SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Philippine Politics
and Governance
QUARTER 4
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_MODULE1)
1
RESOURCE TITLE: Philippine Politics and Governance
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1
First Edition, 2020
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2
The power in the government is divided among the three branches: the executive,
legislative and judiciary. This lesson gives the learners a glimpse of the the roles and
responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House
of representatives;
2. assess the performance of the Philippines Congress;
3. discuss the impact of congress’s performance on the Philippine development;
and
4. articulate a position or advocacy to a Philippine legislator through a formal
correspondence.
Directions: Complete the paragraph by selecting the correct word/phrase from the
given choices.
The Congress of the Philippines is composed of the (1. Senate, Department of
Justice) and the (2. Municipality, House of Representatives). The main function of
the Congress is to (3. make laws, interpret the existing laws). A (4. bill, resolution) is
a draft of law presented to a legislature for enactment. A (5. bill, resolution), on the
other hand, is presented to convey the sentiments of the Congress.
Lesson
1
The Legislative Branch
ARTICLE VI
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines
which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent
reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.
Section 2. The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected
at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.
Section 5. (1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two
hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from
legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan
Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on
the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall
be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral
parties or organizations.
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(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total
number of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive
terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to
party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election
from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women,
youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
ACROSTIC POEM. Using the letters of the word PRESIDENT, create a poem that
highlights what you believe are the characteristics that a Chief Executive of the
Philippines should possess. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
P–R–E–S–I–D–E–N-T
Activity 1. BILL PROPOSAL. Suppose you are one of the country’s top legislators,
draft a short and long title of your proposed priority bill.
1. What is this bill about?
2. Who is this bill for?
3. Why should this bill be passed into law?
COMPOSITION, QUALIFICATIONS AND TERM/TENURE OF THE LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH
The legislative power of the government is vested upon the Congress of the
Philippines in accordance with the 1987 Constitution.
The Congress is divided into two chambers: The House of Representatives (lower
house) and the Senate of the Philippines (upper house). The Senate of the Philippines
is composed of 24 senators elected at large while the House of Representatives is
composed of not more than 250 members, 20% of which is composed of party-list
representatives. A qualified candidate for both the Senate and the House of
Representatives must be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, able to read and
write, and a registered voter.
The difference is that the Senate requires that the person must be at least 35
years old and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years before election
day. On the other hand, a candidate for the House needs to be at least 25 years old
and a resident of the Philippines for at least one year in the district where he/she
will be elected (except for party-list representatives). The term of office for the elected
senators and representatives starts at noon of the 30th day of June following their
election.
The senators will serve for six years and shall not serve for more than two
consecutive terms. The representatives, also known as congressmen/women, will
serve for three years and shall not hold office for more than three consecutive terms.
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In case of vacancy in the Congress, under Section 9 of Article VI, a special election
may be called to fill such vacancy in the manner prescribed serve only for the
unexpired term. first reading (senate president) by law, but the senator or Member
of the House of Representatives thus elected shall.
FUNCTIONS OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
The primary function of the legislative branch is the creation, enactment, and
amendments of laws. Proposed laws may come from the senators or representatives
themselves, the people they represent district, province, or the party), or the other
two branches of the government. These proposals are drafted into a bill.
How A Bill Becomes A Law
A bill is a draft of law presented to legislation for enactment, by the approval by
Congress and the president of the Republic. The basic process for the creation or
amendment of a law begins with a bill drafted by a senator or representative and filed
for the first reading.
The first reading is where the Senate President or the Speaker of the House reads
out the title, bill number, and author's name, and then assigns the bill to the proper
Senate or House Committee. The author(s) or the concerned committee will send out
an invitation to various concerned parties, agencies, and stakeholders for a public
hearing of the bill to review the proposed bill and give their comments during the
deliberations. The concerned committee can hold a technical working group meeting
for specific changes to the provisions such as proper concepts, correction of
grammar, and deletion or addition of certain phrases or words. After the approval of
the bill by the committee members, a committee report is then filed with its approved
version of the bill to the Committee on Rules for the second reading.
In the second reading, the author of the bill or the chairperson of the committee
delivers a sponsorship speech. It is followed by a period of interpellation wherein
other senators or representatives may debate or ask further questions to the sponsor
of the bill. After the interpellation, the senators or representatives may make some
amendments.
In reviewing a bill, there are some things to consider:
1. Does the bill conform to the provisions of the Constitution?
2. What is the main issue that the bill is trying to address?
3. What are the methods that the bill is trying to propose in order to answer
the issue?
4. Are there alternative means to address the issue?
5. Who will benefit from the bill if it is enacted into law? How will the benefits
be given? Will this create further problems?
6. Is there sufficient fund for the law? Where will the government get the fund
needed to enforce the law?
The representatives or the senators again vote for the passage of the bill on second
reading. "As a general rule, a bill must pass both the Senate and the House"
(Defensor Santiago 2002). Note that two versions of a bill are processed
simultaneously in both chambers. The final version of the approved bill by both
chambers is then printed for approval. Or if there are disagreements between the two
chambers on the final version of the bill, a Bicameral Conference Committee is
created to make the necessary changes before printing out the final and reconciled
version of the bill. Another period of interpellation follows after which the senators
or the representatives vote for the third reading of the bill.
Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment shall be allowed Upon approval of
the final version of the bill by both chambers, the Senate President and the Speaker
of the House shall sign the final copy now known as the enrolled bill and send it to
the president for approval and signature.
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The bill becomes a law upon the signing of the president. In case of objection from
the president, the enrolled bill is vetoed and returned to the House where the bill is
originated. If the House of Representatives or the Senate still reconsiders the bill, at
least two-thirds of all the members of the House shall vote for the bill to become a
law. Failure by the president to act on the enrolled bill within 30 days upon his or
her receipt, the bill becomes a law as if the president has signed it. Other than a bill,
each House can make resolutions.
Nature and Function of Resolutions
A resolution "conveys principles and sentiments of the members of the Senate or
the House of Representative."
• There are three different types of resolutions:
1. Joint resolutions - require the approval of both chambers of Congress and
the signature of the president, and have the force and effect of a law if
approved.
2. Concurrent resolutions - used for matters affecting the operations of both
chambers of Congress and must be approved in the same form by both
houses, but are not transmitted to the president for his/her signature and
therefore have no force and effect of a law.
3. Simple resolutions - deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one
chamber of Congress; are not referred to the president for his/her signature,
and therefore have no force and effect of a law.
Activity 2. MATRIX COMPLETION. Complete the table below with correct
information about the members of the Legislative Branch of Philippine Government.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Features
House of Senate
House of
Representatives
Qualifications
Number of Members
Term of Office
Term Limit
District Constituency
Method of Election
Activity 3
A. TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE if it is
incorrect. Use a separate answer sheet in answering.
1. Legislative power shall be vested in Philippine Congress.
2. A Representative in Philippine Congress can serve for more than three
consecutive terms.
3. Through synchronized elections, 24 senators are elected every three (3)
years.
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4. By a vote of two-thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting
separately, Philippine Congress shall have the sole power to declare the
existence of a state of war.
5. All cases of impeachment shall be initiated at the House of Representatives
while Senate tries and shall decide on all cases.
B. Guide Questions: Answer each questions in at least 2 sentences.
1. What is more beneficial for a democratic country, to vote for a representative
or to allow the people to do the processes of legislation? Explain your answer?
