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Module - STS - Lecture notes 1-6
Science, Technology, and Society (Palawan State University)
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produce food at a given time and space since resources were
getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic
necessities.
Unit 1: CH.1 –Historical Antecedents
In the ancient times, people were concerned with the ff;
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TRANSPORTATION – was significant during that time
because people were trying to go places and discover new
horizons.
⚫
To search for food and find a better locations for
settlement
⚫
To trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they
lacked.
⚫
Navigation assisted them in their journeys, it allowed them to return
home after their travel to new places.
ANCIENT TIMES
⚫
COMMUNICATION – was essential to discover and occupy new
places.
⚫
They need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas
so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
⚫
Record- keeping was also important since they needed to
remember the places they had been to and document the trades
they made.
⚫
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The people thus needed a form of technology that would enable
them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without
them traveling more or working harder.
ANCIENT TIMES
⚫
WEAPONS AND ARMORS – for security and
protection was a major achievement.
⚫
For the establishment of new alliances with other tribes as there
was always a risk of conflict when people met others with
different culture and orientations. Conflicts were common
especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources.
⚫
Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they
could take much needed resources.
ANCIENT TIMES
⚫
CONSERVATION OF LIFE – is the primary challenged they faced.
The early people might have been successful in harnessing the
rich resources that the world could provide, but their SURVIVAL
posed a great problem.
⚫
Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made,
hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this
predicament, S and T played a major role in the discovery of
cures to, if not the prevention of, illnesses.
Also vital to keep record of their history and culture so they could
establish their identities as they tried
ANCIENT TIMES
ANCIENT TIMES
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To relate with other cultures and civilizations.
⚫
The increase in size and number of nations connoted
increased demand for food and other basic necessities.
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This condition also implied that people must be able to
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FIELD OF ENGINEERING – the developemnt in this field
allowed humans to build structures that would address their
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specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built
before still exist today.
⚫
ARCHITECTURE – the development of engineering also ushered
in the introduction of this field. During this times, elaborate
architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of
a particular civilization. In the generations now, it would be
considered a STATUS SYMBOL among nations of how advanced
their technology is and identity of a nation.
ANCIENT TIMES
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⚫
URUK CITY- a great wonder not only because it is considered to be
the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected.
⚫
No building stones and lumber was limited making the
construction a big challenge.
They used mud and clay from the river, which they mixed with
reeds, producing sun-baked bricks used in housing that could
protect them from the harsh weather
and wall around the city
that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
CONCLUSION
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A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry.
ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
The developments in S and T , aside from affecting the lives of the
people, were the results of many prior antecedents. Out of
necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent
things that would impact the lives of the modern people.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION- Sumeria is located on the southernmost
tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high
degree of cooperation with one another
⚫
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR- also called the Mountain of God,
was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk.
⚫
Served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their
priest were allowed to enter.
The temple showcases the elaborate and intricate Sumerian
architecture and the remarkable technology used to build it.
Until today, people still enjoy the marvel of the preserved
Ziggurat of Ur.
ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
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ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
And their desire for great things.
⚫
They are not contented with the basic things life can
offer.
⚫
Their desire pushed them to develop many things
connected with S and T.
CUNEIFORM- one of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the
development of the first writing system.
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IRRIGATION AND DIKES- Sumerians created dikes and irrigation
canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the
flooding of the rivers.
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This method was considered as one of the world’s most
BENEFICIAL ENGINEERING works.
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SAILBOATS- at that time the wheel was not yet invented; the main
mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and
seas.
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
⚫
Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were
able to cover large distances.
⚫
Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well
as in fostering culture, information, and technology.
⚫
WHEEL- the first wheels were not made for transportation but for
farm work and food processes.
With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made
easier.
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
⚫
Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.
⚫
THE PLOW- this enable them to dig the ground where seeds would
be planted in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the
farmer would just drop the seeds and the farm work would be already
done.
With this, farmers could cultivate larger parcel of lands
faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking
so much effort and time.
ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
⚫
Babylonians were great builders, engineers and
architects.
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
⚫
⚫
Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous HGB
from stories and paintings because no physical evidence has
been found to prove the existence.
ANCIENT TIMES- BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
⚫
Its exact location is unknown. Since time immemorial, people
have been debating about the existence of the mythical
place.
⚫
Many said it was just a product of the
creative imagination of the great King
because it lacked documentation or
archaeological evidence.
⚫
Or if it really existed, must have been destroyed by war,
erosion, or an earthquake.
⚫
If the stories were true, the HGB may be considered one of the
greates engineering and architectural achievements of the world
that is almost impossible to replicate.
⚫
⚫
ROADS- to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians
developed the first roads.
⚫
The invention of roads was very useful especially during the
rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved
to be too difficult.
A structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that
contained several species of plants, tress and vines.
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ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Another early civilization famous for its legacy located in North Africa. It
is thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contribution to the
modern world but many more….
 PAPER OR PAPYRUS- although Egypt was not the first to develop a
system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world.
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
 Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile river. They
were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which
one could write down things.
 Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to
carry and store.
 The sheets were also less breakable as compared to clay tablets.
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
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⚫
⚫
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INK- Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different colors.
It was tamper-proof so that people could not simply
tinker with those written down.
HIEROGLYPHICS- a system of writing using symbols.
They believed that this writing system was provided to them by their
gods and can still be seen today and remains to be as famous as
the pyramids where they were found.
⚫
COSMETICS- function in ancient Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic reasons.
⚫
Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure
eye diseases.
⚫
They also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected
from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.
⚫
At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming
multibillion industry.
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
WIG- are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding
or those who want to try new hair trends.
⚫
During the Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health
and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
⚫
Wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.
