Learning Module for Flexible Learning System Module 1 to 4 STS 1 (Science, Technology and Society) Prepared by: MALYN I. VILLANUEVA, Ph. D, MPA, Ll. M, Ll. B, AB Political Science Flexible Learning System Learning Module in STS 1 (Science, Technology and Society) Module 1 of 4 Course Title: Science, Technology, and Society No. of Units: 3 units Course Description: The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. Outcomes At the end of the course, the learners should be able to: Knowledge 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nationbuilding 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general Values 1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and the development of the Filipino nation 2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life 3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of society and the environment Skills 1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society 2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards 3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their understanding of climate change Introduction to the Module This is Module 1 of 4 of the course- Science, Technology and Society. This learning module is developed for the flexible learning program of Garcia College of Technology and programmed to run for 4 weeks. This module tackles to find the 4 outcomes on knowledge of the course 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nation-building 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general This module is primarily used at home and it takes advantaged of task-based approach to education and self-paced learning. Success of learning would essentially depend on the collaboration between the instructor and the learner and the communication of the learner to selfdirected learning. It contains the (a) essential notes, (b) suggestions and links to further readings and media, (c) quizzes, (d) activities, (e) reflection pages, (f) written test and (g) task. How to use this module Below is a program or sample learning cycle created by the module developer in using this module. You are highly encouraged to follow the program to increase the success rate in using the module. As this module comes with reading materials and dual flash drive containing learning media, you should study all the required readings and other media cited in the essential notes. You are also encouraged to study supplementary materials provided in the dual flash drive or provided for in the links. It is wise that you review first the outline of the module and the guide questions in each lesson to get an overview of the module. Study thoroughly all relevant readings and media. This will help you create a focus to facilitate answering the quizzes and written test and performing the activities and the task. It is recommended that you complete the lessons so that you can have ample time to prepare for the written test and task performance. Learning Cycle for every module Friday Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Receive Learning Packets Lesson 1 Continuation of Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Continuation of Lesson 2 -Study all --Study all materials - Answer quizzes -Perform activities -Work with peer -Write reflection -Study all materials materials - Answer - Answer quizzes quizzes -Perform -Perform activities activities -Work with -Work with peer peer -Write -Write reflection reflection -Study all materials -Answer quizzes -Perform activities -Work with peer -Write reflection Friday Saturday to Monday Collection Teacher of output checks of outputs Module 1 Teacher writes feedback for Module 1 Tuesday Read Module 1 feedbacks Send Module 1 feedbacks -Answer written test -Perform task For activities that requires writing, write legibly as this will help a lot on how you successfully get ideas across. You can write in extra piece of paper if necessary. Extra sheets of paper should be inserted between pages where the activity can be found. Don’t forget to label this extra sheet with your name and the title of the activity. Make sure to take all quizzes and perform each activity with care and diligence. Some activities may be performed individually while some activities may require collaboration. For collaborative activities, called peer work, your instructor will provide the name and mobile number of the students you will collaborate. The peer work is one of the most essential features of this module and will mean a lot for learning to succeed as we recognized that you can learn better if you share insights and perspectives with another. The peer work may be done through phone calls, video calls or text messaging. If better channels are accessible at the time of the activity such as chat or forum, make use of better channel. If connecting with your designated peer through the most basic means is impossible, try your best to solicit ideas from members of your household on the questions, statements or instructions contained in the peer work. Once you have completed this module, place this module and all required outputs in the learning packet to prepare them for collection. Course Requirements 1. Quizzes 2. Activities 3. Peer Work 4. Reflection 5. Written Test/Prelim Exam 6. Task Performance - 15% - 15% - 10% - 10% -40% -10% Table of Contents Lesson 1- Historical Background and General Concepts, Historical Background, Historical Analysis of the Interdependence of Science in Medieval and Modern Society, Historical Analysis of the Interdependence of Science in the Philippines, Inside ( STS) Science, Technology and Society, The Relationship of Science with Technology, The Effect of Science and Technology to Society, Gadgets that can Cause Radiation, Healthy Compromise on Cell phones, Radiation Brought About by Cell phones, Protect Ourselves from Cell phone Radiation, Bad Effects of these Mobile Phones Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Lesson 2- Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society, Intellectual Revolution, Copernican Intellectual Revolution, Darwinian Intellectual Revolution, Freudian Intellectual Revolution Information Theory as part of Intellectual Revolution, MesoAmerican Intellectual Revolution Asian Intellectual Revolution, Technological Development in Africa Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Quiz (L1) Activities (L1) Reflection (L1) Quiz (L2) Activities (L2) Reflection (L2) Written Test Performance Task Instructions Historical Background and General Concepts Historical Background Historical Analysis of the Interdependence of Science in Medieval and Modern Society Historical Analysis of the Interdependence of Science in the Philippines Inside ( STS) Science, Technology and Society The Relationship of Science with Technology The Effect of Science and Technology to Society Gadgets that can Cause Radiation Healthy Compromise on Cell phones Radiation Brought About by Cell phones Protect Ourselves from Cell phone Radiation Bad Effects of these Mobile Phones Lesson 1 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: defined science and technology; appreciated the importance of science and technology in your life; distinguished between beliefs that are based on superstitions and those that have scientific bases and discussed the steps of the scientific method II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Is science and technology important for the development of a country? Why or why not? 2. Explain the usefulness of technologies to human life. 3. Are there bad effects of technology to us? Explain. IV. Concept Notes Historical Background In the early age, tools made by humans were made of stones, antlers, wood and bones. Fire was also discovered by humans by rubbing two stones or woods. 25,000 to 50,000 before Christ, clothes were worn by humans. The modern era is the so-called Information Age, Digital Age, computer Age or New Media Age. This era is characterized by the shifting of the traditional industry to an economy which is based on information technology. Although the Information age started in the 1970s where personal computers were introduced, it was not really a boom the fact that it can transfer information quickly and freely. In 1977, home computers which are classes of microcomputers entered the market but became common in the 1980’s. Consumers can get these home computers at affordable prices and these are intended for a single non-technical use. Then, on August 6, 1991, the World Wide Web or www was introduced by Tim BernersLee. Berners- Lee is dubbed as the father of the Web. There were other inventors in the tech world such as Vint Cerf and Bob Metcalfe who are dubbed as the father of the Internet and Ethernet, respectively. It was on August 9, 1995 that Netscape initially offered this technology to the public. After this, stocks of Netscape surge which give the company more than $2 billion on the first day of its trading. It is the IPO or the so called ―Input Process Output‖ that became the rite of passage for these technology startups. Comparable to the industrial revolution and agricultural revolution, this digital revolution marks the start of the Information Age. It is in this age that there is widespread use of digital logic circuits together with its technologies such as computers, digital mobile phones and the internet. These innovations of technology have revolutionized the traditional productions and even business techniques. Historical Analysis of the Interdependence of Science in Medieval and Modern Society The degree of influence of astronomy, medicine and natural history from the different sources such as scientific and non scientific texts, archives or even technical literatures have relations to scientific activities. In the field of medicine, Galenism was widespread and popular. This is the reason why medicine has indispensable and invaluable benefit to the society. This is also true to other scientific disciplines such as medical history and astronomy which disciplines are directly related to medicine. Various researches have been done and the focus is on: 1. The political and socio economic context of modern medicine. In the Kingdom of Valencia during the Spanish Catholic Monarch, health care and medical practices have its presence in the 16th and 17thcenturies. 2. Scientific and public activities. The Baroque presentation of medicine and even natural history has popularized scientific ideas during the Spanish Catholic Monarchy. In addition, Baroque representations and images especially of the disease and the sick during the Spanish Catholic Monarchy are made basis for knowing social attitudes. 3. Scientific ideas of doctors, cosmographers and astronomers in the Modern Age. Their roles and spread of knowledge in the 16th and 17thcenturies have made changes in the field of science. 4. The roles of the doctors being experts in different fields especially during the medieval and modern eras. 5. Development of complete studies of a medical historian and doctor Jose Rodrigo Pertegas which are now found in the Catalan and Valencian archives and libraries. 6. The spread of scientific knowledge of the American land and nature and how American plants are introduced in Europe especially on herbaria, the chronicles and medical texts of the Indies have are part of scientific development. Historical Analysis of the Interdependence of Science in the Philippines In the Philippines, the acceptance of STI or Science, Technology and Innovation are the most important elements in the Philippine development. Progressive countries in the world make this STI as the center of the strategy for development. According to survey, our country, positive advancement and developments in STI remain in a low level of innovation. This is due to the weakness of human capital, low expenditures in RD or Research and Development and its weal linkage to STI ecosystem. According to the GII or Global Innovation Index, our country ranked 74th out of 128 economies as far as innovation is concerned. Philippines garnered a score or 31.8 out of 100. This is slight development due to our score of 31.1 in 2015 where the Philippines ranked 83rd out of the 141 economies. Our country ranked fifth from the seven members of the ASEAN or Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The Philippines was ahead of Indonesia (88th) and Cambodia (95th) but behind Singapore which ranked 6th, Malaysia ranked 35th, Thailand ranked 52nd and Vietnam ranked 59th. The weak performance of the STI sector in our country is due to the weak STI culture. This is because of limited public awareness as well as interest in science, technology and innovation. Many sectors in our country do not appreciate, recognize and understand the use of science based information and technology based information in their activities every day. Furthermore, there are also weaknesses in the professional and social culture especially on research culture in various universities and its commercialization from its results. There is also lack of awareness in the research communities, the general public and even on intellectual property rights. There is low level of adoption and application of these technologies among MSMEs or micro, small and medium enterprises and even in other sectors such as fisheries and agriculture. STI are key components to challenges. But our country is not prepared for this because we are investing enough resources in science and technology, research and development, human resource development and even physical infrastructure. Our country even lack technologists and scientists needed for our development. The result is our country suffers from low agricultural and industrial productivity, inefficiency, scientific publications, innovations and patents. Although we have high trained technologists and scientists, our government lacks local investments to hold them. Although these professionals are trained abroad, they are denied in our country due to lack of science and technology innovation. Inside ( STS) Science, Technology and Society The study of STS (Science, Technology and Society) is an integrative investigation of the strong collaboration between scientific advancement with societal forces, and their part in the technological innovations. Science and technology have a growing impact on society because it can make people’s life easy. With this, science had given people the chance to go after their concerns in the society such as education, aesthetics, ethics and justice, creating cultures and improving human conditions. Relationship of Science with Technology Although the purposes and perspective of science and technology are not similar, their relationship is complex and tense. Their impact on the society is obvious and visible. Society can also influence science and technology especially on scientific and technological developments. Effect of Science and Technology to Society Society can be influenced by science through its knowledge and views. The scientific knowledge and the different procedures used by different scientists have great influence on the ways individuals anticipate themselves and other people in the society as well as in the place they live and its environment. Sciences effect on the society is not entirely detrimental or entirely beneficial. Science tests ideas with evidences it gets from the world of nature. Science can guide to the advancement of technology. For individuals, science can help us learn more about health and natural hazards to our environment. On the other hand, technology can affect our environment, the society and its people. This can either have positive or negative impact. The positive impact can be making people’s way of living easy and convenient but there can be negative impact can be addiction to the effect that it can hurt people’s communication skills or the worst is health ramifications like eyestrain, insomnia, hearing loss, neck strain and even increase anxiety as well as depression. Technology can also affect our brain especially the sleep cycles of those persons who use gadgets just for gaming. Gadgets can Cause Radiation There are different gadgets which are out in the market right now. Over use and wrong use of these gadgets can cause radiation. It can result to long term effects on health such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. a. Cell phone Cell phone is a portable cordless device for creating contact list, making calls, setting up voicemail box and texting or calling contacts. This gadget became available in the market in the 1980s. This gadget can have good and bad effect to the users. The different good effects can be through its applications or apps. It can be your global positioning device (GPS), game consoles and even music players. But always remember the bad effects for over use. Cell phone can also be our hand held health coach since there are many apps for improving our health. How? First, our can help us eat better. There are different websites or apps for healthy recipes. This is more convenient in making our cell phones as our food journal. This is more convenient and easy using paper and pen to record diet plans. Second, cell phones can keep us moving by tracking our physical activities. Research shows that apps step counts and distance measurement accurate. They can motivate us with feedback and setting goals. Another thing is that we use cell phones to listen to music and even doing this while having physical exercises. Cell phones can also lower stress especially by downloading and listening to soothing music or even nature sounds. Trying yoga is better because the breathing techniques and the physical movements can help us relax. However, there are bad effects for cell phones. The bad effects are: First, it can cause distraction especially using cell phones while walking outdoors or driving. The result is we pay less attention to our surroundings and we don’t have quick reaction time. So, the result is accident. Second, cell phones can make us anxious especially heavy cell phone users. Students who are heavy cell phone users tend to have lower grades. Third, cell phones can disrupt our sleep especially attending to call alerts, answering calls and text messages at night. These constant alerts can interrupt your sleep. Healthy Compromises of Cellphones This handy gadget is very difficult to disconnect. But too much time using this gadget can cause users physical problems. The following are the healthy compromises of cellphones: 1. Turn off cell phones at night or turn it mute. It is necessary to limit screen time before going to bed. Playing games (like Mobile Legends) or texting or using facebook makes users difficult to relax. 