Chapter 1
1.
A nurse is teaching the importance of childhood immunizations to a group of
postpartum mothers. This is considered which level of preventive care?
A.
Tertiary prevention.
B.
Primary prevention.
C. Secondary prevention.
D. Health screening.
2.
Advocating for an increase in welfare incomes is an example of which health promotion
strategy?
A.
Creating supportive environments.
B.
Strengthening community action.
C. Developing financial literacy.
D. Building healthy public policy.
3.
Efforts to decrease obesity by focusing on factors such as household income, food
advertising and marketing exemplify which approach to health?
A.
Socioenvironmental.
B.
Medical.
C. Behavioural.
D. Psychological.
4.
Which definition of health is the most congruent with a health promotion approach?
A.
The 1947 World Health Organization (WHO) definition.
B.
Pender's health as stability definition.
C. The 1984 WHO definition.
D. The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion definition.
5.
Which one of the following best defines health promotion activities?
A.
Activities that protect against disease before signs and symptoms occur.
B.
Activities that promote healthy lifestyles.
C. Activities that emphasize mutually agreed upon goals.
D. Activities that enable people to increase control over the determinants of
health and thereby improve their health.
6.
The major outcome of the Lalonde Report was its emphasis on which of the following
determinants?
A.
Environment.
B.
Health care organization.
C. Genetics and biology.
D. Lifestyle.
7.
Which of the following factors would be most improved by an upstream nursing
approach to health?
A.
Behavioural risk factors.
B.
Physiological risk factors.
C. Socioenvironmental risk conditions.
D. Psychosocial risk factors.
8.
The belief that health is a societal responsibility is most congruent with which approach
to health?
A.
Medical.
B.
Behavioural.
C. Socioenvironmental.
D. Public health.
9.
The statement “To change behaviour, it may be necessary to change more than
behaviour” most clearly reflects which approach to health?
A.
Behavioural
B.
Socioenvironmental
C. Medical
D. Downstream
10.
Which one of the following documents identifies the role of the private sector in health
promotion?
A.
Strategies for Population Health.
B.
Epp Report.
C. Jakarta Declaration.
D. Toronto Charter.
11.
Which of the following is the most “upstream” strategy to reduce health disparities due
to poverty?
A.
Assisting families in poverty to access appropriate health services.
B.
Helping low-income families to budget to increase food security.
C. Assisting communities to develop community kitchens and gardens.
D. Advocating living wages and income support.
12.
Secondary prevention activities are most closely related to which stage of the natural
history of disease?
A.
Prepathogenesis.
B.
Pathogenesis.
C. Convalescence.
D. Incubation.
13.
Providing flexible workplace hours and quality child care at places of employment
exemplifies which health promotion strategy?
A.
Reorienting health services.
B.
Reducing health disparities.
C. Creating supportive environments.
D. Developing personal skills.
14.
Which one of the following statements accurately reflects current working conditions in
Canada?
A.
More than two thirds of Canadian workers report high stress at work.
B.
More than one quarter of Canadian workers believe that their workplaces
are “unhealthy.”
C. Nurses have lower levels of absenteeism than do Canadian workers in
general.
D. Employed people experience more health problems than do unemployed
people.
15.
Which of the following statements accurately reflect the population health promotion
model? (Select all that apply.)
A.
The "what" refers to the determinants of health.
B.
The "how" identifies the five health promotion strategies from the Ottawa
Charter.
C. The "why" reflects evidence-informed decision making, values, and
assumptions.
D. The "who" suggests that vulnerable populations are the key targets for
health promotion.
16.
Which of the following are social determinants of health? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Smoking behaviour.
B.
Social exclusion.
C. Employment security.
D. Early childhood development.
17.
Which of the following exemplify the health promotion strategy of strengthening
community action? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Empowerment of individuals.
B.
Public participation in needs identification.
C. Participation of community organizations.
D. Professionally driven interventions.
18.
Which of the following factors have been identified as strong determinants of health
disparities? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Socioeconomic status.
B.
Indigenous identity.
C. Geographic location.
D. Personal health practices.
Correct Answers
1.
ID: 18735283756
A nurse is teaching the importance of childhood immunizations to a group of
postpartum mothers. This is considered which level of preventive care?
A.
Tertiary prevention.
B.