2. With the current set-up of legislation, what do you propose that members of
Congress must do to represent or serve their constituents better?
Activity 4. BILL REVIEW. Visit the website of either the House of Representatives
or the Senate of the Philippines. Choose a bill from their sites. Study the bill and
prepare your comments in the following format.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Name of Student:
Grade and Section: School:
Bill Number and Title:
Author(s):
Introduction: (short introduction on the purpose of the bill)
General Comment: (your opinion of the bill in general)
Specific Comments: (comments on specific provisions like what should be
added or deleted in the bill, errors in language, if any, etc.)
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the primary role of the Legislative Branch of Philippine government?
A. Adjudication of laws
C. Interpretation of laws
B. Implementation of laws
D. Making of laws
2. As a bicameral legislature, what are the two chambers that comprise the
Philippine Congress?
A. Philippine President and House of Representatives
B. House of Representatives and Supreme Court
C. Senate and House of Representatives
D. Senate and Supreme Court
3. A Senator of the Philippines shall serve a term of ___________________.
A. 3 years
C. 9 years
B. 6 years
D. 12 years
4. According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, what is the minimum age
requirement (at the day of the election) to become a member of the House of
Representatives in Philippine Congress?
A. 20 years
C. 35 years
B. 25 years
D. 40 years
5. Members of Philippine Senate are elected through ___________________.
A. Nationwide popular vote
C. Party list system
B. Provincial popular vote
D. Plebiscite
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6. A member of the House of Representatives can serve for a maximum of
___________________.
A. one (1) term
C. three (3) consecutive terms
B. two (2) consecutive terms
D. four (4) consecutive terms
7. What is the legal basis for the exclusive power of the Philippine Congress to
initiate and conduct an impeachment trial?
A. Article VI of Code of Conduct for Public Officials and Employees
B. Article XI of Code of Conduct for Public Officials and Employees
C. Article VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
D. Article XI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
8. What is the minimum age requirement (at the day of the election) to become a
Senator as stated in the 1987 Philippine Constitution?
A. 20 years
C. 35 years
B. 25 years
D. 40 years
9. How many Senators are regularly elected every three (3) years?
A. eight (8)
C. twelve (12)
B. ten (10)
D. twenty-four (24)
10. When shall be the start of terms of offices of members of Philippine Congress?
A. twentieth (20th) day of June next following their election for Senators and
thirtieth (30th) day of June next following their election for Members of
House of Representatives
B. thirtieth (30th) day of June next following their election for Senators and
twentieth (20th) day of June next following their election for Members of
House of Representatives
C. twentieth (20th) day of June next following their election for Senators and
Members of House of Representatives
D. thirtieth (30th) day of June next following their election for Senators and
Members of House of Representatives.
What I Need to Know
Welcome to the second topic in this module guide – the Judiciary! The judiciary
is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law. The role of the court
system is to decide cases, including the determination of the relevant facts, then the
determination of the relevant law and the application of the relevant facts to the
relevant law.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary;
2. discuss how the Judiciary exercises neutrality and fairness; and
3. evaluate the performance of the Philippine Judiciary as a dispenser of justice
and a protector of constitutional safeguards to freedom.
What I Know
Directions: Identify which of the following situations best describe the Judicial
Department as stated above. Put a check mark on the space provided.
______1. The court has scheduled a specific time and date of the hearing.
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______2.
______3.
______4.
______5.
The
The
The
The
Judge asks the lawyer to present the set of evidence.
court has decided in favor of the accused.
Petitioner submitted their pre-trial brief.
lawyer writes a will testament.
Lesson
2
The Judicial Branch
ARTICLE VIII
Judicial Department
SECTION 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such
lower courts as may be established by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies
involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine
whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess
of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.
Flow Chart. Create a flow chart
that illustrates how a Bill is
passed into a law. Do it on a
separate sheet of paper.
LEARN ABOUT OUR JUDICIAL BRANCH
The job of the Judicial Branch is to oversee the whole Philippine court system.
The Supreme Court is the head of the Judicial branch and it decide whether the
issue brought forth is consitutional or not. There are fourteen associate justices and
one chief justice. They are all nominated by the President and approved by the
Senate. Supreme court justices may either be impeached, choose to resign or serve
until they die. The Supreme Court is the highest of all courts and its decisions are
final.
Activity 1: Name the current 15 supreme court justices of the Philippines. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Associate Justices
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The third branch of government is the Judicial branch. The Judiciary is made
up of courts -- Supreme, Circuit, the magistrate (local) and municipal (city) courts.
The Judicial branch interprets the laws.
The duties of the judicial branch include:
1. Interpreting state laws;
2. Settling legal disputes;
3. Punishing violators of the law;
4. Hearing civil cases;
5. Protecting individual rights granted by the state constitution;
6. Determining the guilt or innocence of those accused of violating the
criminal laws of the state;
7. Acting as a check upon the legislative and executive branches of state
government.
The Supreme Court
Pursuant to the provisions of the 1987 Constitution, the Supreme Court is
composed of a chief Justice and 14 associate justices who serve until the age of 70.
The Chief Justice and associate justices are appointed by the President of the
Philippines, chosen from a shortlist submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. The
president must fill up a vacancy within 90 days of occurrence.
According to the 1987 Constitution, Article VIII, Section 5, the Supreme Court
exercises the following powers:
• Exercise jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo
warranto, and habeas corpus.
• Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm, on appeal or certiorari, as the law or
the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of the lower courts
in:
• All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international
or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order,
instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question;
• All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any
penalty imposed in relation thereto;
• All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue;
• All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or
higher;
• All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved;
• Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public interest
may require. Such temporary assignments shall not exceed six months
without the consent of the judge concerned.
• Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
• Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of
constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts; the
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•
admission to the practice of law, the Integrated Bar; and legal assistance to
the underprivileged.
Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the
Civil Service Law.
The Court of Appeals
It reviews the record made in the trial court. The appellate court decides whether
to affirm or to reverse the trial court's decision based upon the written briefs.
The Court of Appeals’ principal mandate is to exercise appellate jurisdiction on
all cases not falling within the original and exclusive jurisdiction of the Supreme
Court. Its decisions are final except when appealed to the Supreme Court on
questions of law.
The Sandiganbayan
Both the 1973 and 1987 Constitution contain provisions on the present anti-graft
court known as the Sandiganbayan. It has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases
involving graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public
officers and employees, including those in government-owned or controlled
corporations, in relation to their office as may be determined by law.
Source: https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html
Activity 2. FRAYER MODEL. Complete the Frayer Model to describe and visualize
the concept of Judicial Power.
Definition
Characteristics
Judicial
Power
Examples
Non-examples
What I Have Learned
Activity 3. CASE ANALYSIS:
Chua Qua vs. Clave
G.R. No. 49549 August 30, 1990
The Case: This is actually an illegal dismissal case. However, the circumstances
surrounding it is mind-blowing, to say the least.
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Evelyn was a teacher at the Tay Tung High School in Bacolod City between
1963 to 1976. There she met the boy who would become her husband, Bobby Qua.
When they met, she was 28 and he was 14. They began a relationship faster than
you can say "Mary Kay Letorneau."On December 24, 1975, Evelyn, then 30, and
Bobby, then 16, got married in a civil ceremony solemnized by Hon. Cornelio G.