2. Take continuing breaks. Too much use of this gadget can cause users pain especially in fingers or wrists. Eyes became tired from the constant look at the gadgets’ screen. 3. Turn off the sound. Using earphones for listening to music from the gadget especially if the volume is high can cause damage to our sense of hearing. 4. Make a plan for the use of cell phones. Do it only on important matters. Radiation brought about by Cellphones There is a possibility of causing health problems especially certain types of cancer. Cell phones release radio waves or radiofrequency energy. This is a kind of non ionizing radiation derived from cell phones’ antennas. Hence, body tissues near the cp’s antennas can frequently absorb this kind of energy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), radiations coming cell phones have a great possibility of human carcinogens which can greatly damage our DNA and cells and thus can cause burns, cancer or sickness. The primary effect is on the brain where our brain blood vessels die and can lead to seizures. The eyes are greatly affected too because there can be possibility of cataracts due to non ionizing radiation which can be the source of heating. Protecting Ourselves from Cell phone Radiation According to experts, keeping distance from cell phones is very important. It is not necessary that we have to place it in the pockets of our blouses, polos or pants. When calling or accepting calls, we should not hold the cell phones to our ears because it can uncover our salivary glands to Electromagnetic Frequencies (EMFs). It is advisable that we have to use the speaker or headsets. Another thing to remember, we have to turn off our cell phones more often because in this cause no radiation is discharged when the gadget is off. It is recommended by experts that when we sleep, we have to place our cell phones 3 meters away from our body or we can leave the gadget in our chair or couch. It is also important not place the gadget under the pillow while sleeping or charging it overnight under the pillow. Bad Effects of Mobile Phones Although cell phones have good effects; its overuse can give bad effects to the users. The bad effects are: 1. Cell phones can damage our eyes. According to opticians, users who are addicted to these gadgets have increased risks of eye damages. Other gadgets such as tablets, computers and flat screen televisions screens can lead to long term damage. 2. Cell phones can affect user’s health. Too much exposure to these gadgets can damage our DNA and cells to the effect that it can cause sickness, burns or even cancer at the most. This is due to the fact that these gadgets have ionizing radiation which can cause heating—the same with how microwave oven works. 3. Cell phones can affect our brain. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), radiations coming cell phones have a great possibility of human carcinogens which can greatly damage our DNA and cells and thus can cause burns, cancer or sickness. The primary effect is on the brain where our brain blood vessels die and can lead to seizures. The eyes are greatly affected too because there can be possibility of cataracts due to non ionizing radiation which can be the source of heating. 4. Cell phones can cause temporary blindness especially if users check these gadgets at night especially checking these in the dark. b.) Laptops Laptops are compact and portable personal computers with similar capabilities as desktop computers. Laptops discharge heat while in use; and this heat has disastrous effects on our health. Wrong placement of laptops such as placing them on legs while in use can harm our skin. According to experts, it can cause sterility. This is due to electromagnetic radiation discharged by these gadgets. Recent studies of the Fertility and Sterility show that the heat discharged by these gadgets can cause Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) damage. c.) Tablets If cell phones, laptops or tables are connected to the internet thru WiFi, its connectivity can discharged electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation. This simply means that the users are hit by two radiating sources—one from the gadget and the other one from WiFi. d.) Earphones Earphones are electrical devices which are used on the ear in order to receive telephone or radio communications or for the purpose of listening to music etc. or answering to phone calls without other people hearing it. These earphones can also damage our ears especially when we used it with high volumes or using them for so long. The worst result is hearing loss. Therefore, it is a rule that we have to use these MP3 devicesat a maximum level of 60% for 60 minutes in just one day. According to Dr. Froy, using these earphones at a louder volume the shorter would be its duration of use. If you do it in a maximum volume, it is necessary that we have to listen from it for only five minutes in a day. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. Philosophy of Science (Encyclopedia) Scientific Progress, Scientific Revolutions Floridi, Luciano. 2014. The Fourth Revolution, Oxford University Press 2. Video: Stephen Colbert’s interview with Neil Tyson 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch v=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1 4. Youtube: World’s Greatest Inventions (3 minutes) 5. https://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism 6. http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-of -all-of-usscientific-revolution 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8-sT-spd2U 8.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbmZrPWaPKM 9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwyDCHf5iCY Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society Intellectual Revolution Copernican Intellectual Revolution Darwinian Intellectual Revolution Freudian Intellectual Revolution Information Theory as part of Intellectual Revolution MesoAmerican Intellectual Revolution Asian Intellectual Revolution Technological Development in Africa Lesson 2 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 1. articulated ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Is there a possibility that science and technology can transform the community? 2. Give the effects of science to the society. 3. Explain how the intellectual revolution can change the society. IV. Concept Notes Intellectual Revolution Intellectual revolution is time where there is a paradigm shift. It is in this period where scientific beliefs and studies embraced in the early and medieval times were opposed and challenged. This intellectual revolution can transform society by way of critical thinking, creating rules and policies for equal opportunities and for purposes of evaluation. It is considered as a continuing process for the development of the country to the end that society’s needs are later achieved. The joint efforts of great minds and intellectuals can make the world progressive and peaceful. Some of the examples of this intellectual revolution are the study of the orbit of the earth around the sun and the introduction of automobile and other creations/inventions in the society. But since we are in the Digital Age, digital information revolution can become powerful. With the use of technologies, these can make our lives convenient and easy. How? Consumers are already allowed to buy and sell online, order products online and even allow citizens to interact with or complain to the government issues using the internet. Copernican Intellectual Revolution The Copernican Revolution was considered the paradigm shift from Ptolemaic model of heavens to the heliocentric model. The Ptolemaic model describes the universe with a stationary Earth at the center. The heliocentric model describes the Sun at the middle of the Solar System. This is articulated by Nicolaus Copernicus who is a Polish astronomer in the year 1543. . This Copernican Revolution brought dramatic changes that occurred in the universe and how the earth revolves around the Sun as what we learnt in Science. It is for a long time that our perception of the objects in the sky is the ones that revolved everywhere on us and that the earth is the focus of the universe. Darwinian Intellectual Revolution The Darwinian Intellectual Revolution was popularized by Charles Darwin in 1859. This is a revolution centered on scientific and religious spheres. His book has changed the outlook of the people on biology and the fundamental effects on modern religion, science and the other characteristics of the society. The Darwinian revolution is very important in the development of humanist and scientific ideas. It was Charles Darwin who made people conscious that the place they live has evolutionary process especially when the most intelligent and powerful structure of life was discovered on how individuals evolved. This theory as advocated by Charles Darwin as found in his book allows us to see how the various species lived and have died for the reason that another species had succeeded them. Darwin’s theory is important especially in the evolution of men. Charles Darwin has also advocated Social Darwinism which firmly believed in the ―survival of the fittest.‖ This is a theory where individuals became influential in the society because of their inherently better nature. This Social Darwinism theory was used to justify racism, imperialism, social inequality and eugenics at different times in the past one hundred fifty years. However, oppositions to this theory of ―survival of the fittest‖ said that this theory means ―natural selection.‖ Further, oppositions said that this theory is avoided especially by modern biologists because it is misleading. For them, survival is just one of the aspects of selection; hence, not the most important. Freudian Intellectual Revolution Sigmund Freud has important contribution to intellectual revolution being the well known and popular psychologist of the 20th century. He founded the psychoanalysis theory which asserts that human behavior is the outcome of the interplay of the 3 components of the mind which are id, ego and super ego. Freudian psychoanalysis’ theory has influenced the growth of psychotherapy and its different methods of treatment through the century. Freud’s influence in this field continues to be strong even though this theory had been the subject of controversy. Freud’s theory is mainly based on objective observations. The major problem in this theory offers only fact explanations but failed to anticipate traits and behaviors. Information Theory as part of Intellectual Revolution The information theory examines the storage, quantification and communication of the information. In 1948, Claude Shannon (an American electrical engineer, mathematician, and cryptographer) proposed this theory finding the basic limits on the processing of signals and the operations of communication like data compression. MesoAmerican Intellectual Revolution The MesoAmerican intellectual revolution has greatly influenced the civilizations in North America, Central America and South America. In these places, the 4 ancient civilizations are the Maya, the Aztecs, the Olmec and the Inca. These 3 have gained incredible accomplishments in the field of science and engineering for the reason that they have high value for education. This intellectual revolution is very important since this is where agricultural revolution occurred independently. This has gained ground in North America prior to Columbus. The Maya can be included since they have expanded a distinctive writing system and an advanced calendar. The Olmec was the most essential in the MesoAmerican culture. This is due to the governing landowning class that built the significant MesoAmerican civilization. Asian Intellectual Revolution According to Needham, a famous historian, China and the entire Asia continued in the scientific advancement however, they were slower than countries in the west like Europe. First and foremost, there are lots of scientific revolutions that begin in Asia particularly in China. But since Asians are too much concerned about culture and religion, this prevented them from proceeding in the development of science. In addition, Asian countries failed to adopt industrial civilization. In Europe, the capitalists became richer and advanced in science. The other reason why Asia is behind other continents is because is because of scare to face problems. Like for example in the field of shipping industry, China had developed ships but Timur wanted to topple down the government and the government put an end to the creation of ships in order to focus on emerging concerns at that time. Moreover, in the 19th century, China’s economy being the biggest in the world was divided by the European countries to the effect that there is a slow moving scientific revolution in China and the countries in Asia. Scientific Revolution of Middle East The scientific revolution of Middle East has great contribution for great innovations and discoveries. Middle East is rich in innovations and culture even in the past; however, its development faced lag. Education in the Middle East is left behind which makes young people after graduation jobless. Because of this, the government has made great investments in quality scientific researches for innovation and development. For example, Mesopotamia is now advanced in chemistry, algebra, medicine, engineering and astrology. Technological Development in Africa Africa is the continent in the world that used stones as their tools. Stones are common in East Africa as well as in the Sub Saharan Africa. From these stones they were able to make different kinds of tools. In the history of science and technology, Africa has made developments in mathematics, metallurgy, architecture and other arts. In Nairobi, homegrown was developed and there are many big companies in the world have found out that Africa has fertile lands which are necessary for scientific and technological developments. African leaders have promised that their governments have to fund projects on science and technology since this is very important for the country’s economic development but they were not able to give concern for this issue for a long time. In Summit of AU (African Union) leaders in January 2007, they have agreed to allocate 1% of their GNP (Gross National Product) in 2020 for this purpose. Since there are skilled, creative and educated young Africans together with the government’s implementation and investments on science can be of great help to the transformation of the Africa and the improvement of the Africans’ well being. Instruction for Supplementary Material For further readings, see the following references/links: 1. http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings 2. Flowcharts/revival-west/the-age-of-enlightenment 3. http://hti.osu.ed/scientific revolution/lesson plans 4. PowerPoint presentation on the individual scholars and great works 5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLhNP0qp38Q 6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEenvVNAEBE 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5XD1wn7cdI Peer Work (L1) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Is science and technology important for the development of a country? Why or why not? 2. Explain the usefulness of technologies to human life. 3. Are there bad effects of technology to us? Explain. Quiz (L1) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each) 1. Due to the difficulties in keeping up with the information, the role of technology makes it more burdensome for people to be updated with the news. 2. Topics of the news, notwithstanding of its source, hold the same interest levels to all people in walks of life. 3. The presence of technology can help solve problems by helping individuals finished their tasks. 