⚫
Considered cleaner than natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice.
ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
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⚫
WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA- this device utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. In the process,
time is measured.
⚫
Used as a timekeeping devise during the AT.
ANCIENT TIMES – ROMAN CIVILIZATION
ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION
⚫
Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.
Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.
⚫
Some of the major achievements of the Greeks
include in-depth works on philosophy and
mathematics.
⚫
More than the coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek
civilization has contributed much to S and T.
ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION
⚫
WATER MILL- used in agricultural processes like milling of grains
which was necessary form of food processing during that time.
⚫
Watermills were considered better than mills powered by farm
animals because they required less effort and time to operate
since farmer did not have to raise animals.
⚫
They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a
mechanism of a large wheel with small BUCKETS of water
attached to it could be installed.
ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION
⚫
ALARM CLOCK- one of the most utilized gadgets today that was
invented by the ancient Greeks. The purpose was just the same with
the alarm clock of the modern
times---to tell an individual when to stop or when to start.
⚫
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and
social entity in the west.
⚫
It was considered to be the CRADLE OF POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE during that period.
⚫
Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked
up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.
NEWSPAPER – the first newspapers, known as
GAZETTES, contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people.
ANCIENT TIMES – ROMAN CIVILIZATION
⚫
⚫
This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government
information the same way we benefit from present day
newspapers.
⚫
BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX- Record-keeping was much easier
since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy
much space. The civilization became fond of record-keeping, events
and newly legislated laws.
ANCIENT TIMES- ROMAN CIVILIZATION
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE- one of the most visual contributions of
the ancient Roman Empire to the world.
⚫
A continuation of the Greek architecture, hence the
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resemblance.
ROMAN NUMERALS- Romans devised their own number
system specifically to address the need for a standard counting
method that would meet their increasing communications and
trade concerns.
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION
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GUNPOWDER- originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists
who aimed to achieve IMMORTALITY.
⚫
He mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate ,
⚫
⚫
CHINESE CIVILIZATION – is considered to be the oldest civilization
in Asia if not the world.
⚫
Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located far east of
Asia.
SILK- is produced by silk worms, but Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to
produce paper and clothing.
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION
⚫
⚫
The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making
way for cultural, economic and scientific exchanges.
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION
⚫
But instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented
a black powder that could actually generate a large amounts of
heat and gas in an instant.
⚫
Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to
propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless
deaths.
⚫
On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks
during important celebrations in China.
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
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It bridged the gap between the western world and the
middle kingdom.
⚫
⚫
TEA PRODUCTION- a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling
water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.
The start of the middle ages was marred by massive, invasions
and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time.
⚫
Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.
⚫
PRINTING PRESS- after the Chinese developed woodblock printing,
JOHANN GUTENBERG was able to invent the printing press, a more
reliable way of printing using a CAST TYPE.
⚫
China was for its tea production aside from its silk .
ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION
⚫
GREAT WALL OF CHINA- once considered the only man-made
structure that could be seen from the outer space.
⚫
It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the
borders of china.
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
⚫
This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing
press which was eventually used all over the world.
⚫
The printing press was invented to address the need for
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publishing books that would spread information to many people
at a faster rate.
⚫
This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write.
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
⚫
MICROSCOPE- a devise that could magnify things invisible to the
eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of the
eyeglasses in earlier years, ZACHARIAS JANSSEN was able to
develop the first compound microscope.
⚫
With the microscope, people were able to observe
organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye.
⚫
It was the key in discovering new means in
preventing and curing various illnesses.
⚫
⚫
⚫
TELESCOPE- an optical instrument that helps in the observation of
remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time.
Together with the telescope, the invention of the
compass, oars, and rudders made sea traveling easier
and safer.
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
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WAR WEAPONS- since wars were widespread during the Middle
Ages, great development in the weaponry technology also occurred.
⚫
All sides must develop weapons not only as offensive
tools but also as defensive instruments.
⚫
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In close-range hand –to-hand combat, soldiers should wear
something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation
of IRON BODY ARMORS.
However, the body armors were heavy and limited their
movements. The problem was eventually solved by the invention of
the CHAINMAIL.
MODERN TIMES
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES
⚫
with the protection of walls and fortresses.
For open area battles – cross bows and long bows so that they
could attack enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe
th
The booming world population during the 19
century onward demanded the more goods be
produced at a faster rate.
⚫
People needed efficient means of transportation to trade
more goods and cover a larger distance.
⚫
Machines that required animals to operate must thus be
upgraded.
⚫
Faster and easier means of communication and
compute should be developed to established
connections between nations.
MODERN TIMES
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All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However,
due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced
more complicated problems.
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⚫
⚫
PASTEURIZATION- the process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.
Through this process, milk could be stored and
consumed for a longer period. It also prevented
illnesses caused by harmful bacteria.
equations.
⚫
Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they
would be utilized on a day-to-day basis.
⚫
It also resulted in the development of more complex processing
machines like the computer.
MODERN TIMES
⚫
LOUIS PASTEUR, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist,
invented PASTEURIZATION.
⚫
PETROLEUM REFINERY- the modern times demanded better
means of powering homes and transportations.
⚫
SAMUEL M. KIER was able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleum.
⚫
KEROSENE- was later on refereed to as the ILLUMINATING
OIL because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
⚫
Despite being considered a developing country, the Phil. also
contributes to the global advancement of S and T.
⚫
Many of the discoveries and inventions made by Filipinos
were therefore built from indigenous materials or created to
adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
MODERN TIMES
⚫
The development of kerosene established the
petroleum refinery industry.
⚫
At present petroleum is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power plants.
TELEPHONE- the development of telephone by Alexander Graham
Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.
