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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 LABORATORY WORKSHEET 2
OBSERVING EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL
I. Introduction:
The cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms, that performs the delicate internal
biochemical processes of the body. All cells share common characteristics and are based on
a fundamental design, although they show differences in their form and function.
Cells are either prokaryotic (mostly unicellular) and eukaryotic (unicellular and multicellular).
They are basically differentiated by the presence (in eukaryotes) or absence (in prokaryotes)
of a true nucleus.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Example:
Cyanobacteria, Staphylococcus, etc.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Example:
Plant cell, Animal cell, Fungi etc.
_________________________________________________________________________
In 1665, Robert Hooke published Micrographia, a book filled with drawings and descriptions
of the organisms he viewed under the recently invented microscope. The invention of the
microscope led to the discovery of the cell by Hooke.
While looking at cork, Hooke observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells” as
they reminded him of the cells, or rooms, in monasteries. This discovery led to the
development of classical cell theory.
Drawing by Hooke
Cork Cambium
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The classical cell theory was proposed by Theodor Schwann in 1839. There are three
parts to this theory.
1. All organisms are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of life.
These parts were based on a conclusion made
by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden in 1838, after comparing their observations
of plant and animal cells.
The third part, which asserts:
3. Cells come from preexisting cells that have multiplied
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Was described by Rudolf Virchow in 1858, when he stated omnis cellula e cellula (all
cells come from cells).
Biogenesisrefers to the
process wherein life arises from similar life forms. The principle of
biogenesis is opposite to that of abiogenesis/spontaneous generation. The
person who first came up with the term biogenesis was Henry Charlton
Bastian 1837–1915.
Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation- the idea that life arose from non-life more than
3.5 billion years ago on Earth.
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II. Objectives:
The learners will be able to:
-Describe through observation the onion cell (plant), cheek cell (animal cell) and bacteria
under a microscope.
-Relate the cell theories to their observations.
-Draw the specimens’ cell under various microscope objectives
III. Materials:
microscope
glass slides
cover slips
pig’s meat
toothpick
onion skin
cheek cells
pig’s liver
iodine solution
methylene blue solution
dropper
tweezer
grapes
lab gown
IV. Procedure:
PLANT CELL (Onion)
1. Ready the microscope.
2. Arrange the materials needed.
3. Peel a thin layer of onion and use a tweezer to pick it, this will serve as your specimen.
4. Put the specimen on the glass slide. Apply a few drops of iodine solution.
5. Place the coverslip (45-degree angle).
6. Put the specimen on the stage.
7. Adjust the stage, make sure that it is at the center, and adjust the objective lens
according to the specific magnification required.
8. Gather all the observations.
PLANT CELL (Grapes)
1. Prepare a grape, use a scalpel to cut it half-way, and get a small portion of the outer
layer.
2. Place it on the glass slide, add a drop of water and cover it with coverslip.
3. Observe.
ANIMAL CELL (Cheek Cell)
1. Ready the microscope.
2. Arrange the materials needed.
3. Using a dropper, put few drops of methylene blue solution on the glass slide
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4. Using a toothpick, scrape a sample of cheek cells 12 times from the mouth of any
member.
5. Then, combine the sample cheek cell on the dye and get them all spread out.
6. Place the coverslip (45-degree angle)
7. Put the specimen on the stage.
7. Adjust the stage, make sure that it is at the center, and adjust the objective lens
according to the specific magnification required.
8. Lastly, gather all the observations.
ANIMAL CELL (Pig’s Meat)
1. Prepare a small amount of meat, use a scalpel to cut to get a sample.
2. Place it on the glass slide and cover it with coverslip.
3. Observe.
ANIMAL CELL (Pig’s Liver)
1. Prepare a small amount of meat, use a scalpel to cut to get a sample.
2. Place it on the glass slide, add a drop of water and cover it with coverslip.
3. Observe
BACTERIA CELL
1. Use a separate dropper, and get a small amount of cultured bacteria from the petri
dish.