4. The impact of technology to the community is better hygiene and health. 5. Imperfect sitting posture is a negative effect of the technology. 6. Ionizing radiation is the radiation that has been released by cell phones. 7. All cell phones deliver the highest end radiation. 8. Sleepy patterns, change in brain activities, reaction times are some of the better health effects in using cell phones. 9. Radio Frequency (RF) waves can damage DNA. 10. Electromagnetic radiation due to overuse of cell phones decreases the risk of brain cancer and other health problems. Activity (L1) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8-sT-spd2U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbmZrPWaPKM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwyDCHf5iCY Then in not less than 400 words, write your reaction on these 3 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Reflection (L1) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Peer Work (L2) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Is there a possibility that science and technology can transform the community? 2. Give the effects of science to the society. 3. Explain how the intellectual revolution can change the society. _ Quiz (L2) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each) 1. Possession of knowledge by way of observing the nature is the primary basis of scientific revolution. 2. Enlightenment intellectuals do not believe on the progress of the society. 3. Copernican revolution does not replaced the way on how we anticipate the universe. 4. There are two stages of scientific revolutions according to the Darwinian and the Copernican Revolutions. 5. According to Charles Darwin the source and adaptation of organisms presents the domain of science. 6. The serious problem in the intellectual revolution of Sigmund Freud is the clarification of characteristics in which traits and behaviors can be predicted. 7. Mesoamerica is a development of the varied cultural traits and the sharing of the indigenous cultures. 8. Architectural accoutrements and features are the cultural traits of the MesoAmericans. 9. Industrial revolution is the landmark of the Asian revolution. 10. Part of the Africans theory is the belief that the impact of life is the highest value. Activity (L2) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLhNP0qp38Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEenvVNAEBE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5XD1wn7cdI Then in not less than 400 words, write your reaction on these 3 videos. \ Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Reflection (L2) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Performance Task This performance task measures how well you can put together the skills you have learned from Lessons 1 to 2 of this Module. Name Date Score Course and Year Remarks Here are the components of effective learning environment according to Bates (2019) but excluding assessment. the characteristics of the learners and their means of inter-communication the goals for teaching and learning the activities that support learning the resources that are available such as textbooks, technology or learning spaces Perform the following tasks A. Create a learner profile with this mini form Year Level Number of students in class Economic status (monthly family income) B. Goals for teaching and learning Write down set of general learning goals you need to cover in a semester. Write 3 to 5 goals. C. What are the activities that support learning in your class? Write a brief but clear description of the activities. Include activities that parents, teachers and other school staff can do to support learning. Include frequency of the activities if necessary. C. 1. List down technology resources in the class. Be specific with the software and hardware. 2. Draw the layout of your learning space. Position the elements (furniture, technology hardware, doors, windows etc) in a way that learning is maximize in your learning space. Label the elements properly. If you think you need to create differently shaped spaces, you can draw the shape. Work on a draft in a different paper before drawing your final output on this sheet. Rating scale for written goals 4- Excellent 3- Very good The objectives… are developmentally appropriate for the learner are expressed in clear statements are relevant and practical are attainable 2-Adequate 4 1-Poor 3 2 1 4 1-Poor 3 2 1 4 1-Poor 3 2 1 4 1-Poor 3 2 1 Rating scale for activities that support learning 4- Excellent 3- Very good 2-Adequate The activities… are aligned with the goals set by the professor define clearly the role of persons involved in creating a supportive learning environment are time bound and attainable target the different areas that need support Rating scale for technology and resources that support learning environment 4- Excellent 3- Very good The technology… are developmentally appropriate for the learner are easy to use adequately meets the needs of the learner 2-Adequate Rating scale for the learning space layout 4- Excellent 3- Very good 2-Adequate The learning environment’s … space is adequate for the different learning activities availability of technology learning tools/equipment appropriateness of the technology learning tools/equipment ventilation, lighting and consideration of the learner’s safety flow of traffic (The fixtures are arranged in a way that the learner can easily navigate through different working/activity space) Flexible Learning System Learning Module in STS 1 (Science, Technology and Society) Module 2 of 4 Course Title: Science, Technology, and Society No. of Units: 3 units Course Description: The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. Outcomes At the end of the course, the learners should be able to: Knowledge 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nationbuilding 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general Values 1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and the development of the Filipino nation 2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life 3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of society and the environment Skills 1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society 2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards 3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their understanding of climate change Introduction to the Module This is Module 2 of 4 of the course- Science, Technology and Society. This learning module is developed for the flexible learning program of Garcia College of Technology and programmed to run for 4 weeks. This module tackles to find the 3 outcomes on skills of the course 1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society 2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards 3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their understanding of climate change This module is primarily used at home and it takes advantaged of task-based approach to education and self-paced learning. Success of learning would essentially depend on the collaboration between the instructor and the learner and the communication of the learner to selfdirected learning. It contains the (a) essential notes, (b) suggestions and links to further readings and media, (c) quizzes, (d) activities, (e) reflection pages, (f) written test and (g) task. Course Requirements 1. Quizzes 2. Activities 3. Peer Work 4. Reflection 5. Written Test/Midterm Exam 6. Task Performance 7. Prelim Grade - 10% - 10% - 10% - 10% - 30% - 10% - 20% Table of Contents Lesson 1- Filipino Invention s and Discoveries, Medical Incubator, Erythromycin, Anticancer Cream, Mole Remover, Diwata 1 and 2 Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Lesson 2- Science and Technology in National Development, Major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building, Technological change creating a new global economy, Contribution of Science to the Society, Initiatives, LiDAR—Light Detection and Ranging, DOST Research and Development Agenda (2017-2022), Science and Technology as Key Drivers to Economic Growth, Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Peer Work (L1) Quiz (L1) Activity (L1) Reflection (L1) Peer Work ( L2) Quiz (L2) Activity (L2) Reflection (L2) Written Test Performance Task Filipino Inventions and Discoveries Medical Incubator Erythromycin Anticancer Cream Mole Remover Diwata 1 and 2 Lesson 1 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 1. appreciated the Filipino inventions 2. identified the actual science and technological developments 3. appraised the impact of the Filipino inventions to the Philippine development. II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Explain the effect of the development of science to the society. 2. Explain the effect of the technological development to the society. 3. Can science and technology offer solutions to the county’s problem? IV. Concept Notes Filipino Inventions and Discoveries There are many who are considered the greatest Filipino inventors in their respective times. We have our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, who is considered the greatest patriot in the Philippines because of his uniqueness and ingenuity. Even though there is the lack of support by the government of the Philippines, still these Filipinos pursued with their inventions and they have made great contribution to our society. These Filipino discoveries faced disputes and controversies as far as the authenticity or genuineness of their inventions are concerned. Medical Incubator Dr. Fe Del Mundo invented the medical incubator and jaundice or icterus relieving device. This incubator as 2 laundry baskets which are native and these are of different sizes where one basket is placed over the other. In between the two baskets are bottles containing hot water for the purpose of providing warmth. Over the overlapping baskets, there is a makeshift hood in order that oxygen can circulate within. Dr. Del Mundo invented this medical incubator in order tor3egulate the temperature of new born babies in the rural areas where at that time there is no electricity yet. Del Mundo is a graduate of Harvard University School of Medicine. Erythromycin Erythromycin is an antibiotics used as a substitute to penicillin. This medicine can cure infections without considering the side effects of many antibiotics. This is acquired from the bacterium Streptomyces erythreus. It was Dr. AbelardoAguilar, an Ilonggo, who in the year 1949 discovered a strain using the soil from Iloilo. But when he sent this strain to be separated to Eli Lilli Company, Aguilar’s employer in the US, a drug company owned by an Indian produced it without even giving credit to Aguilar for this outstanding discovery. Anticancer Cream Anti-cancer cream with this brand name ―DeBCC‖ was invented by Rolando delaCruz. This cream was made of cashew nuts and local herbs. This cream can treat BSC or basal skin carcinoma which is considered as the widespread skin cancer worldwide. Dela Cruz entered this invention in an International Inventor’s Forum in November, 2005 and out of the 1,500 entries, this ―DeBCC‖ was chosen as the most significant invention. Mole Remover Mole Remover is another invention of Rolando dela Cruz. He developed this in 2000 from the extract of cashew nuts or Annacardium occidentale. This mole remover can remove deeply grown warts or moles from the skin without hurting the patient or leaving any marks. Diwata 1 and 2 The first Philippine micro-satellite is Diwata 1. This was designed and built by Filipino engineers from the Department of Science and Technology/Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST/ASTI) and the University of the Philippines. These engineers were dubbed as the Magnificent 9 ( From the Tohoko team-Julian Marvick Oliveros, Ariston N. Gonzales, Brian Paler (ASTI), John Leur Labrador, Gerwin Guba (ASTI) and Juan Paolo Espiritu and the Hokkaido Team: Kaye Kristine Vergel, Delburg Mitchao, Benjamin Magallon. They developed and produced Diwata 1 with the collaboration of the engineers and scientist from Hokkaido University and Tohoko University both in Japan. The team coming from Tohoku University was in charge of developing the Diwata 1 bus, from mechanical to electrical aspects, vibration, thermal, off gas, fit check test and many more. The team coming from the Hokkaido University was in charge of the payload of this microsatellite and this includes the selection as well as the calibration of the optical sensors in order to conform to the missions of science. This optical sensor can measure the substantial quantity of the light and its translation to a readable form by the instrument. This team from Hokkaido University selects the process of raw data coming from the sensor towards the end products which are considered high level. Teams from both universities have their involvement not only in the design but also the operational details of the stations in the ground for controlling this micro- satellite and the receiving of data. These teams are in charge of the continuous test of its features, sensors and optimization of software of the satellite. This micro-satellite is with a mass of 50 kg, with a size of 55 cm x 35 cm x55 cm and solar panels which are face mounted for the purpose of providing power necessary for the operation of this spacecraft. Therefore, it falls under the category of micro-satellite. As far as its use is concerned, it is intended and considered as a satellite for observing the earth particularly the Philippine ground underground, water and underwater. This was launched on March 23, 2016 to the International Space Station. On April 27, 2016, this micro-satellite was deployed by the ISS (International Space Station) into the orbit. This microsatellite can get photos of the natural disasters and enables PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) of the DOST in making accurate forecasts and monitoring of the weather conditions which is very crucial to the Philippine agriculture. The data coming from this micro-satellite are used in the prediction of the maximum weather system in the Philippines. One of the goals of this program is to take precedence in the development of the aerospace industries and the local electronics that would supplement the satellite building industries. In addition, this micro-satellite can send into space weather forecasting, disaster management programs, fisheries, agriculture, mining, forest protection as well as protection of our historical and cultural sites. The other objectives of this micro-satellite program are to observe the Earth, develop human resources and monitor the climate conditions. This micro-satellite can provide the real time, high resolution and multi color infrared images for different applications and that includes meteorological imaging, measurement of ocean and crop production and high resolution imaging of the man-made and natural features in our country. Moreover, this satellite can make an exact estimate of the Philippine agricultural and fishery production, provides images of floodplains and watersheds to know the availability of water needed for irrigation and domestic consumption. This satellite can also feed exact information on the degradation and disturbances both in the upland and forest areas in the country. Philippines has 2 satellites before (Agila 1 and Agila 2 which was named later as ABS 3); however, this was not Filipino owned. This means that our government gets the services of foreign countries for taking images from the satellite. Due to the after effect of typhoon Yolanda that hits the Philippines, this PHL-Microsat program was created. On October 29, 2018, Diwata 2 otherwise known as Diwata 2B was launched in the outer space. This is the second satellite after Diwata 1. Unlike Diwata 1, this Diwata 2 or 2B has an advantageous radio communication technology since it carries an amateur radio payload especially for disaster relief. This Diwata 2 can monitor the following: scope of disaster damages, cultural and natural heritage and vegetation. It also helps forecast weather, observe patterns of clouds and other weather disturbances. