HQs
aids in accomplishing this objective by alerting other patrol units in the area.
b. While in pursuit, use your radio whenever necessary and advisable. If forced to
abandon pursuit and there is no radio available, use any nearest telephone.
6. Stopping and approaching a violator. It is completed when you have stopped the
violator’s vehicle and move to the place where you will begin to talk to the driver. The
following should be observed:
a. In stopping a violator, it must be done in safety to you, the driver you stopped, to
other road users.
b. Approach the violator preferably on the left side from the rear and be alert for the
unexpected.
K. Officer- Violator Relationship. The first reminder for an officer is to establish PLEASANT
RELATIONSHIP with offending motorists or pedestrians. This may be accomplished by:
1. The appearance of your uniform, equipment and person which will create the violator’s
impression of you. A neat, clean uniform properly worn and well-groomed person will create a
good impression.
2. Observance of the following rules when talking with the violators:
a. Get your emotions under control. Don’t appear before him when you are both at the
peak of tension.
b. Advise the violator the nature of the alleged violation in a manner that he can fully
understand.
c. Allow the violator to talk and explain his side.
d. Be courteous and business-like. You may introduce yourself or use only “good
morning”, “Sir” or “Madam” by using “Sir” or “Madam”.
e. Request compliance. Use requesting words such as “May I”, “Please” and “Kindly”
when directing the violator.
f. Avoid telling the driver what not to do. If you want him to do something, whenever
possible, explain why you want him to do it.
3. Never open your conversation in a sarcastic or derogatory way. Avoid such opening as:
a. Don’t you know- - - - - ?
b. Who do you think are?
c. Where do you think you are going?
d. What’s your hurry?
4. Being alert at all times for the unexpected, approach the violator with these cases:
a. Take time to get ready to talk with the violator.
b. Know what you are going to do and say.
c. Have any equipment you will need such as flashlights, clipboard, or citation pad.
d. Review the facts which led you to your stopping the violator before you begin to talk.
e. Decide what enforcement action you are going to take before you approach the
violator.
5. In requesting for the driver’s license or vehicle registration certificate (CR), observe the
following:
a. Do not put your head or arms in the car windows.
b. While waiting for the license, ask the driver, “What is your name, Sir?”
c. Never accept anything other than the papers requested.
d. Ask the papers being requested be removed from the billfold or other container.
e. Have the driver hand the requested papers to you outside the window.
f. Establish the identity of the driver and check the entries of both the license and the
registration papers for any possible fraud, or false identities or falsifications.
g. Do not return the driver’s license and vehicle registration certificate until you are about
to terminate the interview.
6. In terminating your contact with the violatora. Explain to the driver what action he must take.
b. tell him when and where he must appear.
c. Don’t discuss probable bail penalties with the violator.
d. Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should engage in the services of a counsel or
how he should plead.
e. When you are certain the driver understands what he should do, close the interview
by:
(1) Thanking the driver for his cooperation.
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(2) Explaining how he may avoid further difficulty.
f. Help the driver get safely through the traffic.
g. When the violator leaves, don’t follow him immediately. He may feel that you are just
waiting to nab him again.
L. Road Check. This is another enforcement activity where it involves the conducting of actual
inspection of vehicles, and motorists on the road.
1. Objectives of road check. The objective of rod check is to detect and inspect the
following:
a. Faulty vehicle equipment
b. Registration and licensing violations
c. Intoxicated drivers
d. The load or cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for load weight.
2. Considerations to be taken.
a. Minimum delay to motorist
b. Thorough checking procedure
c. Protection/safety of both motorist and officers
d. Timing, location and frequency
In case thorough checking of vehicles will be conducted, take note of the legalities of searches or
the instances that validates the search, i.e., search incidental to lawful arrest, consented search, search
of moving vessel, and search by “tips”.
XV. TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
Concept:
Assigning of traffic officers on strategic places does not only ensure the obedience to traffic laws,
rules and regulations but it also serves as emergency solution when traffic lights suddenly fail or when
the traffic signal light could not control the flow of traffic. Traffic officers manning intersections can also
provide emergency services to the public not only during lights out but also during disasters or calamities
like fire or ambulances responding to fire or crime scenes. During these moments, traffic officers can
immediately give way to responding fire engines, police cars, or ambulances by directing and control
traffic along intersections.
Intersection Defined. As applied to a street or highway means the space occupied by two
streets at the point where they cross each other. Usually, this is the place where traffic direction and
traffic control is needed.
Police Traffic Direction. It is defined as telling drivers and pedestrians when, how and where
they may or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially during emergencies or period of
congestion.
A. Who are tasked to direct and guide traffic? In the Philippines, traffic officers are usually
deputized by the Land Transportation Office who normally comes from the PNP-TMG, police
auxiliaries, MMDA Traffic Management Section. In some places, volunteers coming from barangay
security forces and other civic organizations assist in the directing and controlling of traffic
particularly during rush hours, special occasions, and time of emergencies.
B. Directing and Guiding Traffic. The following are the basic concept for an effective directing
and guiding traffic:
1. When you are assigned to direct traffic, you are expected to indicate to the drivers and
pedestrians how, when, and where they may move.
2. In order to do this, use a type of sign language which shall be clearly understandable to all
persons you will be directing.
3. However, if your signals are different from those used by other officers, motorists would
probably fail to understand them and ignore you altogether.
4. Hence, it is important for the efficient direction of traffic that the officers use uniform
gestures and signals.
5. Moreover, the signals should be able to be seen over a fairly long distance. When directing
traffic, you first want drivers and pedestrians to recognize that you are the officer who will
tell them what to do. But you must also know how to tell them when to stop, go or turn by
using gestures alone.
6. Normally, this is in the center of the intersection. Stand as though you mean business. Stand
straight with your weigh equally distributed to each foot.
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7. When you are not signaling, let your hands fall at your sides. When you authorize vehicles to
move, do not face them. Stand so that your side is toward the oncoming vehicle.
C. Suggested Methods of Directing and Guiding Traffic.
1. Use hand signals to designate decisions to motorists and pedestrians
2. Supplement the arm/hand signals with a whistle:
a. One long blow to STOP.
b. Two short snappy blasts for GO.
c. Three blasts to be used for assistance.
3. If two or more officers are assigned in one intersection, only one makes the decision, while
the other takes theirs from him.
4. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intend to stop and give the opportunity to stop.
