Inflammation
&
Immunity Alterations
Selected from Chapters 7, 8 & 9 (McCance & Huether, 2019) & Chapter 2 (Story, 2022)
Compiled by Otto Sanchez
September 2021
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Pathophysiology Themes
• Inflammation
• Wound Healing
• Adaptive Immunity
• Hypersensitivity
• Immunodeficiencies (in AIDS class)
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Inflammation
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1st Line of Defense:
Physical & Mechanical Barriers
Biochemical Barriers
Normal Microbiome
2nd Line of Defense:
Inflammation
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INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: MAJOR FEATURES
Quick
Non-Specific
Localized (most of the time)
“Classical” Signs
Erythema
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of Function
Mediated by:
Inflammatory Cells
Chemicals Mediators
Goals:
1. Neutralize & limit cause of tissue injury
2. Clean up (phagocytosis)
3. Heal
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INFLAMMATORY & IMMUNE CELLS
Eosinophils
Allergy
Neutrophils
Neutralize
Destroy
Lymphocytes
Immunity
Monocytes
Phagocytosis
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SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN THE ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Figure 02.F04: Inflammatory response (Story, 2022)
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INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN ACTION: NEUTROPHILS & MACROPHAGES
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THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: HELPING THE INFLAMMATORY CELLS
Bayly Jones et al (2017)
Figure 02.F06: The Complement System (Story, 2022)
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CHEMICAL
MEDIATORS
OF
INFLAMMATION
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ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
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CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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INFLAMMATORY PHASES: GRANULOMA FORMATION
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Wound healing
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PHASES OF WOUND HEALING
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WOUND REPAIR BY PRIMARY INTENTION
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WOUND REPAIR BY SECONDARY INTENTION
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Hypertrophic Scar
Keloid Scar
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Adaptive Immunity
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LYMPHOID TISSUES
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OVERVIEW OF
THE IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Figure 02.F07: Development of cellular
and humoral immunity (Story, 2022)
From Gould, B. (2015). Pathophysiology for the health professions (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Copyright Elsevier 2015.
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HUMORAL IMMUNITY RESPONSES
Figure 02.T02: Immunoglobulins and Their
Functions (Story, 2022)
From Gould, B. (2014). Pathophysiology for the health professions
(5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
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FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
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CELLULAR IMMUNITY RESPONSES
Slideteam.net
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Hypersensitivity
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Hypersensitivity
An altered immunologic response to an antigen that
results in disease or damage to the individual
Four types
I
IgE-mediated
II
Tissue-specific
III Immune complex-mediated
IV Cell-mediated
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Type I IgE-mediated
hypersensitivity
reaction
Examples
Allergic Rhinitis
Systemic Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Figure 02.F08: Type I Hypersensitivity (Story, 2022)
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Type II tissue-specific cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
Examples
Transfusion Reactions
Hemolytic Disease of Newborns
Figure 02.F10: Blood transfusion reactions (Story, 2022)
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Type III immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Examples
Systemic Lupus Erithematosus
Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Examples
Contact Dermatitis
Crohn’s Disease
Anti-Cancer Immunity
Organ Transplants
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