TEXT SUMMARY
1984 follows the journey of the protagonist Winston in a dystopian totalitarian society. Winston
is part of the ruling Party in London in the nation of Oceania. Big Brother is the leader of the
Party all the citizens are under constant surveillance through telescreens. Winston is frustrated
by the oppression and control of the society and rebels against the Party by purchasing an illegal
diary to write his thoughts of rebellion. Winston works at the Minister of Truth where his job is
to alter historical records in order to fit the needs of the party. At work he meets a man named
O’Brien who Winston believes is part of a group called the Brotherhood – a secret group that
wants to overthrow the Party. Oceania is allied with another nation called Eastasia and they
together are at war with Eurasia however Winston believes that this was not always true.
He also meets a girl at work – Julia - who he believes will turn him in for thoughtcrime – thinking
things against the party. However later he receives a note from her saying ‘I love you’ and they
begin to have an affair – which is against the Party rules. Winston receives a note from O’Brien
saying that he wants to see him and O’Brien confirms that he hates the Party like Julia and
Winston. He gives Winston and Julia a copy of Goldstein’s book and they join the Brotherhood.
They are then caught by the Thought Police and taken to the Ministry of Love where they find
out that O’Brien was a Party spy. O’Brien then spends months torturing Winston and finally
sends him to Room 101 where he faces his fear of rats that eat his face. Winston finally concedes
and tells O’Brien to do it to Julia and not to him – his spirit is broken and he is released. He loves
big brother.
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CHARACTERS
Winston Smith
Winston is the protagonist of the text and a minor member of the ruling Party where he works
in changing history to suit the society. He has revolutionary ideological dreams of destroying Big
Brother and hates the totalitarian control of his society.
Julia
Julia also works at the Ministry of Truth in the Fiction Department. She is Winston’s lover and
claims to have had affairs with many Party members. Julia is very pragmatic and optimistic and
her rebellion against the Party is small and personal, for her own enjoyment, in contrast to
Winston’s ideological motivation.
O’Brien
O'Brien is a member of the Inner Party whom Winston believes is also a part of the Brotherhood
- the rebel forces. He is mysterious and powerful and Winston is drawn to him.
Big Brother
Although Big Brother never actually appears in the text - and has questionable existence - he is
a powerful presence throughout the novel. He is the perceived ruler of Oceania and everywhere
Winston looks he sees posters of Big Brother’s face bearing the message “BIG BROTHER IS
WATCHING YOU.” Big Brother’s image is stamped on coins and broadcast on the unavoidable
telescreens; it haunts Winston’s life and fills him with hatred and fascination.
Mr. Charrington
Mr Harringtonis a king and encouraging old man that runs the secondhand store in the prole
district. He seems to share an interest with Winston about the past and seemingly supports
Winson and Julia's rebellion against Big Brother as he rents them the room in which they often
meet. However later he betrays Winston and Julia, handing them in to the authorities because he
is part of the Thought Police.
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Syme
Syme also works at the Ministry of Truth and specialises is the reduction of language as part of
"Newspeak". Winston thinks that Syme is too intelligent to stay in the Party's favour.
Parsons
An obnoxious and dull Party member who lives near Winston and works at the Ministry of Truth.
He has a dull wife and a group of suspicious, ill-mannered children who are members of the
Junior Spies.
Emmanuel Goldstein
Emmanuel Goldstein is another presence that never appears in the text yet has a significant
influence on the story. He is the legendary leader of the Brotherhood or rebels and was
rumoured to be a Party member that fell out of favour with regime. The Party describes him as
the most dangerous and treacherous man in Oceania.
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TERMINOLOGY
"The book": Titled "Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism" and supposedly written
by Goldstein, it contains the story of humankind and the Revolution, arguing that there is hope
for a stronger future without the dishonesty and manipulation of the Party.
Black Market: Illegal trade resource for all "good quality" materials, such as real coffee, sugar,
razors, etc.
Doublethink: Newspeak word “doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory
beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them”
Hate Week: A week of hate mongering against enemies of war. Supported by massive rallies and
organized through the Ministry of Truth, Hate Week rallies Party members around
INGSOC: Newspeak for English Socialism.
Junior Anti-Sex League: A youth organization advocating complete celibacy for both sexes and
encouraging artsem. Julia is a member and wears the organization's symbolic scarlet sash.
Jus primae noctis: A supposed capitalist law that allowed any capitalist the right to sleep with
any woman working in one of his factories. A "fact" the party cites about capitalist history.
Ministry of Love (Miniluv): Maintains law and order. Protected with great force. Only those
arrested for Thought Crime or who are on official Party business can enter. Referred to within
the novel as "the place with no darkness" because the lights are always on. Dissidents are taken
here to be tortured, reformed, or killed.
Ministry of Peace (Minipax): The Ministry of Peace is ironically responsible for matters of war.
Oceania is in a perpetual state of war against both Eurasia and Eastasia at different times, so the
function of this ministry is vital. They also direct the welfare of the population, and are in charge
of the armed forces such as the army and navy.
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Ministry of Plenty (Miniplenty): The Ministry of Plenty controls all matters of the economy.
This is particularly important due to the rationing of many resources and food among the Outer
Party and proles
Ministry of Truth (Minitrue): Responsible for all Party news, entertainment, education and
fine arts. The Party's propaganda machine.
Newspeak: The official language of Oceania and the new language of the Party, devised to meet
the ideological needs of Ingsoc (English Socialism). The goal of Newspeak is to reduce the English
language to the fewest words possible and supercede Oldspeak by 2050. Removing words
removes ways to define anti-Party feelings and the ability to disagree. For example, the word
"speedful" can be used in place of the word "rapid."
Prole: One of the 85% of the Oceania population that are not Party members and live in poverty.
Regulated loosely to weed out the overly intellectual and protect the Party.
Spies and Youth League: A Party youth organization that encourages children to spy on and
report elders, including parents, to the Thought Police. Indoctrinates children into the Party.
Telescreen: An oblong metal plaque that looks like a dulled mirror and acts like a television, a
camera, and a listening device for the Inner Party and Thought Police. There is no way to shut it
off completely, and it keeps tabs on all Party members.
The Physical Jerks: Daily morning exercises all Party members must take part in. Dictated via
the telescreen.
The Revolution: The rise of new socialism (versus democracy and capitalism) that resulted in
Ingsoc in Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia, and Death Worship in Eastasia. Each regime has
the conscious aim of perpetuating unfreedom and inequality, arresting progress, freezing history
in a chosen moment, and perpetuating war.
The Times: A Party-sponsored news publication for which Winston works.
Thought Police: The arm of the Inner Party that seeks out those against the Party, searching out
anyone with even the smallest thoughts against the Party or Big Brother. Their powers of
observation force everyone to live as though they are always being watched or listened to. Mr.
Charrington is a member.
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Thoughtcrime: Thinking against the Party, having misgivings about the Party, doubting Big
Brother, or questioning any Party action or "fact."
Two Minutes Hate: Daily requirement for all Party members. Organized group of members
watches Party presentations on a telescreen denouncing Goldstein and war enemies (either
Eastasia or Eurasia), and celebrating Big Brother. Causes great outbursts of hatred such as
directed screaming and violence at screen representations of the enemy.
Vaporized: The fate of those who commit Thoughtcrimes. Those who are vaporized are
removed from society in that they are killed and all evidence of their existence is removed.
Victory products: Party-made products, such as gin, cigarettes, clothing, food, and even housing.
All of poor quality
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CONTEXT
Historical Context
The inception of the Cold War, a prolonged state of political and military tension after WWII
between powers in the Western Bloc (US and allies) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (Soviet
Union and allies). It was based on the work of the Russian author Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1984 is an
apocalyptical satirical depiction of how the power of the state could dominate the lives of
individuals through cultural conditioning.
Joseph Stalin - Russia
During WWII, Russia was ruled by the despotic dictator, Joseph Stalin, who was known for his
midnight purges, where his government would abduct people deemed dissidents of the state
(those with opposing political values, artists, Jews and other ethnic minorities) and murdering
them in isolated areas. Stalin is believed to have killed over 20 million people.
Textual Relevance
The Great Purge
Orwell modelled the Party after events such as The Great Purge, a coordinated massexecution of political dissidents in Stalinist Russia, to criticise how authoritarian powers
eliminate opposition to ensure their versions of truth remain unquestioned. Vaporisation
and torture were used to destroy the psyche and remove the power to hold rebellious
thought.
Lysenkoism Campaign
The promotion of Lamarckian pseudo-science and prohibition of conventional sciences,
which were marked as “bourgeois pseudoscience”
Glavlit
The main Soviet Union censorship body, Glavlit, was employed not only to eliminate any
undesirable printed materials but also “ensure that the correct ideological spin was put
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on every published item” In the Stalin era, deviation from the dictates of official
propaganda was punished by execution and labour
camps. This parallels Orwell's Ministry of Truth through the "rectification" or altering of
history to suit the Party as well as the Big Brother propaganda throughout the text.
White Rose
Inspired by acts of political rebellion such as the White Rose, a group that resisted Nazi
indoctrination through anti-fascist pamphlets, Orwell conveys we can protect our
humanity from totalitarian dominion by actively asserting our freedoms.
NKVD
Orwell parallels the ironic ‘Ministry of Love’ to the Stalinist NKVD which similarly aimed
to eliminate private loyalties by creating an atmosphere of distrust.
Hitler – Germany
At the time, Germany’s leader, Adolf Hitler, was instrumenting the Holocaust which killed over
6 million Jews, 9 million Slavic people, gypsies, dissidents, homosexuals and disabled people.
Textual Relevance
Hitler Youth
Orwell responds to the Hitler Youth, where the Nazi ideologically instilled children with
fascist values, forcing parents to mistrust their children in fear of being reported.
Nuremberg Rallies
“By illustrating how the totalitarian Party uses events like the Two Minutes Hate to
replace private loyalties with love for the state, Orwell condemns the Nazi Party’s use of
the Nuremberg Rallies to promote the blind acceptance of Socialist ideologies. This
propaganda is a metaphor for social orthodoxy as…”
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Francisco Franco – Spain
The general and dictator Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled over Spain from 1939 until his
death. He rose to power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when, with the help of Nazi
Germany and Fascist Italy, his Nationalist forces overthrew the democratically elected Second
Republic. Stalin also played a role in the Spanish Civil War, funding the socialist Republican
government in its battle against fascist Nationalists, who fought for militaristic, elite rule over
the country. However, Stalin's paranoia and need for total power led him to accuse many of his
allies on the Republican side of treason, supporting the Nationalists. The resulting infighting on
the Republican side created an even more horrific period of bloodshed and fear of retribution
during the war. Orwell, who fought as a socialist in the Spanish Civil War and was targeted by
Stalin's supporters, had firsthand experience with allies turning into enemies.
Textual Relevance
Witnessing the oppressive Francoist regime first-hand during his time fighting in the Spanish
Civil War (1936), Orwell characterises Winston as an anomaly who challenges collective
subjugation to encourage his audience to maintain similar political awareness.
Chairman Mao Tse Tung - China
In China, Chairman Mao Tse Tung fought for communism against nationalist forces to begin a
long, oppressive totalitarian regime. Mao Tse-tung served as chairman of the People's Republic
of China from 1949 to 1959, and led the Chinese Communist Party from 1935 until his death. It
is estimated that he ordered the persecution of hundreds of thousands to millions of deaths.
Benito Mussolini – Italy
The Italian political leader Mussolini became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945. He
was originally a revolutionary socialist, yet forged the paramilitary fascist movement in 1919
and became prime minister in 1922.
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Political Terminology
Democratic Socialism
•
Definition: having a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and
collectively owned or controlled, alongside a democratic political system of government.
•
Democratic socialists reject most self-described socialist states and Marxism–Leninism.
•
Democratic socialists argue that capitalism is inherently incompatible with the values of
freedom, equality and solidarity and that these ideals can only be achieved through the
realist ion of a socialist society. Although most democratic socialists seek a gradual
transition to socialism, democratic socialism can support either revolutionary or
reformist politics as means to establish socialism. As a term, it was popularised by social
democrats who were opposed to the authoritarian socialist development in Russia and
elsewhere during the 20th century.
Totalitarianism
•
Definition: form of government that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual
opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control
over public and private life.
