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hi i'm mike mcdonald from huawei
technologies welcome to part 1 of this
course on 5g
in this series we will learn what 5g is
how 5g standards are set the importance
of spectrum and how modern 5g network
architecture differs from previous
generations
we will also discuss health concerns
once fully deployed 5g networks will
provide unprecedented levels of
connectivity but already with 4g we
become used to being online at all times
checking directions
keeping up with friends ordering food
from an app
just grab the smartphone
but how do we get here
mobile phones have been around for only
40 years or so
before you reached out to someone by
dialing on a fixed landline
it did the job but it had limitations
chatting was literally a chat
you could only use a phone for talking
and because the lines were fixed you
were unreachable if you were on the move
then came the 70s platform shoes
colorful clothes disco music
and a whole lot of freedom
the u.s firm bell labs an r d subsidiary
of at t that's now part of nokia free
telephones from landlines when it
introduced the idea of cellular networks
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welcome
to 1g
in cellular networks coverage areas are
divided into cells each cell has a radio
based station providing signal coverage
that enables connections between a
mobile phone and an operator's fixed
network
the world's first commercial cellular
network was launched in tokyo in 1979 by
nippon telegraph and telephone or ntt
it was based on a standard called
advanced mobile phone system or amps
in europe the first cell network used
was the nordic mobile telephone standard
it was set up in 1981 in scandinavian
countries
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in the u.s chicago was the first city to
provide cell phone coverage in 1983.
the network also used amp standard but
not quite the same as the one deployed
in japan
with 1g users could be reached while on
the move
but there was room for improvement
with top speeds of 2.4 kilobits per
second 1g only supported voice calls 1g
was entirely analog meaning that calls
connected like radio signals
sound quality was subject to
interference
and it was hard to guard against
unauthorized eavesdropping
calling was also expensive and battery
life was short
and the devices were really bulky the
first japanese mobiles were shoulder
phones weighing three kilograms
yet despite all this early mobile phones
were status symbols
if you had one
you must have been special
mobile phones went digital in the late
80s enter the 2g era
aside from voice calls 2g had two key
features one it offered a 160 character
short message service or sms
two it had a low speed data transfer
service known as mms or multimedia
messaging
with these two features instant
messaging was born
this is either a blessing or a curse
depending on
ah sorry should have solved my phone
but as with 1g 2g standards weren't
united
europe deployed gsm mobile networks
while the us and a few other countries
went with cdma
japan meanwhile turned to a technology
called pdc for its 2g services
throughout the 1990s the number of
internet users boomed as more and more
homes and businesses got either dial up
or adsl connections
around the year 2000 3g appeared it
offered one megabit per second data
connectivity
this made online access possible while
on the move
with 3g the mobile industry moved
decisively towards interoperability 3g
wasn't a unified global standard but at
least it was based on compatible
versions of cdma technology
it wasn't always easy to get online
access while traveling
but with a few exceptions like japan and
south korea
travelers could use the same handset
to make or receive calls on different
continents
it's during the 3g era that smartphones
with color screens became common
and database services like mobile
banking
movie ticketing and social media began
to multiply
around 2009 global standards were fully
united by lte technology or long-term
evolution when 3g gave way to 4g
instead of cdma lte implemented a new
architecture that allowed data rates of
about 100 megabits per second
now you could enjoy
voice
text
high resolution images
and high definition video services
in 2011 the standard setting
organization third generation
partnership project or 3gpp
approved lte advanced a technology that
boosted data transfer speeds by 10 times
to 1 gigabits per second
lte a is also called 4.5 g because it's
somewhere between 4g and 5g
in fact wireless technology generations
tend to advance in half steps between 2g
and 3g there was a standard called gprs
that was referred to as 2.5 g and
between 3g and 4g a technology called
high speed downlink packet access or 3.5
g boosted data rates while lowering
latency
and now we're in the early days of the
5g era
what are the big changes from 4g or
should i say
4.5 g
well an obvious capability is more
bandwidth 5g offers up to 20 gigabits
per second to give a sense of scale
downloading a 4k movie takes a few
seconds on a 5g phone compared with 5 to
10 minutes in 4g
5g provides more reliable connections
and nearly instantaneous network
response
it can be deployed in latency critical
applications like remote controlling
heavy machinery
and 5g has such a fast response times
if you lose an online game you can't
blame a slow internet well that was five
generations of mobile standards across
five decades
i hope you enjoyed this brief history of
wireless communications
in the next episode we'll look at our
rising expectations of what wireless