Lazaro, City Judge of Iloilo. Since Bobby was a minor, his mother Concepcion Ong
had to indicate her consent to the marriage. On February 4, 1976, a complaint was
filed with the sub-regional office of the Department of Labor at Bacolod City an
application for clearance to terminate Evelyn's employment at the school. The
complaint stated that she should be fired "for abusive and unethical conduct
unbecoming of a dignified school teacher and that her continued employment is
inimical to the best interest, and would downgrade the high moral values, of the
school. "As such Evelyn was placed under suspension without pay on March 12,
1976. She was eventually fired.
Court Document Excerpt: "Defying all standards of decency, she recklessly took
advantage of her position as school teacher, lured a Grade VI boy under her advisory
section and 14 years her junior into an amorous relation."
Outcome: The case went through a lot in over 10 years of legal wrangling. The
National Labor Relations Commission, the Labor Department, and even Presidential
Executive Assistant Jacobo C. Clave got involved.
In the end, though, Evelyn won. The SC ordered Tay Tung High School, Inc. to pay
her back wages equivalent to three years (without any deduction or qualification) and
separation pay in the amount of one month for every year of service.
Questions:
1. Do you think the decision of the Supreme Court is fair? Why?
2. If you were the judge, what will be your decision? Why?
What I Can Do
Activity 4. Case Survey. Give three sample issues where you think the court has
decided and acted upon it fairly. Explain each shortly. You may browse the internet
by using the key term “sample case digests Philippines” for the summarized versions,
or you may check lawphil.net for complete versions.
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The Judicial Branch of the Government is responsible for:
A. making laws
B. interpreting laws
C. enforcing laws
2. According to the Constitution, the requirement for a judicial branch is satisfied by:
A. the Supreme Court, the district courts, and the circuit courts
B. the circuit courts alone
C. the district courts alone
3. Who handles most appellate cases?
A. the Supreme Court, the district courts, and the circuit courts
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B. the Court of Appeals
C. the district courts alone
4. Where is the first contact of people seeking for justice?
A. all courts hear cases on appeal
B. the supreme court
C. the district courts
5. Decisions made by which court are final?
A. all court decisions are final
B. the circuit courts
C. the supreme court.
What I Need to Know
The power in the government is divided among the three branches: the
executive, legislative and judiciary. This lesson gives the learners a glimpse of the
roles and responsibilities of the Local Government Units.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• identify the different levels of the Philippine Local Government;
• explain the roles and functions of Local Government Unit; and
• evaluate the performance of a local government unit.
What I Know
Directions: Identify which of the following situations best describe the Local
Government Unit. Put a check mark on the space provided. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
______1. Is a continuing organization.
______2. The people of a city oversee the entirety of the implementation of rules.
______3. An elected Mayor supervises the whole city.
______4. Sangguniang Kabataan is part of the Local Government Unit.
______5. The local government is accountable for its people.
______6. The people of the city have the ability to pass local ordinances.
______7. The local government can collect taxes within its city.
______8. The people have the power to refuse laws being implemented within the city.
Lesson
3
The Local Government Unit
1991 Local Government Code of the Philippines: An Overview
One of the fundamental state policies enshrined in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution is the autonomy of local government units. (Art. II, Sec. 25). In this
regard, the Constitution mandated Congress to “enact a local government code which
shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure
instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall,
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initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their
powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election,
appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local
officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local
units.” (Art. X, sec. 1)
What’s In
Caricature. Directions. On a separate sheet of paper, make a caricature depicting
the judiciary as a dispenser of justice and vanguard of individual rights. (A caricature
is a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking
characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect.)
What’s New
Activity 1. MY OWN LOCAL GOVERNMENT MAP. On a sheet of bond paper (you
can also do it digitally), Map out the Local Government unit (with the current officials)
in your own locality starting from the Provincial Level down to the Barangay level.
Pressent the data through a flow chart or a hierarchy chart. Make sure that you
name pertinent officials in each local government unit then, briefly describe their
task.
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration
within a sovereign state. This usage of the word government refers specifically to
a level of administration that is both geographically-localized and has limited
powers. Local government units are institutional units whose fiscal, legislative
and executive authority extends over the smallest geographical areas distinguished
for administrative and political purposes. Local government units (LGUs) oversee
local governance. In the Philippines, there are 81 provinces, 144 cities, 1,490
municipalities, and 42,028 barangays across the country. LGU officials are
responsible for providing direct and basic services to the people and ensuring peace
and order within communities.
The local government in the Philippines is divided into three levels: provinces
and independent cities, component cities and municipalities, and barangays, all of
which are collectively known as local government units (LGUs). Provinces and
independent cities are organized into national government regions but those are
administrative regions and not separately governed areas with their own elected
governments.
DECENTRALIZATION
Decentralization refers to the transfer of powers from central government to
local levels in a political-administrative and territorial hierarchy. This process allows
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the participation of the people and the local government. Decentralization hands over
political, financial and administrative authority from central to local governments,
so that the government can facilitate and guarantee better public services for the
people.
Components of Decentralization:
1.
Political Decentralization - focuses among others on improved planning
and monitoring of development measures, formulating strategies for the active
integration of civil society and the economic sector, and the promotion of
information exchange and management.
2.
Fiscal Decentralization – focuses on improved financial management
including qualification of participants in areas of financial management,
strengthening cooperation on different levels, promoting exchange of experiences,
formulating strategies for an improved integration of the business sector and civil
society in social and economic programs.
3.
Administrative Decentralization – seeks to redistribute authority,
responsibility and financial resources for providing public services among
different levels of government. It is the transfer of responsibility for the planning,
financing, and management of certain public functions from the central
government and its agencies to field units of government agencies, subordinate
units or levels of government, semi-autonomous public authorities or
corporations, or areawide, regional or functional authorities.
The three major forms of administrative decentralization -- deconcentration,
delegation, and devolution -- each have different characteristics.
Deconcentration. Deconcentration--which is often considered to be the weakest
form of decentralization and is used most frequently in unitary states-- redistributes
decision making authority and financial and management responsibilities among
different levels of the central government. It can merely shift responsibilities from
central government officials in the capital city to those working in regions, provinces
or districts, or it can create strong field administration or local administrative
capacity under the supervision of central government ministries.
Delegation. Delegation is a more extensive form of decentralization. Through
delegation central governments transfer responsibility for decision-making and
administration of public functions to semi-autonomous organizations not wholly
controlled by the central government, but ultimately accountable to it. Governments
delegate responsibilities when they create public enterprises or corporations,
housing authorities, transportation authorities, special service districts, semiautonomous school districts, regional development corporations, or special project
implementation units.
Devolution. A third type of administrative decentralization is devolution. When
governments devolve functions, they transfer authority for decision-making, finance,
and management to quasi-autonomous units of local government with corporate
status. Devolution usually transfers responsibilities for services to municipalities
that elect their own mayors and councils, raise their own revenues, and have
independent authority to make investment decisions. In a devolved system, local
governments have clear and legally recognized geographical boundaries over which
they exercise authority and within which they perform public functions. It is this
type of administrative decentralization that underlies most political decentralization.
13
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FUNCTIONS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
The Local Government serves two purposes:
1.) Administrative purpose of supplying goods and services
2.) To represent and involve citizens in identifying specific local needs and how
can these be met
The Local Government Code of the Philippines enumerates the duties of the LGUs as
follows:
Sec. 17. Basic Services and Facilities.
