Biology Learning Guide Lesson 1 Introduction - What is Biology? Biology is the study of life or the study of living organisms. Living organisms are made up of the 1 or more cells, the basic unit of life. What are the 6 characteristics of life? Cell Reproduction Reproduction is necessary for the _________________of all living organisms. Reproduction allows for life to continue. Cell reproduction is a process in which a cell ___________________into new cells. Mitosis is cell ____________________ in which a cell divides into 2 new identical cells. Mitosis is essential for _______________________and replacing worn out and damaged cells. What is the cell theory? Cell Cycle The life of a cell is made up of three stages, Interphase, ______________________ and Cytokinesis. Interphase is when the cell ________________, genetic materials (DNA) _______________and prepares for cell division. The stage that makes up most of the cell’s life is ______________________. Mitosis is the process where the cell divides into two ___________________ daughter cells. Cytokinesis is the process when the cell physically ____________________ into 2 new cells, each with its own____________________ material and nuclei. In terms of duration of each stage, compare the 3 stages of the cell cycle. Genetic Material Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the _________________material that codes for everything needed for the living cell. Chromosomes are storage structures consisting of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ________________. There are ________ chromosomes in human body cells. Genes are sections of the DNA that code for specific proteins and specific _______________of the living organism. During Mitosis, the cell’s ___________________ divides to ensure the 2 daughter cells formed have the same number and kinds of chromosomes. Mitosis During Interphase the cell _________________. However, cells do not grow forever. A cell will divide once it reaches a certain ______________________________ to volume ratio. Mitosis is cell _____________________ that results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Genetically identical cells or individual organisms are known as _______________________. Illustrate and describe each stage of mitosis. Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the _________________ stage of the cell cycle. During this stage, the original cell physically splits into 2 ___________________________ cells. Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm of the _____________________cell into the 2 daughter cells. The 2 daughter cells are genetically_________________________ to the parent cell. In animal cells the cell _____________________________ will pinch ____________________to form the 2 daughter cells. In plant cells a cell plate is formed before it _________________________ into 2 daughter cells. Lesson 2 Introduction - Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is the form of reproduction that only requires ________________________. “A” means without, hence Asexual means_____________________ sex. Offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically ____________________ to the parent and to each other. Organisms that are genetically identical are known as ___________________________. Mitosis is asexual reproduction at the cellular level. Daughter cells produced are genetically identical to each other and to the parent. Types of Asexual Reproduction There are 5 types of asexual reproduction. Fill in the chart below with the necessary information. Type of Asexual reproduction Description Examples of organisms that reproduce this way Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction What are the advantages for organisms that reproduce asexually? What are the disadvantages for organisms that reproduce asexually? Lesson 3 Introduction - Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction requires 2 _______________________ and the formation of specialized cells known as ________________ during Meiosis. There are male gametes - ______________and female gametes - ______________. In humans, gametes have _______________ chromosomes. All other human body cells have _____________ chromosomes. The genetic information from the 2 parent gametes are genetically different and have ____________ the number of chromosomes compared to all other body cells. Cells with half the number of chromosomes are called _________________ cells (N). All other cells that have the full number of chromosomes are ______________ cells (2N). Fill in the missing information in the chart. Sexually reproducing organism Humans Rats Fruit Flies Diploid cell (2N) Haploid cell (N) 42 4 Meiosis Meiosis is the cell division which results in specialized _________________ cells called gametes. In contrast, Mitosis produce _________________cells. Meiosis occurs only in the __________________ of organisms. Gametes are necessary for __________________ reproduction. Cell division occurs __________________ in Meiosis and are called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis vs Mitosis Fill in the missing information of the comparison chart. Comparisons Number of cell divisions Number of daughter cells produced Parent cell vs Daughter cells Body cells vs gametes Mitosis Meiosis diploid - diploid Daughter cells are gametes Meiosis I Illustrate and describe each stage of meiosis I. During __________________ crossing over may occur between paired chromosomes from each parent. In this very important process, segments of DNA from each ________________ may be exchanged and results in genetic _____________________. Meiosis II Illustrate and describe each stage of meiosis II. Sexual Reproduction - Fertilization Sexual reproduction requires the female gamete (N) to meet and _________________ with the male gamete (N). The joining or fusion of the male and female gamete is known as fertilization. Fertilization that occurs ________________ the female body is called internal fertilization. Internal fertilization occurs in __________________ reproduction. External fertilization is when the male and female gamete fuse __________________ of the female body. External fertilization occurs in _______________ reproduction. Sexual Reproduction - Zygote and Embryo Development During the process of fertilization, the fertilize egg combines the genetic material (DNA) from ________________ parents to form a diploid cell (2N) known as a zygote. The _______________ zygote will have two sets of each chromosome, one from each parent. In human reproduction, the zygote has 23_________________ or 46 chromosomes. The zygote then __________________ by mitosis and develops as an embryo. The embryo is the early stage of development of sexual reproducing organisms. Sexual Reproduction – Human Development In human development, once organ development begins, the embryo is known as a _________________. The fetus continues to develop until the birth of the human baby. Sexual Reproduction - Advantages What are the advantages for an organism that reproduces sexually? Sexual Reproduction – Disadvantages What are the disadvantages for an organism that reproduces sexually?
