1. Anthropology is the study of humans; the social science that seeks to
understand human origins and adaptation, and the diversity of cultures and
worldviews. The term anthropology comes from the Greek words anthropos
(human) and logos (study).
According to C. Ember, M. Ember and Peregrine (2009), the definition of
anthropology is very vague because it would appear on the other disciplines
in the social sciences like sociology, psychology, economics, etc. According to
Hunt (2002), to distinguish anthropology from other disciplines, it should be
defined to be the “study of the relationship between biological traits and
socially acquired characteristics”.
TWO BROAD FIELDS
1. Physical Anthropology
- sometimes called Biological Anthropology. Its first main concern is about
how humans emerged and evolved through time. This is under the study of
human paleontology. Its second main concern is how human beings differ
biologically. This is under the study of human variation.
2. Cultural Anthropology
- Its main concern is the difference of cultures from time to time.
Subfields:
 Archeology: studies past cultures through tangible or material
remains.
 Linguistics: the anthropological study of languages. They explain the
difference of languages by culture and how it is constructed.
 Ethnology: the study of recent or present cultures. They try to explain
the difference of cultures before and the recent though vigor research,
examples: concept of beauty, marriage practices, etc.
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Methods of Inquiry
Observational Methods (Participant and Non-Participant)
In-depth Interviews
Focus group discussion
Life History
Case Study
Reflexivity Method
Ethnography
Action Research
Economics is a social science discipline that deals with the optimum
allocation of scarce resources among its alternatives to satisfy the unlimited
human wants and needs of the people. It is derived from the Greek word oikos
which means house and nomos which means laws hence the definition: “rules
of the house”.
2.
TWO MAJOR FIELDS
1. Microeconomics- it focuses on individual and small organizations in the
system of allocating resources.
2. Macroeconomics- focuses the broader sense of economics. It studies and
analyzes the whole economy.
One of the famous concepts in economics are supply and demand. Its focus is
to determine the economic equilibrium for price and quantity based on supply
and demand.
According to Braeutigam (2010), there are four principles in supply and
demand:
1. If demand increases, and supply remains unchanged, a shortage occurs,
leading to a higher equilibrium price.
2. If demand decreases and supply remains unchanged, a surplus occurs,
leading to a lower equilibrium price.
3. If demand remains unchanged and supply increases, a surplus occurs,
leading to a lower equilibrium price.
4. If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases, a shortage occurs,
leading to a higher equilibrium price.
METHODS OF INQUIRY
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Survey
Use of Economic Data or Economic Statistics
3. Geography means the “description of the earth”. The term was from the
Greek words geo which means “earth” and graphein which means “to write”.
According to Getis (2004), geography is defined as “the study of spatial
variation of how and why things differ from place to place on the surface of
the earth.
BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Physical Geography- Physical geographers study Earth’s seasons, climate,
atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans.
- Natural environment as the physical basis of society.
Subfields:
 Geomorphology
 Climatology
 Hydrology
 Soil Geography
2. Human Geography- concentrates on the spatial organization and
processes shaping the lives and activities of people, and their interactions
with places and nature (Dartmouth, n.d.). Human geographers also study how
people use and alter their environments.
- Refers to the relationship of society to its environment.
Subfields:
 Social/Cultural Geography
 Population and Settlement Geography
 Economic Geography
 Historical Geography
 Political Geography
METHODS OF INQUIRY
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Cartography
Quantitative/Statistical Techniques (Specimen sampling, mapping &
remote sensing)
Filed Survey Methods
Geo Informatics (GIS, GPS & LIS)
4. History- The term history comes from the Greek historia, "an account of one's
inquiries".
- History is a means of securely recording and formally trying to understand the results
of human agency in the past free from myth and fiction (Banner, 2012)
- History is the study of people, actions, decisions, interactions and behaviors
(Morphakis, 2020)
- A common starting point might be that histories are useful for telling us how we got
‘here’ (Zaman, 2020)
TYPES OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
1. Primary Sources are unedited and immediate, first-hand accounts of atopic, from
people who had a direct connection with it.
- This is information before it has been analyzed, interpreted, commented upon, spun,
or repackaged.
- Primary sources can include:
 Texts of laws and other original documents.
 Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who
did.
 Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or wrote.
 Original research.
 Datasets, survey data, such as census or economic statistics.
 Photographs, video, or audio that capture an event.
2. Secondary Sources often written significantly after events by parties not directly
involved but who have special expertise, they may provide historical context or critical
perspectives.
- Commentaries, interpretation, or analysis of events, ideas, or primary sources
-Secondary sources can include:
 Most books about a topic.
 Analysis or interpretation of data.
 Scholarly or other articles about a topic, especially by people not directly involved.
 Documentaries (though they often include photos or video portions that can be
considered primary sources).
FIELDS OF HISTORY
1. Cultural history focuses on the study of belief systems, customs, social forms,
political systems, material traits, and economic activities of a group or community
usually for the purpose of cross comparison with others.
2. Social history is concerned with the study of particular kinds of phenomena such as
family and marriage, adolescence, and work and leisure with sociological theories and
approaches.
3. Intellectual history looks into the history of ideas and theories. Historiography is one
of its primary subfields wherein the development of schools and approaches are
documented.
METHODS OF INQUIRY
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Paleography
Diplomatic
Chronology
Epigraphy
5. Linguistics is the study of language and its structure. Linguistics is
interdisciplinary in nature, intersecting with the Humanities and Social Sciences as
it inquires on the basic element that allows societies to communicate ideas across
space and time. The term linguistics was derived from the Latin word “lingua”, which
refers to language. Since the late 1500s, individuals who study language have been
called linguists.
Three Principal Components:
1. Sound- Phonetics and Phonology
2. Structure- Morphology and Syntax
3. Meaning- Semantics and Pragmatics
According to Dizon (2003), there are five specific functions of language:
1. It makes possible our great flexibility in the use of words for both communication
and information processing in general;
2. It enables us to acquire information by providing labels for the objects and events
in our environment.
3. It helps us encode information into memory by providing many of the linkages in
the associative network of memory;
4. It helps us find meanings, relationships and similarities and thus, build concepts
on top of concepts.
5. It helps us think and solve problems.
FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS
1. Historical Linguistics- otherwise known as diachronic linguistics, studies how a
particular language changed over time.
2. Sociolinguistics examines how language is used in relation to people’s
sociocultural environment. It considers the following: (1) the social background of
the addresser and the addressee; (2) the relationship of the addresser and the
addressee; and (3) the context and manner through which the communication
transpired.
3. Developmental Linguistics analyzes the development of language acquisition,
language retention, and language loss and bilingualism. It studies the development
of linguistic ability among children and the stages by which they gradually come to
use language.
4. Neurolinguistics studies the physiological mechanisms by which the brain
processes information in relation to language. It investigates how the human brain
functions when used in communication and how it uses information to experiment
and elaborate on linguistic and psycholinguistic theories.
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METHODS OF INQUIRY
Qualitative Approach with the use of Secondary Data (literature data and
registration data) to examine old writings and scriptures (manual or digital
excerpts of text).
Interviews (Self-confrontation Interview)
Observation Method (Text-coding)
Survey (Socio-linguistic)
Experiments (for phonetics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics studies)
6. Political Science According to Aristotle, the founder of political Science, it is the
“master science”. Everything happening in the society is based on politics. Politics is
defined as the study of power. In power we know or determine who gets what. Power
is defined to be as a source of influence. When a certain person influenced another
person, it means that he or she had the capacity to gain power over a certain person.
According to Hunt (2002), politics is defined as