•
In totalitarian states, political power has often been held by autocrats who employ allencompassing campaigns in which propaganda is broadcast by state-controlled mass
media.
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Personal Context
Orwell was born in India in 1903 and educated as a scholarship student at a prestigious boarding
school named Eton in England. He famously described his family as “lower-upper-middle class”
because of diverse background and he never quite fit in. Despite going to a prestigious boarding
school Orwell felt oppressed and opposed the dictatorial control of student’s lives within the
school. After graduating Orwell decided against the further education of college and went to
work as a British Imperial Policeman in Burma. However, he again despised the dictatorial and
strict regime of policing. His failing health then forced him to return to England where he quit
the police force and decided to become a writer. Orwell was inspired by Jack London’s 1903 book
The People of the Abyss, which explored the author’s experience in the slums of London. Orwell
then emulated this and bought ragged clothes and went to live among the very poor in London.
After returning from this he published his first book Down and Out in Paris and London. He later
lived among coal miners which causes him to give up capitalism in favour of democratic
socialism.
In 1936 he travelled to Spain and reported on the Spanish Civil War. He fought with the
Republicans as an advocate for socialism against Francisco who was the leader of the Nationalist
forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War. Here he
witnessed firsthand the atrocities of fascist political regimes – sparking his hatred of
totalitarianism and political authority – an idea that was furthered by the context of Adolf Hitler
in Germany and Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Orwell then published Animal Farm in 1945
and 1984 in 1949 – both texts aimed at warning against the dangers of totalitarian society.
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Orwell’s Purpose
Orwell wrote 1984 to show how political systems can suppress individual freedom, a warning
for the future of what society could become should totalitarianism be allowed to achieve
dominance.
Orwell wanted to expose the cruelty of political oppression and the manipulations inhumanity
depends eg. Party slogans. The world of 1984 is a NOT Orwell’s prediction of what the world
would be like in the future but instead, a hyperbolised instance that reflects the direction of
societies at the time. Orwell deliberately provokes moral outrage towards Oceania, a society that
so completely destroys the human values of expression and love etc. to encourage his audience
to think about the effect of governmental control on the populace. Often, through Winston’s
unreliable narration, the reader falls victim to the very same manipulation, highlighting the
limitation of our capacity, like Winston, to recognise manipulation. This explores fragility of the
human condition in that it can so easily be manipulated and corrupted.
Orwell expresses his values regarding the importance of the human spirit, creativity and
freedom of expression. His vision of the future serves as a warning for people to be vigilant about
the dangers inherent in the rise of totalitarianism and nationalism, the oppression of the working
class (proletariats) and the decay of language that expresses the complexity and inspirational
nature of human experience.
Ignorance and fear are tropes portrayed as a means of control and a cause of the people’s
oppression. Fear is induced by a breakdown of trust as Thought Police roam among the people,
removing anyone who seems to be a threat/dissident. This effectively makes it impossible to
create a collective uprising. Their ignorance makes people impotent in the grip of government
control, and this ignorance is perpetuated by the governmental control over them.
Orwell satirised the political systems of his context in order to poignantly highlight the nature of
contextual Marxist construction and its limitations on individuals.
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MODULE BREAKDOWN
In this common module students deepen their understanding of how texts represent individual
and collective human experiences. They examine how texts represent human qualities and
emotions associated with, or arising from, these experiences. Students appreciate, explore,
interpret, analyse and evaluate the ways language is used to shape these representations in a
range of texts in a variety of forms, modes and media.
Students explore how texts may give insight into the anomalies, paradoxes and
inconsistencies in human behaviour and motivations, inviting the responder to see the world
differently, to challenge assumptions, ignite new ideas or reflect personally. They may also
consider the role of storytelling throughout time to express and reflect particular lives and
cultures. By responding to a range of texts they further develop skills and confidence using
various literary devices, language concepts, modes and media to formulate a considered
response to texts.
Students study one prescribed text and a range of short texts that provide rich opportunities to
further explore representations of human experiences illuminated in texts. They make
increasingly informed judgements about how aspects of these texts, for example context,
purpose, structure, stylistic and grammatical features, and form shape meaning. In addition,
students select one related text and draw from personal experience to make connections
between themselves, the world of the text and their wider world.
By responding and composing throughout the module students further develop a repertoire of
skills in comprehending, interpreting and analysing complex texts. They examine how different
modes and media use visual, verbal and/or digital language elements. They communicate ideas
using figurative language to express universal themes and evaluative language to make informed
judgements about texts. Students further develop skills in using metalanguage, correct grammar
and syntax to analyse language and express a personal perspective about a text.
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Key Words
Anomaly: something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.
Paradox: a seemingly absurd or contradictory statement or proposition which when
investigated may prove to be well founded or true.
Inconsistencies: the variation in human behaviour that causes individuals to behave in different
ways
Representation: The way ideas are portrayed and represented in texts, using language devices,
forms, features and structures of texts to create specific views about characters, events and
ideas. Representation applies to all language modes: spoken, written, visual and multimodal.
Representing: A collective noun to include a reader, listener, viewer, an audience and so on.
Responding: The activity that occurs when students read, listen to or view texts. It encompasses
the personal and intellectual connections a student makes with texts. It also recognises that
students and the texts to which they respond reflect social contexts. Responding typically
involves:
•
reading, listening and viewing that depend on, but go beyond, the decoding of texts
•
identifying, comprehending, selecting, articulating, imagining, critically analysing and
evaluating.
Textual Integrity: The unity of a text; its coherent use of form and language to produce an
integrated whole in terms of meaning and value.
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Module Breakdown
Individual vs. Collective
Any engaging story should have the ability to explore timeless concerns that humanity has
always faced yet still illustrate unique perspectives of the individual characters. This is
essentially the dichotomy that is presented in this rubric statement—that it should be
distinguished as best as possible the experiences of the individual and the experiences of a wider
collective. That is, while every human has their own upbringing in different environments with
different people, some aspects of our lives transcend such borders. The universal themes
presented in the texts are ones that are only enhanced by the specific experiences of the
characters as it allows for a more engaging depiction of such concerns. That is, as responders,
we still seem to relate to many of the emotions evoked or concerns explored in these texts
despite it not being entirely reflective of our own lives.
The module is asking readers to reflect on their understanding of how texts explore the
relationship between the individual identity and the collective. The individual identity refers to
the values, emotions, experiences and human qualities of the individual person – in the context
of 1984 this would be referring to Winston. However, the collective refers to the societal values,
beliefs and ideas – in 1984 this would be the values and beliefs of the Party that are imposed on
society. The collective identity is often the society that the individual exists within, however can
be any group that the individual belongs to. Because the individual identity exists within the
collective identity, the ideas and values of the collective are imposed on the individual and this
limits their individuality. This is especially prevalent in a totalitarian society such as 1984.
Therefore, the module wants us to explore the relationship between the individual and the
collective and the subsequent effect that this relationship has on human qualities and emotions.
These ideas are shaped by the author’s use of language devices, form and perspectives in order
to engage the audience within these ideas.
Human Qualities & Emotions
The modules name of “Texts and Human Experiences” directly related to the exploration of
human qualities and emotions. A major part of human experience is not the event itself, but our
emotional response to the situations. Therefore, it is imperative that we use art and literature to
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more deeply comprehend the feelings that define our existence and experiences, in order to
depict what it is that makes us human. Human qualities are the breakdown of these emotions
and experiences and more simply define humans. These are terms such as ambition, arrogance,
conformity, determination, realism or optimism. These are part of our response to events and
situations.
Anomalies, Paradoxes & inconsistences
This expands on the ideas of human qualities and emotions by effectively subverting them. It is
the idea that perhaps one of the defining qualities or features of humanity is that we simply
cannot be confined it a single label. It is part of our individual and evolving identity that we
cannot be restricted to a specific mode of behaviour. It is this notion of the inherent conflict
between people, cultures and even within ourselves, that the idea of “anomalies, paradoxes and
inconsistences” arises from.
Challenging Assumptions, Igniting Ideas and Reflecting Personally
Try to explain precisely what it is that makes the text unique, differentiating it from other works
of similar genres or styles. It is also important to consider these works of art in the larger fabric
of texts—this means discussing how the composers are being innovative through form and
overall message. Above all, you should understand that challenging readers’ assumptions is a
fundamental purpose of all texts, as part of the human experience deals with our ability to be
challenged in order to grow.
Role of Storytelling
The role of storytelling is simply to allow the audience to move beyond the confines of reality or
the limitations placed on them by society and experience a new world. Storytelling allows
readers to transcend themselves and further their understanding of the world around them in
order to grow as individuals. It allows us to gain a deeper understanding of our own society,
context and experiences as well as promotes self-reflection. By portraying negative aspects of
the human experience, it makes social commentary on contextual concerns about the changing
political or social climate. 1984 captures the zeitgeist of the era—a society of people fearing the
loss of all freedom from totalitarian governments all whilst seemingly and actively participating
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events that could catalyse this occurrence. This exploration of concerns allows enhanced
understanding and this is because of the audience’s relationship to art and storytelling.
Texts are a product of their time and of the composer’s contexts and audiences grain a deeper
understanding of the contextual concerns through the role of storytelling. However despite
disparities it is the fundamental themes or principles that allow the composer to relate to the
responder. In this way, the role of storytelling is both to reflect certain cultures and unite all of
us by showing how humanity at its core can find harmony with one another despite our varied
experiences.
Above all the role of storytelling is to help responders understand what it really means to be
human. To take pain, happiness, sorrow or surprising experiences and turn it into a piece of art
that can be shared endlessly, effectively immortalising the composer’s name in a way that defies
our physical limitations. We are opened to new perspectives, are told stories that may resonate
with us due to our personal memories and see the vast and colourful diversity of experiences
that people have to offer.
In Summary
Texts use language, context, purpose, structure, stylistic and grammatical features, and form to
represent and afford insight into:
•
Individual and collective human experiences, thus revealing:
•
Individual, shared and universal human qualities
•
The emotions, assumptions and ideas that can arise
However, anomalies, paradoxes and inconsistencies arise in human behaviour and motivations
arise because of our individuality. This invites us to:
•
See the world differently by challenging our assumptions, igniting new ideas, or
prompting personal reflection
•
Consider the role of storytelling throughout time to express and reflect particular lives
and cultures
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Form
Summary
1984 has a tripart structure with an appendix. Part one focuses on the setting of Oceania and
employs third person limited narration to introduce Winston. This section lasts from the 4 th to
the 6th of April and readers explore Winston’s loneliness with the primary focus on establishing
the totalitarian regime and restriction of individuality within the society.
The second part is the lengthiest part of the narrative where Winston becomes connected with
rebels like himself. He has an affair with Julia and follows O’Brien to an underground meeting of
dissidents. Orwell includes lengthy sections from the fictional Emmanuel Goldstein’s political
tract. This section lasts from April to August and focuses on Winston’s rebellion and temporary
happiness.
The third and final section of the texts is involved with the imprisonment, torture and final
abandonment of intellectual integrity by Winston. Winston and Julia have been caught by the
Inner Party and separated. Winston undergoes severe torture and brainwashing at the hands of
O’Brien. His dialogue and interaction with O’Brien have much dramatic tension because
underlying their battle is mutual respect. Unfortunately for Winston, this respect does not
translate into O’Brien freeing him. O’Brien successfully brainwashes Winston into loving Big
Brother. This section lasts from August to May.
The book ends with an appendix on the development and structure of the language called
“Newspeak.” The appendix is written as if it were a scholarly article, and while it serves to clarify
the use of Newspeak in the novel it is interesting to note that the publisher originally wanted to
cut it, thinking it unnecessary.
Analysis
The Dystopian Novel
Dystopian literature is a form of speculative fiction that began as a response to utopian literature.
A dystopia is an imagined community or society that is dehumanizing and frightening.
The dystopian genre imagines worlds or societies where life is extremely bad because of
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deprivation or oppression or terror, and human society is characterized by human misery, such
as squalor, oppression, disease, overcrowding, environmental destruction, or war. A dystopia is
an antonym of a utopia, which is a perfect society.
Dystopian authors represent social control as wielded by any number of powerful entities,
including:
•
Corporate
•
Religious/Philosophical
•
Technological
•
Bureaucratic
•
Reproductive
Dystopian fiction is usually set in the near — rather than far — future to generate urgency about
real current events. Because dystopian literature and cinema is set in the future, it is by definition
science fiction. However, this can also look very different than the best sci-fi movies.
