Ali 1
Arif Ali
EGM 4045
Lab 004
Lab 1: Basic Resistor Circuits
Abstract: In this lab, I have successfully demonstrated how to use a breadboard to build
simple electric circuits, learned how to use a digital multi-meter (DMM) to perform basic
measurements, and analyzed and compared the experimental results with predicted results based
on circuit theories. Additionally, I incorporated essential formulas, including Ohm's Law and the
Voltage Divider Formula, into my calculations to ensure accurate analysis and prediction of
circuit behavior.
EGM 4045 Electro-Mechanical Devices
Lab 1: Basic Resistor Circuits
In this lab, you will learn how to use a breadboard to build simple electric circuits,
learn how to use a digital multi-meter (DMM) to perform basic measurements and
analyze and compare the experimental results with predicted results based on
circuit theories.
MATERIALS
•
•
1 1K and 1 220 resistors
1 breadboard w/ jumper wires
TOOLS
•
•
•
1 digital multimeter
1 9V alkaline battery
1 power supply module (9V to 5V)
BACKGROUND SECTION
Digital Multi-Meter
In this exercise, you will be measuring resistance and
voltage quantities using a DMM similar to the one
shown on the right. The yellow button is a power ONOFF button that turns the meters on and off. There are
two cables that come with the DMM (one red and one
black). This DMM can measure four different physical
quantities (frequency, current, voltage, and electrical
resistance) by adjusting the center dial to the
appropriate setting. In this exercise, you will be
measuring electrical resistance (dial setting marked
with a symbol), and voltage (dial setting marked
with V) quantities. To measure voltages or resistances,
the black cable should be connected to the circuit
ground (COM), and the red cable connected to
(HzV). Note that the LCD display shows four
significant figures (SFs). Make sure you record
measurements with the correct number of SFs.
NOTE: You will be using the DMM heavily in this course so make sure you are
comfortable about using the device and how to interpret the readings.
1
Basic Breadboard Usage
A breadboard is a solder-less device that can be
rows
used to build simple, temporary electric circuits.
Since there is no soldering involved, circuits can
be modified very easily, and a breadboard is
ideal for testing circuits or teaching basic circuit
principles. The figure on the right shows a simple
breadboard, which consists of 12 rows and 23
columns
columns of pinholes. These rows and columns
are sometimes labeled with alpha-numerals so
that you can uniquely reference any of the pinholes with the combination of a
number and a letter. For example, b5 corresponds to the pinhole in row b and
column 5. The five pinholes in every column (b-f) or (g-k) are electrically connected
together so that you can build a circuit with multiple connections using the
breadboard. However, the pinholes associated with b-f of any column are not
connected to those associated with g-k. In addition, rows a and l have different
connectivity. All pinholes in each of these rows are electrically connected. Before
you mount any electrical component on the breadboard, you should think of how
every component should be laid out on the breadboard, especially when dealing
with complex circuits.
>
PRE-LAB SECTION
Go over the following tutorial videos before you start this lab.
Breadboard Overview
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmEey8Ik4s0&list=PLnfDbUqQxHUBu22
JBkRsIoOyb9KS9IeBO&index=2&t=3s
Resistor’s Color Code
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9RqQiT12k&list=PLnfDbUqQxHUBu22JBkRsIoOyb9KS9IeBO&index=12&t=0s
General DMM Function
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgcsZX0e33g&list=PLnfDbUqQxHUBu22
JBkRsIoOyb9KS9IeBO&index=3&t=0s
Voltage Measurements Using DMM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a359EBVsKQQ&list=PLnfDbUqQxHUBu2
2JBkRsIoOyb9KS9IeBO&index=4
Current Measurements Using DMM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auwHxUlpaTM&list=PLnfDbUqQxHUBu
22JBkRsIoOyb9KS9IeBO&index=9
2
IN-LAB SECTION
Part 1 Two-Resistor Series Circuit
Connect two resistors (220 and 1K) in series as shown in Figure 1. The numbers
in pink are the node numbers. In this example, you need six pinholes for the
connection. Build this circuit on your breadboard.