5. The hand signal should be made with the arm extended and the palm facing the person or
vehicle to be stopped.
D. Night Control of Traffic. There are instances when traffic officers are needed to direct and
guide traffic during night time, not only during lights out where an accident occurs and traffic
officers are needed to guide the motorists. Whichever case, the following are the suggested
methods to be used while directing and guiding traffic during night time.
1. When light is sufficient, work as in daytime.
2. If light is not sufficient, use flashlight:
a. To STOP, direct the flashlight in the line of the vision and move back and forth.
b. To START, use the same motion as in daylight except with flashlight.
c. Supplement the actions with whistle.
E. Hand Signals.
XVI. TRAFFIC PATROL
Concept
In maintaining order in the streets and highways, it is nit sufficient to install control devices and
aids. Traffic signs, pavement markings and markers and other traffic rules and regulations are likely to be
violated in the absence of traffic law enforcement officers. Therefore, to ensure compliance to these
traffic rules and regulations, traffic patrol officers are needed.
Traffic Patrol. It refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and
other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement and providing
authorized traffic-connected services to the public.
However, traffic patrol is not all moving from one place to another place, but it also involves
stationary observation particularly on strategic places where accidents and traffic violations are very
common occurrence.
A. Types of Traffic Patrol. Traffic patrol may be conducted on area or line bases which refer to
the territory covered. It includes, for enforcement purposes, stationary observation to detect
driver’s behavior as well as moving about t detect violators.
1. Line Patrol. This involves observation either in moving or stationary observation at a certain
route or point of a major street in a city. Usually, this is done by foot patrol officers.
2. Area Patrol. This involves the conduct of observation either by moving patrol or observation
of a certain area which included a number of streets, roads or sections of a highway. Area
patrolling is usually the job of mobile police officers as well as those motorcycle cops.
B. Types of Stationary Observation. As discussed earlier, Observation of traffic conditions of
selected place, usually one with unfavorable accident experiences for traffic law supervision.
Stationary observation may be conspicuous, visible, or concealed, depending upon the location of
the patrol unit in relation to the street under observation.
1. Conspicuous Observation. Stationary observation in which observer remains in full view of
traffic conditions. Here, the traffic patrol officer is situated in any pace where he could be
seen by all traffic users.
2. Visible Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is in full view but so
located, for example, at side street, so as to require effort on the part of traffic users to
discover the observer.
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3. Concealed Observation. Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to
persons using ordinary power of observation from the roadway being observed.
C. Purposes of Traffic Patrol. Traffic patrolling usually conducted for the following purposes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
Detecting and apprehending violators.
Observing and reporting traffic conditions.
Observing and reporting road conditions, including view obstruction which needs attention.
Providing certain services to the public.
Handling emergencies as they arise and keeping traffic flow smoothly.
D. Deterring Drivers from Violating. The effect of traffic law enforcement on the behavior of the
motorist drivers depends upon what they think the police will do or the reputation of the police
for action. Once you have a reputation as a good traffic enforcer for taking action when it is
necessary, a deterrent effect may be achieved in several ways:
1. Be sure you are seen by other motorists while taking enforcement actions against a violator.
2. Be in full view while simply patrolling or inspecting.
3. Leave the area view and proceed to another area after you have taken enforcement action.
4. In order to achieve a deterrent in la enforcement, be sure to spend more time in some area
wherein motorists or drivers fail to be aware of their common bad driving practices.
5. Enforcement action should be taken at once among habitual violators in order to deter traffic
violators.
E. Deter Violator for Unsafe Driving. Be alert for potentially hazardous drivers. His action may
not be illegal, but may serve as road hazards that need to be cautioned.
This kind of driver may not have enough driving experience; he may be under the influence
of liquor or narcotics that he may later on contribute to an accident if no action is taken against
him at once.
F. Example of Actions and Conditions which may Need Close Watching for Further
Investigations. While patrolling, traffic officers must give special attention to some conditions
that may result to greater danger or continuous violations. These are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Driving extremely at low speed.
Slow moving vehicles in left or “high speed” lanes.
Racing motor sliding stops, jumping starts, and the like.
Excessive maneuvering such as backing up four or five times to get into a parking space.
Pulling to curb lane at traffic signal.
Having turn signals on when not attempting to turn.
Waving in roadway.
Failing to slow for an intersection with obstructed view.
Passing or attempting to pass several cars in a bunch.
Suddenly turning off at approach of police vehicle.
Teen-age groups at night particularly when in two or more vehicles.
Damage or dressed up vehicles.
Faulty or obscured license plates.
Unlighted parked cars with motor running.
Warn drivers or pedestrians who are doubt to commit a violation. Confirm your observation of a
driver by making a sign or signal that his intended action is to be avoided.
For example, a driver may be about to stop and to double park or start to leave a vehicle which
is standing in a driveway. A gesture is usually enough to warn the driver to desist.
G. Detection or Apprehending Violators. These are the main jobs or duties of traffic patrol
officers.
H. Observing Traffic Conditions. As traffic patrol officer, you are the eyes and ears of the
department when on traffic patrol. You must supply information about what is happening on the
street. This information may be used for many purposes.
I. Road Intelligence. Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted. You may observe an
unusual amount of delay at a certain intersection each morning and when you learn that it is due
to loading or unloading of passengers on a “NO LOADING ZONE”, be sure to report the situation
at once to your superior officer. Pay special attention to congestions that tie up traffic for a block
or more. You should also report unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals which are installed
when traffic is heavier. Include in your report all road and bridge conditions.
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J.
Patrol Assignment. You may be assigned to either area or line patrol, or you may have
instructions to use a combination. For example, you may patrol a certain street noted for
excessive accidents in a line at specific times. The following are some guidelines when assigned
in traffic patrol unit.
1. Be sure to be familiar with the street lay out in your area. Learn the short cuts, the dead
ends, and the back streets. Learn which streets are likely to serve as escape routes from the
city or provincial roads.
2. Familiarize yourself with the places where congestion is likely to occur so that you can “drive
around” these places when on emergency call.
3. When assigned to area patrol, you may or may not be able to cover your entire assignment
area on each tour of duty, depending upon its size. You may not be able to give the same
amount of attention to each section due to the necessity of concentrating on a certain
trouble spots. However, you should consider yourself responsible for traffic conditions in the
entire area.
4. When assigned to line patrol, you are responsible for the traffic conditions on a particular
street or highway. You may be permitted to depart from your assigned street when, for
example, you pursue violator or on an authorized break time such as lunch.