Local government units shall endeavor to be self-reliant and shall continue exercising
the powers and discharging the duties and functions currently vested upon them.
They shall also discharge the functions and responsibilities of national agencies and
offices devolved to them pursuant to this Code. Local government units shall likewise
exercise such other powers and discharge such other functions and responsibilities
as are necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficient and effective provision of the
basic services and facilities enumerated herein.
Such basic services and facilities include, but are not limited to, the following:
For a Barangay:
• Agricultural support services which include planting materials distribution
system and operation of farm produce collection and buying stations;
• Health and social welfare services which include maintenance of Barangay
health center and day-care center;
• Services and facilities related to general hygiene and sanitation,
beautification, and solid waste collection;
• Maintenance of Katarungang Pambarangay;
• Maintenance of Barangay roads and bridges and water supply systems;
• Infrastructure facilities such as multi- purpose hall, multipurpose pavement,
plaza, sports center, and other similar facilities;
• Information and reading center; and
• Satellite or public market.
All the services and facilities of the municipality and province, and in addition
thereto, the following:
• Adequate communication and transportation facilities;
• Support for education, police and fire services and facilities.
Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b) hereof, public works and
infrastructure projects and other facilities funded by the national government under
the annual General Appropriations Act, other special laws, pertinent executive
orders, and those wholly or partially funded from foreign sources, are not covered
under this Section, except in those cases where the local government unit concerned
is duly designated as the implementing agency for such projects, facilities, programs,
and services.
The designs, plans, specifications, testing of materials, and the procurement of
equipment and materials from both foreign and local sources necessary for the
provision of the foregoing services and facilities shall be undertaken by the local
government unit concerned, based on national policies, standards and guidelines.
The basic services and facilities herein above enumerated shall be funded from
the share of local government units in the proceeds of national taxes and other local
14
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revenues and funding support from the national government, its instrumentalities
and government-owned or -controlled corporations which are tasked by law to
establish and maintain such services or facilities. Any fund or resource available for
the use of local government units shall be first allocated for the provision of basic
services or facilities enumerated in subsection (b) hereof before applying the same
for other purposes, unless otherwise provided.
What I Have Learned
Activity 2: Summarizing Organizer. Complete the table by filling in the missing
essential parts.
Political
Subdivision
Provinces
Officials
Roles, Functions, and
Power
Municipalities
Cities
Barangays
Activity 3. ESSAY. Read and analyze each statement carefully. Answer each
question. Explain your answers 5-7 sentences. (5 items, 5 points each)
1. What are the main purposes of the Local Government Unit?
2. Why do you think Local Government Units are important?
3. Give one example that your city or barangay held a project for the benefit of
the whole community. Briefly describe it.
4. How does Local Government Unit affect our daily lives?
5. In this time of pandemic, do you think the Local Government unit has been
efficient? How?
What I Can Do
Activity 4. Letter to the City Mayor. Write a letter about a pressing issue in
your city that affects you as a member of the youth/student sector. Provide a detailed
background of the issue you are presenting and identify how the City Government is
currently working on the issue. Then, present your proposed solution that identifies
action points on how the City government can better deal with the issue you have
identified.
Assessment
Multiple Choice.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answers. Write the CAPITAL LETTER
of your answer in the space provided.
___1. It is the lowest level of territorial organization within a state.
A. National Government B. Local Government
C. International
15
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___2. Which of the following does not belong to the political subdivision?
A. Provinces
B. State
C. Municipalities
___3. These political subdivisions are under what government agency?
A. DILG
B. DFA
C. PCOO
___4. What is the law-making body of the province?
A. Provincial Board
B. Provincial Legislative
C. Governor
___5. How do you call the head of a Barangay?
A. Governor
B. Barangay Captain
C. Mayor
___6. Who is the chief executive officer in the town?
A. Governor
B. Barangay Captain
C. Mayor
___7. What article in 1987 Philippine Constitution provides the guidelines for LGU?
A. Article X
B. Article XI
C. Article XII
___8. The lawmaking body of the city is ____________.
A. Board of Members
B. Department Heads
C. Councils
___9. It is the smallest units of local government in the Philippines.
A. Region
B. Municipalities
C. Barangays
___10. How many municipalities does the Philippines has?
A. 1540
B. 1405
C. 1450
What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• describe the election process of the Philippines;
• identify the types of election; and
• assess the implications of types of election system to the society.
What I Know
Directions: True or False. Write True if the statement implies those stated above
under Article 5 of the 1987 Constitution. Write False if not.
______1. Anyone who is 15 years old can vote.
______2. Anna, 18 years old, is living in the Philippines since birth. Hence, she can
vote.
______3. Mang Dodong has no educational background, therefore, he cannot vote.
______4. Amanda is an American citizen and 18 years old, so she can vote in the
Philippine elections.
______5. Criselda has lived in Canada but still a Filipino citizen, therefore she can
vote if she comes back in the Philippines next elections.
16
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Lesson
4
Suffrage, Election Process, and
Political Parties
ARTICLE V
SUFFRAGE
Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines, not otherwise
disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided
in the Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein they propose to vote,
for at least six months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or
other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
What’s In
From the previous lesson we learned that the Local Government Unit is
defined as institutional units with fiscal, legislative and executive authority extends
over the smallest geographical areas distinguished for administrative and political
purposes. The President of the Philippines exercises supervision over the whole
country. But for purposes of administrative control, the Philippines is divided into
units of different sizes - known as political subdivisions. These are provinces,
municipalities, cities, and barangays. These political subdivisions enjoy
autonomy, especially in local affairs. But, they are also under the general supervision
of the Chief Executive, through the Secretary of the Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG).
What’s New
Activity 1. AWIT-SURI. This part of election advocacy song was sung by Pinoy
musicians. What message do you think the song wants to imply about the electoral
system in the Philippines? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Sana Naman, Taumbayan
Music: Louie Ocampo Lyrics: Joey Ayala Recorded by: Taumbayan
Panahon na ng pagpili
Panahon na ng halalan
Madami namang kandidato
Madaming mukha at pangalan
Sino kaya Ang bagay sa’ting bansa
Di lamang porma’t salita,
Sino o sino kaya
At sana kahit na sino’ng manalo
Pagkatapos ng bilangan
Sana naman ang panalo ay Taumbayan
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Suffrage is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the
election of certain national and local officers of the government and in the decision
of public questions submitted to the people.
Nature of Suffrage
(1) A mere privilege – Suffrage is not a natural right of the citizens but merely a
privilege to be given or withheld by the law-making power subject to constitutional
limitations.
(2) A political right – Suffrage enables every citizen to participate in the process of
government to assure that it can truly be said to derive its powers from the consent
of the governed. The principle is that of one man, one vote.
Elections in the Philippines have different types:
1. General Elections: are those held for electing national and local officials
simultaneously.
2. National Elections: conducted to elect the President, Vice President and
members of the Congress.
3. Local Elections: those held for the purpose of selecting officials in the region,
provinces, cities, and municipalities.