Both science fiction and dystopian fiction belong to the larger category of “speculative” fiction.
This type of fiction speculates what might happen to society if humans don’t deal with existential
threats such as climate change, nuclear war, over-population, or authoritarianism.
Tripart Structure
1984 follows a three-part linear narrative structure that enables the reader to experience
Winston’s dehumanization along with him, creating tension and sympathy for the main
characters. This tripart structure allows the reader to become part of the story and engage with
the experiences of Winston himself, allowing the transcendence of Winston’s human experience
to the readers themselves. This lends itself to the ultimate idea that the novel’s function is also
to provoke hope for the audience, as although Winston’s story has come to an end, there is a
transcendence of his hope to the audience. This gives the audience agency to act instead of
remaining passive in their own context of oppression.
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This is an important aspect of your last paragraph in your essay where you have to provide the
ultimate purpose for the book. The module asks the audience to consider what they are taking
away from the book and the tripart structure allows the audience to come to this understanding.
It is also important that you analyse the form in your essay, and this is conventionally done in
the second sentence of your first paragraph and is often integrated with the introduction of
context. It is also important to mention form where it is relevant throughout your argument –
for example how does the form engage the audience ? How does the form facilitate the
exploration of meaning in the novel ?
Character Development
Winston’s development follows the tripart structure and therefore the audience accompanies
the protagonist in his journey. This allows the audience to engage with the story on a deeper and
more personal level as their interpretation of the text becomes integral in the story itself.
Essay Breakdown
General Approach
In reference to the thematic breakdown below, this essay explores the ideas within Manipulation
and Oppression, Attempted Rebellion and Futile Rebellion, with a specific emphasis on
Anomalous Resistance.
Thesis
The generic argument outline focuses on the oppression of identity, the attempted rebellion
throughout the text and the futility of this individual resistance by reflecting on the strength in
the collective.
A general 1984 thesis outlines how the individual is oppressed by the collective totalitarian
regime and this subsequently shapes their identity by minimising it. It then goes on to explore
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the attempted rebellion against this oppression through rebellion but outlines how this is
ultimately futile because the individual cannot overcome the collective regime and there is
strength in the collective identity. However Orwell positions the audience to evolve their
understanding of the world, initiating reflection on how the futility of individual resistance is
depicted to didactically reveal the importance of collective action in protecting political
autonomy.
Paragraph 1 – Setting up the World
This paragraph should outline how the regime is able to oppress the individual. This includes
exploration of manipulation tactics and the suppression of language that affects the individual’s
ability to express themselves. This is also an important paragraph for including the contextual
influence of the world’s construction. Ultimately this paragraph is established to highlight how
the individual consciousness can be oppressed in order to make audiences more aware of their
own potential oppression. This paragraph also allows us to show later how this oppression leads
to Winston’s rebellion as individuals inherently desire individuality.
Paragraph 2 – Attempted Rebellion
This paragraph explores the individual’s desire to regain their freedom and identity through
rebellion. This paragraph should focus on the power of the human spirit despite all odds and
highlight to audiences the power they inherently hold within themselves. As you explore the
character’s journey to regain individuality you should focus on the ways that they are able to do
this. The power of self expression that allows individuals to regain truth and purpose and lead
them to a better understanding of themselves. This is a great way to address the “storytelling”
aspect of the module and place emphasis on the role of storytelling in our lives. This paragraph
also includes a focus on human emotionality to both empower and oppress the individual by
focusing on Winston and Julia’s relationship. The modular relation in this paragraph is “texts
represent human qualities and emotions”. However reference to the anomalous aspect of
Winston’s character must also be addressed – why did he specifically choose to go against all
odds and rebel ? What makes him different ? These are all things that should be explored in this
paragraph.
Paragraph 3 – Futility of Anomalous Resistance
22
This final paragraph ultimately shows that despite this individual desire to regain freedom –
ultimately this is futile if there is no collective resistance. This paragraph is important for the
exploration of the human spirit and how powerful we are as individuals. Although this is not
something that you must address some students focus this paragraph on the inherent complexity
of human hope that Winston portrays, because despite all odds and adversity he rebels, even
though he knows from the very beginning “The thought police would get me all the same”.
However usually students focus this paragraph on how the collective behavior will always
override the individual acts of resistance, highlighting to audienec the importance of collective
solidarity in challenging oppressive political structures. This paragraph directly focuses on the
module’s exploration “how texts represent individual and collective human experiences.”.
Alternative Essay Approach
Although many students choose to argue a generic 1984 essay for their HSC – there are also
many different interpretations and essay focuses that are also valid for the HSC. If your school is
very specific regarding the type of argument that they would like to see then it may be a good
idea to stick to a more generic essay type. However, if your school allows you to take a more
creative approach to your thesis then definitely open yourself up to some more ideas. Here is
one which you can take!
In reference to the thematic breakdown below, this essay explores the ideas within Manipulation
and Oppression, Attempted Rebellion and Futile Rebellion, with a specific emphasis on
Constructed Identity.
Therefore this essay approach differs from the Generic approach through its emphasis on
constructed identity rather than the anomality of Winston’s rebellion.
Thesis
Thesis: Within worlds of rupture, shaping of individual and societal consciousness through
contextually driven ideologies functions to fragment and counterintuitively provoke both
cyclical stability and dislocation of human experience.
This means: Within worlds of upheaval, both the individual and the society is shaped by the
contextual ideologies that through oppression – fragment their identity or consciousness. This
then provokes cycles where the individual attempts to stabilise their identity by regaining power
23
through rebellion. However this is ultimately futile because the individual themselves is
constructed by the context – when they rebel they are rebelling against themselves. This creates a
paradox whereby their own identity is further fragmented despite attempts at regaining it.
Paragraph 1: The external constructive ideological forces that shape the individual writer,
character, and reader’s experience within 1984, directly correlating with European socialist and
communist regimes, poignantly enforces that truth is manipulated and constructed, within both
thought and history.
This means: Orwell is highlighting how these ideological forces construct not only the
individual, but also the writer and the reader by shaping their interpretation of the world
around them. This directly correlates with European totalitarian regimes and shows that the
idea of truth is a construction of the context.
Paragraph 2: Individual human response to oppressive forces, attempting rebellion defined by
reflected identity, paradoxically disempowers through emphasis of predetermined character
framing, raising questions about how achievable it is to seek true individual identity.
This means: The individual responds to these oppressive ideological forces by attempting to rebel
against them – however they are restricted because they themselves are constructed by the
context. This then paradoxically disempowers them because it shows that even their rebellion is a
construction and this questions the ability to find true individual identity.
Paragraph 3: Disempowerment of the human individual, through attempted resistance,
exemplifies complex identity created as part of the human experience.
This means: This attempted rebellion paradoxically disempowers the individual and highlights
their complex identity.
24
THEMATIC BREAKDOWN
Manipulation & Oppression
Totalitarian regime
The individual’s identity is oppressed because of the extremely restrictive totalitarian regime,
meaning that their consciousness is constructed by their environment
This paragraph explores the limitation placed on the individual’s identity when they live within
the oppressive regime. The lack of freedom the individual has limits their ability to have
individuality because within the oppressive regime they are told who they are, their job and their
living conditions, meaning there is no freedom of choice. This engages the relationship between
the “individual and collective human experience” from the module, whereby the collective
identity is dictating the individual’s experience. Essentially Orwell explores the idea that the
individual identity is constructed by the contextual environment – in the case of 1984 the
individual identity of Winston is restricted because of the oppressive nature of the totalitarian
regime.
This environmental construction can also be extrapolated to the writer – Orwell – and the reader.
Because of Orwell’s context of totalitarian regimes, he wrote the text 1984 to warn the society of
the harmful effects of this – therefore it can be said that he himself was influenced – or
constructed – by his context. The construction of Orwell within the context of post-World War II
societal uncertainty and totalitarian regimes prefaces his employment of the alienating
dystopian narrative that interacts with the political turmoil and parallels Winston himself. This
is an extension of the idea that Winston himself is constructed and provokes the audience to
reflect on their own identity and relationship with the collective. This is a higher order thinking
idea and if you would like to engage with this point a meta-fictive technique that explores levels
of consciousness within the text (Orwell, reader, and Winston) this idea may be appropriate. See
essay sample 2 for an example of this.
25
Similarly, readers interpretation is dependent on perspective – which is also influenced by
context. Therefore, this emphasises the importance of contextual environment on the text,
author, and reader. Orwell’s acknowledgement of authoritarian contextual Nazi and Soviet
regimes and their effect on constructing the individual establishes his metafictive appropriation
of the concept itself (through 1984) and allows the readers to come to a point of self-realisation
of their own constructed identity.
The contextual construction of 1984 directly correlates with European socialist and communist
regimes and poignantly enforces that truth is manipulated and constructed, within both thought
and history.
Winston’s himself becomes a narrative device for depicting the constructed nature of our
identity through external forces that pressure the individual’s ability to express themselves,
raising questions regarding audience response to authoritarian manipulation of individual
perspective. Winston mimetically encompasses Orwell’s self-reflexive acknowledgement of
contextual Marxist construction of identity.
Construction through ideological contextual positioning of text establishes reflexive
appropriation and fragmentation of identity and experience for character, writer and reader,
becoming Orwell’s established storytelling mode that challenges his readership. Therefore, there
is construction on many levels: the external constructive ideological forces of the totalitarian
regime shape the individual writer, character, and reader’s experience within 1984.
Audience Takeaway
The individual’s construction and existence within the oppressive regime therefore restricts
their individual identity and the module prompts the audience to consider the relationship
between our identity and context.
Diminution of language
The paradoxical power and fragility of language as a vehicle through which we shape human
thought and identity
Orwell makes a potent commentary on the way language shapes meaning and thus
our perception of truth and identity within our own lives. Orwell offers a psycholinguistic
26
imposition through restrictive neologisms as a means of eradicating the ability to describe and
thereby nullify human experience.
There is an obvious overt critique on the way excessive surveillance, control and assertions of
authority can inhibit the human experience, however the common module requires the audience
to consider: What role does the distortion of language and literature play in creating
oppression?
Part of the human experience is learning to express yourself – and they address the removal of
this psychological development in the text through the reduction of language by Newspeak. The
construction of language within the text dualistically accentuates individual empowerment and
potential for disempowerment – this paradox directly correlating with the module.
If sense of consciousness and identity is largely shaped by what we believe, and what we’ve
experienced, our ability to discern truth and develop our identity is only afforded by our
ability to communicate empirical evidence and draw upon our own experiences through
memory.
Therefore, when the integrity of language and history is compromised by oppressive political
structures, language acts a mechanism to suppress human identity by removing the ability
to autonomously develop our own thoughts and beliefs.
For example, Winston’s identity and thought is forced into the fractured reality of the regime
and therefore conformity, ‘doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in
one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them’. By forcing individuals to accept the
paradoxical idea of doublethink – the words lose their meaning entirely and the individual –
through limited expression – is more easily oppressed.
Alternatively, when language and the autonomous expression of oneself is asserted,
language acts as a powerful vehicle to reclaim human thought and identity through storytelling.
Winston’s sense of rationality and purpose is reignited when he starts writing in his diary and
feels the intense desire to “preserve the human race” through his personal story. Fragments of
memory and consciousness also begin to appear when he reclaims the catharsis
and empowerment which language and self-expression affords him.
27
However even in Winston’s empowerment through storytelling, his oppressive context
ironically continues to be reflected. This futile inescapability of the individual’s construction
within the society therefore limits not only their language through Newspeak, but also their
thought. For example, Winston’s high modal language within his rebellious diary writing
ironically reflects his role of “wordsmith”, questioning the individual’s ability to remove
themselves from the communal experience because of their construction within it.
Therefore, Orwell presents this paradoxical dichotomous representation of language in its
ability to oppress and empower. This idea can be extended by exploring the ultimate
disempowerment through construction of the individual within these oppressive totalitarian
forces that results in their inability to have original thought.
Audience Takeaway
Ultimately, Orwell’s exploration of our susceptibility toward manipulation and this awakens the
audience towards our tendency towards passiveness as individuals, and the importance of
preserving the integrity of language and the literature we consume. Readers’ responses through
engagement with direct parallels to their experience allow self-reflexivity to shape their
reclamation of identity against their own limiting constructed contexts.
