CHAPTER 2 F4
DAYA DAN GERAKAN I FORCE AND MOTION
Gerakan Linear | Linear Motion
Jarak | Distance
Jumlah panjang laluan | The total path length
Sesaran | Displacement
Jarak dalam arah tertentu | The distance in a specific direction
Laju | Speed
Kadar perubahan jarak atau jarak/masa
The rate of change of distance or distance / time
Halaju | Velocity
Kadar perubahan sesaran atau sesaran/masa
The rate of change of displacement or displacement / time
Pecutan | Acceleration
Kadar perubahan halaju
The rate of change of velocity
Graf Pergerakan Linear | Linear Motion Graphs
1.
Motion graphs / Graf gerakan
(i)
Displacement - Time Graph
In a Displacement-Time Graph, the gradient
of the graph is equal to the velocity.
Graf Sesaran-Masa
Kecerunan graf = dengan halaju.
Velocity - Time Graph
The gradient of the velocity-time
gradient is the acceleration.
The area below the velocity-time graph
gives a value of the object's
displacement.
Graf Halaju-Masa
- Kecerunan graf = Pecutan.
- Luas bawah graf = jarak/sesaran
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Momentum
Momentum hasil darab jisim dengan halaju atau jisim x halaju atau p = mv; m = jisim, v = halaju
Momentum is a product of mass and velocity or mass x velocity or p = mv; m = mass, v = velocity
Unit = kg ms-1
Prinsip Keabadian Momentum | Principle of conservation of momentum
Jumlah momentum sebelum dan selepas sama |The amount of momentum before and after is equal
Kenyal | Elastic
Tak Kenyal | In-Elastic m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v
Letupan | Explosion
m1 v 1 = m2 v2
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- Air di dalam botol ditolak keluar dengan halaju yang
tinggi | Water inside the bottle is pushed out with high
velocity.
- Momentum ke arah bawah dihasilkan | Downward
momentum is produced
- Momentum ke atas dengan magnitud yang sama
dihasilkan | Upward momentum with the same
magnitude is produced
Impuls | Impulse
Perubahan momentum | Change in momentum
Unit = N s | kg ms-1
Daya Impuls | Impulsive Force
Kadar perubahan komentum | The rate of change of momentum
Unit = N | kg ms-2
mv – mu = perubahan momentum | change in momentum
t = masa perlanggaran | time of impact
𝟏
F  ; semakin kecil t semakin besar daya | the smaller the t the bigger the force
𝒕
Idea daya impuls
- Tangan tersebut digerakkan pada halaju yang tinggi | The hand is moved at high
velocity.
- Tangan diberhentikan serta merta | Hand is stop immediately.
- Masa tindakan adalah singkat | Time of impact is shorter.
- Menghasilkan daya impuls yang besar | Produce large impulsive force.
Idea Impuls
- Masa sentuhan bertambah | time of contact
increases.
- FT bertambah | Ft increases
- Ft = mv – mu bertambah @ perubahan momentum
bertambah | change in momentum icreases.
- Laju bertambah | speed increases @ lebih jauh | go
further | memecut |accelerate
Kaedah menggurangkan daya impuls | Ways to reduce impulse force
(a) Tilam yg tebal akan memanjangkan masa pelanggaran pada pendaratan, dengan itu mengurangkan daya
impuls yang terhasil | Thick mattress will lengthen the time impact on landing, thus reducing the resultant impulsive
force.
(b) Pemain bola keranjang bergerak ke belakang apabila menangkap bola. Oleh itu, memanjangkan masa
perlanggaran dan mengurangkan daya impuls yang bertindak ke atas tapak tangannya | Basketball player moves
his hand backwards when catching the ball. Thus, prolong the time of impact and reduce the impulsive force acting on his
palm.
(c) Penerjun paying terjun membungkuk kakinya untuk memanjangkan masa pelanggaran. Ini mengurangkan
daya impuls yang bertindak di atas kakinya | The parachutist bends his legs to lengthen the time of
impact/collision. This reduces the impulsive force acting on his legs.
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CHAPTER 3 F4
KEGRAVITIAN | GRAVITATION
Daya gravity | Gravitational force
Daya yang bertindak antara mana-mana dua jasad dalam alam semesta.
Force that acts between two bodies in the universe.
Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton | Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Daya graviti antara dua jasad yang berkadar terus dengan hasil darab jisim kedua-dua jasad dan berkadar
songsang dengan kuasa dua jarak di antara pusat dua jasad.
Gravitational force between two bodies that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of both bodies
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of the two bodies.
G = Pemalar kegravitian semesta | Universal gravitational constant
(6.67 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2)
m1 = jisim bagi jasad pertama | mass of first object
m2 = jisim bagi jasad kedua | mass of second object
r = jarak antara pusat bumi dengan pusat objek | distance between
center of the Earth and centre of object
Pecutan Graviti | Gravitational Acceleration, g
G = Pemalar kegravitian semesta | Universal
gravitational constant (6.67 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2)
M = Jisim Bumi | mass of the Earth
m = jisim objek | mass of object
r = jarak antara pusat bumi dengan pusat objek |
distance between center of the Earth and centre of
object
R = jejari bumi | Earth radius
h = = ketinggian dari permukaan bumi | height form
surface of earth
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Semakin jauh daripada permukaan Bumi, pecutan graviti, g semakin kecil.
The further from the Earth's surface, the smaller is the gravitational acceleration, g.
Hukum Kepler Ketiga | Kepler's Third Law (Law of Periods)
Kuasa dua tempoh orbit planet adalah berkadar terus dengan kuasa tiga jejari orbitnya.
The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit.
T2 ∝ r3
T = tempoh orbit planet | orbital period of a planet
r = jejari orbit | radius of orbit
Satelit Buatan Manusia | Man-Made Satellites
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Halaju Lepas | Escape Velocity
Halaju minimum yang diperlukan oleh satu objek di permukaan Bumi untuk mengatasi daya graviti dan terlepas
ke angkasa lepas.
Minimum velocity required by an object on the Earth's surface to overcome the gravitational force and escape to
outer space.