4. Special Elections: those held on a date different from that if regular elections.
It is being held when there is a vacancy due to death or incapacity to fulfill the
duties and responsibilities in the office. Or could be done due to typhoon or
any calamities that could have interfered with the original schedule of election.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS (COMELEC)
The enlarged Commission on
Elections was designed to
cope with its expanded
powers
and
functions
provided for under the
constitution and existing
laws. COMELEC organizes
the whole election process
from day 1 until the
inauguration day.
Nomination Process
Elections are known to be
the most salient part of democratic governance. An election is a formal decisionmaking process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.
These elected politicians will be held accountable and will be compelled to introduce
policies that will address the needs of the nation.
Aspiring candidates shall file for their candidacy pursuant to Resolution No.10420
Section 16. Contents and Form of Certificate of Candidacy. - The COC shall be under
oath and shall state:
18
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_LESSON4)
office aspired for;
name of the aspirant;
age;
gender;
civil status;
place and date of birth;
citizenship, whether natural-born
or naturalized;
o the duly registered PP or Coalition
to which the aspirant belongs, if
any;
o if married, the name of the spouse;
o complete address for election
purposes;
o legal residence, giving the exact
address and the number of years
residing in the Philippines and
whenever applicable;
o the place where the aspirant
intends to be elected up to the day
before the election; the barangay,
city or municipality and province
where the aspirant is a registered
voter or will be a registered voter;
o profession or occupation or
employment;
o that the aspirant is eligible for said
office;
o that the aspirant is not a
permanent
resident
or
an
immigrant to a foreign country;
o that the aspirant has executed a
sworn renunciation of foreign
citizenship; (if applicable)
o that the aspirant will file, with the
Commission, within 30 days after
Election Day, a full, true and
itemized
Statement
of
Contributions and Expenditures
(SOCE) in connection with the
election;
Election Timeframe
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o that the aspirant will support and
defend the Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines and will
maintain true faith and allegiance
thereto;
o that the aspirant will obey the laws,
legal orders, decrees, resolutions
rules and regulations promulgated
and issued by the duly constituted
authorities;
o that the aspirant assumes the
foregoing obligations voluntarily
without
mental
reservation
"purpose of evasion";
o that the aspirant gives consent to
the processing of the information
stated herein by the Commission on
Elections for election and other
purposes as may be provided by
law, such as B.P. Blg. 881 and R.A.
No. 10173 also known as the Data
Privacy Act of 2012, among others;
and
o that the facts stated in the
certificate are true and correct to
the
best
of
the
aspirant's
knowledge.
o An aspirant shall also affix a
passport-size photograph taken
within the last six months, and may
attach a bio-data and program of
government not exceeding 100
words.
OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES Article 1 Sec. 3. Election and
campaign periods. – Unless otherwise fixed in special cases by the Commission on
Elections, which hereinafter shall be referred to as the Commission, the election
period shall commence ninety days before the day of the election and shall end thirty
days thereafter.
The period of campaign shall be as follows:
• Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election – 90 days;
• Election of Members of the Batasang Pambansa and Local Election – 45 days; and
• Barangay Election – 15 days.
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Analysis
Since the 2010 elections, the government has provided machine that will
automatically count the votes casted by the voters. The results are then printed as
election returns and will be sent electronically to the Municipal Board of canvassers.
After these are being finalized, inauguration of the officials will follow, usually on
June 30th for the President, Vice President and Senators.
Qualifications of voters
He/She must be:
1. A citizen (male or female) of the Philippines;
2. Not otherwise disqualified by law;
3. At least eighteen (18) years of age; and
4. Have resided in the Philippines for at least one (1) year and in the place
wherein he proposes to vote for at least six (6) months preceding the election.
Political Parties
The Philippine Omnibus Election Code of 1985 states that a political party is an
“organized group of persons pursuing the same ideology, political ideas or platforms
of government.” Even though most of the parties established in the Philippines are
founded by the elite, some have attempted to organize support from a broader
segment of the population or to institutionalize discourse justifying the
maldistribution of economic and political power. Parties offer stable membership,
regularized patterns of interaction within and between parties, and characteristic
forms of ideological or political self-definition.
Characteristics of a Political Party
One of the primary characteristics of a political party is its objective to control the
exercise of governmental powers by placing its own members in the public offices
through which the policies of government are determined. A second characteristic
of a political party is its intention to use governmental powers for purposes which
meet with the general approval of its leaders and the rank and file of its
membership.
What I Have Learned
Activity 2.
JUMBLED LETTERS. Arrange the jumbled letters to reveal the hidden words. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
ESUFGFRA
1. It is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in
the election of certain national and local officers of the
government and in the decision of public questions
submitted to the people.
OCELETIN
2. It is a formal decision-making process by which the
citizens of the country vote and select certain officials to
hold public office.
VINITIEATI
3. It is the process whereby the people directly propose and
enact laws.
20
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REDFEMRENU
CAELLR
4. It is the submission of a law or part thereof passed by the
national or local legislative body to the voting citizens of a
country for their ratification or rejection.
5. It is a method by which a public officer may be removed
from office during his tenure or before the expiration of
his term by a vote of the people after registration of a
petition signed by a required percentage of the qualified
voters.
Activity 3. Essay. Answer the following in 2-3 sentences. You may use another sheet
of paper.
1. Is it necessary to have political parties? Explain.
2. Do you agree that political parties are only for the elites? Why or why not?
What I Can Do
Activity 4.
COC Attachment. You are running for a position in the government this coming
election. Together with your Biodata, write a 100-word Program of Government that
you will attach to your Certificate of Candidacy. `
Assessment
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Filing for candidacy is part of _______ process.
A.
analysis
B. nomination
C. election
2. Which article of the 1987 Constitution states about “suffrage”?
A.
VI
B. IV
C. V
3. A type of elections were President, Vice-President and Senators are being
nominated and elected.
A.
general
B. special
C. national
4. A type of election being held due to unexpected death or incapacity of the
current official in the office.
A.
special
B. general
C. local
5. An agency of the government responsible for the organization of elections.
A.
COMELEC
B. DOH
C. PNP
6. It is a formal decision-making process by which the citizens of the country vote
and select certain officials to hold public office.
A. suffrage
B. elections
C. plebiscite
7. The existing electoral system in the Philippines was established under which
Constitution?
A. 1935
B. 1973
C. 1987
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8. This commission is empowered to supervise every aspect of campaigns and
elections in the country.
A. COMELEC
B. NAMFREL
C. Congress
9. The following are the qualifications of voters in the country EXCEPT;
A. a citizen (male or female) of the Philippines
B. at least eighteen (18) years of age
C. has resided in the Philippines for at least three (3) months
10. It is the name given to a vote of the people expressing their choice for or against
a proposed law or enactment submitted to them.
A. plebiscite
B. recall
C. referendum
What I Need to Know
Being a democratic country freedom of speech is guaranteed in our
Constitution. People can freely express their own opinion and discuss any issue that
concerns them. People may voice out their grievances in any platform they believe
they will be heard and this may cause for change. This lesson gives emphasis on the
importance of an active civil society in matters concerning the government and the
relevance of social movements in the country. This will guide the students in making
objective and educated opinion.
At
1.
2.
3.
the end of the lesson the students will be able to:
define civil society;
discuss the concept of civil society organizations and social movements;
explain the contributions of civil society organizations and social movements
to Philippine democracy; and
4. discuss the role of civil society organizations and social movements.
What I Know
Modified True or False. Write True if the statement is correct, if not, rewrite the
entire statement providing the correct answer.