5. You may also want to employ patrol techniques which will require you to depart momentarily
from an intersecting street rather than always approaching it from the street which you are
patrolling. At times this will enable you to get better view of traffic conditions on your
assigned street.
K. Patrol Tactics and Techniques. Occasionally, you may have an assignment in which you work
with another patrol unit. When multiple patrol units are used, special tactics are possible.
Examples of these are following:
1. When one unit overtakes a group of vehicles, the other unit brings up the rear of the group
think that they can no longer be observed since they have been passed by the first patrol
unit, they feel free to violate. The following patrol unit observes and apprehends the
violators. A conspicuous and concealed unit may be used together in much the same
manner.
2. When an entire column of vehicle must be stopped, one unit stays at the rear while the other
overtakes the leader. If two vehicles are racing, or if two violators separate, the paired patrol
units can separate for individual pursuit.
3. Another advantage of working together is that officers can protect each other, particularly
when approaching suspicious persons or vehicles. Except for special purposes or occasions,
patrol unit works independently so that more areas can be covered that way.
L. Steps to Take in Cases of Special and Unusual Situations. Oftentimes, traffic control
officers are confronted with unusual situations while on field operations. The following are some
of the guidelines to be observed when faced with unusual incidents:
1. What to do in case of abandoned motor vehicle? A motor vehicle is said to be
abandoned when It is left unattended in an area not provided for parking or unattended for
one or two days in an area provide for parking. For these reasons, unattended vehicles
become a problem to traffic flow. In some instances, they are accidentally found to be a
more serious problem than what is actually thought of, particularly when they are abandoned
by carnappers or hold uppers. Abandoned vehicles may be classified into two categories: a)
unattended due to mechanical defects, and b) abandoned by carnappers or hold up men.
a. In case of the first category:
(1) Verify and check on the ownership of the vehicle,
(2) And if possible, advise the owner to relocate the vehicle to a much safer place.
b. In case of the second category:
(1) Get the plate number and other data of the vehicle,
(2) Make a report on the presence of the abandoned vehicle to the nearest TRAFCOM or
traffic police unit,
(3) Make possible steps to inform the owner,
(4) Bring the vehicle to the TRAFCOM or traffic police impounding area and conduct a
technical inspection report in the presence of the alleged owner,
(5) Advise the owner to present all pertinent papers of the vehicle for the identification
of the ownership,
(6) If the vehicle is found to have violated any provision of RA 6539, note its violation
and together with the Technical Inspection Report, submit it for investigation, and
(7) Finally, submit a duly accomplished spot report.
2. What to do on stalled or bogged down vehicles that are left carelessly unattended
in the highways. In these cases therefore, it is important that you should know the basic
courses of actions in order to avoid unnecessary risks of human lives and property and
further allow the continuous free flow of traffic. When you notice stalled or bogged down
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vehicles having mechanical defects and blocking the roads; take this precautionary
measures:
a. Check the defect or condition of the vehicle,
b. Ensure the safety of vehicles and persons involved by conducting traffic direction in the
vicinity,
c. If practicable, push the vehicle to the road shoulder. You may request assistance of other
motorists to do this, otherwise avail of wreckers of heavy trucks to move it,
d. Advise the owner of the vehicle to avail the services of repairman, and
e. Provide early warning device or any lantern to deter accident occurrences and provide
appropriate precautions for the safety and conveniences of the repairman and the other
motorists.
3. How to handle traffic jam? Traffic jam is caused by such factor as vehicular accident,
stalled vehicle due to engine trouble, absence of traffic officer at an intersection, or road
construction. Steps to be taken by traffic officer are:
a. Determine the cause of the traffic jam,
b. Where traffic jam is caused by vehicular accident, conduct fast, immediate but complete
investigation and remove vehicles involved at the scene of accident,
c. If traffic jam is caused by mechanical trouble, assist motorist to push the vehicle to a
place where it will not obstruct the flow of traffic,
d. Establish yourself and conduct systematic flow of traffic,
e. Observe if the flow of traffic became smooth, if not, refer back to letter “a” above, and
f. Implement proper traffic regulation to avoid further traffic jam.
4. In case of vehicle cannibalization. Vehicle cannibalization is characterized by stealing the
parts of the motor vehicle instead of carnapping the whole car. In case of this incident, take
the following steps:
a. Determine the vehicle parts that were stolen,
b. Take down the name of the owner of the vehicle, the description of the vehicle, and the
location or where the incident took place,
c. Look for immediate possible clues that might lead to the identification of the perpetrators
or their modus operandi,
d. Interview the witnesses and owner to get a general picture of the situation prior to the
incident,
e. Prepare a spot report and submit it to the nearest TRAFCOM Unit, and
f. If further investigation is necessary, the vehicle may be impounded for safekeeping.
XVII. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Concept:
Traffic Accident Investigation. Generally, to know what question to ask and what to
look for, you must have some fundamental bearing on accidents and their causes. When you
speak of traffic accident, everybody knows what you mean – SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the
highway, either a wrecked car, somebody is injured or possibly killed.
A. What Traffic Accident Investigation Determines? It aims to know the five (5) “Ws” and
one (1) “H” of the incident:
1. WHAT happened?
2. WHO and WHAT was involved?
3. WHERE did it happen?
4. Why did it happen?
5. HOW did the accident occur?
6. WHEN did the accident happen?
B. Purposes of Traffic Accident Investigation. There are four (4) main reasons, depending
on who does the investigation:
1. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstance of the accident.
2. For the police – to find out whether there is enough evidence of law violation in the
accident.
3. Claims attorneys and adjusters want to determine negligence on the part of the drivers
involved in the accident so that damaged claims can be properly adjusted.
4. Officials and others want specific information about accidents to know how to prevent
future accidents.
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C. Common words and Phrases Used in Traffic Accident Investigation. The following
words and phrases with their corresponding meaning are often used in the process:
1. Accident. It is the occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces
unintended injury, death, or property damage.
2. Traffic Accident. An accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
3. Motor Vehicle Accident. Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage
attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads. Included
are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Accidental injury from inhalation of exhaust gas;
Fires;
Explosion;
Discharge of firearm within the motor vehicle while in motion;
Collision between a motor vehicle and a railroad train or street car on stationary rails
or tracks; and
Failure of any part of the motor vehicle while the vehicle is in motion.