networks should deliver
and how 5g will meet those needs
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you
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welcome back the previous chapter was a
short history of mobile communications
we're now going to look at how 5g is
positioned to handle future
telecommunication needs or more simply
what 5g will offer that 4g doesn't
20 years ago we were amazed just to be
able to view short grainy videos on our
laptops today with 4g we use our phones
to watch live broadcasts of sports
events from anywhere at any time and we
can make video calls with friends and
family overseas using apps like wechat
whatsapp or line
so what more do we need from mobile
networks
the international telecommunications
union has been looking into that
based in geneva itu is an agency of the
united nations responsible for all
communications and information
technologies it's part of itu's job to
anticipate our future telecommunications
needs and point their way forward
itu started in 2012 to sketch out imt
2020 5g's formal name by 2015 it would
come up with the broad lines of what 5g
should be
in its vision itu called for five to
deliver three things as mobile broadband
dmbb massive machine type communications
mmtc and ultra reliable low latency
communications or ur llc
let's review those three requirements
starting with enhanced mobile broadband
industries ranging from mining to
entertainment need more bandwidth to
implement their digital transformation
as we saw in the previous lesson lte
advanced
5g currently peaks at 1 gigabit per
second
that's fast but it's not fast enough for
several emerging applications for
example search and rescue drones
equipped with high definition cameras
need to connect to machine vision ai
while in the air
or in the healthcare sector paper is
giving way to digital for patients
records
this assumes that wireless networks can
quickly download large medical files
viably and instantly
enbb is itunes requirement at 5g but i
say imt 2020 deliver up to 20 gigabits
per second in downlink speed and 10
gigabits per second uplink
with that kind of bandwidth hospitals
can go paperless and drones can upload
4k video in real time
we talk more and more about the internet
of things
it sounds like something that's in the
distant future but it's been taking
shape for example many homes are already
fitted with smart electricity meters
connected to the utility servers
our companies use this data to optimize
their power generation and distribution
down the line street lamps cars
forklifts factory machinery and
countless other things will also be
networked
eventually all these connections would
overload networks the mmtc requirement
mandates 5g to reliably support at least
1 million machine connections per square
kilometer
that's 10 times 4g
it's enough to create not only smart
cities but also smart hospitals where
patients always get the correct drug
medical supplies are tracked so they
never run out and where remotely
monitored patients can be called in
before they need to rush to emergency
you probably heard that 5g networks
offer lower latency meaning faster
response times than 4g a variety of
emerging network deployment scenarios
depend on low latency and high
connection reliability manufacturers for
example are making their production
lines smarter by synchronizing multiple
robots to make them work together on
complex tasks
and this can't be done without low
latency and extremely high reliability
of connections
smart cars are another low latency high
reliability scenario
here the internet of vehicles
cars will increasingly communicate with
each other about the condition of the
roads they're traveling on
or in an emergency
if they're going to suddenly break to a
stop
ur llc is itu's requirement that latency
and 5g be sharply produced to 110th out
of 4g at the same time connection
reliability is boosted to a near perfect
99.9999
the downside of course is that you won't
be able to blame a bad network
connection when hanging up on someone
you don't want to talk to
okay well that's it for this lesson on
how 5g surpasses 4g in the next chapter
we'll see how industry standards enable
the rapid deployment of new networks
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you
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let's continue in the previous lesson we
saw how 5g goes far beyond 4g in
delivering new levels of network
performance
we're now going to look at the role of
industry standards in making this
possible clear standards lead to
smoother and faster network deployments
in 2021 176 operators in 72 countries
had launched 5g services and about 600
5g devices phones laptops industrial
routers were on the market the number of
5g subscribers worldwide exceeded 300
million and was expected to reach 3.5
billion by 2026. this is the fastest
mobile network rollout ever and a
testament to the power of global
standardization
standards are like the rules of the
roads a commonly recognized code that
provides safety and clarity
equipment manufacturers refer to
standards when designing and making
communications products
without standards a huawei phone might
not connect to an iphone
standards also detail how infrastructure
equipment like base stations should be
installed to deliver optimal performance
safely
two organizations set the majority of
mobile network standards
one is itu the other one is the third
generation partnership project or 3gpp
we talked about the itu in the previous
chapter it's been around since 1865.