⚫
⚫
The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more
they needed a way to maintain these connections and
communicate with each other.
⚫
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
⚫
VICTOR LLAVE and his team at H2O Technologies were able to
invent an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded areas
but also rivers and lakes.
⚫
May also be utilized to travel from island to island.
⚫
Since the Phil is an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful
invention that has a lot of potential.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
⚫
SALT LAMP- a young Filipino name AISA MIJENO was able to
invent a lighting system that utilizes a material abundant in the
Phil….saltwater.
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She invented the Sustainable Alternative lighting SALT
MODERN TIMES
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CALCULATOR- a faster way to compute more complicated
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lamp…an environment friendly light source that runs on
saltwater.
⚫
Safer to used and poses no risk of fire and emit no toxic
gases.
It is environment friendly since it does not emit any smoke and
noise.
⚫
An innovation that changed the transportation
industry in the country.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
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Ch. 2 -INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
MEDICAL INCUBATOR- Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and
the first Asian woman admitted to Harvard Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which
did not run on electricity.
⚫
Main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a
newborn, usually a pre-term baby.
⚫
She also include her works on the immunization and treatment of
jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
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⚫
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP
SYSTEM- n 2010, the Department of Science and
Technology Industrial Technology Development
Institute was able to introduce this mosquito trap
also known as OL trap. This trap system is made
of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes
but safe for humans and the environment.
Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness is endemic in the Phil.
Transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
⚫
transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel.
EJEEPNEY- Electrical jeep was developed a modern type of
⚫
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION- in the early times people questioned
what created days and night.
⚫
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY , a famous philosopher and astronomer
stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in
circular motion around the Earth.
⚫
The sun and the moon’s revolution explained the
existence of days and nights.
⚫
He believed that the Earth was at the center-concept known as
GEOCENTRISM.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
⚫
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS- a Polish mathematician astronomer,
challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept
known as HELIOCENTRISM which suggested that the center of the
Solar system was not the Earth but actually the sun.
⚫
The idea was rejected at first by the public due to religious
belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before
all other things.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
⚫
He was persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were
against what was widely accepted by religion.
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It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was
called the BIRTH OF MODERN ASTRONOMY.
⚫
This era began what was known as the scientific revolution
which resulted in the transformation of society’s thoughts
and beliefs.
⚫
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION- the most controversial IR of its time.
⚫
In 1859, CHARLES DARWIN, an English naturalist, biologist,
and geologist, published a book, On the Origin of Species.
⚫
In this book, Darwin introduced the THEORY OF EVOLUTION,
which posited that populations pass through a process of
natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. He
stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their
environment.
Soon enough, people were able to understand the
concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in
classifying psychology as a science.
⚫
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD- scientific and technological development
in the Phil. Began in the pre-colonial period.Even before the
Spaniards came to the Phil islands, early Filipino settlers were
already using certain herbs and plant medicines.
⚫
System of farming and animal raising were also
implemented.
⚫
Moreover Filipinos has also developed a different modes of
transportation,whether terrestrial or maritime.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
⚫
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION- SIGMUND FREUD was able to change
people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of
PSYCHOANALYSIS. ----is the study that explains human behavior.
⚫
He explained that there are many conscious and unconscious
factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
⚫
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of
the Cordillera when they built the Rice Terraces by hand.
⚫
Through these terraces , people were able to cultivate crops on the
mountainsides in cold temperatures.
⚫
They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water
from the forests and the mountain tops to achieve an
elaborate farming system.
⚫
The rice terraces of the Cordillera are still functional now.
He also argued that personality is a product of 3
conflicting elements; id, ego and superego.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
⚫
Many believed that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no
empirical or experimental data could support it.
⚫
⚫
Ch. 3- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
⚫
to explain hos psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in
treating some mental disorders.
But he continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
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COLONIAL PERIOD- colonization by the Spaniards provided the
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Phil.
With modern means of construction. Walls, roads, bridges, and other large
infrastructures were built using some of engineering skills and tools brought
by the Spaniards.
Unit 2: Ch.4- HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST
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The progress of human civilizations throughout history
mirrors the development of S and T.
⚫
The Spanish government developed health and
education systems.
⚫
The human person, both the bearer and beneficiary of S and T
flourishes and finds meaning in the world that she builds.
⚫
The American occupation modernized all aspects of life in the
Phil.
⚫
In the person’s pursuit of the good life he may unconsciously
acquire, consume or destroy what the world has to offer. It is
thus, necessary to reflect on the things that truly matter.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST
⚫
They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for
the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of S and T.
⚫
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Phils. Under
different administrations, continued to pursue programs in S and T.
⚫
Each leadership had its own S and T agenda.
However it is important to note that some Phil Presidents posted more
developments in the field than others due to terms.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-BUILDING
⚫
To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, they
must be examined not only for their function and instrumentality
but also for their greater impact on humanity as a whole.
⚫
The various gadgets, machines, appliances and vehicles
are all tools that make human lives easier because they
serve as a means to an end.
⚫
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN ST
TECHONOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
⚫
⚫
One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in S and T
was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his
term, many agencies in science and technology were established
and strengthened, including the Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA
in place of the abolished Weather Bureau.
⚫
The two definitions of technology belong together.
For to posit ends and procure and utilize the means to them is a human
activity.
The progress in S and T continued even after his
dictatorial rule.
TECHONOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
⚫
⚫
⚫
One says- Technology is a means to an end.
Other says – Technology is a human activity.
Technology itself is a contrivance.----In Latin, an
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instrument-um.
and brings about the setting upon of land.
