STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF
MICROPROCESSOR/ MICROCONTROLLER
BENEFITS OF A MICROPROCESSOR
Low Cost
High-Speed
Low Power Consumption
Portable
Reliable
Versatile
MICROPROCESSOR
central unit of a computer system
performs arithmetic and logic
operations.
the engine or the brain of the computer
that goes into motion when the
computer is switched on.
programmable, multipurpose device that
incorporates the functions of a CPU on a
single IC.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
WORD LENGTH
number of bits in the processor’s internal
bus
Simply known as:
processor
central processing unit (CPU)
logic chip
INSTRUCTION TEST
series of commands that a
microprocessor can understand.
CACHE MEMORY
Used to store data or instruction that the
software or program frequently
references during operation.
CLOCK SPEED
The speed at which microprocessor is
able to execute instructions.
BUS
A set of conductors that transmit data or
that address or control information to the
microprocessor’s different elements.
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
CATEGORIES OF MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLER
BASED ON WORD LENGTH
VLSI IC that contains:
based on the number of bits in the
processor's internal data bus or the
number of bits that it can process at a
time.
electronic computing unit and logic
unit
memory
I/O Ports
other components integrated on a
single chip
REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER
(RISC)
a microprocessor that is designed to
perform a smaller number of types of
computer instructions so that it can
operate at a higher speed.
COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER
(CISC)
Its purpose is to reduce the number of
instructions for each program
use little RAM, have more transistors,
have fewer registers, have numerous
clock cycles for each instruction, and
have a variety of addressing modes.
Also known as:
Computer-on-a-Chip
Single-Chip-Computer
Embedded Controller
SPECIAL PURPOSE PROCESSORS
built to perform special functions
COMMONLY USED FOR:
Storing
Calculating
Controlling
Displaying Information
FIELD APPLICATIONS:
Multimeters
Oscilloscopes
Function Generators
Printers
Routers
Modems
Keyboards
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF
MICROCONTROLLERS:
MEMORY
Front Panel Controls in devices like
Oven, washing Machine etc.
Function Generators
Smoke and Fire Alarms
Home Automation Systems
Automatic Headlamp ON in Cars
Speed Sensed Door Locking System
BASICS OF MICROCONTROLLERS
I/O PORTS
The interface for the Microcontroller to
the external world is provided by the I/O
Ports or Input/Output Ports
COMPONENTS OF MICROCONTROLLER
BUS
A System bus is a group of connecting
wire that connect the CPU with other
peripherals like Memory, I/O Ports and
other supporting components.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF A
MICROCONTROLLER
TIMERS/COUNTERS
provide the operations of Time Delays
and counting external events.
Timers and Counters can provide
Function Generation, Pulse Width
Modulation, Clock Control, etc.
SERIAL PORT
serial communication
to communicate with another device and
peripherals (external)
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
brain of the microcontroller
It consists of an Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) and a Control Unit (CU).
It reads, decodes and executes
instructions to perform Arithmetic, Logic
and Data Transfer operations.
INTERRUPTS
A very important feature of a
Microcontroller is Interrupts and its
Interrupt Handling Mechanism.
Interrupts can be external, internal,
hardware related or software related.
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE CYCLE
ADC (ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER)
A circuit that converts Analog signals to
Digital Signals
Almost all sensors are analog devices
and the analog data from these sensors
must be converted into digital data for
the CPU to understand
The CPU works by following the process
known as ‘fetch, decode, and execute’.
DAC (DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER)
Converts Digital Signals to Analog
Signals
DAC forms the bridge between the CPU
of the Microcontroller and the external
analog devices.
MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTER (MAR)
Temporary memory inside the CPU
FUNCTIONAL OPERATIONS OF
MICROPROCESSORS/MICROCONTROLLER
A. DATA MOVEMENT
Data movement instructions move data
from one place to another.