back then the initials stood for
international telegraph union the united
nations entrusts itu to handle all
matters related to information and
communications technologies in practice
itu focuses on the big picture
as for 3gpp it issues detailed technical
specifications for mobile networks the
organization was formed in 1998 with the
initial goal to harmonize 3g
specifications worldwide
based in france the 3gpp is actually a
consortium of seven national and
regional telecommunications
standard-setting organizations
its membership also includes major
equipment vendors like huawei
the 3gpp has a vast experience with
standards over the past 20 years it lit
14 different standardizations for
wireless communication protocols
including gsm
wcdma
lte
and now 5g
itu and 3gpp complement one another with
regards to 5g itu set its vision in
2015.
then industry stakeholders used 3gpp as
a forum to discuss how that vision would
be realized through the development of
specific new technologies
as these technologies became more and
more real 3gpp standardized them 3gpp
issues standards through a system of
releases that are the outcome of
discussions among members
when a new release comes out it remains
open for revisions for an agreed period
of time after which it becomes frozen
pre-gpp's first release early in the 3g
era was called release 1999 named after
the year was issued free gpp later
switched to numbering its standards
instead of dating them as we were
putting this video together 3gpp was
finalizing release 17.
when setting standards one of the main
concerns of three gpp members is to make
them globally recognized this provides
economies of scale during r d and
manufacturing
and also maximizes equipment
interoperability when standards aren't
harmonized it brings us back to
situations like the 1990s
europe had the gsm standard while the
u.s a few other countries had cbma a
divided world
making 5g reality requires that a great
number of technologies work together to
deliver the performance expectations set
out by itu
as you can imagine deciding on standards
for something as groundbreaking and
complex as 5g is quite an undertaking
the radio access network devices and
network core all need their own detailed
set of specifications
owing to the huge size of this task 3gpp
members are working out 5g standards
over several releases the first set of
5g standards was release 15 issued in
december 2017. release 15 mostly focused
on the standardization of technologies
enabling embb
3gpp completed release 16 in the summer
of 2020. it includes new performance
standards for massive mimo a type of
antenna that we'll talk about in chapter
5. release 16 also clarified that
reliability in ur llc must reach
99.9999 and latency go as low as 1
millisecond essential targets for
certain applications like smart
manufacturing
the next batch of 5g standards really 70
will cover a broad range of technologies
including additional standards for
massive mimo as well as more detailed
specifications for urlc
3gpp members have begun discussing
release 18. release 18 will mark the
point at which 5g evolves into 5.5 g or
5g advanced 5.5 g will likely power
lower latency than 5g faster uplink and
more precise location of connected
devices
and that's it for this lesson in the
next chapter we'll talk about spectrum
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spectrum
just as you need ground under your feet
if you want to walk or water to swim
mobile networks require spectrum to
operate
in the telecommunications industry
spectrum refers to specific ranges of
frequencies that operators can legally
use for their wireless networks mobile
network operators typically buy spectrum
at government auctions
as we were making this video 5g spectrum
was being auctioned in many countries
mobile phone frequencies occupy a narrow
range in the electromagnetic spectrum
the frequencies are relatively low
well below visible light
in its release 15 3gpp grouped 5g radio
frequencies into two ranges fr1 where 5g
operates in frequencies below 7.1
gigahertz and fr2 higher frequencies
that are new to mobile networks
fr1 the range of frequencies that 5g is
first deployed out worldwide further
subdivides into two sub bands sub three
gigahertz and three to seven point one
gigahertz as a result people talk about
5g being deployed in three frequency
bands the low band
the mid band and the new fr2 high band
let's talk about the low band first the
sub 3 gigahertz frequencies in practice
the low band really includes frequencies
below 1 gigahertz
the big advantage of the low band is
that sub gigahertz radio waves can
travel a long way and get around
obstacles
this makes the low band suitable for
rural coverage
in a low density area one cell tower
operating the low band can cover
hundreds of square kilometers
the low band has a big downside however
even though sub gigahertz 5g offers
rural users high quality broadband the
performance is a fraction of the 20
gigabits per second that 5g is supposed
to be capable of
so that's for the low band let's skip
the mid band for now and look at the
other end of the range
the fr2 frequencies
also called millimeter wave high band 5g
operates in frequencies ranging between
25 and 42 gigahertz and possibly higher
and future
simultaneously
the main disadvantage of high band
frequencies is the short range of about
1.5 kilometers out in the open
radio signal emitted in millimeter wave
frequencies also attenuates sharply when
it encounters obstacles like windows
trees or even falling snow
that makes the high band the mirror
image of the low band from an
infrastructure point of view fr2
frequencies will be covered by small
cell sites mostly indoors so what about