Emotions as a political tool for exploitation
The dual power of emotions to either perpetuate conformity to oppressive political structures
or reclaim autonomy from them.
Our emotional response to upheaval is a fundamental quality of what is means to be human and
engages with the module’s assertation of how texts represent different experiences.
However, emotions can have conflicting implications on our human experience, as acting in
accordance with them holds the potential for us to perpetuate our own oppression.
For example, the human emotion of fear may compel us into social conformity and
moral corruption, illustrated in the scene where Winston partakes in the Two Minutes of Hate
and acts inconsistently with his belief system out of fear. Alternatively, his strong hatred against
the party also ironically drives him to moral corruption, as he shows his willingness to engage in
inhumane acts in the name of resistance – in the scene where O’Brien asks him what he is willing
28
to do for the Brotherhood Winston says he is willing to murder innocent people and commit
suicide.
However, we also see the immense strength and resilience of the human spirit through the
character of Winston, and the power of his emotions to drive his quest for change and truth. We
see glimpses of his renewed purpose in life when he meets Julia, his slow reclamation of hope
through the Brotherhood, and his slow regaining of consciousness in fragments – despite the
bathetic ending, we are still able to see the human capacity for strength.
Orwell utilises 1984 as a device for readers own metafictive realisation of construction and
manipulation. Through Winston’s unreliable third person unreliable narration the reader falls
victim to the very same manipulation of perspective that Winston does. Therefore, Winston’s
despotically oppressed perspective becomes reflective of the reader’s own manipulated
perspective highlighting the emotional fragility of the human psyche and establishing
metafictive awareness of reader’s subjugation.
In the words of Ai WeiWei, a Chinese Activist and Artist,
“Art is always dangerous. It talks about uncertainty; it talks about imagination. It talks about
something beyond our rationality, and gives trust to our emotions. So… it is dangerous to
authoritarian societies”.
Whilst he may act consistent with some emotions and inconsistent with others, we do receive a
glimpse of the tremendous power of human emotionality to reclaim our autonomy – meaning
another dichotomous representation is formed, exploring the dual power and weakness of
human emotions.
Summary
The marked aspect of this manipulation and oppression is the dichotomous nature of each device
that engage with the module’s exploration of paradoxes, anomalies and inconsistencies in
human experience. Both Orwell and the module prompt audience self-reflection in order to
consider the relationship between the individual and the collective identity. Yet Orwell does not
29
fail to consider the multifaceted nature of the individual and our response to oppression and
prompts us as the audience to reconsider our relationship with our context.
30
Attempted Rebellion
Relationships
Orwell establishes a dichotomy between the innate human desire for connection and the ironic
limitation of emotion resultant from individual construction – explored in futile rebellion.
Orwell highlights that Winston’s construction within the totalitarian society where all forms of
relationships and love are removed has left him desultory. By distorting one’s capacity to
experience connection and the instinctive emotions of our existence, the totalitarian authority
becomes the only source of life and fulfilment, causing the essence of the human experience to
be extinguished.
Orwell poises that in a society without human connection we as individuals are unable to
establish consciousness. This also critiques the complete removal of the individual from the
collective identity and posies that to some degree individuals need to be part of a collective in
order to be fulfilled.
Orwell explores this motivation to be part of the collective through Winston’s initial obsession
with O’Brien and his innate desire to become part of the Brotherhood. Winston’s relationship
with Julia also calls to question the necessity of human connection in order to establish
consciousness and synthesise fragmented self-identity.
However, Winston’s outbursts of cathartic emotional expression signify the lack of physiological
development and his construction within the totalitarian context. Despite this Winston’s
restoration of motivations and consciousness within his relationship with Julia offers hope to
the contextual audience regarding our own ability to form meaning-full relationships.
Language & storytelling
Winston’s rebellion through storytelling allows him to self-express and imagine, allowing him
to become conscious of his desires and thereby detect his own sense of entrapment.
Winston’s subversive diary writing provides liberation from individual oppression –
establishing transcendence between contrived identity and true desires.
31
Winston is irrevocably drawn to freeing his voice through storytelling as the diary is the first
thing that Winston purchases from Mr. Charrington’s shop. He uses a pen “simply because of a
feeling that the beautiful creamy paper deserved to be written on with a real nib instead of being
scratched with an ink pencil.”.
Winston revels that “he writes this diary for the future” where through storytelling he reveals
his ability to ironically transcend his limited identity between oppressed existence and
conscious freedom.
Within Winston’s diary writing he continually reveals his transcendence and metafictive
awareness of oppression – transcribing this awareness of oppression and resultant liberation
through awareness “freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted,
everything else follows”.
We thus realise how the ability to express oneself and the imagination can provide liberation
from one’s present oppression, as Winston’s subversive diary writing provided a degree of
solace and sense of empowerment.
There is a famous quote from Friedrich Nietzche:
“He who has a why to live can bear almost any how.”
32
Futile Rebellion
Anomalous Resistance
The futility and challenges of individual resistance without collective solidarity
Despite gaining glimpses of hope through the first half of Winston’s character arc, Orwell decides to
ultimately end the novel in the conventional dystopian style where Winston’s efforts become futile.
But what does the ending and turn of events say about the human experience?
By representing the futility of Winston’s efforts alone to change the state of the world he inhabits,
Orwell comments on the profound importance of recognising our shared human experience and
engaging in collective solidarity in order for true change to occur.
Winston’s questioning of the reality that had been systematically imposed on him may have been a
symbolic representation of humanity’s capacity for agency, yet ultimately his anti-heroic trajectory
emphasises the overpowering need for collective action to resist oppression.
Orwell pushes us out of the ‘bystander’ mindset and reminds us of the essential role each person plays
in any resistance against political authorities, whether or not the authority is totalitarian. In this way,
literature teaches us the importance of preserving our voice as freedom exists only to the extent that
we ourselves collectively exercise it. In the words of the novelist Charlotte Wood, “As soon as we fall
silent - from distraction, obedience, exhaustion or fear– our freedom evaporates”.
The Constructed Nature of Identity
Individual human response to oppressive forces, attempting rebellion despite their limited
individuality, paradoxically disempowers through emphasis of predetermined character
framing, raising questions about how achievable it is to seek true individual identity.
Orwell explores the extent to which individuals are able to hold an authentic identity when that
identity is constructed within the ideologies of their context.
Essentially Orwell is posing the question – how much of our identity is truly us and how much of
it is a product of our environment?
33
For example – Winston and Julia’s rebellion is ironically constructed to reflect context through
their allocated jobs. Winston rebels through writing in his diary - reflecting his role as
“wordsmith” and Julia uses sex as a tool for her personal rebellion - reflecting her membership
of the anti-sex League. Both the characters are so constructed within their context that their
entire identity – and even their rebellion – reflects their contextual construction. This therefore
limits their ability to seek true identity because it can be argued that it doesn’t exist. The
characters have never had the ability to develop their true identity and therefore they are
entirely a contextual construction.
This construction of identity means that when they rebel against their despotic context – they
are in a sense – rebelling against themselves – as context is an integral part of their identity.
This results in fragmentation of the character’s limited identity and establishes a metafictive
realisation of characters own construction. Reader’s engage with direct parallels to their persona
experience and through self reflexivity – become aware of their own constructed rebellion
against their own limiting contexts.
Character’s metafictive realisation of their own construction exemplifies complex identity
created as part of the human experience. Winston continually asserts the inevitable failure of his
rebellion – highlighting his awareness of self-construction and “dead” identity. For example - ‘We
are the dead’ and the echoed ‘You are the dead’, emphasises awareness of rebellion’s futility,
shared with the audience to raise questions about the efficacy of rebellion in a constructed world
when the individual identity is constructed, and therefore already ‘dead’.
The narrative critiques individual incapacity and dominance of prevailing external ideological
forces; paralleling readers prompted to question individual human experience in the face of
contextual disruption.
This paradoxical disempowerment through attempted rebellion also engages with the module
study and raises questions about underlying predetermined character framing by the influence
of context on the individual.
34
QUOTE ANALYSIS
Manipulation and Oppression
Diminution of language
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“doublethink
means the power
of holding two
contradictory
beliefs in one’s
mind
simultaneously,
and accepting
both of them”
Paradox
The reduction of thought through the
systematic suppression of critical
thinking onsets a constructed reality
characterised by conformity, thereby
limiting individuality.
“even the
monologue had
dried up”
Hyperbole
–
Winston’s
thoughts and
his
capacity
to
rationalise
has
become
so
suppressed that his
monologue has been
hyperbolically
“dried up”
When the freedom to express oneself
is suppressed, our sense of voice is
hyperbolically “dried up”, as the
thoughts and emotions which
characterise our human consciousness
becomes
suppressed
through
paranoia and self-censorship, affirmed
by the use of the adverb “only” in
Winston’s thought, “Only the Thought
Police mattered”.
“Don’t you see
that the whole
aim of Newspeak
is to narrow the
range of thought”
Self reflexive
Metafictive
Readers are made aware of Orwell’s
narrative construction of language,
metafictive realisation of construction
reflecting audience self-awareness
and engagement with their context.
&
35
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
This is a good quote to support the
constructed identity theme.
“This process
of continuous
alteration was
applied not only
to newspapers,
but to books,
periodicals,
pamphlets,
posters, leaflets,
films,
soundtracks,
cartoons,
photographs – to
every kind of
literature or
documentation
which might hold
any ideological
significance”
Parataxis
+
Asyndeton to build
tension
and
emphasis
Emphasises the immense power of
stripping language to fortify authority
and political dominance, and how it is
recognised that literature acts as a
mechanism for revolution - a powerful
vehicle
for
resistance
that
is suppressed.
“WAR IS PEACE /
FREEDOM IS
SLAVERY /
IGNORANCE IS
STRENGTH”
Motif
of
paradoxical
the
Emphasises the fragility of language,
and its fallible nature as a vehicle to
convey
truth,
thus
affording
authorities the power to irrationally
restore “confidence by the fact of being
spoken”.
“Dreams “are a
continuation of
one’s intellectual
life, and in which
one becomes
aware of facts
and ideas which
Irony – Dreams hold
more truth and
validity as he refers
to them as “facts”
than
conscious
being.
Highlights the complete indoctrination
of reality through the distortion of
language.
If false stories are imposed upon us,
it becomes truth and thus breeds a
contrived worldview wherein true
human consciousness cannot be
achieved.
tricolon
36
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“It's a beautiful
thing, the
destruction of
words.”
Irony, Juxtaposition
The juxtaposition of beautiful and
destruction highlights to audiences the
reduction and indoctrination of
thought as this concept is accepted by
characters. This emphasises the
importance of preserving the integrity
of language and literature in order to
maintain thought and identity.
“But if thought
corrupts
language,
language can also
corrupt thought.”
Chiasmus/Antimeta
bole
Poignantly highlights the effect of
language on thought and the
restriction of consciousness by
limiting language. The chiasmus
highlights the inversely proportional
relationship between the language and
thought and emphasises the integrity
of language to expression and
development of identity.
still seem new
and valuable
after one is
awake.”
37
Totalitarian regime
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
All history was a
palimpsest,
scraped clean
and reinscribed
exactly as often
as was necessary.
Paradox
Establishes not only the context but
history itself as a construction. This
reflects Winston’s constructed identity
and highlights the reduction of
conscious awareness of the Party’s
oppression.
It
also
prompts
consideration of the individual’s
responsibility for their actions despite
the dictatorial control – as Winston
actively
contribute
to
the
“rectification” of history.
“I don’t suppose
anything
happened to her
nobody cares
what the proles
say typical prole
reaction they
never—— ”,
Stream
consciousness
of
Winston’s stream of consciousness
becomes mimetic for the political
process and system within text. This
becomes a narrative device depicting
construction through external forces
that pressure individual expression,
raising questions regarding audience
response and authorial manipulation
of perspective
“It was, he now
realized, because
of this other
incident that he
had suddenly
decided to come
home and begin
the diary today.”
Self
reflexive
epiphany & Mimetic
Winston mimetically encompasses
Orwell’s
self-reflexive
acknowledgement
of
contextual
Marxist construction of identity as he
is consciously aware of the fact that the
only reason he decided to rebel today
was because of the “incident” that
happened
within
his
context.