1. Even Aristotle mentioned the participation of civil society in governance in the
ancient Greece.
2. Civil society organizations are basically non-government members of society
that promote the interest of the government.
3. Cooperatives are known to champion issues of the marginalized members of
the society, such as issues on human rights, labor rights, environmental
protection and poverty.
4. Although limited to male population, participation in democracy was evident
in the Greek society through involvement in decision-making.
5. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are “intermediate agencies and
institutions that tend to operate with a full-time staff complement and provide
a wide-range of services to primary organizations, communities and
individuals.
22
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_LESSON5)
6. Social movements are defined as a distinct social process, consisting of the
mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective actions.
Lesson
5
Civil Society & Social Movements
ARTICLE XIII
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Role and Rights of People’s Organizations
Section 15. The State shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to
enable the people to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their
legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful
means.
People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated
capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership,
and structure.
Section 16. The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable
participation at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not
be abridged. The State shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate
consultation mechanisms.
What’s In
You have learned from the previous lesson that political parties and elections
play an important role in the analysis of democratization in the country. You must
also remember that conducting elections as a political process in a democratic
country is the most needed component in order to let the people’s voice be heard
and feel that the place they are living with is free and fair. The current electoral
system in the country was established under the 1987 Constitution.
What’s New
Activity 1. Enumerate at least five institutions or organizations that
influence your life and the lives of people in your community. Tell something about
it. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
23
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What is It
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines clearly recognizes participation and
empowerment, including the important role of civil society organizations. This may
be seen in several provisions of the Constitution, most prominently in the following:
•
•
•
Article II, Section 23: “The State shall encourage non-governmental,
community-based, or sector organizations that promote the welfare of the
nation.”
Article XIII, Section 15: “The State shall respect the role of independent
people’s organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect, within the
democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations
through peaceful and lawful means.”
Article XIII, Section 16: “The right of the people and their organizations to
effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political and
economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The State shall, by law,
facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.”
Civil Society Organizations
Civil society organizations are basically non-government members of society that
promote the interest of the public. They are known to champion issues of the
marginalized members of the society, such as issues on human rights, labor rights,
environmental protection and poverty. Even Aristotle mentioned the participation of
civil society in governance in the ancient Greece. Although limited to male
population, participation in democracy was evident in the Greek society through
involvement in decision-making. The rebirth of democracy started by the French
revolution during the 1800s which made the people to rethink the role of civil society
in governance. This idea reached the Philippine soil through the ilustrados who were
educated in Europe. Civil society in the contemporary days, are very much active in
initiating social movements. They are catalysts for changes in governance such as
the Marcos and Estrada regimes. In the advent of social media, civil society
organizations have become more powerful as they can reach different social groups
in our country.
Civil society organizations are categorized into five sub-sectors which play vital roles
in Philippine politics and society, among which are:
• Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are “intermediate agencies and
institutions that tend to operate with a full-time staff complement and provide
a wide-range of services to primary organizations, communities and
individuals.
• Peoples’ Organizations (POs) are “membership-based organizations formed
largely on a voluntary basis” and often organized along sectoral or issue-based
lines.
• Think Tanks and Policy Research Institutes engaged in research and policy
advocacy. These types of CSOs proliferated in post-1986 when space for the
development of proposals on how to rebuild Philippine democracy opened up.
• Cooperatives are not entirely “non-profit” since they generate incomes and
distribute dividends to their members. Cooperatives are, fundamentally,
organizations of the poor aimed at self-help and economic empowerment.
24
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_LESSON5)
•
Media Nonprofits are also known as “media development organizations”. As
such, they are unencumbered by demands and pressures of private sector
groups or politicians/governments that often shape mainstream, profitoriented media outfits. They operate in a way that allows their practitioners to
pursue credible news stories without regard of lost profits.
Social Movements
Social movements, on the other hand, are defined as a distinct social process,
consisting of the mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective actions.
There are three main characteristics of social movements:
1. first, they are involved in some kind of conflict (cultural or political) with
another identified opponent (another group, program or system or idea) to
promote or oppose social change,
2. second, the group is made of “dense informal work” wherein rules within
the group and actions of the group are not standardized but are constantly
negotiated by the actors, and,
3. lastly, the members share a sense of collective identity wherein the
members develop a common connection and shared purpose in their
actions as part of the movement.
Our country witnessed massive social movements after the lifting of Martial Law in
1981 and the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983.
Social Movements in the Philippines
• 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution
• 2001 EDSA People Power II (EDSA Dos)
• EDSA Tres
• Anti-Charter Change
Civil society organizations play an essential role in democratizing politics and
governance:
 facilitate participation of the people in the policy-making and execution
process of government
 “key participant political force”
 role in enhancing democracy
 important institutional vehicles
 ability to influence
What’s More
Activity 2. Write two civil society organizations that address the following issues.
Choose your answer from the box:
PAWS
Greenpeace Philippines
Gabriela
PART
Save Philippine Seas
Equality Now AMIHAN KATRIBU
1. Environment
2. Gender Equality
_________________
_________________
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_______________
_______________
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_LESSON5)
3. Animal Rights
_________________
4. Indigenous People’s Rights_________________
________________
________________
What I Have Learned
Activity 3. Essay. Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the important roles of civil society movements in good governance?
2. What do you think might happen in a society with a weak and strong civil
society?
Activity 4. Social Media Status. The following are notable Filipino leaders who
advocated social movements and civil society organizations. Write a social media
status about their message to Grade 11 students of Philippine Politics and
Governance.
Gina Lopez
Jaime Cardinal Sin
Efren Peñaflorida
26
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_LESSON5)
What I Can Do
Activity 5. Poster-making. Create a poster that depicts your advocacy on how
you may contribute a positive impact in an overall well-being of your
community.
Assessment
Fill in the blanks. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The________________ of the Philippines clearly recognizes participation and
empowerment, including the important role of civil society organizations.
2. Article II “The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or
sector organizations that promote the welfare of the nation.”
3. __________________ Section 15: “The State shall respect the role of independent
people’s organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect, within the
democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations
through peaceful and lawful means.”
4. ___________________ “The right of the people and their organizations to effective
and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political and economic
decision-making shall not be abridged”.
5. ____________________ are defined as a distinct social process, consisting of the
mechanisms through which actors engaged in collective actions.
6. _____________________ are “intermediate agencies and institutions that tend to
operate with a full-time staff complement and provide a wide-range of services
to primary organizations, communities and individuals.
7. _____________________ are “membership-based organizations formed largely on
a voluntary basis” and often organized along sectoral or issue-based lines.
8. ______________________These types of CSOs proliferated in post-1986 when
space for the development of proposals on how to rebuild Philippine
democracy opened up.
9. _____________________organizations of the poor aimed at self-help and
economic empowerment.
10. ______________________are also known as “media development organizations
What I Need to Know
Citizenship is more than having an affiliation to a certain country and
government, in our case, the Republic of the Philippines. It also entails that the
person is under the law of the country. This means that as a citizen of the Philippines,
you enjoy the rights and privileges provided by the laws of the country; however, you
have responsibilities to take to enjoy these rights and privileges. This lesson defines
citizenship, its value, how to acquire it, and how to lose it. Provisions of the
27
(DO_Q4_PPG_GRADE11_LESSON6)
Constitution on citizenship and rights of citizens are also included to educate the
students on their rights, privileges, and responsibilities as Filipino citizens.