the mid band then
also referred to as c band the mid band
is 5g's sweet spot in the mid band 5g
transmits a lot more data much faster
than 4g and 5g in that frequency range
roughly from 3 to 7 gigahertz can cover
longer distances while being much less
affected by obstacles like walls or
windows
because it's a good compromise between
the low band and the high band the c
band is the frequency range which most
operators are initially deploying their
5g networks
and notable exception is the us where 5g
initially became available
in low and high bands
over time in a lot of countries 5g will
be deployed in all three bands
the high band will provide coverage in
places like sports stadiums and airports
or any place that has a high density of
users
deployment scenarios like factories or
hospitals that require the highest
levels of performance we'll also use
millimeter wave 5g
the c-band meanwhile will reach most
users in city cores or residential
neighborhoods
the low band as we saw is best for rural
areas
all things equal the more spectrum an
operator has access to
the better the performance of its 5g
network
the international telecommunications
union or itu
has called for a minimum of 100
megahertz of contiguous bandwidth per
operator
operators in future will need a lot more
than 100 megahertz of spectrum
according to the gsma the main entity
association for mobile network operators
many cities will need two to three
gigahertz of spectrum between one and
seven gigahertz by 2030 to operate their
mobile network smoothly
if that spectrum isn't available
operating cost and energy consumption
will rise
creating that much spectrum won't be
easy
2g 3g and 4g networks already take up
space in the sub 3 gigahertz range
in addition some c-band frequencies were
earlier assigned to other users
like satellite td providers
green spectrum in the 1-7 gigahertz
range will require migrating these
incumbent users
as you can see spectrum is valuable and
in limited supply
government communications authorities
tend to sell spectrum to operators at
auctions where the highest bidder wins
intuitively this makes sense because the
market is a great instrument for
allocating scarce resources
but there are downsides to auctions
operators that spend a lot of money on
spectrum may be forced to slow down the
rollout of their 5g networks that means
that 5g's benefits to consumers and
industry have to wait even longer
for this reason regulators in some
countries chose to allocate spectrum at
a low cost or even free of charge
methodology in exchange for pledges from
operators to deploy more quickly
in those countries where spectrum is
given away
regulators look at wireless networks as
essential infrastructure
they expect that the revenue lost from
not auctioning off spectrum will be made
up for later through the taxation of new
business activity that the availability
of 5g will foster
okay that was a lot of content on
spectrum i hope you learned something in
the next section we will talk about the
new technologies that make 5g possible
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you
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in part three we talked about
standardization and in lesson 4 about
the importance of spectrum
in this chapter we will discuss some of
the new 5g technologies and how they
depend on spectrum
as you remember it requires that 5g
provide enhanced mobile broadband
ultra reliable low latency
communications and massive machine type
connections
concretely these requirements will be
met with the help of new technologies
we'll now look at some that have been
standardized or frozen by 3gpp release
15 and 60. we'll talk about new radio
massive mimo polar coding and mobile
edge computing
these innovations work together to
address two of the itu's requirements
for 5g enhanced mobile broadband and
ultra reliable low latency
communications
3gbp standards for the third requirement
massive machine type communications were
not frozen as we were shooting this
video
new radio beam forming and massive mimo
are closely related massive mimo enables
new radio and one of the main features
of new radio is beamforming
so i'll describe these three together
mimo an abbreviation for multiple input
multiple output is a type of antenna
that's been around since the 4g era
in a nutshell mimo is a technology that
maximizes the transmission and reception
capabilities of multiple antennas to
increase the quality capacity and
strength of a radio signal
originally mimo antenna units were made
up of two or four antennas
5g mimos contain as many as 64 antennas
and that's why they're called massive
beamforming a technology for
higher frequency transmissions
is one of the capabilities of a massive
mimo
as we saw in the previous chapter 5g
will need a lot of spectrum
gigahertz of it
some of that spectrum will be found in
the low bed but the rest will be in the
c band as well as in the super fast
millimeter wave high band
at higher frequencies radio
transmissions have a shorter range
moreover higher frequency transmissions
can be more easily disrupted by physical
objects like walls or trees or even rain
beam
helps to overcome that
when a massive mimo detects that a
terminal that's a smartphone or a cpe
is located relatively far
several antennas will send out the same
signal but with different phases and
amplitude if antennas produce light
instead of radio signals a traditional
antenna would brighten an entire room
like a light bulb whereas massive mimo
would illuminate objects like a
flashlight
beam forming is one of the main features
of new radio one of 5g's key
technologies
new radio has another important feature
reducing the imbalance in the quality of