Subsequently the contextual influence
is prevalent even within Winston’s
attempted individual rebellion.
Mimetic
38
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“Who controls
the past controls
the future, Who
controls the
present controls
the past.”
Anaphora
Winston directly references his
contextual upheaval and political
uncertainty
which
fragments
character
consciousness.
This
emphasises indoctrination as a
powerful tool that Big Brother wields
“life is a struggle
against hunger or
Polysyndetonic
metaphor
This indicates a reduction of
experience to impulses and cravings
because of the totalitarian regime.
Therefore,
the
individual
consciousness has been reduced to a
“struggle”.
“Orthodoxy
means not
thinking--not
needing to think.
Orthodoxy is
unconsciousness.
”
Anaphora,
(kinda)
Anaphoric “Orthodoxy” emphasises
the
adage
of
“orthodoxy
is
unconsciousness” where Orwell’s
construction of despotic context limits
the individual capacity for thought and
results in “unconsciousness” through
diminution of thought and therefore
identity.
All history was a
palimpsest,
scraped clean
and reinscribed
exactly as often
as was necessary.
Paradox
Epanalepsis
cold or
sleeplessness,
against a sour
stomach or an
aching tooth”
Adage
Establishes not only the context but
history itself as a construction. This
reflects Winston’s constructed identity
and highlights the reduction of
conscious awareness of the Party’s
oppression.
It
also
prompts
consideration of the individual’s
responsibility for their actions despite
the dictatorial control – as Winston
actively
contribute
to
the
“rectification” of history.
39
Emotion
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“I hate purity, I
hate goodness! I
don't want any
virtue to exist
anywhere. I want
everyone to be
corrupt to the
bones."
Repetition Dialogue
Julia’s rejection of chastity reflects her
experience as a member of the anti-sec
league and paroxysm emphasises how
our emotional response to upheaval is
a fundamental aspect of humanity.
This engages with the module’s
assertation of how texts represent
different responses to upheaval. This
also highlights the integrity of emotion
within her rebellion and her
engagement with her desires allows
recognition of her oppression.
“He would ravish
her and cut her
throat at the
moment of
climax”
Vivid
imagery,
foreshadowing
Vivid overlays of aggression when
Winston sees Julia indicates the
construction of her rebellion early
within the text and foreshadowing
their affair. The confusion of emotional
response also indicates the lack of
psychological development and the
integrity
of
this
emotional
development
to
character’s
recognition of true desires.
“‘If they could
make me stop
loving you—that
would be the real
betrayal.’ She
thought it over.
‘They can’t do
that. . . . They can
make you say
anything—
anything—but
Irony
This ironically foreshadows the end of
the text where O’Brien is able to
fragment and oppress Winston’s
desires in Room 101 by his ultimate
“Do it to Julia” – highlighting the
significance of emotional expression in
individuality. This also highlights the
paradox of emotion to enlighten and
oppress identity.
40
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“The choice for
mankind lies
between freedom
and happiness
and for the great
bulk of mankind,
happiness is
better.”
Hyperphoria (kinda)
The appropriation of hyperphoria
indicates a question poised to the
audience – prompting reconsideration
of personal freedoms. Yet the lack of
the question indicates the freedom of
choice ironically restricted within the
totalitarian regime.
“Confession is not
betrayal. What
you say or do
doesn't matter;
only feelings
matter. If they
could make me
stop loving youthat would be the
real betrayal.”
Irony
Foreshadowing
This again foreshadows the ultimate
fragmentation and restriction of
consciousness in Room 101 where the
Party limits individuality by forcing
Winston to turn on Julia. This again
calls the audience to question the role
of emotion within individual identity
and the integral role of emotionality
within humanity.
No emotion was
pure, because
everything was
mixed up with
fear and hatred.
Irony
This again emphasises the lack of
Winston’s psychological development
and the oppression of his emotional
response which has resulted in his
confused
consciousness.
Orwell
intends to warn readers of the dangers
of
these
corrupting
human
experiences, as draconian regimes will
inject “fear and hatred”, confusion and
frustration into a psychologically
manipulated populous to strip
they can’t make
you believe it.
They can’t get
inside you.’”
41
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
individual uniqueness to gain absolute
control.
Attempted Rebellion
Love & Rebellion
QUOTE
“Though the sun
was shining and
the sky a harsh
blue, there
seemed to be no
colour in
anything”
“Winston picked
his way up the
lane through
dappled light and
shade, stepping
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
Juxtaposition
in
colour
imagery,
from monotone to
vibrant,
visceral
imagery
Illustrates the power of human
connection to restore the essence of
the human experience.
When human connection and purpose
is suppressed, the human experience
is debilitating and lifeless. However,
when human connection exists, it is a
source of solace and restoration.
42
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
War imagery in
reference to “battle”,
“Victory” and “blow
struct
against”,
which symbolises
the atomic power of
their
resistance
through
human
connection.
When consciousness and human
emotion and connection is asserted
and restored, power is regained.
out into pools of
gold”
“Their embrace
had been a battle,
the climax a
victory. It was a
blow struck
against the Party.
It was a political
act”
The
definitive
tone
and
transformation
in
confidence
highlights the transformative power of
reclaiming the innate qualities which
make us human.
Hyperbole of the
“blow struck against
the party”
“He wished that
he were walking
through the
streets with
her… He wished
above all that
they had some
place where they
could be alone
together”
Repetition of “He
wished”
Power of human connection to restore
one’s sense of purpose and
imagination, which is crucial to
shaping our actions and thus destiny
within the human experience.
“The paperweight
was the room he
was in, and the
coral was Julia’s
life and his own,
fixed in a sort of
eternity at the
heart of the
crystal”
Symbolism of the
paperweight as a
representation
of
Winston’s life
Indicates a newfound sense of
perspective towards life as a result of
embracing the innate emotions which
define our humanity. Displays a direct
shift in tone from his previous
repeated
references
to
being
“dead”. However, with the presence of
human connection, Winston is able to
revive his sense of purpose in life.
since meeting Julia +
vivid
evocative
imagery “eternity at
the heart of the
crystal”
43
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“Perhaps one did
not want to be
loved so much as
to be
understood.”
Low modality
This low modality indicates the lack of
Winston’s psychological development
and inability to express his desires. His
confusion
regarding
love
and
understanding minimises his direct
expression. Yet his innate desire to be
understood
and
have
human
connection surpasses this confusion of
consciousness. This paradoxical idea
relates to the power of relationships to
reclaim human emotions as a form of
resistance.
“If you loved
someone, you
loved him, and
when you had
nothing else to
give, you still
gave him love.”
Repetition
The repetition of “love” emphasises
Winston’s innate desire for human
connection that surpasses all other
part so his life – “when you had
nothing else to give you still gave him
love” elevating and valuing love as a
necessity in human experience and
expression above all else.
“If you
can feel that
staying human is
worthwhile, even
when it can't
have any result
whatever, you've
beaten them.”
Irony
This ironically foreshadows the end of
the text where the characters succumb
to the totalitarian regime and their
humanity is diminished. However, this
quote elevates the importance of
humanity within
the text
–
emphasising that this is an integral
part
of
individuality
and
consciousness and that with this the
individual will always overcome the
regime since the aim of the regime is to
reduce consciousness.
44
QUOTE
“the coral was
Julia’s life and his
own, fixed in a
sort of eternity
(at the heart of
the crystal)”
TECHNIQUE
Evocative imagery
ANALYSIS
Their relationship undermines the
Party’s attempts to compel a bleak
existence in the evocative imagery of
the paperweight, where Winston’s
shift from a nihilistic to Romantic tone
represents a newfound sense of
purpose within the sordid world
through human connection. This also
elevates human connection as an
enduring human experience that is
present despite all else, reflected
through the “eternity” of their “hearts”.
45
Language
This paragraph should focus on the power of language to empower the individual.
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
Pg.10 (chapter I)
“if anything so
nebulous could
be said to
happen”
Juxtaposition
between the motif of
the
conditional
clause “if” used in
Winston’s thoughts
and the certainty of
tone in “it was three
years ago
Symbolises
a
progression
in
certainty and the reclamation of
personal truth and rationality when
one is able to freely express oneself
through the act of storytelling.
Pg.17 “If, indeed,
it did happen”
Pg.61 (chapter
IV) “It was three
years ago.
This is affirmed by the juxtaposition
between the initial tension and anxiety
associated with writing in the diary
and
the mundane description
“Winston was writing in his diary”,
where it becomes more familiar to
him.
Further, there is a postmodern tone to
these conditional statements, as the
free indirect discourse allows Orwell
to partake in a more active role in the
novel so that he can challenge us to
determine our own truth in Winston’s
story.
“It had got to be
written down; it
had got to
be confessed”
Repetition of the
auxiliary verb “had”
creates a sense of
conviction in his
actions
Displays Winston’s transition into a
more rational state of mind towards
the act of storytelling when contrasted
to the intense irrationality and fear
when first writing in his diary, and also
his growing sense of certainty into the
actions he must take in his life.
“He was a lonely
ghost uttering a
truth that nobody
would ever
Metaphor of himself
being a “lonely
ghost” emphasises
Winston’s
The only way Winston is able to
meaningfully rebel and maintain his
sense of reality and spirit at this time
46
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
hear. But so long
as he uttered it,
in some obscure
way the
continuity was
not broken. It
was not by
making yourself
heard but by
staying sane that
you carried on
the human
heritage”
impermanence
in
the macro sense, and
can be seen as a
reference to the
human “spirit” when
combined with the
aphorism suggesting
that survival was in
staying sane.
is through the act of telling his
story through the diary.
“Now that he had
recognised
himself as a dead
man it became
important to stay
alive as long as
possible”
Hyperbole
–
“recognised himself
as a dead man”
Suggests that Winston is only “alive” to
the extent that he has an inkling of
purpose – through his diary he is able
to preserve the human legacy
QUOTE is the
song passage (in
some instances
you don’t have to
state the exact
quote when the
technique itself is
an overarching
one)
The motif of song
verses
conveying
fragments of truth
Emphasises the power of storytelling
through varying art forms to convey
truth and allow individuals to
comprehend reality.
“He was already
dead, he
reflected. It
seemed to him
that it was only
now, when he
Motif
Winston is metafictively aware that he
is already “dead” due to his lack of
individuality. He highlights the
importance of expression through
“formulating his thoughts” for this
realisation – engaging with the idea
47
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
had begun to be
able to formulate
his thoughts, that
he had taken the
decisive step.”
ANALYSIS
that individuals require expression in
order to be conscious.
‘he writes this
diary for the
future’
Irony
Winston is aware that his current
consciousness is “dead” and therefore
a lost cause. Winston however realises
that his self-expression is valuable as it
can provide liberation from one’s
present
oppression.
Therefore,
Winston’s subversive diary writing
provides a degree empowerment and
transcendence to a “future” self.
"All he had to do
was to transfer to
paper the
interminable
restless
monologue”
Hyperbole/
Personification
This quote suggests that it is an
uncontrollable force, which mirrors
the innate human desire to express.
Orwell metatextually indicates how
not only is Winston’s own craft a form
of rebellion against the experience
under
the
party,
but
the
psychoanalysis and his awareness of
his rebellion is also an act against the
party because it shows that he is
conscious – the main thing that the
Party aims to reduce.
48
Futility of Anomalous Resistance
Anomalous Resistance
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
“‘We do not
destroy the
heretic because
he resists us. . ..
We convert him,
we capture his
inner mind, we
reshape him.’”
Repetition
“whether
[Winston] wrote
DOWN WITH BIG
BROTHER or not,
it made no
difference”
Epizeuxis
empathic tone
“The masses
never revolt of
their own accord,
Repetition
ANALYSIS
Through the repetition of “we” Orwell
is able to highlight the power that is
held
within
the
collective
consciousness – in this case – the
power that is held within the party as
a collective. The individual resistance
to the part if futile because the party
stands as a conscious collective. The
hope the reader has for the future is
removed and Orwell displays how
totalitarian governments seek to
control everyone and everything; they
do not focus only on people who
actually show potential to bring about
change – an ability that is only enabled
due to their collective consciousness.
and
The
disillusioned
stream
of
consciousness, “whether [Winston]
wrote DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER or
not, it made no difference” reveals the
paradox of individual’s motivations for
rebellion as Winston attempts to
escape collective indoctrination by
writing in his diary yet recognises his
futility
against
the
Party’s
omnipotence.