At
1.
2.
3.
the end of this module, you are expected to:
explain what is citizenship;
enumerate the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of a citizen; and
illustrate the value of citizenship.
What I Know
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement presents a fact based on our law
regarding citizenship. Otherwise, write FALSE.
1. Mark's mother is German while his father is Filipino; therefore, Mark is not
considered as a Filipino.
2. John Idle is an American and he wants to become a Filipino, but there is no
way he can become one.
3. Citizenship can never be lost.
4. Bea Cruz is a Filipino. When she married a Vietnamese, she automatically lost
her Filipino citizenship.
5. There are no natural-born Filipino citizens.
Lesson
6
Rights, Privileges & Responsibilities
of Citizens
ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution,
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines,
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority, and
4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
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What’s In
MATCHING TYPE. Match the advocacy in Column A with the social civil
organization in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Column A
Column B
1. Ensure children’s right to equal care and
education
2. Help women of domestic abuse who feel too
afraid to speak for themselves.
3. Provide help to end hunger at home and abroad.
4. Biodiversity conservation
5. To provide access to clean water through the
implementation of portable water filter system.
a. Haribon Foundation
b. Waves for Water
c. Children’s Defense fund
d. Earth Island Institute
e. Women’s Environment
and Development
Organizations
f. Bread for the World.
What’s New
Activity 1. Am I? Am I Not? Using the T-Matrix, fill out the qualities or virtues
you have and don’t have as a good citizen.
What is It
There are basically two types of persons living within the jurisdiction of the
Republic of the Philippines: (1) citizens and (2) aliens.
Aliens are people who live within the territory of the Philippines but "owe
permanent allegiance to a foreign country" (Ramirez 1969). They are not entitled to
vote or run for elections. They have limited business capabilities, and they cannot
engage in professions like law and medicine, among other restrictions. But the State
provides them protection by extending the civil rights guaranteed by the
Constitution, provided that they also obey the laws of the land and pay taxes
(Ramirez 1969).
There are two kinds of citizens based on the manner by which citizenship is
acquired:
1. Natural-born citizens -Filipino citizens from birth without having to
perform any act to acquire citizenship, as well as those who chose
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Filipino citizenship in accordance with paragraph 3 of Section 1, Article
IV; and
2. Naturalized citizens - aliens who became citizens through naturalization
or the legal act of adopting alien and giving him the rights that belong
to natural-born citizens.
Citizenship can be acquired (Section 1[4], Article IV) but it can also be lost in
special circumstances such as, but not limited to, express renunciation of
citizenship, and subscribing to an oath of allegiance to a foreign country, and
becoming a naturalized citizen of another country,
A Filipino citizen who marries an alien or foreigner retains his/her Filipino
citizenship unless circumstances will prove that he/she renounced his/her Filipino
citizenship.
While aliens have limited rights, a citizen of the country enjoys all the rights and
privileges provided under the law. One of the important rights enjoyed by the citizens
is the right of suffrage or the right to vote and run for elections (provided that the
citizen is qualified to participate in the elections as provided by law). This means that
citizens are capable of participating in the government, that they have the power to
voice out their opinions, something that aliens in the country cannot do. Other rights
are incorporated in other laws but for the purposes of this discussion, this lesson
will refer to the Constitution,
Under the Philippine Constitution, Article Ill (Bill of Rights) of the 1987
Constitution provides the basic rights of Filipino citizens. All the provisions in Article
III can actually be divided into three "fundamental rights" of the citizens, namely, (1)
right to life, (2) right to liberty, and (3) right to property (Defensor-Santiago 2002).
The following are some of the rights enumerated under Article III. Take time to
read the others.
Section 2.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant
or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or
things to be seized.
Section 7.
The right of the people to information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and
papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as
to government research data used as basis for policy development,
shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law.
Section 9.
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.
Section 14.
(1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without
due process of law.
Section 17.
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
There are also two fundamental clauses incorporated in the Bill of Rights. The first
is the "due process clause" which gives every citizen the right to be notified and heard
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in court before any of his or her rights "be reduced or affected by any action of the
(Defensor-Santiago 2002). The second clause is the "equal protection clause" which
means that every person facing similar cases must receive similar, although not
necessarily identical treatment under the law (Defensor-Santiago 2002).
The 1987 Constitution does not directly enumerate the responsibilities of a citizen,
but the provisions of the law actually provides us with the attached responsibility of
each right and privilege. For example, under Section 1 of Article 3:
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law,
nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Applied to one's self, you have the right to life, liberty, or property as with everyone
else and others must respect your right. But the law is for everyone.
Another general law of the country is the Civil Code of the Philippines. For the
purposes of this lesson, we will refer to the Preliminary Title Part of the Civil Code
Some of the provisions of the civil code are the following:
CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER 1:
Effects and Application of Laws
Article 3:
Article 4:
Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith;
Rights may be waived, unless the waiver is contrary to law, public
order, public policy, morals, or good customs or prejudicial to a third
person with a right recognized by law;
Article 9: No judge or court shall decline to render judgment by reason of the
silence, obscurity or insufficiency of laws;
Article 11: Customs which are contrary to law, public order or public policy shall
not be countenanced;
Article 15: Laws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status, condition
and legal capacity of persons are binding upon citizens of the
Philippines, even though living abroad;
Article 16: Real property as well as personal property is subject to the law of the
country where it is situated;
CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES CHAPTER 2:
Human Relations
Article 19:
Article 20:
Article 21:
Article 22:
Article 23:
Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the
performance of his duties, act with justice, give everyone his due,
and observe honesty and good faith;
Every person who, contrary to law, willfully or negligently causes
damage to another, shall indemnify the latter for the same;
Any person who willfully causes loss or injury to another in a
manner that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy
shall compensate the latter for the damage;
Every person who through an act of performance by another, or any
other means, acquires or comes into possession of something at the
expense of the latter without just or legal ground, shall return the
same to him;
Even when an act or event causing damage to another's property
was not due to the fault or negligence of the defendant, the latter
shall be liable for indemnity if through the act or event he was
benefited;
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Article 26:
Every person shall respect the dignity, personality, privacy and
peace of mind of his neighbors and other persons. The following and
similar acts, though they may not constitute a criminal offense,
shall produce a cause of action for damages, prevention and other
relief:
1) Prying into the privacy of another's residence;
2) Meddling with or disturbing the private life or family relations of
another;
3) Intriguing to cause another to be alienated from his friends; and
4) Vexing or humiliating another on account of his religious beliefs,
lowly station in life, place of birth, physical defect, or other personal
condition.
Here we notice that the Civil Code expresses the responsibilities of citizens
more directly than how they are stated in the Constitution. However, both imply the
same rights and responsibilities.
SLOGAN MAKING
Directions: Create a slogan promoting the rights and responsibilities of a citizen.
Rubrics will be provided by the teacher.
What I Have Learned
Activity 2. Essay. Answer the following Guide Questions on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What are your responsibilities as a citizen based on your rights?
2. Why should responsibilities be taught along with the rights of each citizen?
3. How can students help in disseminating information regarding the rights and
responsibilities of each citizen?