The correct conception of technology, according to which it is
a means and a human activity, can therefore be called the
instrumental and anthropological definition of
technology.---Heidegger, 1997 p.5
⚫
The definition is correct but not necessarily true. The true entails so
much more meaning and significance. Heidegger , however,
asserted that the true can be pursued through the correct.
TECHONOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek concepts
of:
TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS- APPLICABLE TO MODERN
TECHNOLOGY?
⚫
Mining….It extracts minerals from the earth and forcefully
assigns the land as a means to fulfill the never-ending
demands of people.
⚫
With modern technology, revealing never comes to an end.
⚫
The revealing always happens on our own terms as
everything is on demand.
⚫
⚫
Aletheia – means unclosedness or disclosure or truth
⚫
Poiesis – is defined as bringing forth
⚫
Techne – means skill, art or craft
⚫
It means of bringing forth something.
Thus Heidegger’s work, technology is a poeisis that discloses
or reveals the truth.
TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS- APPLICABLE TO MODERN
TECHNOLOGY?
⚫
⚫
⚫
Modern technology may also be a mode of revealing but not as
harmonious bringing forth that is described in his thesis of
technology as a POEISIS.
Modern technology challenges nature and demands of its
resources that are, most of the time, forcibly extracted for
human consumption and storage.
⚫
It brings about a setting upon of the land.
⚫
Mining is an example of modern technology that challenges forth
Information at our fingertips, food harvested even out of season,
gravity defied to fly off to space---such is the capacity of the
human person.
TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS- APPLICABLE TO MODERN
TECHNOLOGY?
⚫
⚫
We no longer need to work with the rhythms of nature
because we have learned to control it.
⚫
We order nature, and extract, process, make ready for
consumption, and store what we have forced it to reveal.
⚫
Heidegger described modern technology as the age of switches,
standing reserve, and stockpiling for its own sake.
⚫
This observation is manifest in the mechanization and
digitization of many aspects of our life.
QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHTS
⚫
Normally, piety is associated with being religious.
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⚫
For Heidegger, however, piety means obedience and submission.
⚫
In addressing what technology has brought forth, one
cannot help but be submissive to what his thoughts and
reflections elicit.
way of looking at reality.
⚫
Sometimes, thinking brings forth insights that the mind has
not yet fully understood or developed.
QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHTS
⚫
⚫
There are times when one’s thinking brings forth eureka
moments. Whatever understanding is found becomes
significant because it is evoke by questioning who or what we
essentially are in the world.
Example; it is a known truth that we, human beings and
everything around us, are made of the same substances that
constitutes the stars. Therefore, we actually are stardust. Dow e
just take this
matter-of-factly or do we wonder at its significance?
QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHTS
⚫
⚫
It is when we start questioning that we submit ourselves to our
thoughts. This kind of questioning leads one to search for his
place in the universe and in the grand scale of things.
⚫
It is through this process that one builds a
way towards
knowing the truth of who he is as a beingin this world.
ENFRAMING; WAY OF REVEALING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY
⚫
The way of revealing in modern technology is an
enframing.
⚫
This enframing that challenges forth and sets upon nature is a
In simpler terms, if nature is put in a box or in a frame so that it
can be better understood and controlled according to people’s
desires. Poeisis is concealed in enframing as nature is viewed
as an oderable and calculable system of information.
ENFRAMING
CALCULATIVE THINKING VS MEDITATIVE THINKING
●
Calculative thinking, one orders and puts a system to
nature so it can be understood better and controlled.
●
Meditative thinking, one lets nature reveal itself to hi
without forcing it.
⚫
One kind of thinking is not in itself better than the other.
⚫
The human person has the faculty for both and would do well
to use them in synergy.
⚫
However, people also want control and are afraid of
unpredictability, so calculative thinking is more often used.
ENFRAMING
●
Enframing is done because people want security, even if the
Earth is made as a big gasoline station from which we extract,
stockpile, and put in standing-reserve, ready to be used as we
see fit.
●
Human Person Swallowed By Technology:
⚫
If we allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern
technology, we lose the essence of who we are as beings
in this world.
HUMAN PERSON SWALLOED BY TECHNOLOGY
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⚫
⚫
If we are constantly plugged online and no longer have the
capacity for authentic personal encounters, then we are truly
swallowed by technology.
If we cannot let go of the conveniences and profits brought
about by processes and industries that pollute the
environment and cause climate change, then technology has
consumed our humanity.
ART AS A WAY OUT OF ENFRAMING
⚫
Enframing, as the mode of revealing in modern
technology, tends to block POEISIS.
⚫
The poetry that is found in nature can no longer be easily
appreciated when nature is enframed.
⚫
In modern technology, the way of revealing is no longer
poetic; it is challenging.
ART AS AS WAY OUT OF ENFRAMING
⚫
In the nuclear age, we view nature as a problem to be solved.
⚫
The calculative thinking in which we percieve nature in a
technicaland scientific manner is becoming more important in the
world.
⚫
On the other hand, it is meditative thinking that provides a way for
us to remain rooted in the essence of who we are.
⚫
Development is equated with growth and greater consumption.
The more that a population is able to consume, the wealthier it
is.
⚫
Likewise, the more that a person is able to buy stuff, the higher
he is on the development scale.
⚫
The planet, however, is already overburdened with human
activities.
HUMAN FLOURISHING AS REFLECTED IN PROGRESS AND
DEVELOPMENT
⚫
It is about time that we rethink our standards of
development if we truly want to live the good life.
Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at the London School of
Economics, challenges us to rethink and reflect on a different
paradigm of “de-development.”
Forget “developing” poor countries, it’s time to “dedevelop” rich countries.