This directly engages with the
limitation of the prole’s collective
consciousness and their inability to
49
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
and they never
revolt merely
because they are
oppressed.
Indeed, so long as
they are not
permitted to have
standards of
comparison, they
never even
become aware
that they are
oppressed.”
“Reality exists in
the human mind,
and nowhere
else. Not in the
individual mind,
which can make
mistakes, and in
any case soon
perishes: only in
the mind of the
Party, which is
collective and
immortal.”
ANALYSIS
revolt – they are not even aware of the
fact that they are oppressed. This
parallels the quote “until they become
consciousness, they can never rebel…”
Orwell providing insight into the
oppression
of
the
totalitarian
structure on the collective.
Motif
Orwell is using O'Brien's interrogation
of Winston to frame a philosophical
debate around several things that
underpin the novel. O'Brien argues
that history cannot exist as an
independent entity but only as part of
a collective memory, namely the
memory of the Party which Winston
has recognised as false. Winston
knows that the Party have lied, but the
evidence has gone. He held it in his
hand briefly, but now has to address
where that 'truth' exists. O'Brien is
clearly showing Winston that any
historical event cannot have taken
place if no evidence of it exists, other
than in the minds of people who
cannot be trusted. This takes us to a
deeper debate about the truth of
history - if two people give
contradictory accounts of something,
how do we ever know the truth? This
relates the importance of the collective
identity in knowing “truth” and the
50
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
power that the collective hold in
establishing what is real.
”Until they
become
conscious they
will never rebel
and until after
they have
rebelled they
cannot become
conscious."
Antimetabole,
paradox
Orwell
again
emphasises
the
importance of the communal rebellion
yet the paradox is that proles will
continue to go about their lives
unquestioningly until they become
conscious of their oppression—but it
seems that a radical change or
revolution would need to take place in
order for the oppressed working class
to even understand that they are
oppressed.
These proles are "kept in subjection,
like animals" and fed a few simple lies
that they believe because they do not
have the capability to be able to
believe anything else. So, in reality,
they will never rebel because they
don't know they can. No one has told
them, or made them believe they can.
This construction of the proles again
emphasises
the
impotence
of
individual rebellion, acknowledged by
Winston.
“If there is hope,
it lies in the
proles.”
Low modality
Orwell comments on the profound
importance of recognising our shared
human experience and engaging in
collective solidarity in order for true
change to occur. He highlights the only
“hope” for change lies within the
communal experience of the proles
and cannot be achieved simply by the
isolated individual.
51
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“Perhaphs a
lunatic is just a
minority of one.”
Low
modality,
aphorism
Contextually, it indicates how the
lunacy of totalitarian regimes is
contagious for their citizens. And by
extension, to cater for the syllabus,
how the lunacy of a corrupted
collective corrupts the individuality of
their holders.
In 1984, conformity is encouraged
through the propaganda and agendas
that are translated and controlled in all
aspects of Oceania's society. Using
negative connotations such as
"minority", "one" and the indefinite
article "a" before "lunatic" all
constitute towards the constructed
belief that individualism is associated
with denunciation and isolation.
Through this fear of being alienated,
the ideals of individualism are
destroyed
“So long as
human beings
stay human,
death and life are
the same thing.”
Paradox
This collective identity of “death” that
Winston places of humans emphasises
the lack of individuality and humanity
that the population currently has. The
paradox establishes “life” as “death”
because there is no authentic selfexpression,
desires
or
human
connection.
At present
nothing is
possible except to
extend the area
of sanity little by
Irony
Winston acknowledges that at the
current moment there is noa ability for
the population to “act collectively”
because they do not have the
consciousness to do so. Winston aims
to instead “extend the area of sanity
little by little” in a futile attempt of
52
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
little. We cannot
act collectively.
ANALYSIS
rebellion that he is consciously aware
of – yet nonetheless attempts as part of
his own attempt at consciousness.
We can only
spread our
knowledge
outwards from
individual to
individual,
generation after
generation. In the
face of the
Thought Police
there is no other
way.
Motif
This expresses the dichotomy between
the individual and the collective
whereby the current ability to only
spread “individual to individual” limits
the ability to establish collective
consciousness and therefore have
effective rebellion.
“The words kept
coming back to
him, statement of
a mystical truth
and a palpable
absurdity.”
Paradox
“If there is hope it lies in the proles”
occurs to him as a “statement of a
mystical truth and a palpable
absurdity”. This paradox of “truth” and
“absurdity” engages the futility yet
necessity of rebellion that lies within
the communal strength of the proles.
“Two gin-scented
tears”
Allusion
By the end of the text, Winston forfeits
any remaining emotional autonomy,
crying “two gin-scented tears” in
allusion to the motif of “victory gin” to
suggest that his emotional autonomy
is the emotion of the party. Winston’s
conformity at the end illustrates the
futility of anomalous resistance
without collective solidarity
53
54
Construction of Identity
This is an alternative line of argument for your third paragraph where instead of focusing on
anomalous resistance you highlight that the reason Winston’s rebellion was futile was because
he is inherently a construction of his context. This means that when he rebels against his context
he is rebelling against himself resulting in fragmented identity and futility.
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
“Even after
enormous
upheavals…the
same pattern has
reasserted…just
as a gyroscope
will always
return to
equilibrium”
Metafictive simile
Readers are made aware of Orwell’s
narrative construction of rebellion
through
Winston’s
metafictive
realisation of self construction. The
simile compares his upheaval to a
gyroscope – which is a spinning wheel
or disc – and this futility in individual
rebellion as “the same pattern has
reasserted” complex identity created
as part of the human experience and
prompts audience self-awareness of
construction.
“If you want to
keep a secret, you
must also hide it
from yourself.”
Metafictive
This self reflective awareness of
construction
emphasises
the
importance of expression on the
construction of consciousness.
‘consciousness…
stopping dead’
Motif
The motif of Winston referring to
himself and the populace as already
“dead” highlights his awareness of
rebellions futility due to individual
identity that is already constructed
and limited by minimised emotional
expression and language – therefore
dead.
55
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
‘We are the dead’
and the echoed
‘You are the dead’
Motif
Emphasises awareness of rebellion’s
futility, shared with the audience to
raise questions about the efficacy of
rebellion in a constructed world when
the individual identity is constructed,
and therefore already ‘dead’.
‘the Thought
Police would get
him just the
same’
Foreshadowing
Metafictive
“All beliefs,
habits, tastes,
emotions, mental
attitudes that
characterize our
time are really
designed to
sustain the
mystique of the
Party and
prevent the true
nature of
present-day
society from
being perceived.”
Metafictive
Word choice of “design” emphasises
the construction of the individual
identity.
“He loved Big
Brother”
Short sentence
The
inevitable
futility
and
construction of Winston’s identity is
emphasises by the short sentence that
highlights the ongoing ideological
&
Ironic transcendence of limited
identity through awareness of selfconstruction becomes Orwell’s ironic
narrative device for questioning the
efficacy of action as Winston is aware
of the futility of his rebellion from the
beginning. This calls to question the
ideological hope held by Winston that
critiques idealism.
56
QUOTE
TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS
entropy
of
the
consciousness through
regimes.
individual
dictatorial
57
ESSAY
Example 1
Essay Outline
Thesis: Orwell reveals the fragility of an individual’s conception of truth in that it paradoxically
shapes ones sense of self yet can so easily be manipulated to enforce collective subjugation and
suppress oppositional thought.
This means: Orwell is exploring the idea that individual’s understanding of truth is inherently
flawed or fragile. The thesis is saying that the reason for this is because of the paradox: we as
individuals use what we believe is true to shape our identity – and yet our sense of truth can very
easily be manipulated to subsequently oppress us.
Paragraph 1: Orwell criticises how governments exploit the human imperfection of selfdeception to obliterate the prospect of rebellion, enlightening his audience to the centrality of
rebellion to preserve autonomy.
This means: Orwell is commenting on the ability of governments to exploit us as individuals to
minimise our ability to rebel and show the audience how important rebellion is for our ability to
have power over ourselves.
Paragraph 2: While individual rebellion against the Party is futile, Orwell commends the search
for deeper human connection through personal relationships as a cathartic internalised
rebellion against the Party’s manipulation.
This means: Despite the fact that the individual attempts to rebel is futile, Orwell comments on the
importance of human connection and personal relationships for individual expression as a form of
internal rebellion.
58
Paragraph 3: However, Orwell reveals how individuals motivated by rebellion challenge
oppressive government doctrines despite foreseeing the futility of their resistance, highlighting
the inherent complexity of human hope.
This means: Orwell ultimately shows that the individua is motivated by their rebellion despite its
futility and this shows the complex nature of human identity through hope.
Essay
Orwell reveals the fragility of an individual’s conception of truth in that it paradoxically shapes
one’s sense of self yet can so easily be manipulated to enforce collective subjugation and
suppress oppositional thought. In his model of the Party, Orwell hyperbolises events such as The
Great Purge, a coordinated execution of political dissidents en masse in Stalinist Russia, as
dissenters are ‘vapourised’ such that rebellious thought is completely eradicated and the Party’s
constructed reality is solidified.
Orwell criticises how governments exploit the human imperfection of self-deception to
obliterate the prospect of rebellion, enlightening his audience to the centrality of rebellion to
preserve autonomy. Orwell modelled the Party after events such as The Great Purge, a
coordinated mass-execution of political dissidents in Stalinist Russia, to criticise how
authoritarian powers eliminate opposition to ensure their versions of truth remain
unquestioned. In the stark juxtaposition between the destitute, “dingy cities where underfed
people shuffled” and grandiose “[Ministries] soaring up, terrace after terrace” Orwell reveals
how the Party masks collective subjugation behind utopian illusions, leaving the individual
vulnerable to self-deception as they begin to accept the Party’s constructed reality. The Party’s
cognisance of self-deception is affirmed in the paradoxical maxim, “Ignorance is Strength” where
the ‘doublethink’, as individuals are made to hold contradictory beliefs at once, blurs the
distinction between fact and fiction to undermine revolutionary thought. Orwell criticises how
the Party exploits self-deception during the Two Minutes Hate in the visceral tricolon, “to kill, to
torture, to smash faces” where Winston’s thought of rebellion is displaced by fanatical allegiance
to the Party, exposing the redundancy of rebellion when human emotion can be so easily
manipulated. Despite this futility, the caesural assertion, “To die hating them, that was freedom”
celebrates the enduring conflict between Winston’s individual agency and the collective
subjugation to position the audience to understand the importance of preserving the autonomy
59
to hold rebellious thought. [[Orwell condemns how authoritarian governments exploit selfdeception to remove autonomy and create a passive society in which rebellion is impossible.]]
While individual rebellion against the Party is futile, Orwell commends the search for deeper
human connection through personal relationships as a cathartic internalised rebellion against
the Party’s manipulation. Orwell parallels the ironic ‘Ministry of Love’ to the Stalinist NKVD
which similarly aimed to eliminate private loyalties by creating an atmosphere of distrust. In the
emotive tricolon, “Today there was fear, hatred and pain, but no dignity of emotion” Orwell
reveals how the Party suppresses love and relationships by displacing compassion with
vindictiveness to criticise the increasingly desensitised world which prohibits genuine human
connections. However, the hyperbolic battle imagery of, “Their embrace had been a battle, their
climax a victory…it was a political act” in Winston’s sexual encounter with Julia represents
Winston as an anomaly to promote how meaningful human relationships instil a cathartic sense
of fulfilment through personal rebellion. Their relationship undermines the Party’s attempts to
compel a bleak existence in the evocative imagery of the paperweight, “the coral was Julia’s life
and his own, fixed in a sort of eternity (at the heart of the crystal)” where Winston’s shift from a
nihilistic to Romantic tone represents a newfound sense of purpose within the sordid world.
However, the anaphora in Winston’s observation as the paperweight is ultimately shattered,
“How small, thought Winston, how small it always was” symbolises the end of the love affair, a
regretful acceptance of futility in the face of the Party’s omnipresence. Orwell thus champions
how human connections form the basis of personal rebellion yet recognises the inherent fragility
of such connections to create lasting change without collective solidarity.
