Thainiyomsongkroa School Grade 6 Summary of the Lesson TOPIC: ELECTRICITY The imbalance of electric charges on an object due to the transfer of electrons, causing it to become positively or negatively charged. Static Electricity: 2 TYPES OF CHARGES IN ALL OBJECTS Electricity Electricity is the movement of electric charge in an object. An object that has electric charge will attract or repel one another, which is called electric force Electrical Forces and Their Friends! Imagine you have two magnets. When you try to push their similar ends together (like two "north" ends or two "south" ends), they push each other away. But if you bring a north end near a south end, they snap together. That's kind of how electrical forces work! Atom: Think of an atom as a tiny building block of everything. Inside this atom, there are even tinier parts: some have a positive charge, some have a negative charge, and some have no charge at all! Atoms and Their Tiny Parts: Atom: Imagine a tiny dot, so small you can't see with your eyes. This dot is called an atom, and everything around us is made up of billions and billions of these dots! Inside every atom, there are three main players: Protons: Tiny bits with a positive charge, sort of like mini "north" magnets. They stay in the atom's center, or the "nucleus." Electrons: Tiny bits with a negative charge, like mini "south" magnets. They move around the nucleus, a bit like how planets orbit the sun. Neutrons: These are the peacekeepers. They don't have a charge and just hang out in the nucleus with the protons. The nucleus (plural, nuclei) is a positively charged region at the centre of the atom. It consists of two types of subatomic particles packed tightly together. The particles are protons, which have a positive electric charge, and neutrons, which are neutral in electric charge. Outside of the nucleus, an atom is mostly empty space, with orbiting negative particles called electrons whizzing through it. Electron Transfer Cation and Anion - When Atoms Get Charged! Atoms like balance. They're happiest when their positive and negative bits are even. But sometimes, an atom might lose or gain an electron from another atom. Cation: When an atom loses one of its negative electrons, it has more positive charges (from protons) than negative ones. It becomes a positively charged atom, or a "cation." Anion: When an atom gains an extra electron, it has more negative charges (from electrons) than positive ones. Now, it's a negatively charged atom, called an "anion." Electric Field of a positive and negative point of charge vector Electric Field of a positive and positive point of charge vector ELECTRIC CIRCUITS KEY IDEAS: Electric circuits comprise Circuit components Power Source such as Which provides Wires, light bulbs and switches Electric current Flows in Closed circuits What is the function of battery? But not in open circuits What is the function of bulb? What is the function of connecting wire? What is the function of switch? Electric Circuit 1. How do yout turn a closed circuit into an open circuit? 2. What are the differences between a closed circuit and open circuit? Electrical Conductors and Insulators Electrical insulators do not allow electric current to flow through them. Things that are made of wood, plastic, paper, ceramic and rubber are electrical insulators. Electrical conductors conduct electricity. They allow electric current to flow through them. Electrical conductors are usually made from metals such as iron, copper, steel, and aluminium. * *: ( ) Electrical conductors and electrical insulators are chosen to make different parts of an electrical component. The wires in a circuit are made of electrical conductors such as copper. This allows the wires to conduct electricity. The covering of the wire is made of plastic. *: The plastic covering does not allow electric current to flow through it and hence it protects the user from electric shocks. Can you identify other examples of electrical conductors and electrical insulators? Series and Parallel circuits A type of electrical circuit where components are connected in a single path, so the same current flows through all components. *: How is each component of the series circuit connected? (End to End) Both A and B are series circuits. There are more bulbs in circuit B than circuit A. The bulbs in circuit A light up brighter. When more light bulbs are added to the series circuit the brightness of the bulb decrease. This is a series circuit the electricity flows in one path only When one bulb is removed the circuit becomes incomplete and the electric current cannot flow in the circuit so the other bulb does not light up. Parallel Circuits: (วงจรขนาน) A type of electrical circuit where components are connected in multiple paths, allowing different branches to have their own separate current flow. * *: How are the bulbs of the parallel circuit connected? How many paths can the electricity flow? What type of circuit is shown here? If the bulb is not broken how many paths can the electricity flow in the circuit? One of the bulbs is broken. Can the electricity still flow through other paths and light up the other bulbs? What type of circuit do we use at homes? Can we control every electrical appliance with a switch using this type of circuit? Will other Appliances be affected if one of the appliances is broken?