Source: Hickel, J.,2015. Pls. retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-netw
ORK/2015/SEP/23/DEVELOPING-POOR-COUNTRIES-DE-DEVELOP-RICH-COUNTRIES
-sdgsl
⚫
Ch.5 HUMAN FLOURISHING AS REFLECTED IN PROGRESS AND
DEVELOPMENT
⚫
How do we know we are progressing? What are the indicators
of development?
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●
⚫
from living and doing well.
…both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose
that living well and doing well are the same as being happy
(Nicomachean Ethics 1:4)
The ancient Greeks called this concept of “living well and doing
well” as EUDAIMONIA.
EUDAIMONIA
Ch.6 - THE GOOD LIFE
⚫
Everyone is in pursuit of a good life. We do certain things
because we want to achieve a life which will make us happy
and content.
⚫
The word came from the Greek word eu meaning good and
daimon meaning spirit. Taken together, it generally refers to the
good life, which is marked by happiness and excellence.
⚫
By studying and working hard, we try to attain this goal not
only for ourselves but also for our loved ones and the rest of
humanity.
⚫
It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors that
empower the human person to be the best version of himself.
⚫
Furthermore, according to Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate
end of human action. It is that which people pursue for its own
sake.
People’s definition of the good life may vary and differ in
the particulars. In general, however, we recognize
universal truths that cut across our differences.
THE GOOD LIFE: Nicomachean Ethics and Modern Concepts
⚫
HAPPINESS
⚫
⚫
●
In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle, an important ancient
Greek philosopher stated:
All human activities aim at some good. Every art and human
inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at
some good; and for this reason the good has been rightly declared
as that at which all things aim. (Nicomachean Ethics 2:2)
THE GOOD LIFE
⚫
The good life, however, is more than these countless expressions
of what is good. It is characterized by happiness that springs
●
HAPPINESS defines a good life. This happiness,
however, is not the kind that comes from sensate
pleasures. It is that which comes from living of virtue, a
life of excellence, manifested from the personal to the
global scale.
It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness,
and the contrary activities that control its contrary
(Nicomachean Ethics 1:10)
VIRTUE
⚫
For example, is taking care of the environment through proper
waste management which results in a clean environment and adds
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to people’s well-being and happiness.
⚫
⚫
These virtuous actions require discipline and practice. On
the other hand, activities contrary to virtue are those which
do not result in happiness.
⚫
The lack of discipline in eating healthful food
eventually makes one sick.
⚫
The lack of concern for the environment destroys the Earth we live
in.
VIRTUE AND HAPPINESS
⚫
Thus, disregard for virtuous actions, especially for the sake of
convenience and gratification, does not contribute to
happiness.
⚫
The good life is marked by happiness brought about by virtuous
human actions and decisions that affect the individual self and
the greater community.
⚫
It is characterized by a life of flourishing of oneself and of
others. The good life does not happen in a bubble where only
one person is flourishing, other have to be in it, too.
2 KINDS OF VIRTUE
1.
Intellectual Virtue in the main owes its birth and growth to
teaching (for which reason it requires experience and
time).
2.
Virtue plays a significant role in the living and
attainment of the good life.
⚫
It is the constant practice of good no matter how difficult
the circumstances may be.
⚫
Virtue is the excellence of character that empowers one to do
good and be good. Such virtue is cultivated with habit and
discipline as it is not a one-time deed, but a constant and
consistent series of actions.
Moral Virtue comes about as a result of habit.
The onward progress of S and T is also the movement towards
the good life. S & T are one of the highest expressions of human
facilities. They allow us to thrive and flourish in life if we so desire it. S
& T may also corrupt a person, but grounding oneself in virtue will help
him steer clear of danger.
Ch. 7 – WHEN TECHNOLOGY & HUMANITY CROSS
⚫
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
⚫
The UDHR explicates the fundamental hunam rights in 30 articles.
⚫
It outlines inalienable human rights that are vital and
necessary in the pursuit of the good life.
⚫
These are the freedoms everyone is entitled to and
guaranteed by virtue of being human.
⚫
The first article states the essential principle of being human in a
just, free, and rational society. Everyone is born free and equal in
dignity and rights.
VIRTUE AND THE GOOD LIFE
⚫
Everyone has the capacity within himself to be good, but he also
has to be disciplined to make a habit of exercising the good.
UDHR
 The common experience, however,
does not always manifest such truth.
More often than not, those who have
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more to offer are given special
treatment.
⚫
ARTICLE 5 – No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
UDHR 1-7
 The good life, nevertheless, as a life
of justice, demands not just equal
treatment of human beings but also
preferential treatment to those who
have less or are disadvantaged.
⚫
 The first 7 articles of the UDHR
encapsulate the spirit of this socalled “milestone documents in the
history of human rights.”
UDHR ARTICLE 1-7
⚫
ARTICLE 6 - Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere
s a person before the law.
ARTICLE 7- All are equal before the law and are entitled without
any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled
to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
HUMANS VS. ROBOTS
⚫
ARTICLE 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and
should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
⚫
ARTICLE 2 – Everyone is entitled to all rights and freedoms set
forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as
race, color, sex, language, religion, political, or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the
political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or
territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
UDHR 1-7
⚫
⚫
⚫
The rise of the machines accompanying the progress in S & T
may render humans useless.
⚫
Manual labor is gradually being replaced by
machinery.
⚫
⚫
Computers become more and more sophisticated.
Robots, usually designed like human beings, are created to
perform complex, repetitive, or dangerous tasks.
HUMANS VS. ROBOTS
ARTICLE 3 – Everyone has the right to life, liberty and
security of person.
ARTICLE 4 – No one shall be held in slavery or
servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
⚫
With the development of artificial intelligence (AI), robots may
also eventually act and decide like humans.
