Maritime Warfare
8.7 Electronic Warfare
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References
• Joint Publication JP 1-02, DoD Dictionary of Military and
Associated Terms
• Joint publication JP 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare
• NTTP 3-51.1, Navy Electronic Warfare Manual (S)
• NTTP 3-13.14, Surface Electronic Warfare Guide (S)
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Terminal Objectives
1. IDENTIFY the divisions of Electronic Warfare
2. DISCUSS Internal and External Command & Control of
Electronic Warfare
3. IDENTIFY the characteristics and capabilities of Electronic
Warfare systems
4. IDENTIFY the elements of Military Deception
5. DESCRIBE atmospheric effects on Electronic Warfare
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Enabling Objectives
1. LIST the objectives and branches of Electronic Warfare
2. DISCUSS the responsibilities of CWC in Electronic Warfare
3. LIST the characteristics and capabilities of Electronic
Warfare systems
4. SUMMARIZE the purpose of Military Deception (MILDEC)
5. LIST the three deception methods
6. IDENTIFY the sources and preventive measures for
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
7. DESCRIBE the effect of atmospheric factors on Electronic
Warfare
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Overview of Electronic Warfare
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Electronic Warfare Support (ES)
• Involves actions tasked by, or under direct control of
an operational commander to search for, intercept,
identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional
and unintentional radiated EM energy.
• Threat Recognition
• Targeting
• Planning
• Future Operations
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Electronic Warfare Support (ES)
• Use all available means to gather information for
warfighting purposes:
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Threat recognition
Targeting
Planning
Conduct of Future Operations
• Electronic Warfare Supervisor (EWS)
• Ship’s Signal Exploitation Space (SSES)
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Electronic Warfare Support (ES)
• ES data can be used to:
– Provide Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
• COMINT – Communication Intelligence
• ELINT – Electronics Intelligence
• FISINT – Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence
– Targeting for electronic/destructive attack
– Measure frequency and energy of radiation
– Primary shipboard ES equipment: AN/SLQ-32
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Electronic Attack (EA)
• Involves the use of Electromagnetic (EM) energy,
Directed Energy (DE), or anti-radiation weapons to
attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the
intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying
enemy combat capability and is considered a form
of fires.
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Electronic Attack (EA)
• EA includes both offensive and defensive
activities to include countermeasures (CMs)
– OFFENSIVE
• Jamming a RADAR
• Anti-Radiation Missiles
• Directed Energy Weapon
– DEFENSIVE
• Burn Through
• Super Rapid Blooming Offboard Chaff (SRBOC)
– Mk 214 (Seduction) & Mk 245 (Giant IR)
• Mk 53 NULKA Decoy Launching System
• Flares
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SRBOC
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Electronic Protection (EP)
• Involves actions taken to protect personnel,
facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly
or enemy use of the EM spectrum that degrade,
neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capabilities.
• EP includes actions taken to ensure friendly use of
the EMS, such as frequency agility in a radio, or
variable pulse repetition frequency in a radar
• EP should not be confused with EA Defense
– EP are measures taken to ensure safe and secure use of
the EMS while EA Defense is for defense during an attack
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Shipboard Watchstander
Responsibilities
Tactical Action
Officer
“TAO”
Electronic
Warfare
Supervisor
Ship’s Signal
Exploitation
Space
(SSES)
Electronic
Warfare
Operator
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EWS supports the
following warfare
coordinators:
• AAWC
• ASUWC
• ASWC
Offship Command & Control
CWC “B”
ADC “W”
SCC “Z”
IWC “Q”
INDIVIDUAL SHIPS
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STWC “P”
IWC
• Information Warfare Commander – “Q”
– Assist OTC or CWC with targeting cycle, and force EW
planning and integration.
– Coordinate and control force ES and EA assets within the
force.
– Integrate real-time ES contact reports with indications and
warnings and recommend force defensive measures and
readiness conditions to OTC or CWC.
– Assist OTC or CWC in force defensive cyberspace
operations to include planning, integration, monitoring,
and protecting information systems against both internal
and external threats.
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IWC (Cont’d)
– Assist OTC or CWC in force OPSEC planning and
integration.
– Recommend Military Deception (MILDEC) and Military
Information Support Operations (MISO) plans to OTC or
CWC.