Perbandingan antara satelit geopegun dan satelit bukan geopegun
Comparison between geostationary satellites and non-geostationary satellites
Satelit Geopegun | Geostationary
Satelit Bukan Geopegun | Non-Geostationary
Arah gerakan sama dengan arah putaran Bumi
Direction of motion same as the direction of Earth
rotation
Arah gerakan tidak perlu sama dengan arah putaran
Bumi
Direction of motion need not be the same as the
direction of Earth rotation
T lebih pendek atau lebih panjang daripada 24 jam | T is
shorter or longer than 24 hours
Berada di atas tempat yang berubah-ubah di muka Bumi
Above different geographical location
Pengimejan Bumi Earth imaging
GPS
Kaji cuaca Weather forecast
TiungSAT
RazakSAT
Pipit
ISS
T = 24 jam | 24 hours
Berada di atas tempat yang sama di muka
Bumi Above the same geographical location
Satelit komunikasi
Communication satellite
MEASAT
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CHAPTER 4 F4
HABA | HEAT
Keseimbangan Terma | Thermal Equilibrium
(i)
kedua-dua objek mencapai suhu akhir yang sama
both reach the same final temperature
(ii) pemindahan bersih haba ialah sifar
the net heat transfer becomes zero
Muatan Haba Tentu | Specific Heat Capacity
Haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu sebanyak 1 0C bagi 1 kg bahan.
The heat required to raise the temperature by 1 0C for 1 kg of material.
Unit = J kg–1 °C–1
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Penerangan menggunakan teori kinetik jirim: Explanation using kinetic theory of matter:
(i) Apabila bahan menyerap haba, getaran molekul sangat kuat. When a substance absorbs heat, the vibrations
of molecules are strong.
(ii) Molekul bergerak dengan laju yang lebih tinggi. Molecules move with a higher speed.
(iii) Tenaga kinetik molekul meningkat. The kinetic energy of the molecules increases.
(iv) Suhu bahan tersebut meningkat. The temperature of the substance increases.
(v) Keadaan fizikal bahan tidak berubah. The physical state of matter is unchanged.
*Muatan Haba Tentu Tinggi – lambat panas / menyerap banyak tenaga
*High specific heat capacity = heat up slower / absorbed more energy
*Muatan haba tentu rendah – cepat panas / cepat sejuk
*Low specific heat capacity = heat up faster / cold down faster
Aplikasi muatan haba tentu | Application of specific heat capacity
Sistem radiator kereta | Car radiator system
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Bayu laut | Sea breeze
Bayu darat | Land breeze
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Lengkung Pemanasan | Heating Curve
Takat Lebur | Melting point - Suhu pepejal menjadi cecair | Temperature solid becomes to liquid
Takat Didih | Boiling point - Suhu cecair menjadi gas | The temperature liquid to gas
Hukum Boyle | Boyle’s Law
Tekanan gas (P) berkadar songsang dengan isi padu gas ( V)
Gas pressure (P) is inversely proportional to the gas volume (V)
Apabila kadar perlanggaran antara molekul gas dengan
dinding bekas bertambah, tekanan gas juga bertambah.
When the rate of collisions between gas molecules and
the walls of the container increases, the gas pressure also
increases.
1
P
𝑣
(Requirement: Temperature in constant)
P berkadar terus dengan 1/V
P is directly proportional 1/V
P berkadar songsang dengan V
P is inversely proportional to V
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Hukum Charles | Charles’ Law
Isi padu gas ( V) adalah berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak gas ( T)
Volume of gas (V) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of gas (T)
VT
(Requirement: Pressure is constant)
T = Temperature MUST be in K (Kelvin)
V berubah secara linear
dengan 
V varies linearly with 
V berkadar terus dengan T
V is directly proportional to T
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Tekanan gas (P) berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak gas (T).
Pressure of gas (P) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of gas (T).
PT
(Requirement: Volume is constant)
T = Temperature MUST be in K (Kelvin)
P berubah secara linear
dengan 
P varies linearly with 
P berkadar terus dengan T
P is directly proportional to T
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Absolute Zero | Suhu Sifat Mutlak
Suhu terendah di mana tekanan dan tenaga kinetik molekul gas adalah sifar.
The lowest temperature in which the pressure and the kinetic energy of gas molecules are zero.
Universal Gas Law
CHAPTER 5 F4
GELOMBANG | WAVES
Pelembapan | Damping
Kehilangan tenaga dari sistem berayun ke persekitaran dalam bentuk tenaga haba.
Energy loss from an oscillating system to the surrounding in the form of heat energy.
Frekuensi Asli | Natural frequency
Frekuensi di mana sistem berayun bergetar apabila tiada daya luaran digunakan.
The frequency in which an oscillating system vibrates when no external force is applied.
Resonans | Resonance
Sistem dipaksa bergetar pada frekuensi yang sama dengan frekuensi aslinya yang disebabkan oleh daya luar.
System is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its natural frequency by an external force.
Berayun pada amplitud yang maksimum.
Oscillate at its maximum amplitude.
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Pantulan Gelombang | Reflection Of Waves
Pembelauan | Diffraction
Penyebaran gelombang apabila mereka bergerak melalui celahan atau halangan.
The spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or round an obstacle.
Interferens Gelombang | Interference of Waves
Fenomena di mana dua set gelombang koheren bertemu / bergabung | The phenomena in which two sets of
coherent waves meet / combine
Koheren | Coherent wave
Sama frekuensi dan fasa yang sama | Same frequency and same phase.
Prinsip superposisi | The principle of superposition.
Apabila dua gelombang merambat serentak dan bertindih pada satu titik, sesaran paduan ialah hasil tambah
sesaran individu bagi kedua-dua gelombang.
When two waves move simultaneously and coincide at a point, the resultant displacement is the sum of the
individual displacements of the two waves.
Interferens membina | Constructive interference
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Interferens memusnah | Destructive interference
`
Gelombang Elektromagnet | Electromagnetic Waves
Ciri-ciri Gelombang Elektromagnet | Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves
Komponen medan magnet dan medan elektrik | The magnetic field and electric field components.
Boleh merambat pada kelajuan cahaya dalam vakum | Can travel through a vacuum at the speed of light.
Neutral elektrik | Electrically neutral.
Tidak memerlukan medium untuk perambatan | Do not require a medium for propagation.
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Jenis gelombang | Types of waves
Gelombang radio
Radio wave
Gelombang mikro
Microwave
Sinaran inframerah
Infrared ray
Cahaya nampak
Visible light
Sinar ultraungu
Ultraviolet ray
Sinar-X
X-rays
Aplikasi | Application
-
Sinar gama
Gamma ray
(a)
(b)
-
Komunikasi radio jarak jauh Long distance radio communication
Penyiaran (TV dan radio) Radio and TV broadcasting
Komunikasi tanpa wayar Wireless communication
Satelit komunikasi / Communication satellites
Radar pesawat / Plane radar
Memasak menggunakan ketuhar gelombang mikro Cooking by
using a microwave oven
Pemerangkap laju / Speed trap
Memasak / Cooking
Alat kawalan jauh / Remote control
Kamera keselamatan / Security camera
Penglihatan / For vision
Fotografi / Photography
Fotosintesis / Photosynthesis
Mengesan wang kertas palsu / Detecting authenticity of
currency notes
Penulenan air minuman / Purification of drinking water
Pensterilan alat perubatan / Sterilising medical instrument
Mengesan keretakan tulang atau organ dalaman / To detect
fractures bones or internal organs
Mengimbas barang di lapangan terbang / To scan baggages at
airport
Rawatan kanser / Cancer treatment
Pensterilan alat perubatan / Sterilising medical instruments
Mengesan kebocoran paip / To detect pipe leakage
In broadcasting, radio wave is used in communication for domestic area.
