CAD &
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Contents
Introduction to CAD Software and its Environment
Snapping and Construction Elements
Introduction to OOP and UML
3-7
8-11
12-16
Introduction to CAD Software and its Environment
Introduction
to CAD
Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as
computer-aided drafting (CAD) or computer-aided
design and drafting (CADD), is the use of computer
systems to assist in the creation, modification,
analysis, or optimization of a design. Computer-aided
drafting describes the process of creating a
technical drawing with the use of computer
software.
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Introduction to CAD Software and its Environment
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or
curves, surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space. CAD is an important
industrial art extensively used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding,
and aerospace industries; industrial and architectural design; prosthetics; and
many more.
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Introduction to CAD Software and its Environment
Types of CAD Software
Since its introduction in late 1960’s, CAD software has improved by leaps and bounds. A
broad classification of CAD is:
2D CAD
3D CAD
3D Wireframe and Surface Modelling
Solid Modelling
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Introduction to CAD Software and its Environment
CAD software enables
Efficiency in the quality of design
Increase in the Engineer’s productivity
Improve record keeping through better documentation and communication
Today, the use of CAD has permeated almost all industries. From aerospace, electronics
to manufacturing, CAD is used in all industry verticals. Since CAD encourages creativity and
speeds up productivity, it is becoming more and more useful as an important tool for
visualization before actually implementing a manufacturing process. That is also one of the
reasons CAD training is gaining more and more importance.
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Introduction to CAD Software and its Environment
Uses of CAD
CAD is used to accomplish preliminary design and layouts, design details and
calculations, creating 3-D models, creating and releasing drawings, as well as
interfacing with analysis, marketing, manufacturing, and end-user personnel.
CAD is currently widely used for industrial products, animated movies and other
applications. A special printer or plotter is usually required for printing professional
design renderings. CAD programs use either vector-based graphics or raster graphics
that show how an object will look.
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Snapping and Construction Elements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Setting Grid and Snap
Setting the Limits of Drawing
Setting Lineweight
Using Ortho Mode and Polar Tracking
Using Layers
Using Object Snaps
Using Zoom Tools
Panning Drawings
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1. Setting Grid and Snap
Grid is a fundamental drawing setting. It makes the graphics window appear like a graph
paper. You can turn ON the grid display by clicking the Grid icon on the status bar or simply
by pressing F7 on the keyboard.
Snap is used for drawing objects by means of the interaction points of the grid lines. When
you turn the Snap Mode ON, you will be able to select only grid points.
2. Setting the Limits of a drawing
Limits of a drawing can be set by defining its top-right and lower left corners. Thru setting
Limits o fadrawing, you will delimit the size of the drawing area. In AutoCAD, limits are set to
some default values. However, you can redefine the limits to change the drawing area as per
your requisite.
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3. Setting the Lineweight
Line weight is the thickness of the objects that you draw. In AutoCAD, there’s a default line
weight assigned to objects. But you can set a new lineweight.
4. Ortho mode
is used to draw orthogonal (horizontal or vertical) lines. Polar Tracking is used to constrain
the lines to angular increments.
5. Using Layers
Layers are similar to a group of transparent sheets that are fused into a complete drawing.
6. Using Object Snaps
Object Snaps are important settings that improve your performance and accuracy while
creating a drawing. They allow you to select keypoints of objects while creating a drawing.
You can activate the required Object Snap by using the Object snap shortcut menu. Press
and hold the SHIFT key and right-click to display this shortcut menu.
6. Using Zoom tools
Using the zoom tools, you can magnify or reduce a drawing. You can use these tools to
view the minute details of a very complicated drawing. The Zoom tools can be
accessed from the Navigation Bar, Command line, and Menu Bar.
7. Panning Drawings
After zooming into a drawing, you may want to view an area which is outside the
current display. You can do this by using the Pan tool.
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Introduction to
OOP and UML
Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
It is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative collection of
objects. Each of these represents instance of some class. These classes are all members of a
hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationship. Cohesion and Coupling deal with the quality
of an OO design. Generally, good OO design should be loosely coupled and highly cohesive. Lot of the
design principles, design patterns which have been created are based on the idea of “Loose coupling
and high cohesion”.