⚫
To Filipinos, artificial intelligence seems like the stuff of science
fiction movies. Be that as it may, its use in the country is surely
gaining ground, especially in the business process outsourcing
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(BPO) industry.
⚫
have to consider the ethical treatment for AI.
Technology enables the growth of the BPO industry but it seems
that it is also technology that will kill the industry as we know it.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
⚫
⚫
⚫
Investors and business people find as a sure return of investment
the use of business analytics provided by artificial intelligence.
⚫
Business analytics is a means by which consumer and
industry data are used to come up with better decisionmaking.
⚫
With the help of AI, decisions now arise from sophisticated
statistical analyses made from massive data.
It is also interesting to note that as machines and robots
approach having a human-like nature, humans may also
have the tendency to become machine-like.
AI
Since many of the things people need, from conveniences to
information, are availablewith just the touch and swipe of the
fingertips, humans begin to function more like automatons.
⚫
The internet has become an instant go-to tool for answers to
questions. More often than not, people accept what the search
engine, like Google, spews out in byte sizes and forget how to
process, read, think further, or put things in context.
⚫
As the internet gets more intelligent, we are in
danger of becoming less so.
AI
⚫
AI
In the article, “Is Google making us stupid?” Nicolas Carr (2008)
asserted that “as we come to rely on computer to mediate our
understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens
into artificial intelligence.”
⚫
As of August 2017, it is estimated that a million Filipino BPO
workers may be affected and lose their jobs with the adoption of
artificial intelligence (Santos, 2017).
⚫
Unemployment is only one of the many ethical
considerations in the widespread use of AI.
⚫
⚫
What does this man for human beings who can be replaced
by machines? Is the value of the person inversely
proportional to that of a machine exhibiting artificial
intelligence?
What is vital is that, at the very least, we are able to protect
and exercise human rights for everyone in our pursuit of the
good life.
⚫
It is important that amid these developments, human beings
become more free, more rational, and more loving in our practice
of S & T.
⚫
⚫
AI
How do we guard against mistakes committed by
machines?
WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US
In the future, when machines and robots become more humanlike, with all the attendant feelings and thoughts, people may also
⚫
Chief scientist and corporate executive officer of Sun
Microsystems, Bill Joy, wrote in 2000 a controversial essay, “Why
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the future does not need us?”
⚫
st
In his work, he contended that our most powerful 21 -century
technologies—Genetics, Nanotect, and Robotics (GNR) –are
threatening to make humans an endangered species. This
possible extinction of the species may largely come about due to
the unreflective and unquestioning acceptance of new
technologies by humans.
Unit 3 : Ch. 8 – INFORMATION SOCIETY
⚫
Humans are surrounded on all sides by technology claiming to
supply information: TV, smart phones, and internet devices,
etc. However, do they all provide information or just noise?
More voices are trying to get our attention but how can we be
sure that they share knowledge and the truth?
⚫
INFORMATION- a word is a combination of sounds that represents
something. It is this significance which makes words distinct from just
any kind of vocal utterance.
AND WHY???? According to Joy:
⚫
1) Robots, engineered organisms, and nanobots share a dangerous
amplifying factor: They can self- replicate. Ex. A bomb is blown up
only once—but one bot can become many, and quickly get out of
control.
⚫
2) Each of these technologies also offers Untold promise: Ex.
The vision of near immortality drives us forward; genetic
engineering may soon provide treatments, if not outright cures,
for most diseases; and nanotechnology and nanomedicine can
addresss yet more ills. Together they could significantly extend
our average life span and improve the quality of our lives.
AND WHY???? According to Joy:
⚫
⚫
Yet, with each of these technologies. A sequence of small,
individually sensible advances leads to an accumulation of
great power and concomitantly, great danger (JOY,2000). . .
.like Covid 2019!
S and T may be the highest expression of human rationality.
People are able to shape and destroy the world with it. If we are
not able to rein in the vanity and arrogance that such powers
unleash, then we are on the way to destroying the world.(Freeman
DYSON,1981)
INFORMATION
⚫
Words are made up of sounds and yet they transmit something
more significant.
⚫
They transmit a MESSAGE. The words are
“informed” because they carry “information”
(Chaisson, 2006;BEN-NAIM,2015).
⚫
Words are informed with meaning given by the speaker and
intended for the listener. Simply put, they communicate
meaning.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE
⚫
⚫
In the human quest for understanding the natural world, the
ability to name and classify objects found in nature was seen as
a first step in knowing.
Thus, the scientific search for truth early on recognized the
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⚫
usefulness of LANGUAGE and the ability it gave to make
sense of nature.
For the ancient Greeks, language was an object
worthy of admiration. Words have power.
⚫
The power of the eidos,or idea, would be witnessed in the
succeeding centuries of development in the West. The ancient
fascination with language gave rise to the preservation of the words
of earlier people at the same time when the West weakened itself
due to internecine warfare and conflicts.
⚫
Throughout this dark period, the importance of the word
---the power to be informed as a human being—led to the
transmission of ideas through hand-copying, From this manual action
would arise the technology that would transform cultures—the
PRINTING PRESS.
MATHEMATICS AS THE LANGUAGE OF NATURE
⚫
Since people have discovered the laws and language of nature,
they can develop technology that uses laws and language for their
benefit.
⚫
This language is, of course, MATHEMATICS, the great
contribution of Isaac Newton.
⚫
Nature can be understood because it speaks in the language of
mathematics and the human brain, to a certain extent, can
comprehend this LANGUAGE.(WIGNER,1960) Unfortunately, this
fact is not always appreciated.
TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD
PRINTING PRESS
⚫
The development of the printing press, which may be regarded as
the beginning of a true revolution, could be dated to the 15TH
century.