Explain why radio waves is better than sound wave for communication.
Dalam bidang penyiaran, gelombang radio digunakan dalam komunikasi untuk kawasan
setempat. Terangkan mengapa gelombang radio adalah lebih baik daripada gelombang
bunyi untuk telekomunikasi.
[4 marks/4 markah]
Diagram 3.4 shows a communication system involved in transmitting information between two distant
locations
Rajah 3.4 menunjukkan satu sistem komunikasi yang terlibat dalam penghantaran maklumat antara dua
lokasi yang jauh.
Diagram 3.4/Rajah 3.4
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Wave is transmitted from the transmitter and received by the receiver. However the signal
received is not clear.
You are required to give some suggestions to design a communication system which can improve
the quality of signal transmission.
Gelombang dipancarkan dari pemancar dan diterima oleh penerima tersebut. Walau
bagaimanapun isyarat yang diterima tidak jelas.
Anda dikehendaki memberi beberapa cadangan untuk mereka bentuk satu sistem komunikasi yang
dapat menambahbaik kualiti penghantaran isyarat.
Using the knowledge on waves, explain your suggestions based on the following aspects:
Menggunakan pengetahuan tentang gelombang, terangkan cadangan anda berdasarkan aspekaspek berikut:
(i)
Type of wave transmitted
Jenis gelombang yang dipancarkan
(ii)
Frequency of the wave
Frekuensi gelombang
(iii)
Diameter of the receiver
Diameter penerima
(iv)
The method involved which enable the wave to propagate in longer distance
Kaedah yang terlibat yang membolehkan gelombang itu merambat dalam jarak yang lebih jauh
(v)
Location of the transmitter and receiver
Lokasi pemancar dan penerima
[10 marks/10 markah]
2.
Diagram 12.2 shows a radar system at an airport. Signals are transmitted form the radar system to
determine the position of an aeroplane.
Rajah 12.2 menunjukkan sebuah system radar disebuah lapangan terbang. Isyarat dihantar dari system
radar untuk menetukan kedudkan kapal terbang.
Diagram 12.2 / Rajah 12.2
Table 12.3 shows the specifications of four radar system, K, L, M and N, that can be used to determine
the position of an aeroplane.
Jadual 12.3 menunjukkan spesifikasi empat system radarn K, L, M dan N, yang boleh digunakan untuk
menentukan kedudukan kapal terbang.
Radar system
Sistem radar
Diameter of the
parabolic dics/m
Diameter piring
parabola/m
K
L
M
N
10
5
7
12
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Distance of the signal
receiver from the centre
of the parabolic disc.
Jarak penerima isyarat
dari pusat piring
parabola
Types of wave
transmitted
Jenis gelombang yang
dipancar
Height of the parabolic
disc from the ground.
Ketinggian piring
parabola dari bumi.
3.
Same as the
focal length
Sama dengan
panjang fokus
Less than the
focal length
Kurang
daripada
panjang fokus
Same as the
focal length
Sama dengan
panjang fokus
Less than the
focal length
Kurang
daripada
panjang focus
Microwave
Gelombang
mikro
Microwave
Gelombang
mikro
Radiowave
Gelombang
radio
Radiowave
Gelombang
radio
High
Tinggi
Low
Rendah
Low
Rendah
High
Tinggi
Table 12.1 shows the characteristics of the retaining wall to build at a safe harbour. You are assigned to
choose the safest retaining wall for the marina to keep the boats. The wall characteristics are based on the
following aspects :
Jadual 12. 1 menunjukkan ciri-ciri tembok penahan untuk dibina di sebuah jeti yang selamat. Anda ditugaskan
untuk memilih tembok penahan yang selamat supaya dapat melabuhkan bot-bot. Ciri-ciri tembok adalah
berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut:

The location to keep the boat
Lokasi untuk melabuhkan bot

Material used for the retaining wall
Bahan yang digunakan untuk membina tembok penahan

The height of the retaining wall
Ketinggian tembok penahan

Size of gap
Saiz bukaan
Type of
retaining wall
Jenis tembok
penahan
Location
retaining wall
Lokasi tembok
penahan
Material used
build the retaining
wall
Bahan yang
digunakan untuk
membina tembok
Height retaining
wall
Ketinggian tembok
Size of gap
Saiz bukaan
P
Bay/Teluk
Concerete/Konkrit
Low/Rendah
Big/Besar
Q
Cape/Tanjung
Wood/Kayu
Loe/Rendah
Small/Kecil
R
Bay/Teluk
Concrete/Konkrit
High/Tinggi
Small/Kecil
Table12.1/Jadual 12.1
Explain the best location and the suitability of each characteristic in Table 12.1. Determine the most suitable
retaining wall to be built. Give reasons for your choice.
Terangkan kesesuaian lokasi dan ciri-ciri tembok penahan ombak seperti dalam Jadua/12.1. Tentukan
tembok yang paling sesuai untuk dibina. Berikan sebab-sebab untuk pilihan anda.
[10 marks/10 markah]
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CHAPTER 6 F4
LIGHT & OPTICS
Pembiasan cahaya | Refraction of light
Pembengkokkan arah perambatan cahaya disebabkan oleh perubahan halaju cahaya apabila merambat dari satu
medium ke satu medium lain yang berlainan ketumpatan.
The bending of propagation of light because of change in speed of light when propagate from one medium to
another with different densities.
Indeks biasan | Refractive index, n.
Nisbah laju cahaya di dalam vakum kepada laju cahaya di dalam medium.
The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.
c = laju cahaya dalam vakum / speed of light (in vacuum)
v = laju cahaya dalam medium / speed of light (in medium)
Hukum Snell | Snell’s Law
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
(Requirement: i must be in less dense medium)
Dalam Nyata | Real depth
Jarak objek sebenar dari permukaan medium (contohnya: air, kaca)
The distance of the real object from the surface of a medium (eg: water, glass)
Dalam Ketara | Apparent depth
Jarak imej maya dari permukaan medium (contohnya: air, kaca)
The distance of the virtual image from the surface of the medium (eg: water, glass)
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Kanta | Lens
Objek, O di antara F dan 2F Object,
O between F and 2F
(f < u < 2f )
Objek, O di antara F dan pusat optik
Object, O between F and optical centre
(u < f )
Songsang, Nyata, Diperbesar | Inverted, Real, Magnified
Tegak, Maya, Diperbesar | Upright, Virtual, Magnified
Diperkecil, tegak, maya | Diminished, upright, virtual
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Titik focus | Focus point
Titik di mana sinar caya yg selari menumpu padanya.