Excluded are:
a. Collision of a motor vehicle with an aircraft or watercraft in motion;
b. Injury or damage due to cataclysms (flood or sudden physical change of the earth
surface); and
c. Injury or damage while the motor vehicle is not under its power is being loaded on
or unloaded from another conveyance.
4. Motor Vehicle. Every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is propelled
by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails.
5. Key Event. An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a
motor vehicle traffic accident.
6. Debris. The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at
the scene of the accident caused by a collision.
7. Skid Marks. These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate,
usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
8. Traffic Unit. Any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a
pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not
only to motor vehicles but also to:
a. Pedestrians;
b. Cyclists;
c. Street cars;
d. Horse-drawn (animal drawn) vehicles;
e. Farm tractors; and
f. Other road users in almost any combination – Example: A traffic accident could
involve a cyclist and a pedestrian.
9. Hazards. A hazard is generated when a critical space motion relationships between a
traffic unit and another object develops due to the movement of either or both. Example:
A curve in the path is a hazard. Another traffic unit in the path is also a hazard.
10. Safe Speed. The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and
traffic situation ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather than the
particular driver of a vehicle. Example: A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for it
is a speed at which it can be taken comfortably.
11. Strategy. It is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion,
giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving
potential hazards.
12. Tactic. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like steering,
braking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
13. Impact. The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with
another motor vehicle.
14. Contact Damage. Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign
object in a collision or roll over. It is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of material or
puncture.
15. Factor. Any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not
have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself
sufficient.
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16. Primary Cause. A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained
factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor.
17. Cause. The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of
which result could not have occurred.
18. Attribute. Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the
probability of a traffic accident.
19. Modifier. A circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.
D. Kinds of Traffic Accidents. In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the
traffic investigator to know the kinds on accident occurred in order to map out the necessary
activities to be done when responding and investigating.
1. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way
involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but involving a motor
vehicle in motion. Example: pedestrian and cyclist in a traffic way.
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely
in any place other than a traffic way. Example: accident on a private driveway.
3. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. An motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way.
Example: collision between automobiles on a highway.
E. Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident According to Key Event.
1. Running off road. This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on the
roadside or on a cliff along mountainous roads.
2. Non-collision on road. This does not involve any collision an example of which is
overturning.
3. Collision on road. On the other hand, this type of accident includes all forms of
accident as long as there is a collision. Examples of this are motor vehicle colliding with:
a. Pedestrian- may be walking, running or standing on a roadway.
b. Other motor vehicle in traffic- may be head on, head and rear, sides opposite
direction, sides the same direction, head and side collision, etc.
c. Parked motor vehicle- the form of collision may be similar to a moving vehicle like
head on collision, however, one is parked anywhere on a roadway.
d. Railroad train- this type of collision usually occurs along railroad crossings.
e. Bicycle- in this form of collision, it is either the motor vehicle or the bicyclist who
initiated the collision.
f. Fixed object- traffic islands, pedestrian barriers, and electric post.
F. Classification of accidents According to Severity.
1. Property Damage Accident. There is no fatal or injury to any person but only damage
to the motor vehicle or to other property including injury to animals.
2. Slight. Only slight damages to properties.
3. Non-Fatal Injury Accident. This results in injuries other than fatal to one or more
persons.
4. Less Serious. Only less serious injuries to persons.
5. Serious. This causes serious injuries to persons.
6. Fatal. This results in death to one or more persons.
G. Causes of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents. Traffic accidents occur due to varying
circumstances and only after thorough investigation, when liability and responsibility can be
ascertained. Notwithstanding that no driver will readily accept that he initiated the accident.
With these, the traffic investigator is faced with gargantuan task of bringing out the truth on
who should be held responsible for the unusual incident. His primary concern will be to
determine how and why the accident happened.
1. Simultaneous Factors.
a. Road conditions.
b. Drivers’ attitude or behavior.
c. Weather condition.
2. Sequential Factors.
a. Speed is greater or less than safe.
b. Defective vehicle (vehicle malfunction).
3. Operational Factors.
a. Road hazards.
b. Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations.
4. Perception Factors.
a. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
b. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
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When all possible causes of an accident have been grouped together by n investigating officer
and he believe the accident would not have occurred if any one o these causes did not exist, then the
investigator may have identified the combination of factors causing the accident.
On-the-scene reconstruction of a traffic accident relates accident causation to direct causes for
summary police action and to direct, mediate, and early causes for ongoing studies of high frequency
accident locations and future research and analysis.
H. Chain of Events in a Vehicular Accident. For the purpose of reporting, traffic accident
may usually be described well enough as single occurrence but when accident is investigated,
attention is directed to particular stage of the occurrence. In fact, an accident may be usually
defined as a series of an expected events leading to damage or injury. One event usually
leads to another so that the series can be spoken of as a “chain of events”. These events are
described and illustrated below.
1. Perception of Hazard. It is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or
unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about to
happen.
2. Start the evasive action. It is the first action taken by a traffic nit to escape from a
collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard.
3. Initial Contact. The first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise
avoids a hazard.
4. Maximum Engagement. It is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision. The force
between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement.
5. Disengagement. It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with
which it has collided. The force between the object ceases at this time.
6. Stopping. This is when the traffic unit/s involved come to rest. It usually stabilizes the
accident situation.
7. Injury. It is receiving bodily harm. This event does not necessary occur after the
accident but within any of the chain of events. It may also happen right after the evasive
action taken by the drivers involved or during the initial contact.
8. Other vents that may occur during an accident.
a. Point of Possible Perception. The place and time of which the hazard could have
been perceived by a normal person. It precedes actual perception and is the
beginning of perception delay.
b. Point of no Escape. It is that pace and time after or beyond which the accident
cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
c. Perception Delay. The time from the point of possible perception to actual
perception.
d. Final Position. It is the place and time when objects involved I an accident finally
come to rest without application of power.
I.
Five (5) Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation. In the investigation of traffic
accidents, the police are guided by the following stages or levels of investigation:
1. Reporting. This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classic a motor
vehicle, traffic and persons, property and planned movements involved.
2. At-Scene Investigation. This level involves all action taken by the investigator at the
scene of the crime or accident.
3. Technical Preparation. This involves delayed traffic accident data collection and
organization for study and interpretation.
4. Professional Reconstruction. This involves efforts to determine from whatever
information is available, how the accident happened.
