The Discipline of Counseling COUNSELING - - The magnitude and prevelance of social problems have real and profound effects on people's psychological conditions. Counseling as a profession evolved out of the need for institutionalized services to assist and help individuals who are going through distress situations in life. Professionals in this industry, called counselors, assist those needing professional help discover meaning, cope with life's stresses, and adjust to new environments. GOALS OF COUNSELING DEVELOPMENT GOALS - Assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness. REINFORCEMENT GOALS - COGNITIVE GOALS - Helps the client to avoid some undesired outcomes. ENHANCEMENT GOALS - - - Assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development. EXPLATORY GOALS - Examining Options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc. Involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health. PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS - Aids in developing good social interaction skills learning emotional control, and developing positive self-concept. INSIGHT - to understand the origins and development of someone’s emotional capacity SELF – AWARENESS - To enhance special skills and abilities REMEDIAL GOALS Involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skill. PHYSIOLOGICAL GOALS PREVENTIVE GOALS - It helps the clients in recognizing what they are doing, thinking, and felling. Becoming much more aware of his/her actions and thoughts towards his/herself and by others. RELATING WITH OTHERS - Becoming better able to form and maintain and satisfying relationship with others SELF – ACCEPTANCE - The development of positive attitude towards self SELF – ACTUALIZATION - Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously conflicts ENLIGHTENMENT - Assisting the client to become much more aware and awaken his/her spiritual value PROBLEM SOLVING - Finding a solution to a specific problem that a client had not been able to resolve GENERETIVITY - SCOPE OF COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION - Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behavior ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL SKILLS - Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills. COGNITIVE CHANGE - The modification of irrational beliefs. SYSTEMATIC CHANGE - Initiate changes to a client on a way to know how the social system operate BEHAVIOR CHANGE - The modification of maladaptive pattern of behavior EMPOWERMENT - To enhance or work on skills and awareness that will make the client to control his/her actions RESTITUTION - In helping the clients to make amends for previous destructive behavior To inspire people with their desire and capacity to take care of others. Counseling is a broad concept with diverse meanings and goals. The identified goals above indicate the scope of counseling. Counseling is necessary in almost every aspect of person's life - cognitive, behavorial, systematic, social, psychological, and others. It is also applied to individuals, family or groups. Individual counseling - depression, sexual abuse, anxiety, gender, relationships, spirituality, ideology, adolescent issues, loss, anxiety, anger, stress, vocation, studies, and others. Family counseling - issues include divorce, family dynamics, transitions in life, miscommunication, jealousy, money matters, parenting, remarriage, and others. LICENSED PROFESSIONAL OF COUNSELORS 1. AFFORD COUNSELING SERVICES - to individuals, groups, organization or the general public comprising of application 2. APPLY CLINICAL COUNSELING PRINCIPLES, METHODS AND PROCEDURES. - an approach counseling that emphasized the counselor's role in systematically assisting clients 3. PROVIDE TRAINING SUPERVISION FOR STUDENTS AND REGISTERED COUNSELOR TRAINEES - services that within scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders. VALUES AND PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING - - The way we perceive or view things, people, events, and our environment, is influenced by our values. Our analysis and position on certain issues are based on our values. Our do’s and don’ts and our bottom line are results of what our values dictate. In other words, values indicate what we believe in; what are important to us. We behave in certain ways because this is what our values tell us. However, there are individuals who are not aware and cannot determine their values. Gibson and Mitchell (2003), pointed out that these individuals who do not know their values get involved in destructive, ferocious, and insignificant actions. In counselling, it is essential that the counsellor comprehend the values of their client’s in order to accompany them appropriately. PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN COUNSELING Counseling is a profession is stimulating and also satisfying. If you find a meaning in helping a client become socially functional, if you get excited about the study on human distress. RULES AND FUCNTION Individual Assessment - Promotes the client’s self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand the client better. Individual Counseling - A client-centered process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and client. Group Counseling and Guidance ETHICAL PRINCIPLES - Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to individuals for array of need. 1. AUTONOMY OF INDIVIDUALS - Is based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these freedom does not interfere with the freedom of others; counselling cannot happen unless the client has made a free choice to participate. CAREER ASSISTANCE 2.PRINCIPLE OF NON MALIFICIENCE - This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm. PLACEMENT AND FOLLOW 3. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE - Concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless there is some acceptable reason for treating them differently. 