The point where the parallel rays of light converge on it.
Panjang focus | Focal length
Jarak di antara titik fokus dengan cermin/kanta.
The distance between the focal point with the mirror/lens.
Maya | Virtual
Tidak boleh dibentuk pada skrin.
Cannot be form on the screen.
Pembesaran Linear, m | Linear Magnification, m
Pembentukan Imej Oleh Cermin Sfera | Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
Rajah sinar bagi cermin cekung / Ray diagrams for
concave mirror
Rajah sinar bagi cermin cembung / Ray diagrams for
convex mirror
Antara F dan C (f < u < 2f )
Between F and C (f < u < 2f)
Lebih jauh dari F ( u > f )
Further than F ( u > f)
Songsang, Nyata, Diperbesar | Inverted, Real,
Magnified
Antara F dan P (u < f )
Between F and P (u < f)
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Tegak, Maya, Diperbesar | Upright, Virtual,
Magnified
Cermin pergigian
Dental mirror
Pemantul
Reflector
Cermin keselamatan dalam bangunan
Security mirror in buildings
Cermin keselamatan jalan
Blind spot mirror
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CHAPTER 1 F5
DAYA & GERAKAN II | FORCE & MOTION II
Daya Paduan | Resultant Force
Daya tunggal gabungan dua atau lebih daya
Single force the combined effect of two or more forces
Objek pegun | An object is at rest
Berat objek, W = Tindak balas normal, R
Weight of object, W = Normal reaction, R
Objek bergerak pada halaju yang seragam
Object move at uniform velocity
Berat objek, W = Tindak balas normal, R
Weight of object, W = Normal reaction, R
Daya tolakan, D = Daya geseran, f
Applied force, D = Frictional force, f
Kekenyalan | Elasticity
Kebolehan bahan itu untuk kembali ke bentuk dan saiz asalnya apabila daya yang dikenakan ke atasnya
dialihkan.
The ability of the material to return to its original shape and size when the force applied to it is removed.
Hukum Hooke | Hooke's Law
Pemanjangan berkadar langsung dengan daya jika daya itu tidak melebihi had kekenyalan bahan itu.
The extension is directly proportional to the force if the force does not exceed the elasticity limit of the
material.
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Kecerunan graf = pemalar spring bagi spring, k.
The gradient of the graph = spring constant of the spring, k.
Luas di bawah graf adalah sama dengan kerja yang dilakukan untuk
memanjangkan spring = tenaga keupayaan elastik
Area under the graph is equal to the work done to extend the spring =
elastic potential energy
Kerja yang dilakukan = Tenaga keupayaan kenyal
Work done = Elastic potiential energy
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kekenyalan | Factors that affect
elasticity
Panjang | Length
Diameter dawai spring | Diameter of spring wire
Diameter spring | Diameter spring
Jenis bahan | Type of material
1.
Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2, shows a spring X when different number of loads located at the end.
Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 9.2, menunjukkan spring X dengan bilangan beban yang berbeza diletakkan di
hujung.
Diagram 6.1/Rajah 6.1 Diagram 6.2/Rajah 6.2
(a)
(b)
(c)
State Hooke’s Law
Nyatakan Hukum Hooke.
Based on Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2, compare the number of loads,, the force acting on the
spring and the extension of the spring.
Relate the number of loads and the force acting on the spring. Then, make a deduction
regarding the relationship between the force on the spring and the extension of the spring.
Berdasarkan Rajah 6.1 dan Rajah 6.2, bandingkan bilangan beban, daya yang bertindak ke
atas spring dan regangan spring. Hubung kaitkan antarabilangan beban dengan daya yang
bertindak ke atas spring. Kemudian, deduksikan hubungan antara daya yang bertindak ke
atas spring dengan regangan spring itu.
[5 marks/5 markah]
When the spring is compressed, its length decreases and return back to its original length
after compressive force is removed due to elasticity property of a material. Based on the
forces between atoms, explain why the spring is elastic.
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23
(d)
Apabila spring dimampatkan, panjangnya akan berkurang dan kembali semula kepada
panjang asal apabila daya mampatan dilepaskan disebabkan oleh sifat kenyal bahan.
Berdasarkan kepada daya-daya antara atom, terangkan mengapa spring bersifat kenyal.
[4 marks/4 markah]
Diagram 6.3 shows a tubular spring scale produced by accompany manufacturing laboratory
apparatus.
Rajah 6.3 menunjukkan sebuah neraca spring bertiub yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah syarikat
pembuat radas makmal.
Diagram 6.3/Rajah 6.3
As the engineer hired by the company, you are required to give some suggestions to improve
the design of the scale so that it can weigh heavier loads and is more marketable.
Sebagai seorang jurutera yang diupah oleh syarikt tersebut, anda diminta member beberapa
cadangan bagi memperbaiki reka cipta neraca tersebut supaya di dapat menimbang beban
yang lebih berat dan mendapat sambutan yang lebih baik di pasaran.
Your design should be based on the following aspects:
Reka cipta anda haruslah berdasarkan aspek-aspek yang berikut:
(i)
The type of spring used
Jenis spring yang digunakan
(ii)
The characteristics of the spring used.
Ciri-ciri spring yang digunakan
(iii)
The type of material used for the tube
Jenis bahan yang digunakan untuk tiub
(iv)
The size or the range of the scale
Saiz dan julat skala
(v)
The material used for the hook
Bahan yang diguanakan untuk cangkuk
[10 marks/10 markah]
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CHAPTER 2 F5
2.1 TEKANAN CECAIR | PRESSURE IN LIQUID
Tekanan | Presure, P
𝐃𝐚𝐲𝐚
𝐅
Daya per luas atau 𝐋𝐮𝐚𝐬 atau P = 𝐀; F =daya, A=luas
Force per area or Force/Area atau P=F/A; F=force, A=area
Tekanan cecair / liquid pressure, P = ρgh
Ketumpatan | Density, ρ
Jisim per isipadu atau jisim / isipadu atau  = m/v; m=jisim, v=isipadu
Mass per volume or mass / volume or  = m / v; m = mass, v = volume
Prinsip Pascal | Pascal’s Principle
Tekanan dipindahkan secara seragam | Pressure is transmited uniformly.