5. Cause Analysis. This last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident
which are bases for the prevention of similar accident.
J.
Steps Taken by the Police during Traffic Accident Investigation. Like in any other
forms of police investigations, the traffic investigators follow chronological steps in
responding and investigating traffic-related accidents to ensure gathering of thorough
information.
1. Step One. Upon Learning of the Accident.
a. Ask first: When did the accident happen? Exactly where was it? How bad was it? Did
you see the accident happened? And where can you be reached?
b. Decide whether to go to the scene: Will scene have been cleared by the time of
arrival? Is it in investigators area? And should headquarters be informed or
consulted?
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c.
Then find out, if necessary: Is traffic blocked? Has ambulance been called? Has
wrencher been called? And Was the fire apparatus called?
2. Step two. Start for the Scene. With two-way radio, you and do two things while on
the way.
a. Choose Best Approach. Consider: Time; possible traffic jams; possible route of driver
involved; and probable situation at scene.
b. Drive Safely. Get there safely; if you get involved in accident yourself, then other
units must be used.
c. Be alert for cars leaving the scene: As possible witnesses or hit and run drivers; and
record registration numbers of any likely looking vehicles.
d. Get equipment ready for use. So far as practical on the way.
e. Look for conditions confronting a driver approaching scene: Low visibility view
obstructions; and traffic control devices.
f. Note Hazards to approaching traffic: Drop helper to direct traffic if necessary; and
look for physical evidence. Have it guarded until it can be examined, collected or
located.
3. Step Three. Upon Arrival at the Accident scene.
a. Select parking place carefully: is it safe? Will it block traffic? And can headlight
illuminate scene?
b. Care for injured: Stop arterial bleeding; call for help if necessary; help injured from
cars safely; protect injured from exposure; and ask for emergency assistance from
bystanders from anywhere.
c. Look over bystanders and others: Look for drivers; look for possible witnesses; look
for volunteers who will help you; and get them under control.
d. Have emergencies under control: Have spilled gasoline guarded; look for fire and
electrical hazards; look for traffic hazards; put out flares; ask helper to direct traffic;
keep bystanders off roadway; and request help from headquarters if needed.
e. Locate drivers: Consider possibility of hit and run accident; and need to alert
headquarters.
f. Measure location of short lived evidences.
g. Arrange for clearing roadway.
h. Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured.
4. Step four. When Emergency is Under Control.
a. Preliminary questioning of drivers: Who was driving each vehicle? Note
unpremeditated statement; and look for signs of nervousness, confusion and
intoxication.
b. Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars: Question other witnesses especially
bystanders in hurry to go; and if needed, get signed statement at once from why
who may be hard to find later.
c. Examine driver’s conditions: Get specimen for chemical test; and question about trip
plan for possible fatigue.
d. Question drivers carefully: Check license and record data from it; verify and identify
address; check registration and record data; verify ownership and correct address;
and Get step by step account of what driver saw and did.
e. Position and condition of vehicles: Note lights and light switches; note gear position
and tires; mark position of vehicles if it must be removed; and look for unusual thing
inside the vehicles.
f. From preliminary opinion as to how accident occurs.
g. Photography: Photograph skid mark and location of vehicles; and mark skid mark
location for later measurement.
h. Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were or will be taken.
5. Step Five. After Getting Shot-live Evidence.
a. Get additional evidence: Make test skids; decide whether proof of violation is
sufficient for arrest; if so, make arrest or issue citation; get additional formal
statements, from witnesses remaining at the scene; and have road clear if traffic is
obstructed.
b. Suggestion to drivers, if necessary: How much accidents can be avoided in the
future; and tell drivers what reports they must make and dismiss them.
c. Approach the scene by path of each traffic unit involved. Look for: View obstructions;
traffic control devices, etc.; probable points of perception; and road surface
conditions
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d. Complete examinations of vehicles.
e. Locate key event of accident.
f. Make additional photographs of: Vehicle damage; view obstruction; pavements
conditions; and control devices, and general view, etc.
g. Establish exact location of accident and record it.
h. Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach.
i. Review notes of evidence or testimony: Get additional facts at the scene; and
identify all notes with places and time.
j. Clean up location or arrange to have it done.
k. Report to headquarters by radio or telephone. Nowadays, the cellular phone is a
ready alternative in reporting to police headquarter.
6. Step Six. After Leaving the Scene:
a. Get medical report on injured persons from doctor or hospital.
b. Question drivers or witnesses: At hospital or home if not adequately questioned; and
take needed additional statements.
c. Notify: Relatives of dead or injured; and/or Owner of vehicle.
d. Have specimens analyzed if were taken for chemical or laboratory test.
e. Have photograph developed; get prints if needed for report.
f. Complete the report of the accident: Have copies made if necessary; file report and
copies; and complete factual data on investigation report if not completed at scene.
g. Decide whether analysis of accident is warranted by the time available for making it.
h. Reconstruction of the accident: Estimate speeds of vehicles involved; draw scale
diagram; analyze angle of collision; get technical help if necessary; and summarize
opinions.
i. Present case summary to a lawyer.
j. Complete report or investigation.
k. Submit to superior for approval.
l. Inform other agencies or departments of any condition at the scene which needs
attention for safety.
7. Step Seven. If Case Go to Court:
a. Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop evidence.
b. Return to the scene if necessary for the following: Additional photographs of general
scene and long-lived evidence; measure for scale diagram for use in court; and
locate additional witnesses and review their testimony.
c. Locate also, if necessary: Relatives and friends who confirm activities before the
accident; technicians who developed pictures, made chemical tests, etc.; and expert
who can help.
d. Have enlargement made of any photo needed in court.
e. Enlarge scale diagram made for court use.
f. Pre-trial conference with prosecution witnesses to review testimony.
g. Insure that subpoenas are issued.
h. Testify in court.
i. Organize papers and file permanently, if necessary, for future reference.
j. Insure that the disposition of case is recorded in drivers’ record and other reports.
K. The Traffic Accident Report. In the preparation of the traffic accident investigation report,
the officer of the case must consider the following:
1. Uniform traffic Accident Reporting System.
2. Preparation of Traffic Accident Report:
a. By a competent, bonafide traffic accident investigator.
b. Requirements for an investigator in the submission of report such as evidence
gathered, diagrams, sketches as well as sworn statements of witnesses.
c. Traffic accident investigation report will be accomplished in five (5) copies for: the
court or Prosecutor’s office; TRAFCOM (TMG) or Traffic Division; the Investigator;
the Insurance company of Party involved #1; and the insurance company of party
involved #2.