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Elements of the Object
Model
The four major elements of the object model (the conceptual framework of an
object-oriented thing) are:
1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation
3. Modularity
4. Hierarchy
and the three minor elements are :
1. Typing
2. Concurrency
3. Persistence.
1. Abstraction
Abstraction is one of the fundamental way in which we as humans cope with complexity. An
abstraction denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from all other kinds of
objects. Thus it provides crisply defined conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the
viewer.
2. Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the process of compartmentalizing the elements of an abstraction that constitutes
its structure and behavior. Encapsulation serves to separate the contractual interface of an
abstraction and its implementation. Abstraction and encapsulations are complimentary concepts.
3. Modularity
Modularity is the property of a system that has been decomposed into a set of cohesive and loosely
coupled modules.
4. Hierarchy
Hierarchy is a ranking of ordering of abstractions. The two most important hierarchies in a
complex system are its class structure (‘is a’ or Generalization/specialization) and object structure
(‘part of’ or whole part). Inheritance is the most important ‘is a” hierarchy. Basically inheritance
defines a relationship among classes wherein one class shares the structure or behavior defined in
one or more classes.
Typing
Concepts of typing derive primarily from theories of abstract data types. A type is a precise
characterization of structural or behavioral which a collection of entities all share. Typing is the
enforcement of the class of an object, such that objects of different types may not be interchanged,
or at the most, they may be interchanged only in very restricted ways.
Concurrency
It is the property that distinguishes an active object from one that is not active.
Persistence
Is the property of an object through which its existence transcends time (i.e. the object continues
to exist after its creator ceases to exist) and/or space (i.e. the object’s location moves from the
address space in which it was created).
UML Modeling
Modeling is an essential part of large software projects. Use of a model, in a software project
ensures scalability, robustness, security, extensibility, and other features. A robust design
always ensures smooth development. Surveys show that large software projects have a huge
probability of failure – in fact, it’s more likely that a large software application will fail to meet all
of its requirements on time and on budget than that it will succeed. Modeling is thus the only
way to visualize out design and check it against requirements before any coding begins.
UML diagrams represent two different views of a system model:
Static (or structural) view: Emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects,
attributes, operations and relationships. The structural view includes class diagrams and
composite structure diagrams.
Dynamic (or behavioral) view: Emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing
collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of objects. This view includes
sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and state machine diagrams.
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Questions
Problem Solving & Objective Types
QUESTION #1
Using the Relative Polar Coordinate System to add a 5 units line that is
45 degrees from the end point of the line created above the drafter
would
A. type @5<45 and enter
C. type 5 back slash and enter
B. type 5 forward slash and
enter
D. type 5 and try to use the
Dynamic input readout to find the
end point
QUESTION #1
Using the Relative Polar Coordinate System to add a 5 units line that is
45 degrees from the end point of the line created above the drafter
would
A. type @5<45 and enter
C. type 5 back slash and enter
B. type 5 forward slash and
enter
D. type 5 and try to use the
Dynamic input readout to find the
end point
Answer : A
QUESTION #2
If the scheme that stores will be opened in AutoCAD 2006 After then
you must save it in __?
A. AutoCAD 2007 dwg
C. AutoCAD 2004 dwg
B. AutoCAD 2006 dwg
D. None of the above
QUESTION #2
If the scheme that stores will be opened in AutoCAD 2006 After then
you must save it in __?
A. AutoCAD 2007 dwg
C. AutoCAD 2004 dwg
B. AutoCAD 2006 dwg
D. None of the above
Answer : C
QUESTION #3
Following file extensions cannot open the AutoCAD ___?
A. dwg
C. dxf
B. dot
D. dws
QUESTION #3
Following file extensions cannot open the AutoCAD ___?
A. dwg
C. dxf
B. dot
D. dws
Answer : B
QUESTION #4
What is the difference between the Scale command from the command
Zoom __?
A. Scale for a single object, while
the Zoom whole plan
B. Scale changes the size of
objects, while the Zoom changes
the visibility of the project
C. Scale can grow/shrink a shape up
10 times, while the Zoom has no
limits
D. None of these
QUESTION #4
What is the difference between the Scale command from the command
Zoom __?