2. Place it on the glass slide, add a drop of water and cover it with coverslip.
3. Observe.
V. Observation:
Plant Cell
Draw the onion cell inside the circles according to its specific magnification.
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Draw the grapes cells inside the circles according to its specific magnification.
Animal Cell
Draw the cheek cell inside the circles according to its specific magnification
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Draw the pig’s meat cell inside the circles according to its sp
ecific magnification
Draw the pig’s liver cell inside the circles according to its specific magnification
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Bacteria
Draw the bacteria specimen inside the circles according to its specific magnification
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V. Guide Questions:
1. What was the shape of the onion cell and why?
2. What was the shape of the cheek cell? Why is it different compared to the onion cell
shape?
3. In general, the surface of a dog has a softer feel compared to a tree that has a harder
surface. What do you think is the explanation of this?
4. What do you think are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Provide statements that will justify your answer. (You may refer to the pictures on the
first page)
5. The cells are able to divide through mitosis and provide 2 daughter cells. The
statement corresponds to what principle of cell theory? Explain and justify your answer.
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6. How would you describe the features and functions of each of the following cell
structures? (You may refer to the pictures on the first page and your own research)
Eukaryotic:
a. cell membrane
b. cell wall (include and specify the type of cell wall of plants)
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores
e. lysosome
f. mitochondria
g. ribosome
h. endoplasmic reticulum (give the 2 types)
i. golgi apparatus
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Prokaryotic:
a. cell wall (include and specify the type of cell wall of bacteria)
b. cell membrane
c. nucleoid region
d. plasmid
7. Is the eukaryotic’s nucleus visible through the microscope? How about the
prokaryotic?
8. Since an organism is made out of an organ system, and the organ system is made out
of organs, then organs are made out of tissue and tissue are made out of cells. Since all
of those things end with the “cell”, what theory/ies that corresponds to the statement
above? Explain your answer.
9. From the gentlemen/scientist mentioned in the “introduction” part, state their names
and their contributions to biology.
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VII. RUBRICS
CATEGORY
MATERIALS
(20%)
DRAWING
OF CELL
(30%)
QUESTION
AND
ANSWER
(50%)
EXEMPLARY
(4)
PROFICIENT
(3)
PARTIALLY
PROFICIENT
(2)
SCORE
NEEDS
IMPROVEMENT
(1)
The learners were
able to bring all the
materials.
The
learners
were able to
bring
but
lacked
1
material.
The
learners
were able to
bring but lacks 2
materials.
The learners were
able to bring but
lacked 3 or more
materials.
The learners were
able to draw the
cells/tissue with the
right
elements:
1.
Shape
2.
Position
of
organelles (if any are
found)
3. Correct colors were
used in the drawing.
And adding another
element that made
the drawing special.
The
learners
were able to
draw
the
cells/tissue with
the
right
elements:
1.
Shape
2. Position of
organelles (if
any are found)
3.
Correct
colors
were
used in the
drawing.
The
learners
were able to
draw
the
cells/tissue and
following only 2
elements below:
1.
Shape
2. Position of
organelles (if any
are
found)
3. Correct colors
were used in the
drawing.
The learners were
able to draw the
cells/tissue
and
follow
only
1
element
below:
1.
Shape
2.
Position
of
organelles (if any are
found)
3. Correct colors
were used in the
drawing.
The learners were
able to answer the
questions
following
the correct elements
below:
1.
Content
2.
Emphasis
3. Correct choice of
words.
And adding another
element that made
the answer more
elaborated.
The
learners
were able to
answer
the
questions
following
the
correct
elements
below:
1.
Content
2.
Emphasis
3.
Correct
choice
of
words.
The
learners
were able to
answer
the
questions
following only 2
elements below:
1.
Content
2.
Emphasis
3. Correct choice
of words.
The learners were
able to answer the
questions following
only 1 element
below:
1.
Content
2.
Emphasis
3. Correct choice of
words.
TOTAL
13
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