L.
Sample of Traffic Accident Investigation Report Form. Attached on the next pages is
an example of the standard traffic accident investigation report form used to facilitate speedy
investigation of accidents. The form is designed for an expeditious investigation because it is
filled-up mostly by checking the corresponding boxes that describe the accident.
However, additional paper is usually used by traffic accident investigators to prepare the
on-the-spot sketch of the accident scene.
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XVIII. HIT-AND-INVESTIGATION
Concept:
Rationale. The objective of the investigation of a motor vehicle accident involving the flight of
one of the participants is two fold: First, responsibility for the collision must be determined; and second,
the identity of the driver of the vehicle who fled the scene must be established.
This lesson covers the latter of these objectives, the identification of the driver who left the scene
without complying with the legal requirement of stopping, giving aid and identifying himself to the other
participants.
A. Hit-and-run Cases Defined. Evading responsibility is a term commonly applied to a traffic
accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties required by Sec. 55 of RA 4136.
Further, it states that no driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the
scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances,
as discussed earlier I this book: If the driver is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by
any person or persons by reason of the accident; If the driver reports the accident to the nearest
officers of the law; or if the driver has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
B. Reasons of Apprehending and Prosecuting Hit-and-Run Drivers. Hit-and-Run drivers
must be apprehended and the proper charges must be filed against them because of the
following reasons:
1. Injury might have been lessened or death prevented if the driver had promptly sought help
instead of leaving the accident scene;
2. Streets would not be safe if motorists could flee accident scenes without accepting
responsibility. Unless the negligent driver is found, accident victims cannot get compensation
for injuries and property damage;
3. Public knowledge that the police usually apprehended and convict hit-and-run drivers deters
other drivers who might otherwise be inclined to evade responsibility by committing this
serious offense; and
4. Since leaving the scene of an accident is not socially acceptable, the police secure increased
public support for the entire traffic control program by prompt apprehension and successful
prosecution of these offenders.
C. Two Important Considerations. In any investigation of this kind of accident, two basic
considerations must be kept in mind. These are:
1. The driver who flees the scene of an accident is not necessarily the driver responsible for the
accident. His reasons for flight are often more important than the simple evasion of
responsibility. He may be wanted for another crime, or intoxicated, or without a valid license,
etc.
2. The hit-and-run diver often will report the damage to his own vehicle as having been the
result of another hit-and-run accident in which some “other mysterious driver” fled without
identifying himself. Similarly, it is not unusual for the hit-and-run river to abandon his vehicle
and then report it stolen as a means of covering up his involvement in the accident.
As stated earlier, the basic objective of these investigations is the identification of the driver who
fled the scene. The discovery and arrest of the driver, once identified generally comes after the location
and recovery of the vehicle.
However, the mere recovery of the vehicle does not always immediately establish the identity of
the driver.
D. Elements of Hit-and-Run. To attain the objective of identifying and apprehending the hit-andrun drive, as the investigator:
1. You must prove suspect was driving the vehicle at the time of the accident. Even if you have
witnesses to prove this, get evidence to disprove his alibi.
2. Suspect was involved in an accident resulting in death, personal injury or damage to
property.
3. Suspect failed to stop, give aid or information as to his identity to other person/s involved, to
police or to anyone at the accident scene; or failed to take reasonable steps to notify the
owner of damaged property other than a vehicle. Do not overlook the possibility of a
simulated second accident to explain damaged caused by the first accident.
4. Suspect had knowledge of the accident.
a. Physical evidence may prove the vehicle figured in the accident.
b. Extent of damage to vehicle. Extensive damage to vehicle would preclude allegation of
lack of knowledge. If suspect refrained from using his vehicle for several days since the
accident, this would also indicate the guilt.
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c.
Guard against claims that the vehicle was stolen to evade responsibility.
E. The hit-and-run Operator. The personality of the hit-and-run driver may be one of the
following:
1. Three categories based upon possible psychological explanations for their motivation of
flight:
a. Apprehensive-panic-drive, fearful driver: intoxicated drivers; without license; no
insurance; his companion in the car is not his/her mate; stolen car; stolen goods in car;
leaving scene of another crime; and fleeing crime scene or wanted foe crime.
b. Projectionist-project guilt. This type of drivers sits as judge and jury, tries the case
himself, finds the other diver at fault refuses to be a party to the accident and drivers off
as the offended person.
c. The sneak operator. This type involves minor property-damage-only accidents like one
that smashes a fender and smashes grillwork in his daily occupational activities and
chalks up his action as the calculated risk shared by all vehicle owners who place their
vehicles on the roadway.
2. Classes of Hit-and-Run Drivers. They could be: Drunk drivers; criminals fleeing from the
scene of the crime; improperly licensed drivers or drivers with no license or with revoked or
expired license; drivers who fear publicity and prosecution; ignorance of the accident; driver
who flees in panic; drug addicts; insurance or financial reasons; and or juveniles.
F. Preliminary Steps in Hit-and-Run Investigation. The following usually serve as the guide
for hit-and-run cases investigators:
1. Refer to checklist on Accident Investigation.
2. Obtain the best possible descriptions of the car and driver.
a. A good description may be obtained from partial descriptions given by witnesses.
b. Get the license plate and any unusual features of the vehicle.
c. Concentrate on the car’s description first.
d. Dispatch initial description and all subsequent information to the Headquarters and to
police agencies that may assist in spotting and stopping the suspect vehicle.
e. Broadcast descriptions of the suspected car and driver to all police units and offices.
f. Try to determine the damage to the fleeing car.
3. Appeal for information through local newspapers, radio, T.V., etc.
4. Carefully search the hit-and-run scene for physical evidence.
a. These may include broken glasses and fragments, hubcaps, paint scrapping from hit-andrun car, other evidence such as dirt from subject car, radiator, ornament, etc.
b. Carefully preserve and label all evidence found at the scene.
c. Request laboratory study of evidence.
d. Watch out for the possible return of the hit-and-run driver to the scene of the accident.
This has been known to happen.
5. The Victim
a. Check his clothing; other parts of his body, tire marks, grease paint chips, fragments,
and such things that might have been left on him by the suspect car.
b. If the victim is killed, get sample of uncontaminated blood from him at the morgue and
samples of hair, skin, etc.
c. Collect and preserve for laboratory examination, the clothes, shoes, and other items he
was wearing at the time of the accident.