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. Philosophy of Science (Encyclopedia) Scientific Progress, Scientific Revolutions Floridi, Luciano. 2014. The Fourth Revolution, Oxford University Press 2. Video: Stephen Colbert’s interview with Neil Tyson 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch v=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1 4. Youtube: World’s Greatest Inventions (3 minutes) 5. https://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism 6. http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-of -all-of-usscientific-revolution 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSe3Oi3ZU4I&t=13s 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qs64bdrHrVw 9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ku_O8iWhH7w Science and Technology in National Development Major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building Technological change creating a new global economy Contribution of Science to the Society Initiatives LiDAR—Light Detection and Ranging DOST Research and Development Agenda (2017-2022) Science and Technology as Key Drivers to Economic Growth Lesson 2 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 1. articulated ways by which society is transformed by science and technology. 2. explained that the key to future progress for mankind lies in the realization of ―science and technology for society, and in society.‖ 3. examined from the viewpoint of science and technology for society. II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Explain the important role of science and technology to the development of the country. 2. Can you consider science and technology as engine for the economic growth of the country? Explain. 3. In what way can science and technology aid in the world’s economy? IV. Concept Notes Science and Technology in National Development There is development when advancement occurs. To have a successful economy in the country, there must be pursuit for knowing the country’s economy wherein science and technology as well as engineering are the basic requirements. Without developing science and technology, development of the country’s economy is slight; therefore, the country can be classified as under developed country. Modernity and rapid development are always associated with science and technology. The flow of different modern gadgets, modern equipments in medicine, aviation, infrastructure, information technology, electricity among others can be part of modernization. Hence, these are part of the country’s development. Countries nowadays are classified into developed, industrialized, developing and underdeveloped countries and this classification is based on its economy and how science and technology are applied in these countries. With development and improvement of science and technology, it gives positive results such as people’s living is comfortable and easy, diseases can be easily determined and analyzed, sectors in the economy improve such as education, industry, agriculture and communication etc. and the improvement of research, development and its implications. With the proper development of science and technology in the country, the economy also develops and can be considered at the advanced level as what some countries are classified today. Major contributions of science and technology to Philippine nation-building From the Stone Age to Bronze Age down to the Modern Age, we can trace how science and technology develop. Also, when there are inventions in science and technology, the community life can be easily changed. With technological changes and innovations, the work load of the people has been lessened and this can lead to the study of newly applied technologies. While in the field of medical science, its development can contribute more to the prevention and cure of diseases more particularly on promoting cheap medicines and vaccines. Country’s communication has drastic changes due to information technology and the introduction of different gadgets where people even at a far distance can communicate and see each other. Nowadays, several inventions are in the processed of research and study for the purpose of competition. Technological change creating a new global economy The unprecedented and sometimes radical changes brought by the Digital Age have great impact in the society especially in production and how people earn a living. These changes can illustrate the growth of the economy, productivity of the manufacturing industries and employment of the people. Economic growth is very important since it can measure the quality of life and the standard of living of the people. Within a growing economy, every person can get sufficient goods and services; thus, lowering if not eliminating the poverty level in the country. Productivity is the most essential factor in determining the country’s economic growth. But if recession occurs in the country, the economy can be greatly affected to the effect that the country has the inability to give a good standard of living for its citizens. To sum it up, technological changes can improve the efficiency in the process of production and as a result there can be more production. With technological changes, manual labor can be replaced and there is greater possibility of new products introduced and new processed and best practices to be adopted. Contribution of Science to the Society Scientific inventions are brought about by sharp technologies. The best examples are the invention of the micro-satellite, medicines, vaccines and other laboratory equipments used by hospitals and clinical laboratories. Through the micro-satellite, there is already accurate information given on weather forecasting etc. Organic and inorganic/ branded medicines can be manufactured for treating various diseases. Laboratory equipments can be introduced to help medical practitioners easily identify the patients’ sickness and the correct prescription of medicines. Science actually involves the ideas of the human mind and the validity of these ideas can be proved not only through the nature’s language but also the language of men. The GPS or the Global Positioning System is important nowadays. This includes the space based satellites, receivers and computers which can provide information of locations anywhere whether within the country or outside. Originally, this GPS was used by the US military for the purpose of locating their troops especially in the forests and other deserted areas. GPS has great impact to the society. It can change the way of communication of the people. It can help parents track their children. It is also installed as a device in cars and even cell phones to assist people not only in mapping but also directing to their locations. Initiatives In the Philippines, the Department of Science and Technology in cooperation with the Higher Education Institutions and different research institutions had established different advanced facilities to help Research and Development and provide Micro or Small Enterprises and Medium Enterprises gain from the testing services which are needed to quality and quantity production and for them to have competitive advantage. These are: 1. Advanced Device and Materials Testing Laboratories. Its center has advanced equipments for quality control, identification of materials and research and development. This is closely associated to the Electronics Products Development Center which is used for designing, developing and testing software and hardware for different electronic products. 2. high performance computing facility that tests as well as run computationally an in depth application for giving numerical predictions of weather, modeling climate, and analytics and modeling data and archiving. 3. The Genome Center is core facility for the development of therapeutics, health diagnostics, preventive products, DNA forensics and improvement of crop varieties. 4. The drug discovery facilities direct the demand of high quality production and medicine which are globally acceptable. 5. The Nano technology center provides technical services and enables environment for collaborative and interdisciplinary research and development as far as applications of Nano technology are concerned. 6. Radiation processing facilities which are used to graft, degrade, or crosslink, monomers, polymers and chemical compounds for medical, agricultural, industrial and environmental applications. 7. Die and Mold Solutions Center which increases competitiveness of the local die and tool sector through the location of currently imported molds and dies. 8. Intelligent Operation Center Platform which was established between LGU Davao City and the IBM Philippines. This center created a dashboard allowing agencies authorized by the government like fire, police and the anti terrorism task force for using analytics software to monitor operations and events in real time. LiDAR—Light Detection and Ranging Light Detection and Ranging or Li DAR for short is a distant sensing method that is used for examining the earth’s surface. It is composed of a scanner, laser and a GPS receiver. The common platforms for acquiring data from the LiDAR even in broad areas are the helicopters and airplanes. To collect measurement, the LiDAR uses the pulse from the laser and this can create 3D models and maps of the environment and objects. This LiDAR works in the same way as the Sonar and Radar. The only difference is that the LiDAR uses light waves coming from the laser to scan the environment as compared to sound and radio waves of the Sonar and Radar. The information from the LiDAR can those places that need more fertilizer or water so that farmers can save money they spend for their laborers and their time of performing their tasks. This technology can be used during daytime and even during night time. LiDAR technology does not penetrate data that are filtered to the ground but does not penetrate vegetation even though the light is seen from below the shade of a tree. LiDAR is used by the PNP. This technology is considered as the police laser which is accurate in monitoring speed of vehicles; thus, used by traffic enforcement officers. LiDAR can operate by releasing infrared laser light and giving the beam off from the vehicle and back to the gun. LiDAR can detect objects with a 10% reflectivity at the range of 230 meters. DOST Research and Development Agenda (2017-2022) Department of Science and Technology has the annual conference where researchers from different fields like health, industry, agriculture and those in the academic sectors attend. In their 2ndNational Research and Development Conference held in Manila Hotel on February 15, 2017 they have come up with the five year development agenda (from 2017 to 2022). The DOST S4CP or the Science for Change Program gives emphasis on the necessity of collaborative research among the different stakeholders from the government, academe and industry to support the Philippine economic growth. This program or plan includes researches with outputs solving the problems of employment, inequality, economic competitiveness which are essential for the country’s economic growth. Science and Technology as Key Drivers to Economic Growth Science and technology are important agents for a growing economy. We all know that the present administration of President Rodrigo Duterte had faced many problems and issues like drugs, insurgency and criminality, corruption, impact of climate change and the country’s exposure to natural disasters. Other critical and emerging issues are the primary concern of this program or plan and this includes concerns on healthcare, environmental integrity, fisheries, agriculture, food security, oceanography and marine science, weather forecasting and disaster science, climate change space technology application and development and communication and information technology and the internet access for all. From these different issues and concerns of the science and technology agenda of President Duterte, five areas were the priority and these are industrialization, renewable energy, increased in the production of foods, cheaper and faster internet and adaption to climate changes. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. Philosophy of Science (Encyclopedia) Scientific Progress, Scientific Revolutions Floridi, Luciano. 2014. The Fourth Revolution, Oxford University Press 2. Video: Stephen Colbert’s interview with Neil Tyson 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch v=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1 4. Youtube: World’s Greatest Inventions (3 minutes) 5. https://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism 6. http://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-of -all-of-usscientific-revolution 7. Government Documents: NEDA. National Development Agenda; Regional Agenda; Filipino Great Men and Women; Great Filipino Inventions 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYbhNSUnIdU 9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zREAEdXzOcw Peer Work (L1) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Explain the effect of the development of science to the society. 2. Explain the effect of the technological development to the society. 3. Can science and technology offer solutions to the county’s problem? _ Quiz (L1) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each) 1. All inventions must be patented. 2. Dr. Fe del Mundo’s invention had helped rural communities without electricity 3. The invention of Dr. Abelardo Aguilar can cure bacterial infections. 4. Filipinos have collected knowledge and developed science and technology out of necessities. 5. Innovations in technology have been solutions to wrong dissemination of information. 6. Technological solutions which are more visible need supplementation of strategic protection of the pre-existing beliefs. 7. Science and technology have minor contribution to the society. 8. Education can be improved through technological and scientific evolution. 9. Country’s practices can be transformed through the different inventions. 10. With a scientific knowledge there is a possibility that a new technology will come up. Activity (L1) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSe3Oi3ZU4I&t=13s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qs64bdrHrVw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ku_O8iWhH7w Then in not more than 400 words, write your reaction on these 3 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Clarity of Thought 25 points Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Style and Grammar 25 points TOTAL Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Competent Unsatisfactory Demonstrates an adequate Fails to address the understanding of the question or question demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 20 Points 15 Points Answer displays basic Answer lacks clarity, knowledge of the issue may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 20Points 15 Points Presents information fairly Significant problems accurately and concisely, with concision, and may have minor organization, making organization problems the information presented difficult to 20 Points comprehend 15 Points Uses acceptable style and May contain enough grammar (contains one or distracting grammar, a few errors) spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially 20Points incomprehensible 15 Points Score Reflection (L1) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Peer Work (L2) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Explain the important role of science and technology to the development of the country. 2. Can you consider science and technology as engine for the economic growth of the country? Explain. 3. In what way can science and technology aid in the world’s economy? _ Quiz (L2) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each). 1. Technological progress permits efficient and better production of goods and services. 2. The recent shift of open development has evolved in the growth of the business. 3. Technological progress does not affect productivity directly. 4. Scientific and technological developments have primary contributions to the social-cultural and economic life. 5. Science gives man the opportunity to continue societal concerns. 