coverage for uplink and downlink
in mobile transmissions the downlink
signal is stronger than the uplink
because base stations have a much higher
transmit power than mobile phones or
other terminals
as a result the coverage performance in
downlink is much better
this issue is magnified if you go higher
in the spectrum of radio frequencies
new radio can solve this problem by
using different frequencies for uplink
and downlink
this is called decoupling
in previous generations of mobile
networks the frequencies were the same
with 5g new radio
they're still the same when the terminal
is close to the base station and the
uplink signal is strong
when the terminal is further away and
the quality of the signal isn't as
strong the base station will trigger the
terminal to switch to a lower uplink
frequency
as we saw in the previous chapter on
spectrum
lower frequencies have longer range
so this is how 5g new radio helps to
improve uplink coverage
one of the main features of 5g is
increased bandwidth as high as 20
gigabits per second new radio also makes
that possible primarily through the use
of the new control channel coding
technology polar coding
wireless telecommunications are limited
by the constraints of a theorem from a
u.s mathematician claude shannon
who stated in 1948 that there is fixed
limit at which information can be
reliably transmitted at a given
bandwidth
but shannon also said that a channel
coding a process for detecting and
correcting errors provides the means to
reach that limit
polar coding was discovered by the
turkish professor of electrical
engineering
erdell erickan in 2008.
a breakthrough in wireless
communications polar codes are so far
the only channel coding scheme that has
been proven to reach shannon's limit
in a nutshell polar coding is a method
for reducing the amount of redundant
data that is sent over a radio signal to
protect the integrity of a message
reducing the amount of redundant data
speeds up radio transmissions by
simplifying the process of encoding and
decoding
if you were to think of data being sent
wirelessly as fragile vases being
shipped
polar coating would be a method for
minimizing the amount of padding
material used to protect the vases
in this scenario channel coating would
be the process of packing and unpacking
the vases
the simpler the packaging the simpler
the packing and unpacking
this is what polar coating achieves
it's now time for the last technology in
this video mobile age computing this
technology reduces the latency of 5g or
to put it another way it helps to meet
the ur llc requirement
with 5g network latency can be as low as
one millisecond
one tenth that of 4g
one of the main factors responsible for
latency is terrestrial transmission
under a pre-5g deployment scenario a
base station has to connect to the
network core which in some situations
could be located hundreds of kilometers
away
this is fine if the base station
connects to the core network through a
fully optical connection
but that's not always the case
5g moves part of the core near the base
station in the form of mobile edge or
multi-access edge computing
edge computing also called cloud edge
consists of data servers of various
sizes
some smaller than a desktop computer and
others the size of cabinets that are
located near the base station in
distances varying from a few meters to a
few kilometers
mobile edge or multi-access edge is one
of the main methods used for reducing
latency in 5g
and with this this chapter on the
technologies the makeup 5g comes to an
end
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you
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for this lesson we'll look at another
unique feature of 5g networks
cloudification
5g is designed to provide extremely low
latency and very large amounts of
bandwidth
it's also very flexible so that it can
be deployed in a wide range of scenarios
network clarification plays a key role
in enabling 5g to meet those
expectations
all telecommunication networks have a
network core
the core is the part of the network that
manages data the core works with two
types of data
first the core manages control data that
means it recognizes who you are and what
right you have to access the network
secondly it recognizes user data like
emails instant messages videos websites
and applications
you can think of the core as a package
sorting station in a courier company
like dhl
user data are the packages to be
delivered
control data are the address labels
identifying the sender and receiver
in that analogy the function of the core
is to ensure that each package gets on
the correct truck ship or airplane on
the way to its final destination
before 5g core network functions were
carried out in dedicated facilities well
switching gear
in the very early days of telecoms most
of the course functions were actually
executed manually
users would dial into a phone company
switching center and tell an operator
whom they wanted to connect to
these days
obviously long gone
some of you watching this video have
probably never even talked to a phone
operator
for the past 20 years at least most
network operations have been almost
entirely automated
like other industries the telecom sector
has been undergoing a digital
transformation in recent years by
tapping into the processing power and
flexibility of the cloud
poor network clarification is one of the
main reasons 5g can deliver so much
performance while being able to adapt to
so many user scenarios
instead of running entirely on dedicated
hardware sitting at an operator's
central office the core 5g mostly relies
on a new cloud-based architecture called
network function virtualization or nfv