G. Follow-up Investigation. During follow-up investigation, the investigator should:
1. Interview persons living along the route taken by the hit-and-run driver; also operators of
filling stations and garages.
2. Canvass parking lots and other filling stations and garages.
3. Return to the accident scene at the same tie on subsequent days and on the same day of
the following weeks to obtain additional witnesses such as delivery men operating on
scheduled routes.
4. Follow-up phone calls to garages and dealers of auto parts.
5. Continue appealing for information through the press, radio and TV.
H. Search for Suspect Car. If it is located and recovered:
1. Look for physical evidence, such as latent fingerprints, pieces of clothing, marks, damaged
parts, hair, blood, etc. which will identify the car as that involved in the hit-and-run accident.
2. Search the undercarriage of the suspect car. Determine also if there is indication of
disturbance in the grease or dirt adhering to it.
3. Make a careful investigation for replaced parts.
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I.
Interview of Suspect. When the suspect is apprehended:
1. Obtain a signed statement if you can.
2. Get a full account of suspect’s whereabouts and write it down just in case he refutes in later.
3. Approach and apprehend the driver of the suspect car as soon as his identity and
whereabouts are ascertained.
4. Place the driver in a defensive position by properly directed questions upon approach.
5.
SKIDMARKS AS A TOL IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Concept
Skid marks. The sudden application of brake which results in the locked wheel condition places
great pressure between the brake shoe and the brake drum that the frictional force at this point becomes
greater than the frictional force between the tire and the road surface. When this condition exists, the
wheels skid.
A. Skid marks as a Tool in Traffic Accident Investigation. The following are the principles
underlying on skid marks: as tool in investigation.
1. Measurement of skid marks gives idea on how fast the car which left these marks was going
prior to the accident.
2. Estimates of speed based on skid marks may lead to convictions; or knowing how to estimate
speed correctly may help to keep an innocent person from being convicted.
For example, skid marks 80 feet long were measured at an accident scene. A test skid made 20 miles
per hour showed 20 feet long skid marks. It was argued in court that with skid marks 20 feet long from a
speed of 20 miles per hour, the car must be going 80 miles per hour to leave 80 feet skid marks. The
driver was unjustly convicted. His actual speed was more nearly half of that, or 40 miles per hour.
B. Other Tire Marks. The investigators first job is to find out if the mark on the pavement is a skid
mark or another type of tire mark. Thus, he must familiarize himself with the following marks
that he may be left by a motor vehicle on a road surface:
1. Centrifugal skid ark. A marking on a roadway left by a rotating tire and wheel of a
speeding vehicle on a curve when the speed of the vehicle is above the critical speed of the
curve and the centrifugal force entirely or partially overcomes the friction between the mass
of the vehicle and its tires and the surface of the roadway.
2. Impending skid marks. Marks caused by the forward rotation of the wheels being slower
than the forward movement of the vehicle. The shadowy beginning of a skid mark along the
approach path of the vehicle is the impending skid mark and ends at the point of collision or
final rest.
3. Yawn mark. A scuffmark made while a vehicle is yawning the mark made on the road by a
rotating tire which is slipping in a direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.
4. Skip mark. A braking skid mark interrupted at frequent regular intervals; the skid mark
made by a bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the wheel from turning. Compare with gap
skid.
5. Side Skid Mark (Scuff mark). It is a roadway marking left by the tire an wheel of a vehicle
sliding sideways as a result of force other than centrifugal force.
6. Gap skid. A braking skid mark which is interrupted by release and reapplication of brakes or
which terminates by release of brakes before collision.
C. Other marks and impression left by a motor vehicle either on the road surface or on
the other motor vehicle. When a motor vehicle overturned or collided with another object like
another motor vehicle, it sometimes impresses or leaves marks that nay be used to identify the
motor vehicle, if it fled the accident scene. These impressions or markings are:
1. Ruts. A sunken track worn by a wheel, as in road; hence, a groove forming a path for
anything.
2. Gouge. A groove made by a hard part of a motor vehicle to another car after side sweeping
each other or it may be left on a road surface by a motor vehicle which overturned then slid
on the road surface.
3. Paint Strips. When a vehicle collided with other object, it sometimes transfers it paint to the
other object.
D. Skid marks as Evidence in Accident Cases. Skid marks will: Aid in determining the speed
prior to the accident or collision; show if the vehicle was traveling in the wrong side of the road;
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indicate if the driver failed to observe the right of way; and also show if the driver did not obey a
traffic signal.
E. Skid marks Do Not Show All of the Speed. Skid marks never show all of the speed of a car
before the accident happened. They show only how far the car would have had to slide to stop
in the distance shown by skid marks.
Evidence of Additional Speed. A car is somewhat going faster and often faster is calculated from
skid marks because in addition to losing speed is sliding the distance shown by the skid marks, the car
losses some of its speed on one or more of the following ways:
1. Sliding with one or more wheels before any skid marks begin to appear. Dark clear skid marks do
not appear until the tires have slid far enough to get hot enough to smear rubber or scar on the
pavement. This is less true on such materials as gravel and dirt.
2. Braking without skidding. Cases that the motor vehicle does not skid particularly: before sliding
begins; during gaps; and after marks and before the car comes to rest.
3. Dragging the car as it hits some object.
4. Damaging other cars or objects.
5. Sliding other cars or objects along the way
6. Vaulting or bouncing up into the air.
F. Other Factors that Affect the Skidding. Every driver knows, of course, that it takes much
longer to stop on pavements that are slippery, and that he can stop more quickly on an upgrade
than downgrade road.
Of many other factors o which distance depends, none has had a very great effect. Most
of them will affect a calculated speed by only a few miles per hour. They, therefore, have a little
effect on the speed calculated from the skid marks usually not more than a couple of miles per
hour. Among those other factors are the following:
1. Brake Pedal Pressure. When wheels are actually sliding, additional brake pedal pressure
will not make the stop ant quicker. Once the wheels have been locked and the car is sliding,
the brakes have done all they can in slowing the car and the grab of the pavement on the
tires is what determines how fast the car will slow down.
2. Weight of the Car. Makes a great difference in stopping distance before the wheels lock,
but once they have locked, it makes a very little difference. It is true that it takes much
greater pressure to lock the wheels on a vehicle when it is heavily loaded than it is empty.