– Formulate and promulgate electromagnetic spectrum
operations program.
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ELECTRONIC WARFARE
SYSTEMS
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Electronic Warfare Systems
• EW activities exploit the opportunities and
vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM
energy
– Although new equipment and new tactics continue to be
developed, the physics of EM energy remains constant
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Electronic Warfare Activities
• The principal activities used in EW include the
following:
– Countermeasures (CM)
• Electro-Optical Infrared (EO-IR) Countermeasures
• Radio Frequency Countermeasures
– Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
– Electromagnetic Deception
– Wartime Reserve Modes (WARM)
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AN/SLQ-32(V)
• Primary Purpose: Provide on-ship defense against
anti-ship cruise missiles and targeting platforms
– Is part of the shipboard Electronic Warfare System (EWS)
• Provides ES and possibly EA
– A computer assisted electronic detection system that
processes intercepted signals for automatic, near
instantaneous identification
– Provides information that complements other sensors and
weapons in Ship Self Defense
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SLQ-32 Variants
• V1- Passive detection of Electronic Threat Weapons Systems
emissions
– Currently getting phased out, LSD-41/49
• V2- Passive detection of Threat Weapons systems, targeting
and surveillance radars
– DDG Flight I/II, LPD-17, LHA-6
• V3- Active jamming capability added
– CG-47, LHD, LHA, some DDG’s
• V4- Carrier specific variant of V3
• V6- Improvement of passive detection for advanced threats
AKA SEWIP Block 2
– DDG-96 and DDG midlife upgrades; LCS
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Surface Electronic Warfare
Improvement Program (SEWIP)
• An evolutionary acquisition and incremental
development strategy to upgrade EW capabilities to
the AN/SLQ-32(V) system
– Enhances EW capabilities to existing and new ship
combat systems to improve
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•
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Anti Ship Missile Defense (ASMD)
Counter-targeting
Counter-surveillance capabilities
Improve Situational Awareness (SA)
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SLQ-32 Locations
SEWIP Block 2
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MILITARY DECEPTION
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Military Deception (MILDEC)
• Confusing or misleading an adversary by using
some combination of human produced, mechanical,
or electronic means
– EW manipulates the adversary’s decision loop, making it
difficult to establish an accurate perception of objective
reality
• EMCON – Emissions Control
– Intentional act to limit the broadcast of identifiable
transmissions associated to a unit
• PCMS – Passive Countermeasures System
– Four elements that work together for reduction of unit’s
Radar Cross Section (RCS)
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Types of EM Deception
• Manipulative
– Involves actions to eliminate revealing, or convey
misleading, EM telltale indicators that may be used by
hostile forces
• Simulative
– Involves actions to simulate friendly, notional, or actual
capabilities to mislead hostile forces
• Imitative
– Introduces EM energy into enemy systems that imitates
enemy emissions
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INFLUENCING FACTORS
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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• Any EM disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or
otherwise degrades or limits the effective
performance of electronics or electrical equipment.
• Sources of EMI can be naturally occurring or as a
result of equipment usage
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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• Man-made EMI is background noise from EM
transmissions that reduce your ability to understand
the content
– Transmitters, Power Generation, Electrical Controllers,
Oscillators
• Natural EMI is background noise from natural
radiation/clutter deriving from weather or space
effects
– Solar flare, Thunderstorms, Ducting
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Control of EMI
• EMI can be reduced or eliminated by using various
suppression techniques
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Equipment Location
Equipment Shielding
System/Equipment Grounding
Interconnection Cabling
Source of Power
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Control of EMI
• Radiated EMI during transmission can be controlled
by
– The physical separation of transmitting and receiving
antennas
– The use of directional antennas
– Limiting antenna bandwidth
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Effects of Atmospherics
• EW planners must consider the effects of
atmospherics and space weather on available EW
systems, both friendly and enemy
• EM energy propagation is affected by all different
weather and atmospheric conditions
• Examples include:
– Ducting resulting in longer than usual transmission ranges
– Refraction/ Reflection resulting in shorter than usual
ranges
– Surface scatter/clutter
– Inclement Weather
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Questions?
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Navy uses HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, and EHF for transmitting information electronically.
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