6. Technological progress gives the country a positive economic growth. 7. Scientific developments can contribute to e serious conditions of health. 8. The utilization of technology has made the individual’s everyday life more comfortable for everyone. 9. Cultural differences influenced global communications. 10. Technology is appropriate for scientific knowledge for a practical purpose. Activity (L2) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYbhNSUnIdU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zREAEdXzOcw Then in not more than 400 words, write your reaction on these 2 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Clarity of Thought 25 points Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Style and Grammar 25 points TOTAL Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Competent Unsatisfactory Demonstrates an adequate Fails to address the understanding of the question or question demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 20 Points 15 Points Answer displays basic Answer lacks clarity, knowledge of the issue may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 20Points 15 Points Presents information fairly Significant problems accurately and concisely, with concision, and may have minor organization, making organization problems the information presented difficult to 20 Points comprehend 15 Points Uses acceptable style and May contain enough grammar (contains one or distracting grammar, a few errors) spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially 20Points incomprehensible 15 Points Score Reflection (L2) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? _ 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Written Test This written test covers the underpinning knowledge, concepts and principles learned from Lesson 1 to Lesson 2 of this module Name Year Date Program and Score Remarks Write an essay on the topic state below. Make sure that the essay contains a title, an introduction, a discussion or body and a conclusion. Cite the sources you have used properly using APA 6th edition. For this written exam, use a separate sheet of bond paper (long substance 20). You may also process your work in using a word processor (Microsoft Word, Google Docs, WPS etc.) and store the file in your flash drive. Label the paper properly with your name, your program and year and a ―Written Test M1‖ on the top left corner of the paper. If it is a digital file, the name the file ―Written Test M1.‖ Be guided by the rubric below. Essay Topic: There are many Filipinos who have made remarkable discoveries and inventions. They have accumulated knowledge through their further studies. Make an analysis on these Filipino inventions that you have learned from this module and their contributions to the Philippine economy. Support your discussion with at least 3 related literatures. Document your reference properly. Use APA 6th ed. In formatting your essay and writing the reference list. Essay Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Performance Task This performance task measures how well you can put together the skills you have learned from Lessons 1 to 2 of this Module. Name Date Score Course and Year Remarks Considering the Philippine condition nowadays, what specific invention or scientific advancement or technological advancement that can you suggest solving the economic and social problems in the Philippines today. \Essay Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Flexible Learning System Learning Module in STS 1 (Science, Technology and Society) Module 3 of 4 Course Title: Science, Technology, and Society No. of Units: 3 units Course Description: The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. Outcomes At the end of the course, the learners should be able to: Knowledge 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nationbuilding 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general Values 1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and the development of the Filipino nation 2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life 3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of society and the environment Skills 1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society 2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards 3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their understanding of climate change Introduction to the Module This is Module 3 of 4 of the course- Science, Technology and Society. This learning module is developed for the flexible learning program of Garcia College of Technology and programmed to run for 4 weeks. This module tackles to find the 4 outcomes on knowledge of the course 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nation-building 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general This module is primarily used at home and it takes advantaged of task-based approach to education and self-paced learning. Success of learning would essentially depend on the collaboration between the instructor and the learner and the communication of the learner to selfdirected learning. It contains the (a) essential notes, (b) suggestions and links to further readings and media, (c) quizzes, (d) activities, (e) reflection pages, (f) written test and (g) task. Course Requirements 1. Quizzes 2. Activities 3. Peer Work 4. Reflection 5. Written Test/PreFinal Exam 6. Task Performance 7. Midterm Grade - 10% - 10% - 10% - 10% - 30% - 10% - 20% Table of Contents Lesson 1- Advancing Science, Technology Agenda: Best Option for Philippine Growth, Investment, Lagundi, Research, Manpower, Capital, Patents, Ecosystem, Importance of Science and Technology in our Daily Life Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Lesson 2- The Information Age (Gutenberg to Social Media), Biodiversity and the Healthy Society, Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Peer Work (L1) Quiz (L1) Activity (L1) Reflection (L1) Peer Work ( L2) Quiz (L2) Activity (L2) Reflection (L2) Written Test Performance Task Advancing Science, Technology Agenda: Best Option for Philippine Growth Investment Lagundi Research Manpower Capital Patents Ecosystem Importance of Science and Technology in our Daily Life Lesson 1 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 4. discussed the role of science and technology in Philippine nation building 5. evaluated government policies on science and technology which pertains to science and technology especially on their contributions to nation building 6. identified actual policies of the government on science and technology and appraised their impact to Philippine nation building 7. instilled in their minds and hearts their roles, tasks and responsibilities to nation building. II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Is science and technology agenda very vital to the growth of the Philippine economy? 2. In your opinion, is science and technology necessary for the improvement of business production? 3. Identify 2 areas in your life where science and technology had played an important role. IV. Concept Notes Advancing Science, Technology Agenda: Best Option for Philippine Growth Presently, more or less 60% of the companies in the Philippines are offering trainings for the purpose of improving the skills of their workers/employees. In addition, the Philippine government is making heavy investments in both science and technology developments. These advancements are focused on medicine and health because our country is rich in medicinal herb plantation. Moreover, the government is also concentrating on the developments of education, disaster resiliency, energy and even climate change adaptation. Although in the past administration, our government had been growth resistant especially when it comes to science and technology yet under the administration of Pres. Duterte is pushing to science and technology development. To cite as examples are his Build Build Build Program involving infrastructure projects all over the country, the microsatellites (Diwata 1 and 2) and other related projects. Investment According to the study conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies, there is a weak tie between the past administration and the innovation driven companies and there are low expenditures on R&D or Research and Development. With this, the present administration has a drive to extend efforts reaching out the private sector because the innovation of science and technology has a major role in the country’s social and economic progress and thus the key drivers for the country’s long term economic growth. With technological development, citizens and local companies are greatly benefited and can be updated with the existing technologies. The local companies can improve their productivity in industries, agriculture and even services. In addition, this can lead give local companies the edge to be competitive with their rival multinational or transnational companies doing business in our country. Moreover, new companies and new industries can be possibly created. On the other hand, in the science sector, potential local medicinal or herbal plants are being studies and extracts from these to produce organic medicines had been tested and proven and now out in the different drug stores. Lagundi Vitex negundo or lagundi is one of the medicines that had been challenge by various drug producers or manufacturers prior to its sale in the drug stores. The efficacy of this herbal medicine had been subjected to stringent clinical trials for 20 long years and as a result it is proven to be effective. This is the reason why lagundi capsule is prescribed by our medical practitioners. The agenda on science needs more funding and prioritization so as private drug companies can manufacture and make available these medicines in the market. Research The factor behind the weak execution of the innovation in science and technology are low spending by the government and the private sector on this. There is even low budget and support for research and development. Researches which are directed to industrial and agricultural production as well as technology, care and control of the environment and improvement and protection of the human health are currently studied. Another thing is that studies made by Research and Development are all concentrated within Central Luzon, Calabarzon and the NCR or the National Capital Region. Hardly, you can find studies outside of these areas. There were also studies made on the low college students in bound mobility which refers to the students from the different countries outside of the Philippines who are studying here in the Philippines. This inbound mobility program is important to make students gain new experiences to present interpretations and challenges for students to make them well rounded individuals. The biggest impact to students is the skills and experiences they have to make them fully developed individuals. This inbound mobility program gives personal and long term benefits to the individuals. These students who study in a foreign country can have the following benefits: 1. enjoy the environments in a foreign country 2. know the culture of another country and sometimes follow them 3. easy to know the language because of practical immersion 4. aware and adopt alternative approaches to learning. Manpower Manpower is another indicator to measure the capacity for generating technology. The manpower includes the people in the workforce. In short, it is the labor force or workers or employees. Men and women are included in this term. With manpower, there is productivity for the companies. More manpower means more productivity. If there many in the workforce then the project/s can be easily completed. So, if the company has limited workforce, then there is a great possibility of preventing the company from completing its project/s. Capital Capital is one of the factors that drive the country to economic growth. Aside from capital, the other two factors are the increase in the output of labor and advancement in technology. Improved or additional capital goods can increase productivity of the workforce. So, if labor force is more efficient, there can be increased efficiency in the national level; thus, making the country’s economy growing to the effect that there is also higher Gross National Product (GNP) nationwide. Economic growth can be increased: 1. By reducing foreign borrowings and increasing investment and spending of consumers. 2. By increasing real wages of the employees so that they will have more to spend. 3. By increasing spending on exports of goods and services. Adopting better technology and increasing productivity of the workforce are very important for a higher growth in the country’s economy. We must not forget that investment can help boost the country’s economy. Patents Patent is an intellectual property right of the owner not to copy, use or sell his invention for a certain period of time. Patent is very important for every invention for the purpose of safeguarding it. With patent, the originality of every product, processor design can be protected. In the Philippines, patented inventions are protected for 20 years from the time of the actual date of filing of applications for non Patent Cooperation Treaty or 20 years from the international date of filing applications for Patent Cooperation Treaty. With patent, national industries can grow because they can hold their patents for the purpose of attracting investment overseas and they can develop their products for exportation. Any profit that can be generated here can be used for research and development on industry innovations quickens industrial and commercial growth. With patent, the registered owner has exclusive rights over his inventions, can easily deal with infringers and can easily commercialize the patented product/s. Patent can also encourage economic development of the country and promote changes or innovations. Ecosystem The weak linkage among the players in the science and technology innovation ecosystem is also brought by the weak cooperation and partnership among the actors----- the government and the private sector. There are many higher education institutions through their studies that there is a need for them to collaborate with the different companies on this. However, companies have reported their difficulties on how to convince the higher education institutions due to the latter’s suspicion, resentment or distrust. As a result, these companies ended up with little assistance both from the research institutions and the government. The programs and projects of Research and Development are hampered due to restrictive regulations and can delay the implementations of these programs and projects. Like for example, the procurement processes adopted by the government on the equipments and materials needed for research. With this practice, the procurement of consumables and equipments for research is very slow and complex; thus, decreasing the productivity for research, speed to market of the changes or innovations and the potentials for publication. To add, the grants of the government for research do not remunerate the universities for the faculty members’ salary on their research activities. The last factor that can contribute to the weak performance on the innovation of science and technology is the inadequate infrastructures such as testing and laboratory facilities as well as Research and Development centers. There are many hubs existing today that need to be upgraded so as to make better their services to their stakeholders. Institutions in the public sector failed in providing the young Filipino researchers with equipment package especially those returning to the Philippines after finishing their Ph D studies abroad where they have learned advanced agenda on researches. The main research institutions in our country are concentrated in the Luzon areas. Importance of Science & Technology in our Daily Life Now that we are in the digital age, everything we used is a gift given to us by science and technology. Regardless of what we used whether it is a Smartphone, vehicles, wheel, fan, air conditioner, paper, cloth, toothbrush, microwave, electricity, television, radio, laptops and other gadgets are all the result of the development in science and technology. Hence, these things are very significant to all of us now. In what ways? 1. It can support us saving our money and time. Science gave us the understanding and awareness that why we baked cake or steamed foods, technology has introduced to us the microwave ovens and the steam cookers. 