this means that network functions are
mostly provided by cloud-based software
nfv enables the decoupling of the two
core's main functions managing user data
and managing control data in 5g the
control data is still processed in a
central office which depending on the
operator can be located tens or even
hundreds of kilometers away from the
user
user data however is processed in the
cloud this feature of 5g is called
control and user plane separation or
cups
cops sets the stage for multi-access
edge computing or mec which as you know
from previous chapters is one of the
main reasons 5g networks are so
responsive
edge computing speeds up users access to
the processing power of the cloud by
deploying some of the cloud servers at
sites close to where the processing
power is most needed
this could be in the heart of a dense
residential neighborhood
an airport
or an industrial park
those edge servers which vary widely in
size are key to delivering the very low
latencies required by applications like
ar vr and cloud gaming
one way to think of age computing is to
think of say a laptop manufacturer with
service centers and cities throughout
the world
when customers need to service their
computer
they can do so locally at one of those
customer centers instead of having to
ship it to one of the manufacturers
factories
something that would take much longer
clarification is one of the most
innovative features of 5g networks
taking full advantage of its potential
require close collaboration between
industrial users network operators cloud
service providers
equipment manufacturers and application
developers
this story will unfold for years to come
and that's it for this part in the next
section we'll look at 5g network safety
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you
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as we saw 5g networks will make use of
higher spectrum frequencies than
previous generations of wireless
networks and will also implement
breakthrough technologies like new radio
is that safe as the cartoon we're about
to watch explains there's no plausible
way that 5g missions could be unsafe
are 5g missions safe
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as 5g networks are deployed around the
world some concerns have been expressed
about the safety of the technology
could 5g hurt us or the environment
there are only two ways that 5g could be
unsafe
that would be because of the frequencies
the technology uses or the strength of
the signal
5g uses higher frequencies than 4g
when people worry about 5g they usually
think that higher frequencies mean
unsafe radiation
radiation is a scary word
and yes 5g emits radiation
but a lot of things do
light bulbs for example
radiation that can damage living tissue
at the molecular level is called
ionizing radiation it includes
ultraviolet light x-rays and gamma rays
non-ionizing radiation that you get from
standing under a light bulb does not
cause damage
so yes 5g frequencies are higher than 4g
frequencies
but compared to ionizing radiation
levels there's still a very very long
way from the harmful range
let's turn to intensity or the strength
of the signal
microwave frequencies are too low to
cause molecular damage
but if they are strong enough they
generate heat
that's how we get microwave ovens
so that mobile emissions don't heat up
objects or organisms within their range
government sets strict standards well
below the thermal effect level the eu
allows up to 10 watts per square meter
but actual tests show that wireless
emissions are far below that
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right under a base station 5g radiation
is equivalent to that of a hair dryer
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and 15 feet away it's a tiny fraction of
what you'd measure from a microwave oven
the uk office of communications
published the results of a countrywide
study that looked at emissions from 5g
mobile base stations
at most they were 0.04 of the regulatory
standard
so neither 5g's intensity nor frequency
are a problem
and yet some alarming studies have
concluded that electromagnetic radiation
can hurt plants or lab animals under
certain conditions
okay but were these conditions in any
way realistic and were the results ever
replicated this is key
with science it's important to look at
the
options are harmful this includes the
world health organization
in the u.s the fda reviewed the
scientific literature published between
2008 and 2018 on mobile emission safety
it found no reasons for concern
icnirp a global organization based in
germany is entirely focused on radiation
protection research
recently completed a seven year review
of mobile wireless emissions
including 5g frequencies
ic and irp confirmed that there is no
reason to think mobile wireless
emissions cause diseases
in the news hardly a day goes by that
one study or other says that something
coffee for example is bad for you
the safety of mobile wireless
technologies has been extensively
researched over the past 40 years 5g is
new and operates in a different range
but it's the same as before as far as
safety
goes so our 5g emissions safe
absolutely
as safe as a light bulb
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so there you have it the safety of
mobile emissions has been under the
spotlight for several decades the
world's largest health agencies have
found nothing to worry about and 5g is
no different
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and that concludes this course on 5g
congratulations for making it to the end
i look forward to seeing you in another
siege of the future course
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you