⚫
Even in the ancient times, Western thinkers harnessed the forces
of nature after understanding them better and that leads to
science.
⚫
⚫
Lost in antiquity is the first sailing vessel that worked
through the power of the wind.
Through this technology, the ancient Greek idea that knowledge
should be shared and communicated among humans would
actually be done on a scale unimagined by its thinkers.
⚫
Using the printing press, people on different sides of the world
could share their thoughts and ideas with each other, forming
communities of thinkers across space and time. (CONNELL,1958).
⚫
⚫
⚫
Similarly, it was never recorded when the early people
realized that fire has its own power and energy.
Not all early inventions are lost in time, however.
Hero of Alexandria, for instance, would invent a
primitive steam engine in the first century (Paul
DAVIES,1990).
THE PRINTING PRESS AND BEYOND
PRINTING PRESS
⚫
In the age of information, the transmission of idea has
undergone changes.
⚫
Meaning and depth are no longer conveyed strictly by rhetoric
but rather by its electronic replacement, the digital signal or
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⚫
digit.
⚫
Such digital world is a direct offspring of the processing world of
technology built upon the many advances in science
(TOFFLER,1984).
Social media also encourages building a community of likeminded people.
⚫
The creation of these groups often reinforces biases and beliefs
based only on the content that they allow within the community,
forgoing the variation and clash of ideas provided in real life.
⚫
Worse, these communities can be trapped by people in power
who may take advantage of these mechanisms—controlling
public opinion and harassing those who present opposing views
—for their own advantage.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
⚫
A more modern example of technology feeding upon itself is the
20TH century tour de force: the World Wide Web through the
internet.
⚫
Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented it as a way of addressing date
processing and information sharing needs among scientists for
the European organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
⚫
The CERN’s atom smasher produces ahuge amount of
scientific data every second. It does required a better data
analyzers to work on the gathered information in coordination
with each other.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
⚫
While the TELEGRAPH and TELEPHONE had allowed the
transmission of information to transcend physical boundaries,
processing a veritable ocean and mountain of scientific data
generated by the tom smasher needed a new medium.
⚫
With the ease of sharing information at present, its
reliability becomes compromised.
⚫
Anyone with a connection to other people can produce
contents which are showing half-truths or even lies, giving rise
to disinformation.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
⚫
Meanwhile, the easy access to personal information makes one
susceptible to online predation, identify theft, and scamming,
among others.
⚫
Thus, it pays to be vigilant in utilizing these modern devices at all
times.
⚫
Considering the many benefits we get from these technologies, we
must also be responsible in utilizing them to avoid harming others
and ourselves.
Ch.9 - BIODIVERSITY
⚫
From the early times, when ancient philosophers of nature tried
to explain all things as coming from the elements of WATER,
FIRE, AIR or EARTH, Science sought for the common
characteristic, a unifying element, in all of nature’s phenomenan.
⚫
There was a growing awareness of how all living things
are related to each other, an idea called
BIODIVERSITY.
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The recognition started when naturalits began to classify
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
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organisms in the natural world using TAXONOMY, a
system devised by Carl Linnaeus.
BIODIVERSITY
⚫
It builds on the ability of the mind to find the common in the
diverse, the One in the Many. It is a system commonly used
today and shows that though the living organisms in the world
are so diverse, they still share many traits.
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Where several different species and genera
cohabitate, there is rich biodiversity.
One of the basic laws of the living is that of self-preservation.
An organism will sacrifice all it has to ensure its
survival.
BIODIVERSITY
⚫
However, with a limited amount of resources, how do the
many living organisms of a diverse region survive?
⚫
The answer lies in the way the available energy supply in the
world is shared among the different species through the various
ecological relationships.
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The energy needed to live is shared among the elements of the
living world, or passed on from one to another.
1. Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives
thereof, to make or modify products or processes for a specific use.
2. Genetic engineering is a technique that allows genes and DNA to be
transferred from one source to another. It leads to the production of living
modified organisms (LMOs) or genetically modified organims (GMOs).
3. Modern biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a
better understanding of the structure and function of genes in living
organims.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
⚫
Based on evolutionary theory, the concept of survival of the fittest
implies that living organisms have a natural spectrum of
characteristics such as size, mass, or length.
⚫
The characteristics of an organism and its successors can be
modified today by modern biotechnology, giving rise to what are
called genetically modified organims or GMOs (MAYR,2001).
⚫
A GMO is a plant, animal, microorganism, or other organism
whose genetic make-up has been modified using a
recombinant DNA methods (also called gene splicing), gene
modification, or transgenic technology.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
⚫
BIOTECHNOLOGY
⚫
The Biodiversity International has released a module titled “Law
and policy of relevance to the management of plant genetic
resources” (Bragdon ET.AL.,2005) which aims to help professionals
in managing, conserving, and using plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture.
The module provides the following definitions:
⚫
Genetic modification aims to address issues with regards
to food security, agriculture, drug production, and
nutrition.
The promise of better food that is more resistant to spoilage,
pest invasiveness, and harsh weather conditions has made
transgenic crops enticing to many people.
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
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The Protocol is an international agreement which aims to ensure
the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified
organisms (LMOs) resulting from the modern biotechnology that
may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into
account risks to human health.
allowed for the discovery of nanostructures.
⚫
Some innovations developed in this field include
microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.
It takes a precautionary approach by making sure that
countries are provided with the data necessary to make
informed decisions before agreeing to the import of such
organisms into their territory.
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY
⚫
The Philippines recognizes the technologies that can be of
particular help for its development. Since the Philippines is one of
the biodiversity “hotspots” in the world, it is helpful to know how
biotechnology will progress in the country.