A1h1 = A2h2
-
-
Daya F1, dikenakan pada piston A, tekanan dihasilkan dan disebarkan secara seragam kepada piston B.
Force, F1, is applied to piston A, a pressure is produced and transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid
towards piston B.
Tekanan di X = Tekanan di Y / Pressure at X = Pressure at Y
Menghasilkan daya output, F2 yang mengangkat beban M.
Produce the output force, F2 to lift up load M.
Luas keratan rentas piston A adalah lebih kecil daripada luas keratan rentas piston B untuk menghasilkan
daya output yang besar.
The cross-sectional area of piston A is smaller than that of piston B to produce a large output force.
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Prinsip Archimedes | Archimedes Principles
Daya tujah ke atas sama dengan berat bendalir yang disesarkan.
The thrust force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Density of Iron > Density of water
Aplikasi Prinsip Archimedes | Application of Archimedes’ Principle
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
Simbol Plimsoll pada kapal laut / The Plimsoll symbol on a ship
Kapal selam / Submarine
Belon udara panas / Hot air balloons
Hidrometer / Hydrometer
(a)
Diagram 11.1 shows a hydraulic press that can be used to compress oil palm. The working principle of
the hydraulic press is based on Pascal’s principle.
Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan sebuah penekan hidraulik yang boleh digunakan untuk memampatkan
kelapa sawit. Prinsip kerja bagi penekan hidraulik adalah berdasarkan prinsip Pascal.
Diagram 11.1/Rajah 11.1
(i)
(ii)
State Pascal’s principle.
Nyatakan prinsip Pascal.
Explain how the hydraulic press can be used to prouduce a large force, F2 when a smaller force,
F1, is applied on the small piston of cross-sectional area, A1.
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(b)
(c)
Terangkan bagaimana mesin hidraulik boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan daya yang besar,
F2 apabila daya yang lebih kecil, F1, digunakan pada omboh kecil kawasan keratan rentas, A1.
In a hydraulic press, the cross-sectional area of the piston in the small cylinder is 5 cm2. When a force
80 N is exerted on the small piston, a force of 4 000 N is produced on the large piston.
Dalam sebuah penekan hidraulik, luas keratin rentas bagi omboh dalam silinder kecil ialah 5 cm 2.
Apabila satu daya 80 N dikenakan ke atas omboh kecil, satu daya 4 000 N dihasilkan pada omboh
besar.
(i)
Determine the pressure exerted by the small piston.
Tentukan tekanan yang dikenakan oleh omboh kecil.
(ii) Determine the cross-sectional area, A2, of the large cylinder.
Tentukan luas keratin rentas, A2, bagi silinder besar.
(iii) Calculate how far the small piston has moved downwards if the large piston rises by 3cm.
Hitung berapa jauh omboh kecil bergerak ke bawah jika omboh besar bergerak naik sejauh 3
cm.
An efficient hydraulic brake system is essential in a car for safety purposes.
Diagram 11.2 shows a car hydraulic brake system.
Sistem brek hidraulik yang cekap adalah penting dalam sebuah kereta untuk tujuan keselamatan.
Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan suatu sistem brek hidraulik sebuah kereta.
Diagram 11.2/Rajah 11.2
You are required to investigate the characteristics of the hydraulic brake system as shown in Table 11.
Anda dikehendaki menyiasat cirri-ciri sistem brek hidraulik seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Jadual 11.
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Hydraulic
brake
Brek hidraulik
Type of
brake fluid
Jenis cecair
brek
Compressi
ble
Boleh
dimampat
Incompress
ible
Tidak boleh
dimampat
Compressi
ble
Boleh
dimampat
Incompress
ible
Tidak boleh
dimampat
P
Q
R
S
Boiling point of the
brake fluid
Takat didih bendalir
brek
Ratio
Area of master cylinder
Area of brake cylinder
Nisbah
𝐿𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑘
𝐿𝑢𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑘
Spring constant of
the spring
Pemalar spring bagi
spring
Low
Rendah
3/2
High
Tinggi
High
Tinggi
2/3
Low
Rendah
High
Tinggi
5/1
High
Tinggi
High
Tinggi
1/5
High
Tinggi
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the hydraulic brake system. Determine the most
efficient hydraulic brake to be used in the car brake system.
Give reasons for your choice.
Terangkan kesusaian setiap cirri sistem brek hidraulik. Tentukan brek hidraulik yang paling cekap
untuk digunakan dalam sistem brek sebuah kereta.
Beri sebab-sebab bagi pilihan anda.
2.
Diagram 11.2 / Rajah 11.2
Diagram 11.2 shows a hydraulic jack lifting the front portion of a car.
Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan jek hydraulic sedang menaikkan bahagian depan kereta.
Type of liquid
Jenis cecair
Boiling point / 0C
Takat didih / 0C
K
L
M
N
357
130
100
55
Specific heat
capacity / Jkg-10C-1
Muatan haba
tentu / Jkg-10C-1
40
2500
4200
2200
Density / kgm-3
Ketumpatan /
kgm-3
13600
800
1000
790
Rate of
vaporization
Kadar
Pengewapan
Low / Rendah
Low / Rendah
High / Tinggi
High / Tinggi
Table 11 shows four liquid K, L, M and N with different specifications.
You are required to determine the most suitable liquid that can be used as a hydraulic fluid in the
hydraulic jack.
Study the specifications of all the four liquids from the following aspects:
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Jadual 11 menunjukkan empat jenis cecair K, L, M dan N dengan spesifijasi berbeza. And dikehendaki
untuk menentukan cecair yang paling sesuai yang boleh digunakan sebagai cecair hidraulik dalam jek
hidraulik.
Kaji spesifikasi keempat-empat jenis cecair daripada aspek berikut:
3.
Diagram 3.2/Rajah 3.2
Table 3.1 show the characteristics of four hot air balloons, P, Q, R and S.
Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat biji belon udara panas, P, Q, R dan S.
Hot air balloon
Size of balloon
Material of
Number of
Material of
Belon udara
Saiz belon
envelope
burners
basket
panas
Bahan karung
Bilangan pemanas Bahan bakul
Small
Nylon
Rattan
P
1
Kecil
Nilon
Rotan
Small
Canvas
Steel
Q
1
Kecil
Kanvas
Keluli
Large
Nylon
Rattan
R
2
Besar
Nilon
Rotan
Large
Canvas
Steel
S
2
Besar
Kanvas
Keluli
You are going to enter a hot air balloon competition and wish to choose a balloon that is safe and
can rise up fast.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the balloon and choose the most suitable balloon.
Give reasons for your choice.
Anda akan memasuki satu pertandingan belon udara panas dan bercadang memilih belon yang
selamat dan dapat naik ke atas dengan cepat.