However, Orwell reveals how individuals motivated by rebellion challenge oppressive
government doctrines despite foreseeing the futility of their resistance, highlighting the inherent
complexity of human hope. Witnessing the oppressive Francoist regime first-hand during his
time fighting in the Spanish Civil War (1936), Orwell characterises Winston as an anomaly who
challenges collective subjugation to encourage his audience to maintain similar political
awareness. The disillusioned stream of consciousness, “whether [Winston] wrote DOWN WITH
BIG BROTHER or not, it made no difference” reveals the paradox of individual’s motivations for
rebellion as Winston attempts to escape collective indoctrination by writing in his diary yet
recognises his futility against the Party’s omnipotence. However, Winston’s unreliable narration,
“He knew… O’Brien was on his side” positions the reader to share his persisting hope in his
60
rebellion only to be quelled by O’Brien in the barbaric hyperbole, “power is in tearing human
minds to pieces”. As such, Orwell subverts classical prose conventions in the tripartite nihilistic
structure as Winston is ultimately defeated, affirmed in the bathetic ending as “He loved Big
Brother”, to position the reader to acknowledge their own flawed self-deception in having held
hope in Winston.
Thus, Winston’s futile rebellion ultimately awakens the reader to the complexity of inconsistent
human motivation, his failure didactically revealing the futility of individual rebellion and the
need for collective solidarity to challenge oppression.
61
Example 2
Essay Outline
Thesis: Within worlds of rupture, shaping of individual and societal consciousness through
contextually driven ideologies functions to fragment and counterintuitively provoke both
cyclical stability and dislocation of human experience.
This means: Within worlds of upheaval, both the individual and the society is shaped by the
contextual ideologies that through oppression – fragment their identity or consciousness. This
then provokes cycles where the individual attempts to stabilise their identity by regaining power
through rebellion. However this is ultimately futile because the individual themselves is
constructed by the context – when they rebel they are rebelling against themselves. This creates a
paradox whereby their own identity is further fragmented despite attempts at regaining it.
Paragraph 1: The external constructive ideological forces that shape the individual writer,
character, and reader’s experience within 1984, directly correlating with European socialist and
communist regimes, poignantly enforces that truth is manipulated and constructed, within both
thought and history.
This means: Orwell is highlighting how these ideological forces construct not only the
individual, but also the writer and the reader by shaping their interpretation of the world
around them. This directly correlates with European totalitarian regimes and shows that the
idea of truth is a construction of the context.
Paragraph 2: Individual human response to oppressive forces, attempting rebellion defined by
reflected identity, paradoxically disempowers through emphasis of predetermined character
framing, raising questions about how achievable it is to seek true individual identity.
This means: The individual responds to these oppressive ideological forces by attempting to rebel
against them – however they are restricted because they themselves are constructed by the
context. This then paradoxically disempowers them because it shows that even their rebellion is a
construction and this questions the ability to find true individual identity.
62
Paragraph 3: Disempowerment of the human individual, through attempted resistance,
exemplifies complex identity created as part of the human experience.
This means: This attempted rebellion paradoxically disempowers the individual and highlights
their complex identity.
Essay
Within worlds of rupture, shaping of individual and societal consciousness through contextually
driven ideologies functions to fragment and counterintuitively provoke both cyclical stability
and dislocation of human experience. George Orwell’s narrative, 1984, satirises contextually
prevalent, politically driven shaping of the individual, construction of language dualistically
accentuating individual empowerment and potential for disempowerment. Rebellion against
constructed identity paradoxically disempowers the individual, raising questions about
underlying predetermined character framing and the influence of context on the individual.
Reader identification of ideological fragmentation allows metafictive realisation of selfconstruction, establishing self awareness.
The external constructive ideological forces that shape the individual writer, character, and
reader’s experience within 1984, directly correlating with European socialist and communist
regimes, poignantly enforces that truth is manipulated and constructed, within both thought and
history. Winstons’ identity and thought is synecdochally constructed, ‘Smith’, nominal
individuality forced into fractured preconceived reality and conformity, ‘doublethink means the
power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of
them’. Orwell’s employment of alienating dystopian narrative establishes fractal dynamics of
fragmentation interacting with experience of post-World War II political turmoil and England’s
impending socialist transformation, paralleling Winston himself. “ I don’t suppose anything
happened to her nobody cares what the proles say typical prole reaction they never—— ”,
Winston’s stream of consciousness, mimetic of political process and system within text, becomes
a narrative device depicting constructedness through external forces that pressure individual
expression, raising questions regarding audience response and authorial manipulation of
perspective. Orwell’s acknowledgement of authoritarian contextual Soviet and Nazi regimes and
63
their constructions creates his metafictive appropriation of the concept allowing reader selfrealisation through questioning synthesis that prompts self-reflection. Winston mimetically
encompasses Orwell’s self-reflexive acknowledgement of contextual Marxist construction of
identity, “It was, he now realized, because of this other incident that he had suddenly decided to
come home and begin the diary today.” Post World War II societal uncertainty and questioning
of essential humanity through political uncertainty fragments character consciousness, “If you
want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a face forever”, Winston directly
referencing contextual upheaval “Who controls the past controls the future”, questioning
societal constructions through attempted synthesis. Construction through ideological contextual
positioning of text establishes reflexive appropriation and fragmentation of identity and
experience for character, writer and reader, becoming Orwell’s established storytelling mode
that challenges his readership.
Individual human response to oppressive forces, attempting rebellion defined by reflected
identity, paradoxically disempowers through emphasis of predetermined character framing,
raising questions about how achievable it is to seek true individual identity. Ironic construction
of rebellion in Winston and Julia reflecting their allocated jobs critiques the impotence of
individual rebellion, acknowledged by Winston,” Until they become conscious, they will never
rebel and until after they have rebelled they cannot become conscious." Julia’s experience,
member of the anti-sex League, is countered as she uses sex as a tool for rebellion and reflects
political and societal construction of her identity through individual rejection of chastity, “I hate
purity, I hate goodness! I don't want any virtue to exist anywhere. I want everyone to be corrupt
to the bones.". Winston’s construction of Julia’s rebellion early within the text through vivid
imagery, “He would ravish her and cut her throat at the moment of climax”, fulfilled by Julia as a
“blow struck to the party”, highlights their rebellion, undermined by constructed identity and
futility. Later scenes symmetrically reflect the moment, “Do it to Julia” highlighting the cyclical
fragmentation despite attempted synthesis through rebellion, desperation and pleading nature
paralleling early fantasies of rebellion, ultimately futile. High modal language in Winston’s
rebellious diary writing ironically reflects his role as “wordsmith” through “rectification” of
history, “DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER”, questioning communal experience ironically restricted
through language construction that shrinks consciousness, “Don’t you see that the whole aim of
Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought”, raising questions about fragmented self identity.
Readers’ responses through engagement with direct parallels to their experience allow self-
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reflexivity to shape their rebellion against their own limiting constructed contexts. Attempted
synthesis of Winston’s fragmented experience through self realisation, “In the end the Party
would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it.”, inevitably
focuses readers on ongoing ideological construction leading to progressive entropy within the
individual consciousness, “He loved Big Brother”. Orwell’s cyclical construction questions
ideological contextual restrictions of consciousness.
Disempowerment of the human individual, through attempted resistance, exemplifies complex
identity created as part of the human experience. Readers are made aware of Orwell’s narrative
construction of rebellion, metafictive realisation of self construction reflecting audience selfawareness and engagement with the questions it poses, “Even after enormous upheavals…the
same pattern has reasserted…just as a gyroscope will always return to equilibrium”. Complexity
of human experience is explored and questioned through attempted emergence from constructs,
despite failed synthesis in the face of fragmentation. “If you want to keep a secret, you must also
hide it from yourself.”, emphasises the importance of expression on the construction of
consciousness. Ironically limited transcendence descending into liminal self-realisation of
individual construction, seen in Winston’s observation of ‘consciousness… stopping dead’, offers
limited transcendence between oppressed existence and conscious freedom as ‘he writes this
diary for the future’. Freedom through awareness of self-construction becomes Orwell’s ironic
narrative device for questioning the efficacy of action as ‘the Thought Police would get him just
the same’. ‘We are the dead’ and the echoed ‘You are the dead’, emphasises awareness of
rebellion’s futility, shared with the audience to raise questions about the efficacy of rebellion in
a constructed world when the individual identity is constructed, and therefore already ‘dead’.
The narrative critiques individual incapacity and dominance of prevailing external ideological
forces; paralleling readers prompted to question individual human experience in the face of
contextual disruption.
Texts, artificial creations themselves, exist within constructs, including contextual values and
the milieu of the responder’s experience of the text; mimetic of reflective individual and social
experience. Satirisation of Orwell’s construct drives self-reflection of audience through
metafictive
realisation
of
self-construction
intra
and
extra-textually.
Paradoxical
disempowerment through rebellion by enhancement of constructive forces establishes further
ideological fragmentation of character, provoking both cyclical stability and dislocation.
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Example 3
Essay Outline
Thesis: The democratic framework that we live under is designed to protect and nourish the
individual autonomy, agency, and expression, yet there exists a credulous ‘assumption’ that this
framework is an absolute. George Orwell’s dystopic prose ‘Nineteen-Eighty Four’, however, does
not simply submit to a rupturing of this assumption – Orwell invites us to see that
our experiences must be premised upon autarchist and individual rights.
This means: This thesis explores the idea that democracy is designed to protect individuals,
however this relies on the assumption that this is a given in the framework. Orwell goes against
this assumption of protection and invites the audience to see that our experiences rely on the
premise of Autarchism – the political philosophy that promotes the principles of individualism, the
moral ideology of individual liberty and self-reliance. It rejects compulsory government and
supports the elimination of government in favor of ruling oneself to the exclusion of rule by others.
Paragraph 1: The credulous belief in the sanctity of individual autonomy can be challenged
through experiences of tribulation and hegemony.
This means: Orwell criticises this belief that individual autonomy is a given in society and shows
that this can be challenged by individual suffering and dominant societies.
Paragraph 2: In experiences of suppression and subordination, humanity is categorised by the
dialectical tension of exercising autonomy in an attempt to save and maintain human behaviour
or exercising submission to the defeatist and futile experiences that they have become
accustomed to.
This means: The individual responds to these oppressive is characterised either by their attempts
to regain their individual power through autonomy, or by their submission to the forces and
defeat by the system.
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Paragraph 3: The dialectical tension culminates in the understanding that the collective
behaviour will always override the individual, thereby illuminating experiences of inertia and
futility.
This means: This shows that the collective society will also have more power than the individual,
showing that any attempts at rebellion are futile.
Essay
The democratic framework that we live under is designed to protect and nourish the individual
autonomy, agency, and expression, yet there exists a credulous ‘assumption’ that this framework
is an absolute. George Orwell’s dystopic prose ‘Nineteen-Eighty-Four’, however, does not simply
submit to a rupturing of this assumption – Orwell invites us to see that our experiences must be
premised upon autarchist and individual rights. He does this by representing that our
experiences can be oppressed and adversarial due to the unreliability of the human condition.
In such experiences, a dialectical tension is created; some attempt to preserve the fulfilment of
an autonomous human experience through agency to proactively protect their freedoms; others
submit to the experience of subjugation and defeat. In doing so, Orwell satirically transposes his
narrative beyond Nazism and Stalinism to an eschatological trajectory, so as to disorient the
responder’s assumptions and allow them to better comprehend their own world.
The credulous belief in the sanctity of individual autonomy can be challenged through
experiences of tribulation and hegemony. This tribulated experience is engendered by Orwell’s
oppressive craft of a technological invasion; Orwell satirises Britain’s “worldwide network of
listening posts” through the panoptic “telescreens” and the metonymic posters of “the face of a
man”, thereby creating a collective experience that is constricted by surveillance. Orwell
also incites the experience of inequality through the dystopian form by juxtaposing two
settings; the stasis of the Inner Party’s living quarters is apparent through reliance of copular
verbs in describing the wealthy setting: “everything was intimidating”, “the passage… was
softly carpeted”, “the room was long-shaped and softly lit”, juxtaposed with Winston’s
ironic residence of the “Victory Mansions” as described in “the pipes burst in every frost, the
roof leaked whenever there was snow” utilising a morbid adverbial repetition to indicate
the destitution of the collective experience. Orwell offers a psycholinguistic imposition through
restrictive neologisms as a means of eradicating the ability to describe and thereby nullify
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human experience. Namely, the motif of “duckspeak” in “a noise uttered in unconsciousness, like
the quacking of a duck” uses simile to sedate and control the individual autonomy during
experiences of intense adversity. By drawing upon Mirzoeff’s discussion of Nazism
that “totalitarianism is profoundly distrustful of the body politic", Orwell’s Juvenalian satire
form allows him to mirror moral indignation such as deficient self-care of England and
Germany post-WW2, evidenced by the polysyndetonic metaphor in “life is a struggle against
hunger or cold or sleeplessness, against a sour stomach or an aching tooth” to indicate a
reduction of experience to impulses and cravings, and hence the morbid and mundane
“struggle” when bodily autonomy is lost. Hence, Orwell draws upon innately human experiences
such as adversity and subjugation as a means to provide insights into the complexities of the
human condition.