Primary prevention. Correct
Primary prevention activities protect against (prevent) disease before signs
and symptoms occur (prepathogenesis stage of disease). Secondary
prevention activities promote early detection of disease once pathogenesis
has occurred. Tertiary prevention activities occur in the convalescent state
of disease and are directed toward minimizing residual disability and
helping people to live productively with limitations.
C. Secondary prevention.
D. Health screening.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
2.
ID: 18735283764
Advocating for an increase in welfare incomes is an example of which health promotion
strategy?
A.
Creating supportive environments.
B.
Strengthening community action.
C. Developing financial literacy.
D. Building healthy public policy. Correct
An increase in welfare income requires policy change. Healthy public policy
has a positive effect on health. Income is the most influential determinant of
health.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
3.
ID: 18735283745
Efforts to decrease obesity by focusing on factors such as household income, food
advertising and marketing exemplify which approach to health?
A.
Socioenvironmental. Correct
A socioenvironmental approach focuses on the social and environmental
conditions that influence health and health behaviours. This includes the
relationship between personal health behaviours and social and physical
environments influencing those behaviours. In this example, the approach
is an attempt to change the marketing and advertising of unhealthy
products and ensure that people have adequate incomes to purchase
nutritious food.
B.
Medical.
C. Behavioural.
D. Psychological.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
4.
ID: 18735283737
Which definition of health is the most congruent with a health promotion approach?
A.
The 1947 World Health Organization (WHO) definition.
B.
Pender's health as stability definition.
C. The 1984 WHO definition. Correct
The 1984 WHO definition is as follows: "Health is viewed as the extent to
which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations
and satisfy needs; and on the other hand, to change or cope with the
environment. Health is seen as a resource for everyday living; not the
object of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and
personal resources as well as physical capacities." Health is not viewed as
an ideal state (as in the 1947 definition). It suggests that people in a variety
of health situations can "gain control" over the determinants of their health,
which is the underlying concept of health promotion.
D. The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion definition.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
5.
ID: 18735283741
Which one of the following best defines health promotion activities?
A.
Activities that protect against disease before signs and symptoms occur.
B.
Activities that promote healthy lifestyles.
C. Activities that emphasize mutually agreed upon goals.
D. Activities that enable people to increase control over the determinants of
health and thereby improve their health. Correct
Health promotion activities are actions that strengthen the skills and
capabilities of individuals as well as actions that change social,
environmental, and economic conditions to improve health. These actions
are therefore directed toward health determinants and involve individual
and social responsibility for health.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
6.
ID: 18735283735
The major outcome of the Lalonde Report was its emphasis on which of the following
determinants?
A.
Environment.
B.
Health care organization.
C. Genetics and biology.
D. Lifestyle. Correct
The Lalonde Report shifted emphasis from a medical to a behavioural
approach to health. Although all of listed options were identified in the
document, the area that received the most emphasis was lifestyle and its
relationship to health outcomes was lifestyle.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
7.
ID: 18735283752
Which of the following factors would be most improved by an upstream nursing
approach to health?
A.
Behavioural risk factors.
B.
Physiological risk factors.
C. Socioenvironmental risk conditions. Correct
Socioenvironmental risk conditions such as poverty, education, and housing
(i.e., social determinants of health) can influence health directly but also
indirectly through psychosocial risk factors, behavioural risk factors, and
physiological risk factors. “Upstream” approaches include advocating for
policies that ensure affordable housing, financial support to patients with
low incomes, and safe, fulfilling work environments.
D. Psychosocial risk factors.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
8.
ID: 18735283754
The belief that health is a societal responsibility is most congruent with which approach
to health?
A.
Medical.
B.
Behavioural.
C. Socioenvironmental. Correct
Medical and behavioural approaches focus on health as an individual
responsibility. A socioenvironmental approach emphasizes social and
environmental conditions, which often require policy-level interventions.
D. Public health.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
9.
ID: 18735283739
The statement “To change behaviour, it may be necessary to change more than
behaviour” most clearly reflects which approach to health?
A.
Behavioural
B.
Socioenvironmental Correct
A socioenvironmental approach suggests that behaviours must be viewed
in their context. Because environments influence behaviours, interventions
may need to be directed at these environmental determinants of health
rather than at the behaviour alone. This is also an “upstream” (not
“downstream”) approach to health.