A. Scale for a single object, while
the Zoom whole plan
B. Scale changes the size of
objects, while the Zoom changes
the visibility of the project
Answer : B
C. Scale can grow/shrink a shape up
10 times, while the Zoom has no
limits
D. None of these
QUESTION #5
The primary difference between the Layout tab(s) and the Model tab is __
A. . The Model tab is where you create the drawing and a Layout tab
represents the sheet that you will plot or print on
B. the Model tab is used for drawing in 3D and a Layout is used for drawing
in 2D
C. The Model tab displays the drawing you are copying from and the Layout
tab is where you layout the new drawing
D. The color of the background
QUESTION #5
The primary difference between the Layout tab(s) and the Model tab is __
A. . the Model tab is where you create the drawing and a Layout tab
represents the sheet that you will plot or print on
B. the Model tab is used for drawing in 3D and a Layout is used for drawing
in 2D
C. he Model tab displays the drawing you are copying from and the Layout
tab is where you lay out the new drawing None of these
D. the color of the background
Answer : B
QUESTION #6
What is the full form of CADD?
A. Computer Aided Designing
and Drafting
C. Computer Aided Drawing and
Designing
B. Computer Aided Drafting and
Drawing
D. Computer Aided Drawing
QUESTION #6
What is the full form of CADD?
A. Computer Aided Designing
and Drafting
C. Computer Aided Drawing and
Designing
B. Computer Aided Drafting and
Drawing
D. Computer Aided Drawing
Answer : A
QUESTION #7
Which shortcut key does the work of Ortho?
A. F6
C. F8
B. F7
D. F9
QUESTION #7
Which shortcut key does the work of Ortho?
A. F6
C. F8
B. F7
D. F9
Answer : C
QUESTION #8
What is the full form of GUI?
A. Golden User Installation
C. Graphical User Interface
B. Graphical User Installation
D. Geometrical User Interface
QUESTION #8
What is the full form of GUI?
A. Golden User Installation
C. Graphical User Interface
B. Graphical User Installation
D. Geometrical User Interface
Answer : C
QUESTION #9
What is the minimum allowable number of layers in a drawing?
A. 5
C. 3
B. 2
D. 1
QUESTION #9
What is the minimum allowable number of layers in a drawing?
A. 5
C. 3
B. 2
D. 1
Answer : D
QUESTION #10
When Drawing in 2D, what axis do you NOT work with?
A. X
C. Z
B. Y
D. WCS
QUESTION #10
When Drawing in 2D, what axis do you NOT work with?
A. X
C. Z
B. Y
D. WCS
Answer : C
QUESTION #11
Emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes,
operations and relationships. It also includes class diagrams and
composite structure diagrams.
A. Structural
B. Behavioral
C. Non-Structural
D. Non- Behavioral
QUESTION #11
Emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes,
operations and relationships. It also includes class diagrams and
composite structure diagrams.
A. Structural
B. Behavioral
Answer : A
C. Non-Structural
D. Non- Behavioral
QUESTION #12
Emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing
collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of
objects. This view includes sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and
state machine diagrams.
A. Non-Structural
C. Structural
B. Non- Behavioral
D. Behavioral
QUESTION #12
Emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing
collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of
objects. This view includes sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and
state machine diagrams.
A. Non-Structural
C. Structural
B. Non- Behavioral
D. Behavioral
Answer : D
QUESTION #13
Denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it
from all other kinds of objects. Thus it provides crisply defined
conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the viewer.
A. Encapsulation
C. Abstraction
B. Modularity
D. Hierarchy
QUESTION #13
Denotes the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it
from all other kinds of objects. Thus it provides crisply defined
conceptual boundaries, relative to the perspective of the viewer.
A. Encapsulation
C. Abstraction
B. Modularity
D. Hierarchy
Answer : C
QUESTION #14
It is the property of an object through which its existence transcends
time (i.e. the object continues to exist after its creator ceases to exist).
A. Persistence
C. Typing
B. Concurrency
D. None of the above
QUESTION #14
It is the property of an object through which its existence transcends
time (i.e. the object continues to exist after its creator ceases to exist).
A. Persistence
C. Typing
B. Concurrency
D. None of the above
Answer : A
QUESTION #15
Serves to separate the contractual interface of an abstraction and its
implementation.
A. Encapsulation
C. Abstraction
B. Modularity
D. Hierarchy
QUESTION #15
Serves to separate the contractual interface of an abstraction and its
implementation.
A. Encapsulation
C. Abstraction
B. Modularity
D. Hierarchy
Answer : A
REFERENCES
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https://www.designtechcadacademy.com/knowledge
-base/introduction-to-cad
https:/www.techguruspeaks.com/concept-ofclasses-and-objects/
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