In experiences of suppression and subordination, humanity is categorised by the dialectical
tension of exercising autonomy in an attempt to save and maintain human behaviour or
exercising submission to the defeatist and futile experiences that they have become accustomed
to. Orwell recognises the importance of protecting personal liberties through individual
experiences of hope and insubordination. In what is the most overt rebellious experience, “the
gesture” of sex with Julia subverts the party’s dehumanising scientific synechdoche “the
individual is only a cell” to elicit how even the smallest experiences against “the party” is
rebellious. Orwell implements a synaesthesic tricolon of “the smell of her hair, the taste of her
mouth, the feeling of her skin” to capture the escapism that physical and sexually instinctual
experiences provide, thus rebelling against the adverse experience under the regime and
igniting 2nd wave feminist ideologies such as “Women have a fundamental right of sexual freedom
and pleasure” (Freidan). Experiences of rebellion and insubordination are also evident through
a psychoanalytical lens, as Orwell’s use of homodiegetic narrative voice allows for the portrayal
of psychological rebellion. In "All he had to do was to transfer to paper the interminable restless
monologue”, Orwell metatextually indicates how not only is Orwell’s own craft a form of rebellion
to the refined experience under the party, but the psychoanalysis of rebellion is an act against
the party. Orwell’s prose satirises the paradoxical nature of critic Dana Fisher’s “utopia-dystopia
dichotomy” of the setting, by auditorily juxtaposing the Golden Country in “Thrush sings with
astonishing variations” with Room 101’s artificial “low steady humming sound” to reflect the
rebellious experience of travel and escapism under the regime. By extension, Orwell crafts
figments of rebellious experience such as the coral paperweight to represent the potential for
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human experience to be enshrined. The exclamatory statement “how small it always was!”
highlights the idealism of Winston who believes he “was fixed in a sort of eternity at the heart of
the crystal”, thereby representing a relic of past jubilance and beauty that underpinned prior
experiences. Therefore, Orwell draws upon the individual experience of insubordination to
elucidate that our world should not be seen as an eternal sustaining of our autonomy.
The dialectical tension culminates in the understanding that the collective behaviour will always
override the individual, thereby illuminating experiences of inertia and futility. Orwell’s 3-act
nihilistic structure of ending with an antagonistic success subverts normal prose, so as to instil
a lack of hope in the reader. Orwell crafts both Julia and Winston’s character arc as moving
between what Sartre defined “good faith” and “bad faith”; the movement from the established
rebellion to the emphasised inertia in the Ministry of Love scene. Winston mutters the indirect
reference to Descartes ‘Cogito ergo sum’ in ‘I think I exist’ to O’Brien, thereby reflecting the
Sartrean nature of existential thinking under futile, psychological oppression.
The stichomythic conversing between Julia and Winston, the rebellious icons, by the end of the
prose such as “‘We are the dead’… ‘We are not dead, yet’… ‘Not physically’” echoes the emotional
tension by defying traditionalist formed dialogue to reflect Lyotard’s ‘Postmodern Condition’ of
the Cold War Era. By the end of the text, Winston forfeits any remaining emotional autonomy,
crying “two gin-scented tears” in allusion to the motif of “victory gin” to suggest that his
emotional autonomy is the emotion of the party. Also, despite the visceral imagery that is
elucidated in the sexual experiences, the paradoxical juxtaposition of “physical contact” and lack
of “physical sensation” illuminates the ways in which the “sex instinct” has become contaminated
by the party rhetoric. In doing so, Orwell recognises how the experiences of the collective will
always override the individual response, insofar as he can subvert the assumption that we will
always have rights and liberties.
In conclusion, 1984 tells of concerns pursuant to Orwell’s post-war zeitgeist, through satirising
the credulity of humankind to conjecture that the humanistic framework of society is an
absolute. Through represents the way in which the framework of morality is ruptured and
showing the futility of the individual against the regime, Orwell has created an intercultural
dialogue in relation to an awareness of shared human desires for autonomy and agency, but
through confronting the belief that they are absolute.
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Example 4
Essay Outline
Thesis: George Orwell in his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) explores aspects of
the human experience that are essential for a meaningful existence yet easily suppressed in a
totalitarian setting, to emphasise the need for collective solidarity in preserving such freedoms.
This means: Orwell is exploring the idea that there are part of the human experience that are
necessary to maintain individual identity, emphasising the need of the collective support in order
to maintain this freedom.
Paragraph 1: Orwell represents the fragility of individual autonomy under totalitarian
manipulation to reveal the importance of pursuing the collective human desire for freedom and
self-expression.
This means: Orwell highlights that the individual’s freedom is fragile under oppressive
totalitarian forces and this reveals the importance of the collective support in order to maintain
freedom.
Paragraph 2: Orwell depicts the paradoxical fragility and power of emotions in either
perpetuating or resisting oppression to suggest that meaningful connections are necessary for a
fulfilling human experience.
This means: The individual responds to these oppressive is characterised either by their attempts
to regain their individual power through autonomy, or by their submission to the forces and
defeat by the system.
Paragraph 3: Orwell exposes how governments distort reality and objective truth to render
critical thought and dissent impossible, reducing the human experience to an indistinguishable
cycle of repression.
This means: Orwell then exposes how these totalitarian governments change the individual’s
reality and perception of truth in order to minimise thought which then reduces the human
experience to cycles of oppression.
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Essay
George Orwell in his dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) explores aspects of the
human experience that are essential for a meaningful existence yet easily suppressed in a
totalitarian setting, to emphasise the need for collective solidarity in preserving such freedoms.
By representing the fragility of autonomy, Orwell asserts the importance of pursuing our innate
desire for freedom to experience existential fulfilment. Similarly, Orwell asserts that in a society
deprived of interpersonal intimacy, we must realise the value of private loyalties in providing
emotional fulfilment and actively seek it. Yet, Orwell illuminates the tragic triumph of the
collective over individual rebellion, stressing the need for us to collectively preserve our sense
of reality by asserting our freedoms before resistance is rendered futile.
Orwell represents the fragility of individual autonomy under totalitarian manipulation to reveal
the importance of pursuing the collective human desire for freedom and self-expression.
Drawing from the constant state of fear created by the omnipotent KGB secret police in Stalinist
Russia, Orwell crafts a technologically invasive dystopia where motivic telescreens potentially
“watched everybody all the time … every movement scrutinised”, to establish Oceania as a
panopticon that instils a perpetual state of paranoia and self-censorship in individuals. The antihero Winston Smith strives to express himself in this repressed society, where the polysyndeton
“life is a struggle against hunger or cold or sleeplessness” metaphorically indicates the
reduction of the human experience to mere impulses when basic freedoms are suppressed.
Inspired by acts of political rebellion such as the White Rose, a group which resisted Nazi
indoctrination through anti-fascist pamphlets, Orwell uses the stream of consciousness in
Winston’s hypophora “for whom … was he writing this diary? For the future, for the unborn”
to highlight self-expression as an innate human need that offers a higher sense of existential
purpose. However, under physical and psychological torture, Winston ultimately becomes a
powerless extension of the behaviour constructed by the Party, as his tears of “two gin-scented
tears” allude to the motif of the Party’s “victory gin” to lament the futility of pursuing autonomy
in a totalitarian society. By depicting the collective disempowerment that results when our
autonomy is destroyed, Orwell establishes the necessity of such freedoms to provide existential
fulfilment.
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Orwell depicts the paradoxical fragility and power of emotions in either perpetuating or
resisting oppression to suggest that meaningful connections are necessary for a fulfilling human
experience. Orwell responds to the Hitler Youth, where Nazi ideologically instilled children with
fascist values, forcing parents to mistrust their children in fear of being reported. Analogously,
the Parson’s family serves as a microcosm of Oceania’s social fragmentation; children, traditional
symbols of innocence, are indoctrinated into “ungovernable savages” to reveal the destruction
of genuine emotional connections when filial bonds have been eroded to prioritise a devotion to
the Party. This is achieved through the abuse of innate human emotions, evident in the
oxymoronic “hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness” during the Two Minutes of Hate,
when fear and hatred are artificially orchestrated as a form of contrived emotional fulfilment to
facilitate collective conformity. However, when Winston receives a love note from Julia, his
metaphor “the desire to stay alive had welled up inside him” reveals the power of private
loyalties that can mitigate emotional isolation by inciting a spiritual purpose. In the Golden
Country, an aesthetic poetic interlude where Winston reconnects with his fragmented memories
of his mother’s “loyalty that was private and unalterable”, his physical intimacy with Julia is
described using the war imagery “Their embrace had been a battle, the climax a victory”.
Here, Orwell asserts that meaningful connections can provide the ‘why to live [that] can bear
almost any how’ (Nietzsche) and are thus necessary in evoking a higher motivation for a
fulfilling human experience. Orwell depicts the dual role of emotions in an oppressive
environment to reveal the necessity of meaningful connections to provide emotional fulfilment.
By representing the tension between an individual’s desire for objective truth and the
collective’s motivation to artificially impose reality, Orwell reveals the need for us to collectively
assert our freedoms and experience a genuine sense of reality before resistance is rendered
futile. Paralleling this, the state endorsed language “Newspeak” forces the individual to accept
paradoxical axioms, “WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH”,
where the mechanical rhythm of the truncated sentences replicates the ubiquitous and
inculcating impact of propaganda in shaping a contrived reality to restrict rebellious thought.
Subverting a victorious hero arc, Winston’s optimistic motif “If there is hope, it lies in the
proles”, which emphasises the power of collective solidarity in challenging an oppressive
regime, is dismantled under Party torture. Tormented until his “reality exists … in the mind of
the Party, collective and immortal”, Winston mutters the indirect reference to Descartes
‘Cogito ergo sum’ in “I think I exist” to lament how the sense of objective truth that underpins
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a meaningful existence is easily controlled by ideologically manipulative states. Eventually,
Winston’s autocratic recitation of the Party chiasmus “Who controls the past controls the
future: who controls the present controls the past” bleakly reveals his ultimate immersion
into the perpetual cycle of oppression created in the artificial reality of totalitarian regimes. By
depicting the tragic transience of individual resistance, Orwell asserts the need for collective
solidarity in order to preserve our sense of reality and truth.
Orwell exposes how governments distort reality and objective truth to render critical thought
and dissent impossible, reducing the human experience to an indistinguishable cycle of
repression. Orwell draws on Stalinist Russia, which controlled reality and truth by only
permitting propaganda and literature that aligned with desired Marxist-Leninist ideologies. The
state endorsed language “Newspeak” forces the individual to accept paradoxical axioms, “WAR
IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH”, where the mechanical rhythm
of the truncated sentences replicates the ubiquitous and inculcating impact of propaganda in
shaping reality and restricting critical thought. Subverting a victorious hero arc, Winston’s
optimistic motif “If there is hope, it lies in the proles”, which emphasises the power of
collective solidarity in challenging an oppressive regime, is dismantled under Party torture.
Tormented until his “reality exists … in the mind of the Party, collective and immortal”,
Winston mutters the indirect reference to Descartes ‘Cogito ergo sum’ in “I think I exist” to
lament how the truth that underpins a meaningful existence is easily controlled by ideologically
manipulative states. Eventually, Winston’s autocratic recitation of the Party’s chiasmus “Who
controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past” bleakly
reveals the perpetual cycle of oppression created in the artificial reality of totalitarian regimes.
By depicting the transience of individual resistance, Orwell asserts the need for collective
solidarity in order to preserve our sense of reality and truth.
Hope this guide was helpful and good luck with your HSC
!
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