C. Medical
D. Downstream
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
10.
ID: 18735283749
Which one of the following documents identifies the role of the private sector in health
promotion?
A.
Strategies for Population Health.
B.
Epp Report.
C. Jakarta Declaration. Correct
The Jakarta Declaration, developed at the 4th International Conference on
Health Promotion, was the first to involve the private sector and to advocate
promotion of social responsibility for private sectors.
D. Toronto Charter.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
11.
ID: 18735283743
Which of the following is the most “upstream” strategy to reduce health disparities due
to poverty?
A.
Assisting families in poverty to access appropriate health services.
B.
Helping low-income families to budget to increase food security.
C. Assisting communities to develop community kitchens and gardens.
D. Advocating living wages and income support. Correct
Advocating living wages and income support is the most upstream strategy
because it aims to reduce poverty, whereas the other strategies focus on
alleviating the effects of poverty.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
12.
ID: 18735283758
Secondary prevention activities are most closely related to which stage of the natural
history of disease?
A.
Prepathogenesis.
B.
Pathogenesis. Correct
Secondary prevention activities focus on early detection of disease
(pathogenesis stage) to facilitate prompt treatment, such as screening for
signs of disease before symptoms occur. Primary prevention activities
protect against a disease before signs and symptoms occur
(prepathogenesis stage of disease). Tertiary prevention activities occur in
the convalescent state of disease and are directed toward minimizing
residual disability and helping people to live productively with limitations.
C. Convalescence.
D. Incubation.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
13.
ID: 18735283760
Providing flexible workplace hours and quality child care at places of employment
exemplifies which health promotion strategy?
A.
Reorienting health services.
B.
Reducing health disparities.
C. Creating supportive environments. Correct
Creating supportive environments focuses on making physical and social
environments health enhancing, stimulating, and satisfying.
D. Developing personal skills.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
14.
ID: 18735283766
Which one of the following statements accurately reflects current working conditions in
Canada?
A.
More than two thirds of Canadian workers report high stress at work.
B.
More than one quarter of Canadian workers believe that their workplaces
are “unhealthy.” Correct
One third of workers reported high stress at work. Nurses have had the
highest or second highest rates of absenteeism of all workers in Canada for
the past 15 years. Unemployed people have more health problems than do
employed people.
C. Nurses have lower levels of absenteeism than do Canadian workers in
general.
D. Employed people experience more health problems than do unemployed
people.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 1.0 possible points.
15.
ID: 18735283747
Which of the following statements accurately reflect the population health promotion
model? (Select all that apply.)
A.
The "what" refers to the determinants of health. Correct
B.
The "how" identifies the five health promotion strategies from the Ottawa
Charter. Correct
C. The "why" reflects evidence-informed decision making, values, and
assumptions. Correct
D. The "who" suggests that vulnerable populations are the key targets for
health promotion.
The "who" refers to with whom nurses can act—the levels within society at which action can
be taken. This includes the individual, the family, the community, the sector or system, and
society.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 3.0 possible points.
16.
ID: 18735283768
Which of the following are social determinants of health? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Smoking behaviour.
B.
Social exclusion. Correct
C. Employment security. Correct
D. Early childhood development. Correct
Smoking behaviour is a personal health practice. Social determinants of health reflect social
and economic conditions that influence health and how a society distributes economic and
social resources through its economic and social policies.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 3.0 possible points.
17.
ID: 18735283733
Which of the following exemplify the health promotion strategy of strengthening
community action? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Empowerment of individuals. Correct
B.
Public participation in needs identification. Correct
C. Participation of community organizations. Correct
D. Professionally driven interventions.
A major tenet of strengthening community action is community development with a strong
emphasis on community participation and involvement in all phases of project development.
Professions act as facilitators rather than "driving" the project.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 3.0 possible points.
18.
ID: 18735283762
Which of the following factors have been identified as strong determinants of health
disparities? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Socioeconomic status. Correct
B.
Indigenous identity. Correct
C. Geographic location. Correct
D. Personal health practices.
The Health Disparities Task Group identified socioeconomic status, Indigienous identity,
geographic location, and gender as the most important factors related to health disparities.
Health disparities reflect unfair or unjust access to health determinants, which results from
economic and social policies.
Awarded 0.0 points out of 3.0 possible points.