4. PRINCIPLE OF FIDELITY - Shares to the presence of loyalty, reliability, dependability and action in good faith. Entering into a contract means to stay with the client and give the case his/her efforts. - - Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment assistance to clients. A service of school counseling with emphasis on educational placements in course of programs. REFERAL - Practice of clients to find needed assistance counselor cannon provide. CONSULTATION - Process of helping a client through a third party or helping system its services to its clientele. RESEARCH - Provide empirically based date relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING PEOPLE WHO ABUSE DRUGS - CONFIDENTIALITY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Right to privacy. Group and Families. Mirror incomplete clients. Records. Research and training Consultation - PEOPLE WHO USE TOBACCO - COUNSELING & IT'S WORK SETTING COUNSELORS IN SCHOOLS - The counseling service in the schools is usually located under the Student affairs program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of student affairs COUNSELORS IN COMMUNITY SETTING - This setting refers to employment in community, agency and other non-school professional situation. This setting refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as private practitioners or engage in part time private practice while employed by community agencies. COUNSELORS IN THE GOVERNMENT - Counselors are also present in various agencies of government or institutions supported by the government that are into social welfare, health and education. Our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our health. However, many people still use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking. PEOPLE WHO ABUSE ALCOHOL - Alcoholism is a disease that is why it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of self-control and self-discipline. WOMEN - COUNSELORS IN THE PRIVATE SECTORS - Drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our mental health as well. It creates more social problems and contribute to social disintegration. Women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interest to utilize these to develop their full potential. OLDER ADULTS - Retirees who are adjusting to life outside work feel lost and ignored. Life for them suddenly loses meaning. Aging issues that require attention of counseling include loss of partner, decline of mental mobility, increased loneliness, decline financial security. PEOPLE WITH AIDS - It has been labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem. Counseling approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. VICTIMS OF ABUSE - Domestic Violence characterized of spouse and child abuses. Spouse is often associated with poverty, domestic abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampage and has caused psychological damage to the victims. GAY MEN AND LESBIAN WOMEN - - There are still sectors in the society, including their own families that avoid and discriminates them. They are usually the victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and Lesbians, like any other sectors of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties, and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self - awareness, self -acceptance, and understanding. Counseling and It' s Processes, Methods, and Tools Stage One: Relationship Building - Heart of Counseling Provides the force and foundation for the counseling to succeed. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis - Most crucial stages. - Serve as the window for the counselor to have through appreciation of the client’s condition. Formulation of Counselling Goals - The third stage is “Formulation of counseling goals” of which basic purpose is to get client articulates their goals or where clients want their journey of counseling to take. INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING - INTERVENTION Strategies outlined Compromise the individual, group, family and couple counseling Client’ s preferred intervention strategy PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH BY KANFER AND BUSEMEYER (1982) CITED BY TYSUL (2003) SIX STAGE MODEL OF PROBLEM SOLVING - PROBLEM DETECTION PROBLEM DEFINITION IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION DECISION MAKING EXECUTION VERIFICATION COMIER AND COMIER (1989) AS CITED TYSUL (2003) RECOMMEND GUIDELINES A. COUNSELOR PROVIDING MAP OF DIFFERENT APPROACH B. DESCRIPTION OF THE ROLE OF THE COUNSELOR AND CLIENT FOR EACH PROCEDURE C. IDENTIFY POSSIBLE RISKS AND BENEFITS D. ESTIMATED TIME AND COST EACH PROCEDURE TERMINATION AND FOLLOW – UP - FOLLOW - UP INVOLVES COMMUNICATING WITH THE CLIENT TO ENSURE STABILITY AND WELL BEING. TERMINATION IS THE FINAL OF COUNSELLING AND MARKS AS THE CLOSE OF THE RELATIONSHIP. A. DISCUSSION OF THE END OF THE COUNSELLING B. REVIEW OF THE COURSE OF COUNSELLING C. CLOSURE OF THE COUNSELOR - CLIENT RELATIONSHIP D. DISCUSSION OF THE CLIENT'S FUTURE AND POSTCOUNSELLING PLAN Research and Evaluation - This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage. METHODS IN COUNSELLING B. Adler 's Individual Psychology - Focuses on the role of cognition in Psychological functioning. 1ST PHASE: ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIP - SECOND PHASE: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS - PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES DEVELOPED BY: SIGMUND FREUD, ALFRED ALDER, AND CARL JUNG “WHY THEORIZE?“ A. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory - Analysis of mind METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 1.Free Associations 2.Dream Analysis 3.Confrontation and Clarification 4.Interpretation Identify client' s strengths that may be utilized to overcome the client' s problems DREAM ANALYSIS MAY BE USED TO CONDUCT LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS - CLASSIC THEORIES - USE OF LISTENING SKILLS ENCOURAGEMENT WINNING RESPECT AND OFFERING HOPE A Method to see dreams as an attempt to deal with difficulties and challenges of life THIRD PHASE: PROMOTING INSIGHT - A method that allows clients to understand the dynamics of self-defeating insights to rectify the said patterns during the said process. FOURTH PHASE: REORIENTATION SPITTING OF THE CLIENT SOUP - The purpose of this technique is for the counselor to point out the client' s irrational or maladaptive behavior and make them aware of why they are doing it. THE PUSH-BOTTON TECHNIQUES - According to Jon Carlson and Matt Englar-Carlson, this imagery technique is used to highlight the control that clients can have over their emotions. ACTING AS IF - AN INTEGRATION OF COGNITIVE, EXISTENTIAL, PSYCHODYNAMIC AND SYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVES TASK SETTING AND COMMITMENT - ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF GOAL SETTING AND TASK PERFORMANCE, PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO ACHIEVE DIFFICULT YET ATTAINABLE GOALS THAN THEY ARE TO ACHIEVE LESS DIFFICULT GOALS. Jung' s Analytic Psychology - The Counselling ang psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotheraphy EMPHATIC UNDERSTANDING - CONGRUENCE - The experiential theories fall under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change. C. Roger's Person-Centered Counselling - “When is it used?” - “What to expect?”’ UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD - Emphatic encourage clients Carry no authority True and Transparent D. Perls Gestalt Theraphy - FOCUSES ON THE HERE AND NOW - REFERS TO A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE THERAPIST AND THE CLIENT - GOAL OF THE APPROACH IS AWARENESS - APPROACH IS APPROPRIATE FOR PEOPLE WHO LACK AWARENESS AND HAVE A FEELING OF "OUT OF TOUCH” TECHNIQUE NOW I AM AWARE - Experiential Theories - Counselor ’s complete understanding The method is a means to assist the clients in getting in touch with her/himself ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY - The method requires the client to rephrase a statement to assume a responsibility USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS - The method encourages the clients to take personal responsibility by saying " I or me " THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE - The method can help clients to work through conflicting parts of personality. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES: RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR AND TRANSACTION ANALYSIS - HIGHLIGHT TAS OF COGNITION IN PSTCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING. UNDERSCORE MENTAL PROCESSES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MENTAL HEALTH RENOWNED COGNITIVE THEORISTS INCLUDE RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY OF ELLIS, COGNITIVE THEORY OF BECK, AND THE TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BERNE Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Theraphy - - The Rational Emotive Behavior Theory (REBT) highlight the role of cognitions on emotions with the assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. BECK'S COGNITIVE THERAPHY - - - Focuses on the client's "affective or emotional domain" BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES This method assists clients to drum up clients who have a lost sense control on an obstacle by rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful. DECENTERING - This method compise of instructing the clients to observe and get a practical appreciation of other people ' s response. BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES - EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES - or Decatastrophization is a cognitive restructuring technique to treat cognitive distractions (are irrational thoughts that have the power to influence how you feel) REDEFINING COGNITIVE Focuses on helping clients conquer "defeating cognitions". – it involves reforming ideas that are unreasonable highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking particularly dysfunctional thoughts. Decatastrophizing TECHNIQUE - Focuses on the full array of behavioral methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation theraphy, selfmanagement, self-monitoring, and homework assignments. This method applies a broad selection of methods to assess clients in obtaining "essential skills, relaxing, preparing to difficult situations, and exposing. Berne's Transactional Analysis - The transaction analysis. Refers to examining and dissecting transaction between people. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - A METHOD THAT ASSISTS CLIENTS BE CONSCIOUS OF THEIR "THREE EGO" TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - A METHOD THAT ASSISTS CLIENTS TO "LEARN TO COMMUNICATE WITH COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS. SCRIPT ANALYSIS - A METHOD THAT LOOKS INTO THE "TYPE OF LIFE SCRIPT THE CLIENT HAS DEVELOPED AND HOW IT CAN BE REWRITTEN. ANALYSIS OF GAMES - A METHOD THAT COMPRISE OF DETERMINING "WHAT GAMES THE CLIENTS PLAY AND HOW THE GAMES INTERFERE WITH INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONING. SOCIAL WORK - Work carried out by trained personnel with the aim of alleviating the conditions of those in need of help or welfare. It has been pointed out that social workers must be involved not just with the persons experiencing the problems but also on the societal factors that contribute to the problem which may shed light, and appreciating the realms of social work. Morales & Sheafor (1983) In defining social work: Morales & Sheafor (1983) identified four areas of consideration 1. In each helping situation, the social worker is concerned with enabling or facilitating change. Interventions to improve the quality of life may appropriately occur as part of the social work practice. 2. The social worker is in the business of helping people or social institutions, such as family change to enhance social functioning. It is not focus on the whole person but on social relationships. 3. Applying the social systems theory, social work can be viewed as a profession that helps people interact more effectively with their social environment. 