Ch. 10 - THE NANO WORLD
⚫
The term “nano” refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised
to negative nine ….example, a nanometer is one billionth of a
meter. Hence, “nano” expresses a very tiny amount or size. On a
nanoscale:
Ch. 11 - GENE THERAPY
⚫
⚫
From
m
Aa AtomDN ABacteri aGrain of tSaltOrange
Nanoscience, therefore, deals with materials that are very small
using specialized microscopes and other nanodevices.
⚫
⚫
Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter on an atomic
or subatomic scale.
Gene technology focuses on the developments in nano world
as applied to the animate or the living.
⚫
When identifying the contribution of the technology to biology, the
first place to look would be the field of human health.
⚫
The whole vast concerns of human health including aging,
disease treatment and prevention, and diet and general lifestyle
have greatly benefited from technology.
THE NANO WORLD
⚫
Just as we are not aware of the air we breathe or the molecules
constantly feeding our cells at every second, we are also not
conscious of these very little particles.
⚫
Since the nano world cannot be seen by the naked eye, it
was only recognized and identified after technology has
GENE THERAPY
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prevent the problem”.
●
Medicine is one example of a scientific and technological
innovation that made a breakthrough in the area of human
health.
⚫
Before aspirin was ever understood at the nano level, it had been
known for its effects. Pain of various forms could be relieved and
softened by this medicine.
⚫
The aspirin was already an “old” technology at the beginning
of the 21
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ST
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Ch. 12 - CLIMATE CHANGE
⚫
Climate is not similar to weather which is constantly changing.
⚫
Climate refers to the long-term weather patterns
prevailing over a given area of the planet.
⚫
The term comes from a Greek word “ klinein”
Meaning “to slope”.
⚫
It evolved into “klima”, connoting a zone or region of the Earth
as characterized by its atmospheric conditions.
century.
Gene therapy can be costly.
STEM CELL
⚫
3. Stem cells are just a small part of the molecular approach to
medicine.
In recent years, it’s common to hear beauty doctors in the
Philippines offering stem cell therapy as if it is a newfound medical
fountain of youth, the answer to all medical worries.
In various media platform, there are bombardment of
advertisements from various hospitals and clinics packaging
stem cell therapy as “cure-all” remedy.
Filipino-American doctor-lawyer Samuel Bernal, an expert in the
field of regenerative medicine and regulatory law, said the public
should take a lot of precautions.
CLIMATE CHANGE
⚫
In the ancient Greece, the orb of the sun stood at a high
angle in the sky at noontime as ships sailed toward the north,
and the daytime temperature of the air would get colder.
⚫
Hence the klima in the north was colder than in the south.
⚫
Another consideration in explaining climate change is the
interaction between the sun and the Earth.
⚫
With the sun in the center, the Earth moves in an elliptical
motion.
STEM CELL
1. Stem cell therapy is not a “cure-all” (medical procedure).---the goal of stem- cell therapy is actually trying to allow the body
to heal itself.
2. He explained that stem cell treatment requires “analyzing at the
molecular level what is causing the problem or what could be done to
EARTH’S MOVEMENT AROUND THE SUN
⚫
While the orbit remains an ellipse, its position or
orientation in space changes over time.
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Due to the tilt of the Earth, the whole area does not receive an
equal amount of sunlight.
The Earth spins around its own axis, an imaginary line from
the North Pole to the South Pole, which dips and wobbles
gradually.
The Earth could then be imagined like a spinning top or trumpo,
running and wobbling in its apth about the sun.
extremely cold.
⚫
GREENHOUSE GASES
⚫
19TH Century – the most prevalent of these greenhouse gases is
water vapor. The amount of CO2 was miniscule.
⚫
Industrialization is the conversion of an agrarian economy into
an industrialized one on a large scale. Since machines are
primarily used in industry, the production of electricity by means
of burning fossil fuel ---usually coal---increases.
⚫
Tyndall, however, was concerned as to what would become of
the Earth’s atmosphere if industrialization became
widespread.
GLOBAL WARMING
⚫
⚫
⚫
Two opposing arguments on the issue of whether or Not this
global warming is just “natural”.
One side states that nature, simply acting according to its laws
with no reference to human beings and their actions, is the main
reason…its some what like saying, that global warming will
happen as naturally as the suns rises and sets.
The other side maintains that global warming is caused or greatly
abutted by the actions of human beings. It lays the blame on the
actions of humanity, past and present.
⚫
Greenhouse Effect – refers to how certain gases in the
atmosphere trap the heat of the sun.
⚫
According to John Tyndall, a British Engineer:
⚫
The atmosphere contains certain gases that naturally capture the
heat from the sun and hold it in the temperature of the Earth’s
atmosphere becomes hotter than it would be otherwise.
⚫
GREENHOUSE GASES
⚫
⚫
GREENHOUSE GASES
This mechanism is good for the biosphere because without it, the
Earth’s atmosphere would like that of Mars or Antartica----
Life can be sustained on Earth due to these gases and other
elements.
⚫
⚫
The studies of Engr. Tyndall in the MID- 19TH century and Dr.
Keeling in the MID- 20TH century were well founded. The carbon
dioxide concentration has gone up and the tempera
ture has also risen. These findings are the solid proofs of global
warming.
What will happen to the climate of the world in the future?
This issue has implications on the environment and on the
economy---burning of fossil fuels is one of the major sources of
electricity but also leads to higher amounts of CO2.
GREENHOUSE GASES
⚫
All factors must then be considered when resolving this issue or
debate. If we want to industrialize but at the same time protect the
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environment, then a balanced plan must be created.
⚫
Science has given humanity a tool for modernization.
It allows for the emergence of technology that spreads and applies
knowledge for the attainment of the good life.
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