Jelaskan kesesuaian setiap ciri belon dan pilih belon yang paling sesuai.
Berikan sebab-sebab untuk pilihan anda.
An air balloon is made from a bag of a certain material with a mass of 40 kg. Hot air with a
density of 1.0 kgm-3 is then filled into the balloon and its volume becomes 800 m3.
When a load of mass 160 kg is attached to the balloon, it is found that the balloon floats in the
air.
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Sebuah belon udara diperbuat daripada beg satu bahan tertentu yang berjisim 40 kg. Udara
panas yang berketumpatan 1.0 kgm-3 diisi ke dalam belon dan isipadunya menjadi 800 m3.
Apabila beban berjisim 160 kg diikat kepada belon itu, didapati belon itu terapung pegun di
udara.
(i) Calculate the mass of the hot air in the balloon.
Hitung jisim udara panas di dalam belon.
(ii) Calculate the weight of the hot air in the balloon.
Hitung berat udara panas di dalam belon.
(iii) Write an equation that relates all the forces acting on the balloon when it floats. (Ignore air
resistance).
Tulis satu persamaan yang mengaitkan semua daya yang bertindak ke atas belon itu semasa ia
terapung. (Abaikan rintangan udara).
(iv) Calculate the buoyant force of the balloon.
Hitung daya tujah ke atas belon itu.
[5 marks/markah]
CHAPTER 3
ELEKTRIK | ELECTRICITY
Arus Dan Beza Keupayaan | Current And Potential Difference
Arus elektrik | Current, I
Kadar Pengaliran Cas | The rate of charge flow
Medan elektrik | Electric field
Kawasan di mana cas mengalami daya elektrik / tarikan / tolakkan.
The area where the charge is experience electric force
Rintangan | Resistance
Nisbah beza keupayaan, V, terhadap arus, I .
The ratio of potential difference, V, to current, I.
Hukum Ohm | Ohm's law
V  I ; jika suhu malar.
V  I; if the temperature is constant.
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1
Diagram 8.1 shows a metal coated polystyrene ball hung between two metal plates, R and S.
Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan satu bola polisterina bersalut logam digantung antara dua plat logam R dan S.
Diagram 8.1 / Rajah 8.1
The metal plates are connected to an Extra High Tension, E.H.T. supply. A strong electric field between
metal plates Rand S is produced when the switch is on.
Plat-plat logam itu disambung ke bekalan Voltan Lampau Tinggi, VL.T. Satu medan elektrik yang kuat
antara plat logam R dan S dihasilkan apabila suis dihidupkan.
(a)
What is the meaning of electric field?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan medan elektrik?
(b)
When the metal coated polystyrene ball oscillates between the two plates for 3 minutes, 0·3 A of
current flows in the circuit.
Calculate the total charge transfered between the two plates.
Apabila bola polisterina bersalut logam itu berayun antara dua plat selama 3 minit, 0·3 A arus
mengalir dalam litar.
Hitung jumlah cas yang dipindahkan antara dua plat itu.
(c)
The frequency of oscillation of the metal coated polystyrene ball can be increased by using one of
the methods listed in Table 8.1.
Frekuensi ayunan bola polisterina bersalut logam ftu boleh ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan satu
daripada kaedah yang disenaraikan dalam Jadual 8.1.
Mass of the metal coated
Voltage of
polystyrene ball
E.H.T. supply
Jisim bola polisterina
Beza keupayaan
bersalut logam
bekalan V.L. T.
Long
Medium
Low
X
Jauh
Sederhana
Rendah
Medium
High
Medium
Y
Sederhana
Tinggi
Sederhana
Short
Low
High
Z
Dekat
Rendah
Tinggi
Table 8.1 / Jadual 8 .1
Based on Table 8.1, state the suitable method to increase the frequency of oscillation.
Berdasarkan Jadual 8.1, nyatakan kaedah yang sesuai untuk meningkatkan frekuensi ayunan.
(i) Distance between the two plates:
Jarak antara dua plat:
Reason:
Method
Kaedah
Distance betweenthe two
plates
Jarak antara dua plat
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Sebab:
(ii) Mass ofthe metal coated polystyrene ball:
Jisim bola bersalut logam:
Reason:
Sebab:
(d)
(e)
(iii) Voltage of E.H. T. supply:
Beza keupayaan bekalan V.L.T:
Reason:
Sebab:
Based on the answers in 8(c)(i), 8(c)(ii) and 8(c)(iii), choose the most suitable method to increase the
frequency of oscillation.
Berdasarkan jawapan dalam 8(c)(i), 8(c)(ii) dan 8(c)(iii), pilih kaedah yang paling sesuai untuk
meningkatkan frekuensi ayunan.
The nylon thread in Diagram 8.1 is replaced with a copper thread.
Benang nilon di dalam Rajah 8.1 digantikan dengan benang kuprum.
(i)
(ii)
2.
What happen to the motion of the metal coated polystyrene ball?
Apa yang berlaku kepada gerakan bola polisterina bersalut logam itu?
Give a reason for your answer in 8(e)(i).
Beri sebab untukjawapan anda dalam 8(e)(i).
Diagram below shows a candle flame placed between two metal plates, P and Q.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan nyalaan lilin diletakkan di antara dua plat logam, P dan Q.
The metal plates are connected to an Extra High Tension, E.H.T., supply which produces a strong electric field
between P and Q when the switch is on.
Plat-plat logam itu disambungkan kepada sebuah bekalan Voltan Lampau Tinggi, V.L.T., yang menghasilkan
suatu medan elektrik yang kuat antara P dan Q apabila suis dihidupkan.
(a) (i) What is the meaning of electric field?
Apakah maksud medan elektrik?
(ii) What happens to the candle flame when the switch is on?
Apakah yang berlaku kepada nyalaan lilin apabila suis dihidupkan?
Explain your answer.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
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CHAPTER 4
KEELEKTROMAGNETAN | ELECTROMAGNETISM
Arus Aruhan / Induce current
Arus terhasil bila konduktor/dawai memotong fluk magnet
The produce of current when the conductor / wire cuts the magnetic flux
Hukum Lenz | Lenz's Law
Arus aruhan yang terhasil sentiasa mengalir pada arah yang
menentang perubahan fluks magnet yang menghasilkannya.
The induced current always flows in the opposite direction of the
magnetic flux changes that produce it
Hukum Faraday / Faraday's law
Magnitude D.G.E teraruh berkadar langsung kepada kadar
perubahan fluks magnet.
The magnitude induce emf is indirectly proportions to the rate of
change of magnetic flux.
Fleming's right hand rule
Transformer | Transformer
Alat untuk meningkatkan dan menurunkan beza keupayaan arus ulang-alik.