4. In helping people to achieve their goals of improved social functioning, the social worker must have handles in fortifying and securing the necessary resources to attain the goals of the clients. • National association of social workers (NASW) social work as the professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to the goal. • International Federation of social workers (IFSW) defines social work as a practice-based and academic discipline that promotes change and social development. • Australian Association of social workers (AASW) Social work is a practical profession designed at helping people address their problems and matching them with the resources they need to lead healthy and productive lives. GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK GOAL ON CARING – Refers to the heart of social work and it focuses on the well-being or the welfare and comfort of the individual and community. GOAL ON CURING – Individual’s interaction with their environment and the ability to fulfill their role within such environment as work. GOAL ON CHANGING – Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers to the social reforms. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK ACCEPTANCE - The recognition of client’s innate dignity, worth equality, basic rights and needs. Regardless of client’s individual qualities arising from heredity, environment, behavior, or any other source. Acceptance does not only mean approval of the client’s behaviors, attitudes or standards. Acceptance also includes thoughts and feeling elements and is express primarily in the manner of service. CLIENT’S PARTICIPATION IN PROBLEM-SOLVING - Made to understand he/she is expected to participate in the entire process. Recognition of client’s need to express feelings freely, planning ways in resolving such problems and eventually act to resolve this through. CONFIDENTIALITY - - WORKER’S SELF-AWARENESS - CLIENT’S SELF DETERMINATION - Based upon the right of the individual to make their own choices and decisions. The client has a right and a need within certain limitations to have freedom in making their own decisions/choices. Worker has a duty to respect that right, in theory and in practice. Refrains from any direct or indirect interference. Positively helps the client to exercise that right INDIVIDUALIZATION - The recognition and understanding of each client’s unique qualities. Differential use of principles and methods to assist client toward change. Individualization is based on the right of human beings to be individuals. Right to be treated not just a human being but as this human being with these personal differences. The protection of secret/private information disclosed in the professional relationship. Confidentiality is a basic right of the client. An ethical obligation of the worker. The client’s right, however, is not absolute. The client’s information is often shared with other professional persons within the agency and in other agencies. Written permission is required to divulge information to other agencies. Workers must be aware about his/her role within the client’s development rather than his/her own. Workers seek to strengthen relationships among client’s well-being of individuals, families, social groups, organizations, and communities. CLIENT-WORKER RELATIONSHIP - The worker is sensitive to the client’s feelings. Makes effort to understand their meaning. A purposeful, appropriate use of the worker’s emotions in response to the client’s feelings. Social workers engage people as partners in the helping process. SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK 1. Social work as a primary discipline. - The Adoption and Services - The Foster Care The Residential Care - The Support - The Protective Services - Family Counseling - Family Life Education Family Planning Public Assistance Social 2. Social work as an equal partner. Social Work (Services for the Aging-Elderly) - - The support for the people in their own homes program consists of helping older people remain in their own homes by linking them with the community programs that bring health care, meals, and home services into their homes. The support for people in long term care facilities program refers to nursing homes or other group living facilities. Social Work (Community Services) - COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION COMMUNITY PLANNING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 3. Social work as a secondary discipline. A. Facilitate the provision of direct educational and social services and provide direct social case work and group services to selected students; B. Act as a pupil advocate focusing on urgent needs of the selected group of students; C. Consult with school administrator major problems toward which a planned service approach will be aimed; D. Consult with teachers E. Organize parent and community F. Develop and maintain liaison between the school and critical fields of social work G. Provide leadership in the coordination of interdisciplinary skills among student services. CORE VALUES PF SOCIAL WORK Right to self-fulfillment – Each person has the right to self -fulfillment. Responsibility to common good – Seek ways of fulfillment that contribute to common good. Responsibility of the society – The Society has the responsibility to facilitate self-fulfillment of an individual. Right to satisfy basic needs – Each person requires for the harmonious development of his power. Social organizations required to facilitate individual’s effort at selfrealization – The individual and society are interdependent provides a perspective that the society has the responsibility to provide appropriate social resources. Self-realization and contribution to society – To permit both selfrealization and contribution to society by the individual. CONCEPT OF HUMAN POTENTIALS AND CAPACITIES – belief that a person is inherently endowed with potential. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – notion that an individual has the obligation to contribute to the common good and society. CONCEPT OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES – premised on the ideal of social justice. CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PROVISION – premise that there will always be everywhere unmeet need or problems which are beyond their own capability/capacity to resolve.