Figure 1: A two-resistor series circuit (left: schematic, right: wiring diagram)
Out of Circuit Measurements Using DMM
1. 220 actual resistance using DMM
2. 1000 actual resistance using DMM
216
___________
986
___________
Now, connect the resistors and the 9V source on the breadboard, and measure the
following voltage and current quantities using the DMM.
In-Circuit Measurements Using DMM
1. Voltage across the 5V source
2. Voltage across the 220 resistor
3. Voltage across the 1K resistor
4. Current in the loop
4.84
___________V
0.886
___________V
4.046
___________V
4.08*10^-3
___________A
Part 2 Two-Resistor Parallel Circuit
Connect two resistors (220 and 1K) in parallel as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: A two-resistor parallel circuit (left: schematic, right: wiring diagram)
In-Circuit Measurements Using DMM
1. Voltage across the 5V source connected in circuit
2. Current by the 5V source
3
4.938
___________V
0.0257
___________A
0.0205
___________A
0.0047
___________A
3. Current through 220
4. Current through 1000
POST-LAB SECTION
Part 1 Two-Resistor Series Circuit
• Include all actual measurements
• Calculate the voltage across each of the resistors using the in-lab measurements
of R1, R2, and the voltage source. Show all the steps
• Compare the calculated and measured values by computing the percent of
errors. Show all the steps
Part 2 Two-Resistor Parallel Circuit
• Include all actual measurements.
• Calculate the current through each of the resistors using the in-lab
measurements of R1, R2, and the voltage source. Show all the steps
• Compare the calculated and measured values by computing the percent of
errors. Show all the steps
NOTE: The post-lab work should be submitted to Canvas as a PDF file by the
following Friday at noon unless otherwise stated.
4
CALCULATIONS
V 1R
Series
-(10)
Ri:
Voltage through
2202 Resistor
R2:5
resistor
12
Total
current:i
0.90,63 v
=
(100)
Voltage through
1000
Re:1000
R,:220
=
=
v
4.0983
=
0.0040983 A
=
PercentError:
R,
Voltage through
R2
Voltage through
Total
-
=
C
0.886
-0.90163
0.90163
C
4.046
-
4.0983
4.0983
(4.84=5
Voltage
S
x100
S
x100
(x100
=
1.734%
=
1.276%
=
3.2%
=
Parallel.
Current
through
Current
through
I,
5
=
I2
-
220
0.0227
=
&
1000
220 resistor
A
resistor
-
=
1000
A
0.005
=
IT
Total=
Current
=
IT
=
80327
R
-
(, 2)"
+
=
=
0.0277
150.32x
=
A
PercentError:
through
current
through
current
R,
R2
-
C
0.0205-0.0227
0.0227
(0.0047
=
-0.005
0.005
Total Current
C
=0.0257-0.0227
0.0277
S
x100
S
x100
C
x100
=
9.69%
6%
=
7.22%
=
Calculations
Series:
R1 = 220 Ω
R2 = 1000 Ω
Voltage through R1 : 5
R2 : 5
= 0.90163V
= 4.0983V
Total Current: 𝑖 =
= 0.0040983A
Percent Error:
For Voltage through R1=
.
For Voltage through R2=
.
Total Voltage through =
.
× 100 = 1.734%
.
.
× 100 = 1.276%
.
.
× 100 = 3.2%
Parallel:
I1 = 5V/220 Ω = 0.0227A
I2 = 5V/1000 Ω =0.005A
Equivalent Resistance:
Total Current: 𝑖 =
.
= 180.327 Ω
+
= 0.0277A
Percent Error:
For Current through R1=
.
For Current through R2=
.
Total Current through =
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
× 100 = 9.69%
× 100 = 6%
× 100 = 7.22%