Device to increases and decreases the potential difference of alternating current.
Properties of transmission cables:
Low density — decreases weight
High voltage - overcome high resistance due to length
Larger diameter – low resistance
Low resistance — increases current flow
Low oxidation – does not oxidise easily
High melting point – does not melt easily
Aluminium – cheaper / not corrode easily
Sifat-sifat kabel penghantaran:
Ketumpatan rendah - ringan
Voltan tinggi - mengatasi rintangan tinggi disebabkan panjang
dawai
Diameter lebih besar - rintangan rendah
Rintangan rendah - meningkatkan aliran semasa
Pengoksidaan rendah - tidak mudah dioksidakan
Titik lebur yang tinggi - tidak mudah dicairkan
Aluminium - lebih murah / tidak terkakis dengan mudah
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Input And Output of a Transformer
Power in a Transformer
Power Transmission
2 steps to find the energy/power loss in the cable;
- Find the current in the cable by the equation P = IV
- Find the Power lost in the cable by the equation P = I2R
Transformer Not Ideal because
Reasons
Lost of energy as heat when current pass flow
conductor / Kehilangan tenaga sebagai haba
semasa arus mengalir melalui konduktor.
Leakage of flux / Kebocoran fluks
Lost of energy due to magnetizing &
demagnetising / Kehilangan tenaga akibat
memagnet & nyahmagnet.
eddy current / arus pusar
High resistance / Rintangan tinggi
1.
Solve
Cuprum wire / Wayar kuprum
Wind close / Lilitkan rapat
Use soft iron core / Teras besi lembut
Use laminated soft iron core / Teras besi lembut
berlapis
Use thick copper wire / Wayar kuprum tebal
Diagram 10.3 shows the structure of a bicycle dynamo.
Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan struktur sebuah dynamo basikal.
Explain how the dynamo works to produce current to light up the headlamp of the bicvcle.
Terangkan bagaimana dinamo bekerja bagi menghasilkan arus untuk menyalakan lampu depan basikal.
[4 marks] [4 markah]
Diagram 10.4 shows a model of a step-up transformer. The transformer is not efficient.
Rajah 10.4 menunjukkan sebuah model transformer injak naik. Transformer itu tidak cekap.
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You are required to modify the step-up transformer in Diagram 10.1 to a step-down transformer. Explain
modifications that need to be done to change it into a more efficient transformer. In your explanation,
emphasize aspects of:
Anda dikehendaki untuk mengubah-suai transformer injak naik seperti dalam
Rajah 10.1 kepada transformer injak turun. Terangkan pengubahsuaian yang
perlu dilakukan untuk mengubahnya menjadi transformer yang lebih cekap.
Dalam penerangan anda berikan penekanan kepada aspek-aspek berikut:
Number of turns of primary coil and secondary coil.
Bilangan lilitan gegelung prirner dan gegelung sekunder.
Type of wire of coil used.
Jenis dawai gegelung yang digunakan.
Material and structure of core used.
Bahan dan struktur teras yang dignakan.
Way of winding primary and secondary coils.
Cara lilitan gegelung primer dan gegelung sekunder.
CHAPTER 5
ELEKTRONIK | ELECTRONICS
Thermionic Emission
Elektron yang dibebaskan dari permukaan logam yang dipanaskan.
The emission is the release of electrons from heated metal surface.
Sinar Katod | Cathode Ray
Fast moving electron / High speed electron / Alur electron berhalaju tinggi
Ciri-ciri Sinar Katod | The Characteristic of Cathode Rays
Bercas negative / Negatively charge
Mempunyai halaju, tenaga kinetik dan momentum yang tinggi / Have high velocity, kinetic energy and
momentum
Menyebabkan skrin berpendarfluor bercahaya / Cause fluorescent screen luminous
Dipesongkan oleh medan elektrik dan medan magnet / Deflected by the electric field and magnetic field.
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Diod Semikonduktor | Semiconductor Diode
Function – Current flow in one direction / Rectifier /Arus mengalir dalam satu arah/Rektifier
Diode as Rectifier
Diode as rectifier to change alternating current to direct current.
Diod sbg rectifier utk menukar arus ulang alik kpd arus terus.
Half wave rectification | Rektifikasi gel
separuh
Full wave rectification | Rektifikasi gel penuh
First half cycle, diode is forward biased
// Separuh kitaran pertama, diod
pincang ke depan.
Current flow // Arus mengalir
Second half cycle, diode is reverse
biased // Separuh kitaran kedua, diod
pincang songsang
Current not flow // Arus tidak
mengalir
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Capacitor as Current Smoothing | Perata arus
Kapasitor dicaskan dan simpan tenaga.
Dalam pincang depan, kapasitor dicaskan dan tenaga tersimpan dalam kapasitor.
Dalam pincang songsang, tiada arus mengalir dan kapasitor dicaskan dan tenaga elektrik mengekalkan voltage
pada perintang.
1.
Diagram 4 shows the structure of an electron deflection tube. Through thermionic emission process electrons
are produced.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur sebuah tiub pemesongan elektron. Elektron clihasilkan melalui proses
pancaran term ion.
(a)
(b)
What is the meaning of thermionic emission?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pancaran termion? ]
(i)
Name the structure labelled X.
Namakan bahagian berlabel X.
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(i)
]
On Diagram 4, draw the deflection of the electron beam when switch S is closed.
Pada Rajah 4, lukis pemesongan alter elektron apabila suis S ditutup.
What happens to the deflection of electron beam, if the voltage of the electric field is
increased from 2 kV to 6 kV?
Apakah yamg berlaku kepada pemesongan alur elektron, jika voltan medan elektrik ditambah
daripada 2 kV kepada 6 kV? ]
Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron when it reaches the anode.
(e = 1.6 x 10-19 C)
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(ii)
Hitung tenaga kinetik elektron apabila tiba di anod. (e = 1.6 x 10-19 C) ]
What happens to the kinetic energy in 4(c)(i) when the voltage of the E.H.T 1 is reduced? Give
the reason.
Apakah yang terjadi kepada tenaga kinetik di 4(c)(i) jika voltan V.L.T 1 dikurangkan?
Nyatakan sebab.]
1.
Diagram 2.2 shows the output signal displayed on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO)
when a circuit is connected to an a.c. supply.
Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan isyarat output yang dipaparkan pada skrin osiloskop sinar katod (OSK)
apabila sebuah litar disambungkan kepada bekalan kuasa a.u.
Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2
(i) Explain why the output signal is produced as shown in Diagram 2.2.
Jelaskan mengapa isyarat output dihasilkan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2.