However, when the wheels are once locked, a greater weight of the vehicle, which gives it
greater momentum, also causes it to press harder on the road surface and therefore, give it
a corresponding greater drag from the pavement.
3. Tire Thread. On the most ordinary surfaces, a smooth tire and one with a deep tread
pattern will stop the car in about the same distance. On some other surfaces, particularly on
ice, a smooth tread is better because it distributes the weight over a greater area.
4. Air Pressure. Makes a very slight difference in stopping distance. On ice, for example, soft
tire will distribute the weight a little more and give somewhat better traction.
5. Tire Material. There is a slight difference between tires made of synthetic and those made
of natural rubber.
6. Road Surface. Of surfaces such as mud, snow, and on ice, tires equipped with chains have
a better road-gripping capacity. On some hard pavements, however, chains may decrease
road-gripping capacity.
7. Direction of Slides. Makes a slight but unimportant difference. A tire will lengthwise except
in materials so soft that it plows or sinks.
8. Temperature of the Air and the Road Surface. Make some difference. In general, on
ordinary pavements, hot weather produces longer stopping distance. This is not necessarily
on ice and snow.
9. Against Head Wind. A car will slide a little farther from given speed with a tall wind than
against a head wind, but this is not a matter of great importance.
G. Speed Estimates. For most ordinary purposes, you don’t have to consider those minor factors
in establishing speeds from skid marks. Because the minor factors are neglected, we can not
calculate speeds precisely. We only estimate them. Some of the minor factors would tend to give
a higher speed and others a lower speed, and they would partly balance or cancel out.
Sometimes all of the factors tend to give a high estimated speed. In this connection, the skid marks
do not show all of the speed and therefore, the probable actual speed is still greater than your estimate.
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H. Facts needed. Good Estimate of speed is based on certain facts that come from observations
and measurements at the scene of the accidents. The accuracy of the estimate depends upon the
accuracy of these observations and measurements.
1. Length of skid mark. Consider the following:
a. Be sure they are skid marks – not just tire marks.
b. Did all wheels slide or just some of them? It makes little difference if tire s sliding
forward or sidewise.
c. Are there any gaps in the skid marks? Be sure there are gaps caused by release of brake
pedal pressure and not skids caused by bounced.
d. What is the length of each skid marks around any curves? It may not make straight from
beginning to the end in the shortest line. You may want to consider two separate lengths
for each Skid mark. One of these is based on the part of the skid mark you can positively
identify. It gives you speed which will be minimum beyond reasonable doubt. The other
is a possible skid mark which will give you a more likely speed. The first is all you can use
in court; the second is often mush useful in figuring out just what did happen in the
accident.
e. Use the length that the wheels skid, not the tire slid. Dual tires which leave two marks
are considered as one wheel, and the skid mark length is counted if either tire on the
wheel leaves this mark.
f. There are two ways of figuring the length of a slide if all on the same kind of pavement.
These are:
(1) Straight line. A slide is considered straight if both rear-wheel skid marks do not go off
to one side of the front wheel skid marks.
a. Use the length of the longest skid mark left by any wheel minus gaps in it. This
method is possible because all wheels slide about the same distance. We know
that the brakes definitely have been applied throughout the entire distance of
the longest skid mark.
b. If one wheel does not slide as far as the others began. The drag on the
pavement by this wheel is about the same just before it begins to slide as when
it is actually sliding. It may even be greater.
c. Therefore, we are usually safe in saying that all wheels are dragging as much as
if there were sliding wheel skid applies to motorcycles, trucks, truck and trailer
combinations, and buses as well as ordinary motor vehicles.
(2) Spin. A slide is considered a spin if both rear wheel skid marks do get off to one side
of the front wheel skid marks.
a. Take the length of each skid marks minus gaps. Add the skid mark length for all
wheels and divide the numbers of wheels.
b. This method is necessary in the case of the spins because some of the wheels
slid much farther than others; one end of the car may practically stand still while
than other sweeps around it.
c. Use this method only when there is about the same weight on front and rear
wheels; that is usually for ordinary cars, motorcycles, and light trucks with
trailers or heavily loaded trucks having duel tires on the rear wheels. Uneven
weight with a spin requires special calculations.
d. This method gives you a figure for the sliding distance of the vehicle. It is not
necessary to compute it more accurately than to the nearest foot. For this length
you may have two figures, one a positive distance and one a possible distance.
g. Unfortunately, many investigations are carelessly made. For example, investigators may:
1. Fail to show whether all wheel slid.
2. Fail to include in the sliding distance a skid shown by a shadow as well as that more
clearly shown by the smear of the hot tire.
3. Neglect to note whether they are gaps in any of the skid marks.
4. Show only an over all length without separate measurements for each wheel. This
usually includes the wheel base of the car with the result that the sliding distance
appears to be length longer than it really is.
5. Fail to note whether the skid marks are straight or a spin.
6. Measure straight across from beginning to the end of a curve skid marks rather than
around its length.
h. If the facts are not all there, assumptions should have to be made about the distance the
car slid. For legal purposes, you may assume only what may be true beyond reasonable
doubt. Hence, poor observations and measurements often leave you little value to go on.
i. Nevertheless, reasonable assumptions regarding conditions whch more definitely
observed in investigations may be very helpful in coming to a conclusion about what
probably happened.
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2. Coefficient of Friction or Drag Factor. It is the measurement of the maximum frictional
resistance of pavements. It is equal to the force exerted when the wheels are skidding
divided by the weight of the car.
I.
Procedure followed by the Philippine National Police (PNP). Members of the PNP when
considering skid mark as evidence observe the following:
1. The officer submits as evidence in a case the measurements of the skid marks and the Court
interprets the facts in the light of other evidence: Some courts require the assistance of an
expert; measurements should be accomplished by two men; and sketches and photographs
with measurements indicated should be made soon after the accident.
2. Some police departments have their officers skid a vehicle to a stop from the legal speed
limit, if this can be done safely, and compare the skid marks with those in the accident.
3. Some would draw conclusions from tests based on physical calculation.
4. Measurement of skid marks.
a. Should meet legal standards. Officers measuring the skid marks and the distances should
verify each other’s measurements so that they can corroborate each other’s testimony in
court.
b. Evidence should be presented to show that the skid marks were made by the suspect
car.
c. Witnesses should testify in court.
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