Source Operand – Source/Origin
Destination Operand – Destination
LOAD INSTRUCTIONS
Move data from memory to registers
STORE INSTRUCTIONS
Move data from registers to memory
MOVE INSTRUCTIONS
Move data from one register to another
IMMEDIATE LOAD INSTRUCTIONS
Move constants, including addresses, to
registers
COMMON WAYS OF MOVING DATA:
Data Integration
Data Replication
Change Data Capture
Stream Processing
Data Warehouse
Data Lake Automation Tools
TWO TYPES OF DATA MOVEMENT:
1. PERIPHERAL
APPLICATIONS OF DATA PROCESSING:
1. Commercial Data Processing
Data must be passed between
computer and I/O devices connected
to computer
Typically to simple devices
Involves a large volume of input
data, relatively few computational
operations, and a large volume of
output.
2. Data Analysis
EXAMPLES:
Specialized term for data processing
and information systems
Makes use of specialized and highly
accurate algorithms and statistical
Calculations
Monitors and Keyboards
Data Acquisition
Peripheral Control
2. DATA COMMUNICATIONS (REMOTE
DEVICES)
Data movement over a longer
range
Typically to smart devices or
other computers
3. Real World Applications
With properly processed data,
researchers can write scholarly
materials and use them for educational
purposes
4. Almost all fields
It is required at all places with varied
levels of complexity.
B. DATA PROCESSING
Data processing is the conversion of
data into usable and desired form
Data centers are the key component as
it enables processing, storage, access,
sharing and analysis of data.
EXAMPLES:
Image
Graph
Table
Vector file
Audio
Charts
STAGES AND PROCESS OF DATA
PROCESSING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Collection
Storage
Sorting
Processing
Analysis
Presentation and Conclusions
DIFFERENT TYPES OF OUTPUT FILES
OBTAINED AS “PROCESSED” DATA
C. CONTROL
Control it says that it is something
needs to monitor operations and
maintain control of data processing, data
storage, and data management.
Automated control of computers
resources.
PLAIN TEXT FILE
These constitute the simplest form of
processed data. Most of these
files are user readable and easy to
comprehend. Very negligible or no
further processing is required in these
types of files.
CONTROL KEY - a modifier key which, when
pressed in conjunction with another key,
performs a certain action
These are exported as notepad or
WordPad files.
COMPONENTS OF A CONTROL UNIT:
TABLE/SPREADSHEET
This file format is most suitable for
numeric data. Having digits in rows and
columns allows the user to perform
various operations.
CHARTS AND GRAPHS
Option to get the output in the form of
charts and graphs is handy and now
forms standard features in most of the
software
This option is beneficial when dealing
with numerical values reflecting trends
and growth/decline.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Instruction Registers
Control Signals within the CPU
Control Signals to/from the bus
Control bus
Input flags
Clock signals
COMPONENTS OF A HARDWIRED
CONTROL UNIT:
1. Instruction register (contains opcode
and address field)
2. Timing unit
3. Control State Generator
4. Control Signal Generation Matrix
5. Instruction Decoder
COMPONENTS OF A MICRO
PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT:
MAPS/VECTOR OR IMAGE FILE
When dealing with spatial data the
option to export the processed data into
maps, vector and image files is of great
use
OTHER FORMATS / RAW FILES
When dealing with spatial data the
option to export the processed data into
maps, vector and image files is of great
use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Next Address Generator
Control Address Register
Control Memory
Control Data Register
Control Memory
Control Data Register
FUNCTIONS OF THE CONTROL UNIT:
It directs the flow of data sequence
between the processor and other
devices.
It can interpret the instructions and
controls the flow of data in the
processor.
It generates the sequence of control
signals from the received instructions or
commands from the instruction register.
It has the responsibility to control the
execution units such as ALU, data
buffers, and registers in the CPU of a
computer.
It has the ability to fetch, decode, handle
the execution, and store results.
It cannot process and store the data
To transfer the data, it communicates
with the input and output devices and
controls all the units of the computer.
DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT
TWO TYPES:
1. Hardwired based
2. Microprogrammed based
(single-level and two-level)
HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT
In this type, the control
signals are generated by a special
hardware logic circuit without any
change in the structure of the circuit.
D. DATA STORAGE
refers to the use of recording media to
retain data using computers or other
devices.
collective methods and technologies that
capture and retain digital information on
electromagnetic, optical or silicon-based
storage media
STORAGE - preserve information ranging from
personal photos to business-critical
information.