(ii) A capacitor is placed across the output to smooth the current.
Draw the wave form produced.
Explain how a capacitor is used to smooth the current.
Sebuah kapasitor diletakkan merentasi output untuk meratakan arus.
Lukis bentuk gelombang yang dihasilkan.
Jelaskan bagaimana kapasitor digunakan untuk meratakan arus.
CHAPTER 6
FIZIK NUKLEAR | NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Radioactivity - unstable nucleus to form a more stable nucleus | nucleus yang tidak stabil untuk
membentuk nucleus yang stabil.
Decay| Pereputan
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Half-life | Separuh Hayat
Half-life, T1/2 of a radioactive sample is the time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei in the
sample to be reduced to half of its original number.
Separuh hayat, T1/2 adalah masa yang diambil untuk bilangan nukleus mereput menjadi separuh
kepada bilangan asal.
The remain mass of a radioactive substance, N after decay can be
determine by:
Jisim bahan radioaktif, N yang tinggal selepas pereputan boleh
ditentukan dengan:
1.
Diagram 26.1 shows a graph of the activity against time for a radioisotope Q.
Rajah 26.1 menunjukkan suatu graf aktiviti melawan masa untuk suatu radioisotop Q.
Diagram 26.1/Rajah 26.1
(a)
(b)
(i)
What is the meaning of half-life?
Apakah maksud separuh hayat?
(ii) Determine the half-life of radioisotope Q from the graph in Diagram 26.1. Show on the graph.
Tentukan separuh hayat bagi radioisotop Q daripada graf dalam Rajah 26.1. Tunjukkan pada
graf.
The equation below shows the decay of Plutonium (Pu) to Uranium (U) by emitting alpha-particles.
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Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan pereputan Plutonium (Pu) ke Uranium (U) dengan membebaskan
zarah alfa.
a
239
c
94Pu  bU + 2He +
(i)
Energy
Find the values of a, b and c.
Cari nilai a, b dan c.
a: _______________
b: _________________
c: _________________
(ii)
(c)
Name type of the decay?
Namakan jenis reputan?
A paper manufacturing company wants to check the thickness of the paper produced. A radioactive
source and a detector are used to detect the thickness in the machine as shown in Diagram 26.2.
Sebuah syarikat pengeluaran kertas hendak memeriksa ketebalan kertas yang dihasilkannya. Satu
sumber radioaktif dan pengesan digunakan untuk mengesan ketebalan di dalam mesin seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 26.2.
Radioactive source
Sumber radioaktif
Roller
Penggelek
GM tube
Tiub GM
Controller
Pengawal
Diagram 26.2 / Rajah 26.2
Table 26.1 shows the properties of four radioactive sources.
Jadual 26.1 menunjukkan sifat-sifat empat sumber radioaktif.
Source
Type of radiation
Physical state
Sumber
Jenis sinaran
Keadaan Fizikal
Half-life
Separuh hayat
P
Alpha / Alfa
Solid/Pepejal
20 years / 20 tahun
Q
Gamma / Gama
Solid/Pepejal
10 days / 10 hari
R
Beta / Beta
Liquid/Cecair
10 years / 10 tahun
S
Gamma / Gama
Liquid/Cecair
20 minutes / 20 minit
Table 26.1/Jadual 26.1
Based on Table 26.1, state the suitable properties of the radioactive source to control the thickness of
the paper. Give reason for the suitability of the properties.
Berdasarkan pada Jadual 26.1, nyatakan sifat-sifat sumber radioaktif yang sesuai untuk mengawal
ketebalan kertas.
Beri sebab untuk kesesuaian sifat-sifat itu.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Type of radiation/Jenis sinaran
Reason/Sebab
Half-life / Separuh hayat
Reason/Sebab
Physical state/Keadaan fizikal
Reason/Sebab
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(iii)
(d)
2.
Based on the answer in (i) and (ii), determine the most suitable source in Table 26.1 to be used
to control the thickness of the paper.
Berdasarkan pada jawapan di (i) dan (ii), tentukan sumber yang paling sesuai dalam Jadual 26.1
yang akan digunakan untuk mengawal ketebalan kertas.
The half-life of sodium-24 is 15 hours.
Calculate the time taken for the activity of sodium-24 to reduce to 12.5% of its initial value.
Separuh hayat bagi natirum-24 ialah 15 jam.
Hitung masa yang diambil untuk aktiviti natrium-24 berkurang ke 12.5% daripada nilai asalnya.
Diagram 12.1 shows a dinosaur fossil unearthed at an archaological site.
Rajah 12.1 menunjukkan sati fosil dinasoir yang dijumpai di suatu tapak arekologi.
Diagram 12.1/Rajah 12.1
Scientists can estimate the age of the dinosaur fossil by determining the amount of undecayed radioisotope,
carbon-14. Carbon-14 ( 146C) decays by emitting beta particles. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5 730 years.
Para saintis boleh menganggar usia fosil dinasour itu dengan menentukan banyaknya radioisotope, karbon14 yang belum mereput. Karbon-14 ( 146𝐶 ) mereput dengan memancarkan satu zarah beta. Separuh hayat
karbon-14 adalah 5 730 tahun.
(a)
(b)
(c)
What is the meaning of half-life?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan separuh hayat?
Based on the information given above,
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi di atas,
(i)
Write an equation for the decay of a carbon nucleus to become a nitrogen nucleus.
Tuliskan satu persamaan bagi reputan nukleus karbon untuk menjadi nukleus nitrogen.
(i)
Explain the changes that occur in the carbon nucleus during the beta decay.
Terangkan perubahan yang berlaku dalam nukleus karbon semasa reputan beta itu.
(iii) Name one suitable detector that can be used to detect beta particles.
Namakan satu alat pengesan yang boleh digunakan untuk mengesan zarah beta.
The activit of carbon-14 in a living organism is 16 counts per minute. In a sample of dinosaur fossil, it
is found that the current decay rate of carbon-14 is 2 counts per minute.
Aktiviti karbon-14 dalam benda hidup adalah 16 bilangan per minit. Dalam satu sampel fosil dinosaur,
adalah didapati bahawa kadar reputan terkini karbon-14 adalah 2 bilangan per minit.
(i)
Determine the age of the dinosaur fossil.
Tentukan usia fosil dinasour itu.
(ii) During the decay of carbon-14, 2.65 x 10-15 J of energy is released.
Calculate the mass defect.
Semasa reputan karbon-14, 2.65 x 10-15 J tenaga dibebaskan.
Hitung cacat jisim.
[Speed of light in air/ laju cahaya di udara, c = 3.0 x 108 m s-1]
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CHAPTER 7
FIZIK KUANTUM | QUANTUM PHYSICS
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