2. In education, there are great contributions of science and technology in the sense that through science we can have the understanding of important matters to study and technology here had made our learning easy because it has provided us with online classes through different platforms, e-libraries, multimedia e-books and many more. 3. Information technology which includes the internet is the best gift technology has given to us. Aside from getting knowledge about science and technology, information technology can make us connected continuously with our family, relatives and friends from different parts of the globe. 4. Through science and technology, life becomes easy because of the different devices for quick cooking, sleeping and fast and easy commutes. 5. Science and technology can also help us a comfortable and better life. The contribution of science on health is accessible to everybody especially our medical practitioners for the prescriptions of the accurate and effective medicines for different chronic diseases. The X-ray machines, scan machines, ultrasound, pacemaker, operation devices etc are very helpful in detecting the illness we have. Easy access online is also helpful such the different health apps, exercises, online doctors and many more that can help us in maintaining and healthy body and having a healthy life. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. Reyes, Francisco (2012). "Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines". Science & Technology in Philippine Society. Manila: UST Publication. 2. Rodriguez, Socorro M. (2016). "The Early Years of Philippine Science and Technology". Philippine science and technology: economic, political and social events shaping their development. Quezon City: Giraffe Books. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9789718967287. 3. Cariño, Virginia S. (2013). "Science and Technology in the Philippines - Past to Present". Philippine science and technology: time for bold moves. Diliman, Quezon City: UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies in cooperation with the University of the Philippines Press. ISBN 978-9718797082. 4. Librero, Aida R. (2010). Technology assessment for agriculture in the Philippines. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Dept. of Science and Technology. 5. Ogena, Ester B.; Brawner, Filma G. (2015). Science Education in the Philippines: Challenges for Development. Science Education Institute, National Academy of Science and Technology, Center for Integrative Development Studies, University of the Philippines. ISBN 978-9718600207. 6. Science, technology, and everyday culture in the Philippines. Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University. 2003. 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jICN2IKKJg&t=17s 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9li8S3L5p2Q The Information Age (Gutenberg to Social Media) Biodiversity and the Healthy Society Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics Lesson 2 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 1. linked learned concepts to the development of the information age and its impact on society 2. illustrated how the social media and the information age have impacted our lives 3. determined the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health 4. discussed the ethics and implications of Genetically Modified Organisms and potential future impacts II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Explain the impact of the Information Age to the country. 2. In what way is biodiversity associated to healthy society? 3. Is the assessment on the area of safety of genetically modified foods the same as that of conventional foods? Explain. IV. Concept Notes The Information Age (Gutenberg to Social Media) In the year 1436, Johannes Gutenberg invented the Gutenberg press. This is a printing press that has revolutionized China and later Europe. This press spreads literature to the people in an efficient and durable way. It disseminates knowledge faster and wider that it was before 1436. With this, Gutenberg was given a credit as the ―Father of Printing.‖ This kind of printing press had helped Europe during the Dark Ages by accelerating human progress for the reason that there is the launching of the global news network. The literacy rates in the 1490s were very low because people can hardly gather paid readers to read the latest news--- most of these are from indecent scandals to reports of war. But the press has radically changed the daily news. The Renaissance period had leave off with high gear because the printing press has increased sharing and rediscovery of knowledge. If prior to this, only the wealthiest elites have access to information, with the Gutenberg press information is made available even in libraries of medium sized towns and even in the houses of wealthy businessmen. With the Gutenberg Press, Martin Luther became the bestselling author on his translation into German language of the New Testament. Luther’s campaign against trading indulgences had concurred with the boom of the printing press in the European continent. With the ability of the press to publish as well as share experimental data and scientific findings to wide audience, this makes science forward especially in the 16th century as well as in the 17th century. Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, does not only depend on his heavenly observations but he also relied on the imprint astronomical tables of the planetary movements. Hence, printing press empowers scientific revolution. Books of philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire were commonly read during the Enlightenment period. Their upgrade of the critical reasoning over customs and traditions had inspired people from questioning religious authorities and personal liberty. Through printing of books, public opinion had been the dominant power that cannot withstand in Europe. People hope that these enlightened ideas of the philosophers can bring greatest good and those tyrants can be trembled due to the people’s cry that can be heard in public places and had awakened these tyrants from their slumbers. Gutenberg’s Revolution of the 15th century had disturbed many aspects from the government and the Church. The effect of the Gutenberg press has created extraordinary government, cultural and social revolution because books, printed works, posters, tracts; papers had given a rise to the Renaissance period in Europe. Presently, social media is transforming the ideas of what is real news or fake news. There are different platforms used. Most common are Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Instagram and many more. In the United Kingdom and even globally the most trusted are The Guardian, BBC and The Independent. Moving forward, Cyber Revolution has great effects on the press and other traditional publishers. Apple, Google and the social media can now question the quality journalism and news. With the increase readiness, new and different sources of information came out and algorithms are used so that users and visitors can have the latest information. This includes all kinds of information from newspapers down to blogs. Press freedom is now subject to restrictions because of the law on defamation, the Cyber crime Law and the copyright law. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society Biodiversity is the different life on earth. It measures the different species, genetic and ecosystem level. It plays a very important role to the nutrition of the individuals through the food production as it guarantees the long lasting productive capacity of soils and gives livestock, crops and fisheries to be harvested as foods. By obtaining goods that biodiversity can provide to us, the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity can give notable benefits to our health. Hence, if the environment is unhealthy and has no capacity to support life then the human population cannot exist. Healthy biodiversity can offer these services: 1. Protect our water resources 2. Protect our soil 3. Recycle nutrients 4. Contribute stable climate 5. Maintain our ecosystems 6. Recover unpredicted events 7. Solve pollution. Land use and habitat have great effect on the ecosystems’ biodiversity. On the other hand, pollution and climate change can greatly destroy the different aspects of biodiversity. It is necessary that we must have a healthy ecosystem because it can purify air, clean water, maintain soil, recycle nutrients, regulate climate and provide healthy foods. This means that biodiversity is the answer for a healthy ecosystem. Protecting our environment can lessen destruction of our ecosystem. Man made activities can destroy our ecosystem such as pollution in the land, water and air, global warming, greenhouse effect, smog, deforestation, acid rain, wildfires and other environmental issues faced by the countries today. So to protect biodiversity, we need the following 1. Government legislation protecting habitats within the country. Laws that can protect our environment from man-made activities 2. Government regulation on nature preserves such as the national parks 3. Reducing invasive species. Therefore, checking of invasive species must be made before they are offloaded in the country. 4. Restoring habitat. This restoration project can be made by the national or local governments and by nongovernment organizations. 5. Seed banks and captive breeding. Seed banks are zones where there is greater number of stored pant seeds. These banks can grow saved seeds and can be reintroduced again to its habitat. On the other hand, a captive breeding is one where confined animals are bred. It can also provide an opportunity for animals to increase its population so that they can be introduced again to the wild. 6. Researching different species in order to reduce those animals moving with long distances. 7. Reducing climate changes. Climate changes have disastrous effects to living things. Fossil fuels are widely used in large amount and we know that his can cause directly climate changes. Considering these disastrous effects, instead we have to use alternative sources of energy and sustainable or natural products. This requires a worldwide effort to reduce effects of climate changes. 8. Purchasing sustainable products. It is our primary responsibility to purchase and take the products which are processed in a sustainable way. 9. We must have a sustainable living. Choosing anything to do every day is sustainable living and this can lessen the quantity of materials we use. 10. Education. This includes learning and making us aware on the significance of conserving biodiversity. Thus, we can influence the government for a better environmental protection to the effect that our government can pass laws to protect our environment. Science and technology play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity. With science, we can understand the streaming effects of pollution in our ecosystem, the problems brought about by toxins in food and other similar problems. On the other hand, sustainable technology can also conserve biology such as biodegradable packaging, renewable energy and recycle products. These can greatly influence in the reduction of environmental issues. Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those with DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) modified or altered by genetic engineering. These organisms have been changed with DNA arising out of another organism such as animal or plant virus and bacterium which are called transgenic organisms. GMOs are essential source of medicines. Modified plants can help protecting crops because they can resist to specific pests, insects or diseases or herbicide resistance or environmental conditions which can ensure more production of foods. These modified plants can also increase plants’ nutritional value as in golden rice. Familiar GMOs are alfafa, canola, cotton, corn, potato, papaya, sugar beet and soya. These crops can enhance and increase farm production; reduce use of insecticides or toxic pesticides. The only disadvantage is that it can disorganize the gene flow’s natural procedure. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. Philippine Science and Technology: Economic, Political and Social Events Shaping 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Their Development (Socorro M. Rodriguez, 2016) Germ Catcher (David J. Ecker, Scientific American, 2014) Physics of the Future: How science will shape human destiny and our daily lives by the year 2100 (Michio Kaku, Doubleday, 2011) Article: ―The politics of golden Rice‖ (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. JulSep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.) Article: ―Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging Countries: The Golden Rice Case.‖ (Duguet, Anne Marie et. al., Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol. 38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p) Agroecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of farming? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57X49fmC0qg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfR6mtJqZ_Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TmcXYp8xu4 Peer Work (L1) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Is science and technology agenda very vital to the growth of the Philippine economy? 2. In your opinion, is science and technology necessary for the improvement of business production? 3. Identify 2 areas in your life where science and technology had played an important role. Explain. Quiz (L1) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each) 1. Without science and technology innovation, the Philippines will not be competitive. 2. With science and technology development, the Philippines will continue to suffer great damage from environmental degradation, natural disasters and climate change. 3. Without science and technology development, the Philippines will continue to be poor. 4. In order that the Philippines will be forward to development, we need a nature-inspired and a science-based program, which requires the commitments and effort from the leaders of our country. 5. With the development of science and technology, there is efficiency, innovation and improvement of product quality and productivity of the manufacturing sector. 6. We need science and technology in every phase of the individuals’ life. 7. With science and technology, the Filipino medical practitioners/doctors can easily detect patient’s sickness. 8. Science has made significant contributions in health by providing treatment for various chronic diseases. 9. Contributions of science and technology have helped us save money and time. 10. The center of how science and technology bestows to society is the acquisition of new knowledge, and then the utilization of that knowledge to improve the welfare of human lives, and to solve the different issues that are facing the society today. Activity (L1) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jICN2IKKJg&t=17s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9li8S3L5p2Q Then in not more than 400 words, write your reaction on these 2 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Clarity of Thought 25 points Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Style and Grammar 25 points TOTAL Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Competent Unsatisfactory Demonstrates an adequate Fails to address the understanding of the question or question demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 20 Points 15 Points Answer displays basic Answer lacks clarity, knowledge of the issue may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 20Points 15 Points Presents information fairly Significant problems accurately and concisely, with concision, and may have minor organization, making organization problems the information presented difficult to 20 Points comprehend 15 Points Uses acceptable style and May contain enough grammar (contains one or distracting grammar, a few errors) spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially 20Points incomprehensible 15 Points Score Reflection (L1) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Peer Work (L2) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Explain the impact of the Information Age to the country. 2. In what way is biodiversity associated to healthy society? 3. Is the assessment on the area of safety of genetically modified foods the same as that of conventional foods? Explain. Quiz (L2) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each). 1. Internet is the magnificent contribution of technology to the society. 2. Ecosystem services are contributions to the stability of the climate. 3. It is essential to preserve our ecosystem. 