What I Can Do
Activity 3: Active Citizenship Vlog
1. Make a 2 to 3-minute vlog about the importance of active citizenship.
2. Include several ways to be a good citizen and how often a person does it.
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Assessment
Directions: Complete the following provisions on the rights and duties of a Filipino
citizen. Choose from the given terms in the Answer Box and write the
correct answer on another sheet of paper.
Democratic
Strength
Waived
Beliefs Private
Habeas Corpus
Due Process Faith Compensation
Rebellion Justice Free Economic
Compliance Republican Poverty
Rights
Duties
The Philippines is a 1. ___________ and 2. ___________ State. No 3. ___________
property shall be taken for public use without just 4. ___________.
5___________ access to the courts and legal assistance shall not be denied to any
reason of 6.___________.
No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without 7___________.
The privilege of the writ of 8___________ shall not be suspended except in cases of
invasion or 9___________.
Ignorance of the law excuses no one from 10 ___________ therewith. Rights may be
11___________ unless the waiver is contrary to law.
Every person must, in the exercise of his 12 ___________ and in the performance of
his 13 ___________, act with 14___________, give everyone his
What I Need to Know
Our National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal said “Youth is the hope of our nation”, he
meant that you, as the students of Politics and Governance must be empowered so
that you can become asset of our society. After learning the essential concepts of
political science as well as the state of politics and governance in the Philippines, you
are now ready to use whatever you have gained from this module. Be a responsible
and productive citizen. It is expected that you will be more active in participating the
political processes in our country.
After completing this lesson, you should understand the following:
1. issues related to youth empowerment;
2. programs that address issues related to political engagement and youth
empowerment; and
3. existing program that addresses an issue related to political engagement and
youth empowerment.
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What I Know
True or False. Write true if the statement is correct, if not, write false
1. The young population has been able to gain more presence in the public
sphere through active use of new technologies________
2. In the Philippines, 50% of the population is youth, aged below 24 years old__
3. Young adults not only have the digital skills to use new technologies
effectively but also to act on or express their views________
4. The youth have assets like strength, the capability to learn more, and
their eagerness_____
5. The youth collectively can be an asset to both the local and national
government of they are to be involved in more meaningful activities___
Lesson
7
Political Engagement & Youth
Empowerment
What’s In
ACROSTIC POEM. Using the word C-I-T-I-Z-E-N as initials, create a poem that talks
about the Rights and Responsibilities of Filipino citizen. Write in on a separate sheet
of paper.
What’s New
Activity 1. Concept Map.
Using the concept map, identify the
issues that are related to the political
engagement and empowerment of the
youth.
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What is It
FACTS & STATS
World Bank figures show that 50% of the world’s population is comprised of the
youth (ages 15-24) commonly referred to as the youth bulge, which presents
challenges and opportunities to countries with a young population like the
Philippines. In the Philippines, 40% of the population is youth, aged below 24 years
old.
General Teen Social Media & Technology Stats
•
•
•
•
•
•
93% of teens ages 12-17 go online
63% of teen internet users go online every day
27% of teens use their phone to get online
73% of teens are on a social network
The average teen has 201 Facebook friends
37% send messages to friends every day
Online gaming site Roiworld surveyed 600 teens ages 13 to 17 in late April 2010
and found that teens spend two hours per day online on average, 80% of which is
spent using a social network
Youth Empowerment and Political Engagement Through Social Media
The young population has been able to gain more presence in the public sphere
through active use of new technologies, new forms of political activism, and the
occupation of public space. Therefore, they explore different forms of action that
range from the private to the public sphere, from formal to informal political
participation, in order to draw the attention of the national government to their
demands. Below are some of the results of studies on youth empowerment and
political engagement through social media:
•
•
•
Internet (and indeed other forms of expressive political engagement) can
provide a space in which new voices are heard and previously marginalized
groups can express their views and lobby for change (in civic, political, cultural
or social spheres). Proponents of this view are particularly optimistic about
the mobilizing and democratizing potential of online tools for younger
populations (Bennett, 2008; Delli Carpini, 2000 etc.).
Contemporary youth have grown up with the Internet, and have become the
fastest adopters of new technologies. Variously labelled as the ‘Dotnet
generation’, ‘Netizens’ or ‘digital natives’, it is posited that this generation of
young adults not only have the digital skills to use new technologies effectively
but also that these technologies have become so integrated into their lives that
the online realm is the ‘natural’ world in which they will choose to act on or
express their views (Kim and Amna, 2015: 224)
Boulianne (2015: 534) suggests that the transformative potential of social
media may only be available to young adults growing up after the Internet
revolution, as they both use social media intensively and their political
identities and habits are still being formed.
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The problem with looking at the young population as a challenge or as reserves for
the future working force of the country is that this approach is passive and can be
detrimental. All must realize, even the youth themselves, that (1) The youth have
assets like strength, the capability to learn more, and their eagerness; and (2) the
youth collectively can be an asset to both the local and national government of they
are to be involved in more meaningful activities (SPW/DFID-CSO Youth Working
Group, 2010).
Four Aspects of Youth Participation:
• Information Sharing. This is not merely giving lecture or handling off fliers
but informing with the goal of facilitating collective action
• Consultation. Public or private organizations will consult with the youth on
certain issues and will take their point of view in the process of decisionmaking, actions, and advocacies of the organization.
• Decision-making. The youth are not only asked for their opinion but they are
enabled to share responsibility to decide on certain issues that are directly or
indirectly affect them.
• Initiating Action. The youth themselves takes initiative.
Practices & Organizations for Youth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
support group for those who are bullied
support group for other youth and children with disabilities
Environmental protection such as tree planting
create blogs and pages for information dissemination for certain issues
donation drive for their school and community
sports clinic
What’s More
Activity 2. Editorial Cartoon. Draw an Editorial Cartoon showing how the
Youth is empowered through political engagement.
What I Have Learned
Activity 3.
Reflection Essay. Answer the following questions to reflect on how political
engagement empowers the youth.
1. Why is political engagement and youth empowerment important?
2. What benefits do you gain when you engage politically?
3. How do you see yourself engaging in ways that empower the youth?
4. What can you do to help improve the conditions of your community?
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What I Can Do
YOUTH EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM PROPOSAL.
Create a proposal for a program that empowers the youth using the template below.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Program/Activity Title: ___________________________________________________________
Issues to be Addressed:___________________________________________________________
Objectives:
1. ___________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
Comprehensive Description:
Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if otherwise.
_______1. Politics in its practical sense is a power game.
_______2. The youth shall be encouraged to participate actively in every political
exercise.
_______3. The youth’s participation in governance is independent from different
political, socio-economic and cultural contexts.
_______4. Young men and women tend to be marginalized in their communities given
the limited opportunities and exposure provided for them to
participate meaningfully in the decision-making process.
_______5. The youth are adequately represented in formal political institutions and
processes, including political parties.
_______6. The study of politics is geared towards the establishment of a just and
humane society.
_______7. In terms of economic policy, our youth must rely on the elderly.
_______8. The problem with looking at the young population as a challenge or as
reserves for the future working force of the country is that this
approach is passive and can be detrimental.
_______9. Only 30% of the world’s population is comprised of the youth.
_______10. Constituted of all governmental organizations, the civil society serves as
the means for social movement in a given society.
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – SDO Valenzuela
Office Address:
Pio Valenzuela Street, Marulas, Valenzuela City
Telefax:
(02) 8292-4340
Email Address:
sdovalenzuela@deped.gov.ph
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