4. Pollution has negative impact on our environment 5. The keeping up of inefficient pumping of greenhouse gases into the environment gives a negative effect to our environment. 6. The misjudgment of the ecosystem services is one of the primary causes underlying the present biodiversity crisis. 7. A healthy environment is usually tied up to the individual’s economic choices. 8. It is a political challenge to address the main shortcomings in the country’s economic systems. 9. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) provide certain advantages to both the producers and consumers. 10. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are predominant origins of medicine. Activity (L2) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57X49fmC0qg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfR6mtJqZ_Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TmcXYp8xu4 Then in not more than 400 words, write your reaction on these 3 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 5. Clear and Complete 6. Clarity of Thought 7. Accurate, brief and concise 8. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Clarity of Thought 25 points Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Style and Grammar 25 points TOTAL Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Competent Unsatisfactory Demonstrates an adequate Fails to address the understanding of the question or question demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 20 Points 15 Points Answer displays basic Answer lacks clarity, knowledge of the issue may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 20Points 15 Points Presents information fairly Significant problems accurately and concisely, with concision, and may have minor organization, making organization problems the information presented difficult to 20 Points comprehend 15 Points Uses acceptable style and May contain enough grammar (contains one or distracting grammar, a few errors) spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially 20Points incomprehensible 15 Points Score Reflection (L2) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? _ 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Written Test This written test covers the underpinning knowledge, concepts and principles learned from Lesson 1 to Lesson 2 of this module Name Year Date Program and Score Remarks Write an essay on the topic state below. Make sure that the essay contains a title, an introduction, a discussion or body and a conclusion. Cite the sources you have used properly using APA 6th edition. For this written exam, use a separate sheet of bond paper (long substance 20). You may also process your work in using a word processor (Microsoft Word, Google Docs, WPS etc.) and store the file in your flash drive. Label the paper properly with your name, your program and year and a ―Written Test M1‖ on the top left corner of the paper. If it is a digital file, the name the file ―Written Test M1.‖ Be guided by the rubric below. Essay Topic: We are now in the Digital Age where there are different gadgets, the use of social media and the internet. Are these important to us today? Support your discussion with at least 3 related literatures. Document your reference properly. Use APA 6th ed. In formatting your essay and writing the reference list. Essay Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Performance Task This performance task measures how well you can put together the skills you have learned from Lessons 1 to 2 of this Module. Name Date Score Course and Year Remarks What factors affect the country's biodiversity? Explain how these factors affect biodiversity. Essay Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Flexible Learning System Learning Module in STS 1 (Science, Technology and Society) Module 4 of 4 Course Title: Science, Technology, and Society No. of Units: 3 units Course Description: The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. Outcomes At the end of the course, the learners should be able to: Knowledge 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nationbuilding 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general Values 1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and the development of the Filipino nation 2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life 3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of society and the environment Skills 1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society 2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards 3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their understanding of climate change Introduction to the Module This is Module 4 of 4 of the course- Science, Technology and Society. This learning module is developed for the flexible learning program of Garcia College of Technology and programmed to run for 4 weeks. This module tackles to find the 4 outcomes on knowledge of the course 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nation-building 3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society 4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general This module is primarily used at home and it takes advantaged of task-based approach to education and self-paced learning. Success of learning would essentially depend on the collaboration between the instructor and the learner and the communication of the learner to selfdirected learning. It contains the (a) essential notes, (b) suggestions and links to further readings and media, (c) quizzes, (d) activities, (e) reflection pages, (f) written test and (g) task. Course Requirements 1. Quizzes 2. Activities 3. Peer Work 4. Reflection 5. Written Test/ FinalExam 6. Task Performance 7. Pre-Final Grade 7. Recitation 8. Pre-Final Grade - 10% - 10% - 5% - 5% - 20% - 10% - 10% - 10% - 20% Table of Contents Lesson 1- Nano World, Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), Advantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy, Disadvantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy, How a scanning probe microscopy works, Technological Evolution of SPM, AFM/Atomic force microscopy or SFM/ scanning force microscopy, Abilities of AFM/ Atomic Force Microscope. Advantages of AFM, Disadvantages of AFM Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Lesson 2- Stem Cells or Gene Therapy, Climate Change, Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, O-tech Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Intended Learning Outcomes Instructions Concept Notes Links to supplementary materials Peer Work (L1) Quiz (L1) Activity (L1) Reflection (L1) Peer Work ( L2) Quiz (L2) Activity (L2) Reflection (L2) Written Test Performance Task Nano World Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Advantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy Disadvantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy How a scanning probe microscopy works Technological Evolution of SPM AFM/ Atomic force microscopy or SFM/scanning force microscopy Abilities of AFM/Atomic Force Microscope Advantages of AFM Disadvantages of AFM Lesson 1 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 1. discussed the major impacts (both potential and realized} of nanotechnology on society 2. analyzed the issue through the conceptual STS lenses 3. critiqued the issue on its costs and benefits to society II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. What is the future of the world with Nano technology? 2. How does Nano technology differ from other technologies? 3. Will the world be in danger with Nano technology? IV. Concept Notes Nano World The Nano World is a worldwide market for giving tips especially for the SPM or the Atomic Force Microscopy and the AFM or the Atomic Force Microscopy. The AFM or Atomic Force Microscopy is an instrument used in nano technology and nano science. The users of this SPM are the researchers and the high tech industries. With the use of the SPM, the users can make an investigation of any kind of materials in its atomic scale. The AFM or the Atomic Force Microscopy helps the scientists in scanning the surface point to point in its atomic scale. The uniform high quality analysis of these scanners is very important to have productive results. Mr. Manfred Detterbeck is the CEO of this Nano technology. He is an engineer by profession but gained a Masters degree in Business and Engineering. He invested his capital in 2000 and founded the Nano World. This company collaborates with various agencies and entities such as the Institute of Micro Engineering which is one of the 2 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, the CSEM (Swiss Center of Electronics and Micro technology and the University of Neuchâtel. It was in 2002, when Detterbeck had his company obtained a trademark and its technology from the Nano sensors company. This company now is now the big producer in the AFM industry. This company is in the top three companies engaged in Nano technology and has gained global reputation due to these inventions--- the Scanning Probe Microscopy and the Atomic Force Microscopy. Moreover, the Nano World is confirmed by the industry and market research experts as the leader in the global market for SPM and AFM. The Nano World’s AFM probes can cover even the full range of the AFM and the SPM applications. This AFM probes are now used in industries like the semi conductor industries. It is also used in the different researches of material science, life science, physics and biology. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) The scanning probe microscopy or SPM is part of the study of microscopy that configures the image of the surfaces with the use of the physical probe that examines the specimen. In 1981, the first scanning tunneling microscope was used through the experiment done by Binnig and Rohrer to take an image of the surface in its atomic level. It was successful because they have used the feedback loop for the purpose of regulating the gap in the distance between the probe and the sample. Although there are several scanning probe microscopy that can take an image of various interactions simultaneously, each of this varies in the techniques which can result to an impressive and spectacular atomic resolution. This is because of the so-called piezoelectric actuators which can carry out motions with accuracy and precision at its atomic level or electronic command. This technique is known as the piezoelectric technique. The other denominator is on how the data is obtained. Some scanning probe microscopy obtained data from the computer image which is visualize in false colors and this is possible because of the two dimensional grid used. Advantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy SPM or Scanning Probe Microscopy can give researchers a larger variation of specimen viewing environment with the use of the same microscope and the same specimen which can also reduce the time that is required for preparation and study of these specimens. The SPM can produce highly magnified images in a three dimensional shape of the specimen in the real time. It uses a delicate a fragile probe in order that the surface of the specimen can be scanned and can eliminate the limitations found in the light microscopy as well as in its electrons. It includes technologies to take image and measure the surfaces in its fine scale even down to the group of atom or molecular level. This is the image of the Scanning Probe Microscopy Disadvantages of Scanning Probe Microscopy One of the disadvantage of the Scanning Probe Microscopy is that the image it produced is not colored but in grayscale or black and white which can exaggerate the actual size and shape of the specimen. But to make up this disadvantage, computers are used in order to produce the real color, size and shape, the interaction within the structure of the cell, the harmonic responses and the magnetic energy of the image in a real time How a scanning probe microscopy works SPM is one of the tools popularized by the Nano World in order to take images of the atoms in a nano scale surface and structure. This SPM uses physical probe in order to scan from side to side, in and out or to and fro in the sample’s surface. It is through this scanning process that data are gathered by the computer. In scanning, the SPM works differently from the optical microscopes since the viewer does not view directly the surface but it is the image represented by the surface’ structure. This SPM is powerful and has a high resolution even up to its nano scale. The SPM at the end of its cantilever has a sharp probe tip which is needed in scanning the specimen’s surface. That tip moves to and fro but in a controlled manner and there is a possibility of moving the probe atom by atom. The force can divert the cantilever whenever the tip can get close the sample’s surface and this can be evaluated by the laser shown from the cantilever towards the photodiodes. Other forces that can make this diversion are the mechanical, magnetic, electrostatic, chemical bonds and the capillary forces. The data taken from the reflection of the laser which was detected by the photodiodes can give an image in the computer. Although the image feed is without color or it is with light color, through the computer programs they are given colors in order to assist in making the difference in the various properties of the sample or specimen. Technological Evolution of SPM To improve or expand the abilities of the SPM, innovations will include better observation and processing equipment as well as an upgraded data analysis. In addition, technological innovation of this equipment includes the DNA, micro manipulations of the molecules, organic and biological specimens with the use of this precision instrument in order to help the medical profession treat diseases, manufacturing industries producing goods and the new methods to be used in astronomy, energy and physics. The use of this precision instrument has improved researches in many ways such as the inventions of the various microscopes which could improve the world. So, these specialized instruments can be used accurately for research and development. As a whole, this field of Nano technology can be interesting. AFM /Atomic force microscopy or SFM/ scanning force microscopy The AFM or atomic force microscopy or otherwise known as the SFM or scanning probe microscopy is a scanning probe microscopy with a very high resolution, It can even demonstrates a resolution in fractions of a nano meter even 1000 times or more that optical microscope. It can do precise scanning because of piezoelectric elements which can make it easier to view tiny particles and its precise and accurate movements. Abilities of AFM/ Atomic Force Microscope The Atomic Force Microscope has these abilities: imaging, force measurement and manipulation. In imaging, the reaction of what is examined to the sample’s forces can form an image in a 3dimensional shape with high resolution. The terrain of the surface is normally displayed as pseudo color plot. For force measurement, the AFM can calculate the forces between the sample and the probe for separation. It is also applicable in the measurement of the mechanical properties in the sample to determine whether it is stiff or not or there is an adhesion strength or to measure its electrical properties. For manipulation, there can be change in the sample’s properties but in a controlled way. This includes the manipulation of atoms, the cells’ local stimulation and probe lithography scanning. Advantages of AFM It is more advantageous to use the AFM compared with the SEM or the scanning electron microscope for the following reasons: 1. The AFM can give a 3 dimensional shape of an image and its surface profile while the scanning electron microscope can only give a 2 dimensional image of the samples. 2. The samples viewed using the AFM, needs no special treatment such as carbon or metal coating and it can even work in a liquid environment while in the SEM requires expensive vacuum environments in order that it can operate properly. 3. AFM gives higher resolution than SEM. AFM’s resolution is, therefore, can be comparable with the transmission electron microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope. Disadvantages of AFM The disadvantages of the AFM can be focused on the maximum scanning area and its limitations. The AFM can get an image in a maximum height of 10-20 micrometers and its maximum scanning area is 150x150 micrometers. This is a disadvantage because the scanning electron microscope or the SEM can have a scanning area of square millimeters and its depth also in millimeters. The AFM is not as fast in scanning as the SEM. The AFM cannot scan in real time because it takes minutes for it to do the scanning. Hence, the AFM has a very slow rate of scanning which makes it inaccurate to measure the distances between the areas of the image. In order to remove the malformation of the image due to thermal drift, several methods can be used such as the videoAFM. The images scanned by the AFM can be affected by the magnetic circuit of piezoelectric materials and this requires software filtering and enhancement. But the newer AFMs can use closed loop scanners in order to eliminate cross talk problems. Lastly, the AFM cannot measure the overhangs or steep walls. Because of its cantilevers which are specially made, the AFM can be utilized to modulate he probes up and down or sideways in order to calculate sidewalls. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. ―Nanoethics: The ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology‖ (Patrick Lin and Fritz Allhoff, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2007) 2. ―Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and Its Products‖ (Zhang et. Al Proceedings of the 2011 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education, 2011) 3. Ppt: Can we build a culture of science through nanotechnology? By Fabian M. Dayrit (2013) 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIXAzDANmKw 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAOFpgocfrg Stem Cells or Gene Therapy Climate Change Global Warming Greenhouse Effect O-tech Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Lesson 2 1. Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the course, the students should have: 1. described gene therapy and its various forms 2. assessed the issue’s potential benefits and detriments to global health 3. identified the causes of climate change 4. assessed the various impacts of climate change including economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, etc. 5. applied STS concepts to the issue of climate change II. General Instructions 1. Read the guide questions 2. Study the concept notes. Refer to materials cited for further understanding 3. Study supplementary materials for additional information 4. Take the quiz 5. Perform the activity 6. Fill out the reflection page III. Guide Questions Use the guide questions to navigate through the notes and additional readings and media. Keep them in mind while studying. You can use a separate note to pick up answers from the materials as you move along. 1. Is stem cell safe to use? Explain. 2. Compare and contrast global warming, greenhouse effect and climate change? 3. How do O-tech or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion works? IV. Concept Notes Stem Cells or Gene therapy Stem cells or gene therapy is an offer to cure, treat or prevent diseases by transforming the pattern of the expressions of genes. Although there are several clinical trials that have been made, still it is experimental. This therapy can be aimed to germ or somatic cells; the common vectors of these are the viruses. Gene therapy is risky because the immune system might not be responsive to the gene copy inserted and this may cause inflammation. This is because the gene was inserted in the wrong spot. This may cause health problems, damage of healthy cells, can cause cancer and other diseases. . The side effects of gene therapy include fever, drop of blood pressure, severe chills or rigors, nausea, headache and vomiting. These symptoms can be solved in 24 to 48 hours from insertion; otherwise, it can produce negative effects. ADA or Adenosine deaminase deficiency is an immune disorder that can be cured by gene therapy. Other diseases that can be cured by gene therapy are AIDS, heart disease and cancer. Once cured, then these persons can live a normal life. Climate Change Climate change is the change in the rainfall and temperature in the region. This climate change also includes global warming which are caused by the emission of greenhouse gasses; thus, resulting weather changes. There is climate change when there are increases in the sea level, loss of ice mass in Antarctica, Greenland, the Arctic as well as the mountain glaciers around the world. There is also a maximal weather event. It is the activities of the individuals that can cause this climate change such as the burning of fuel fossils, forest degradation and converting forest lands to farm lands. These acts of the individuals can bring negative effects to us because it can result to climate changes due to wildfires, increase heat insect outbreaks and drought. Thus, it can bring negative effects in our water supplies, food production and our health. Global Warming In global warming, there is an increase in the temperature of the earth’s surface because of greenhouse gases like the emission of carbon dioxide from the fuels of burning fossil or from the deforestation which prevent the heat supposed to get out from the earth. This is the so-called greenhouse effect. The climate of the earth is determined by the first 6 miles of the atmosphere. This is a thin layer. This is as thin as the skin of an onion. Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse effect is the procedure by which emission from the atmosphere of the planet can warm its surface to a normal temperature of the earth. If there are radioactive gasses, they will discharge the heat to all directions. Part of it is the earth’s surface warming it. The natural effect of the greenhouse gases is vital to the supporting life. The activities of men like burning fossil fuels and deforestation can cause global warming and the greenhouse effect. Simply, this greenhouse effect arises when sunlight passes through the glass where the airflow is reduced and the warm is kept inside. O-tech Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC or ocean thermal energy conversion is a kind of technology used in producing energy by controlling the differences in the thermal gradients between the deep waters and the surface waters in the ocean. OTEC can also produce electricity. This is the reason why OTEC is the best alternative source of energy. OTEC uses the warm surface water of the ocean with a 25 degrees centigrade in order to vaporize the working fluid. The vapor can expand and spin a turbine attached to the generator in order to produce electricity. OTEC can produce a clean friendly environmentally renewable energy. It produces electricity but not the coming from the greenhouse gasses emissions. Although the foregoing are the advantages of the OTEC yet it has also disadvantages. These are: the device installation and the power plant maintenance are costly, there are aquatic ecosystem disruptions and the plant cannot be constructed in non tropical locations because the plant requires a continual supply of cold and warm water. Instruction for supplementary material For further readings, see the following references/link 1. 2. 3. 4. Youtube: Science Friction: Stem Cell Research TEDTalk: Susan Lim on ―Transplant Cells Not Organs‖ TED Talk: Juan Enriquez on ―the Next Species of Human‖ YouTube: or Book ―An inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What we can Do About It‖ (Al Gore) 5. Book: ―The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change‖ (Al Gore) 6. Report: ― Changing the Atmosphere: Anthropology and Climate Change‖ (NCAR) 7. BUHOS: A Climate Change Documentary by Loren Legarda 8. Article: ― The Tragedy of the Commons‖ by Garrett Hardin 9. Article: ―Scientists tackle mystery of thunderstorms that strike at night‖ (NCAR) \ 10. Article: ―Reigning in the Weather‖ (Webster, Donovan, Discover, 02747529. Jun2008, Vol. 29, Issue 6) 11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6UdOk9a--I 12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJV4d4XtHuo Peer Work (L1) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. What is the future of the world with Nano technology? 2. How does Nano technology differ from other technologies? 3. Will the world be in danger with Nano technology? Quiz (L1) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each) 1. The word ―nano‖ means invisible. 2. Nanoscience and nanotechnology presuppose the capacity to control and to see individual molecules and atoms. 3. The microscopes that are needed to recognized things at the nanoscale were the optical microscopes. 4. The nano technology includes both concepts and current work that are more advanced. 5. Materials lessened to the nanoscale can reveal distinct properties in contrast with what they reveal on a macro scale, validating unique applications. 6. Atomic force microscope tips are used as a nanoscale "write head" to remove materials in a top down method. 7. The dimensionality played in nano material includes chemical, physical and biological materials. 8. Scanning probe microscope is used both for synthesis and characterization of nano materials. 9. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be utilized to focus at surfaces and make a move on atoms around. 10. Nanotechnology has the ability to create existing medical applications easier and cheaper to be utilized in places such as the general practitioner's home and office. Activity (L1) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIXAzDANmKw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAOFpgocfrg Then in not more than 400 words, write your reaction on these 2 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Clarity of Thought 25 points Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Style and Grammar 25 points TOTAL Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Competent Unsatisfactory Demonstrates an adequate Fails to address the understanding of the question or question demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 20 Points 15 Points Answer displays basic Answer lacks clarity, knowledge of the issue may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 20Points 15 Points Presents information fairly Significant problems accurately and concisely, with concision, and may have minor organization, making organization problems the information presented difficult to 20 Points comprehend 15 Points Uses acceptable style and May contain enough grammar (contains one or distracting grammar, a few errors) spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially 20Points incomprehensible 15 Points Score Reflection (L1) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Peer Work (L2) For this section, you have to communicate with your assigned peer through a text message, a call or using other platforms of communication. You are given guide questions to keep in mind while you read. With these questions, discuss with your peers your responses. When done, fill the file below with the responses of your peer. Name of peer 1. Is stem cell safe to use? Explain. 2. Compare and contrast global warming, greenhouse effect and climate change? 1. How do O-tech or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion works? Quiz (L2) Direction: Understand the statement in each number. If the statement is correct, write TRUE and if the statement is erroneous, explain/justify in not more than two (2) sentences the reason/s why the statement is FALSE. (10 points each). 1. Gene therapy is currently being tested only for diseases with no cure. 2. Gene therapy is intentionally meant to initiate genetic materials into cells in order to compensate the abnormal genes or to build beneficial protein. 3. Scientists must discover better ways to carry genes to its targeted cells. 4. Climate change is caused by human beings. 5. Deforestation and burning of fossil fuels led to swift global warming and the increase of greenhouse gases in the air space. 6. It is warmer if there is more carbon dioxide in the air space. 7. Increase in temperatures from caused greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities affect the systems of the earth in many ways. 8. On average, most of Earth’s mountain glaciers are continuing to melt. 9. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or O-Tech is one of the accessible resources of renewable energy that can contribute to a base load supply of power. 10. The possibility of resources for O-Tech or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion contemplates a larger source than other forms of ocean energy. Activity (L2) Click these links and watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6UdOk9a--I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJV4d4XtHuo Then in not more than 400 words, write your reaction on these 2 videos. Position Paper Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 5. Clear and Complete 6. Clarity of Thought 7. Accurate, brief and concise 8. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Clarity of Thought 25 points Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Style and Grammar 25 points TOTAL Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Competent Unsatisfactory Demonstrates an adequate Fails to address the understanding of the question or question demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 20 Points 15 Points Answer displays basic Answer lacks clarity, knowledge of the issue may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 20Points 15 Points Presents information fairly Significant problems accurately and concisely, with concision, and may have minor organization, making organization problems the information presented difficult to 20 Points comprehend 15 Points Uses acceptable style and May contain enough grammar (contains one or distracting grammar, a few errors) spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially 20Points incomprehensible 15 Points Score Reflection (L2) Write legibly your reflections in the space provided. You can use extra sheet if you wish to write more. Here are the questions: 1. What top 3 things you have learned from this lesson? 2. How will you personally rate yourself in performing the activity (very good, good, needs improvement)? Why? 3. What are the things you enjoyed most about this lesson? 4. What are your difficulties in this lesson? Written Test This written test covers the underpinning knowledge, concepts and principles learned from Lesson 1 to Lesson 2 of this module Name Year Date Program and Score Remarks Write an essay on the topic state below. Make sure that the essay contains a title, an introduction, a discussion or body and a conclusion. Cite the sources you have used properly using APA 6th edition. For this written exam, use a separate sheet of bond paper (long substance 20). You may also process your work in using a word processor (Microsoft Word, Google Docs, WPS etc.) and store the file in your flash drive. Label the paper properly with your name, your program and year and a ―Written Test M1‖ on the top left corner of the paper. If it is a digital file, the name the file ―Written Test M1.‖ Be guided by the rubric below. Essay Topic: Are nano technologies important to our economy? Support your discussion with at least 3 related literatures. Document your reference properly. Use APA 6th ed. In formatting your essay and writing the reference list. _ Essay Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points Performance Task This performance task measures how well you can put together the skills you have learned from Lessons 1 to 2 of this Module. Name Date Score Course and Year Remarks Explain why the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion is the best alternative source of energy. _ Essay Rubric The answers to the questions are rated as follows: 1. Clear and Complete 2. Clarity of Thought 3. Accurate, brief and concise 4. Style and Grammar Criteria 100 Total Points Clear and Complete 25 points Performance Level Exemplary Demonstrates a clear and complete understanding of the question 25 Points Competent Demonstrates an adequate understanding of the question Answer displays clarity of thought, depth of reflection, and insight 25 Points Answer displays basic knowledge of the issue Accurate, brief and concise 25 points Presents answer accurately, briefly and concisely, in an organized manner 25 Points Presents information fairly accurately and concisely, may have minor organization problems 20 Points Style and Grammar 25 points Uses elements of style and grammar well 25 Points Uses acceptable style and grammar (contains one or a few errors) 20Points Clarity of Thought 25 points TOTAL 20 Points 20Points Score Unsatisfactory Fails to address the question or demonstrates an inadequate or partial grasp of the question 15 Points Answer lacks clarity, may be confused, omit significant facts or is otherwise incomplete 15 Points Significant problems with concision, and organization, making the information presented difficult to comprehend 15 Points May contain enough distracting grammar, spelling, etc. errors to make it substantially incomprehensible 15 Points
