DKE - Roadmap
GERMAN
STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP
Smart Home + Building
Ve r s i o n 2.0
Ve r s i o n 1
Published by
VDE VERBAND DER ELEKTROTECHNIK
ELEKTRONIK INFORMATIONSTECHNIK e. V.
as the parent organization of
DKE Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik
Elektronik Informationstechnik in DIN und VDE
E-Mail: standardisierung@vde.com
Internet: www.dke.de
Stresemannallee 15
D-60596 Frankfurt
Telefon: +49 69 6308-0
Telefax: +49 69 6308-9863
Issue date: August 2015
2
CONTENTS
INHALT
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1
Introductory remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1
Introduction and background to the Smart Home + Building standardization roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.1.1
A brief look at standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.2
Added value from specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.3
Specifications with a view to the Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2
Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1
Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2
Conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3
Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4
Smart Home Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5
User Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6
Use Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7
Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.8
Generic Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.9
Use Case Management Repository (UCMR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3
Standardization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2
Standards and specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3
Structure of the standardization landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.1
DIN, CEN and ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.2
DKE, CENELEC and IEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.3
Standardization mandates from the European Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4
Standards and specifications with a view to the Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4.1
Cross-cutting topic Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5
The German Standardization Roadmaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5.1
The German Standardization Roadmap on Electromobility – Version 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5.2
The German Standardization Roadmap AAL – Version 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.5.3
The German Standardization Roadmap Industry 4.0 – Version 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
3.5.4
The German Standardization Roadmap IT Security – Version 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.5.5
The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City – Version 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4
Current status and market developments for the Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1
Potential growth market for the Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2
A challenge – the variety of sectors and domains in the Smart Home market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
3
4.3
A retrospective – the development phases of the Smart Home market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4
Opportunities – the Smart Home market and its customers’ requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
4.5
Current status – market development for building automation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5.1
Let-out areas in a building erected by investors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.5.2
Use of areas by the investor himself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.5.3
Internet of Things and Smart Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6
Prospects – on the way to the Smart Home mass market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.6.1
Moves towards standardization and consolidation on the Smart Home market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.6.2
Forecasts for the Smart Home market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5
Projects related to Smart Home + Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.1
Smart Home + Building Certification Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2
GUIDED AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3
proSHAPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.4
UHCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5
Safety systems in smart buildings – smoke detection with smoke/heat extractors and evacuation system . . . . . . 57
5.6
Natural ventilation, energy management and fire and water detection in Smart Homes with connection via
IP500/GPRS gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4
6
Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.1
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.2
Home and Building Architecture Model (HBAM) framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.2.1
Interoperability levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.2.2
Application domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.3
Integration zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.3
Smart Home – from actual to specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.3.1
Sensors and actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.3.2
Data created in various use cases in the Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.3.3
Gateways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7
User stories and use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.1
Example of a user story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2
Example use cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8
Safety and protection in the Smart Home + Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.1
Safety of household and similar electrical appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.2
Information security in the Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.2.1
Communication security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.2.2
Communication across technology boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.2.3
Protection profile for a Smart Meter Gateway [15] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
8.2.4
Security architecture with data protection zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.3
Fire protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.4
Fire detection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.5
Protection from burglary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.6
Intruder alarm systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.7
Interoperability of safety and security systems in Smart Homes / Smart Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.7.1
Interoperability of wireless sensor networks (WPAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.7.2
Interoperability in the wireless network on the protocol level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
9
Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.1
Target groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
9.2
Requirements for a Smart Building qualification model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.3
Best practice examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9.3.1
KNX qualification system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9.4
Best practice example 2: ELKOnet qualification system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
9.5
Draft of a Smart Home qualification concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.5.1
Basic skills and core disciplines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.5.2
Areas of specialization for experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
10
Requirements for action and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
11
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Appendix A: Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A.1
AirPlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A.2
BACnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
A.3
BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy, Bluetooth LE, Bluetooth Smart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
A.4
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
A.5
Connected Living Innovation Component Kit (CLICK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
A.6
DALI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A.7
DECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A.8
DECT ULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.9
DLNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
A.10
EEBus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
A.11
eNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
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A.12
EnOcean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A.13
Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
A.14
G.hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
A.15
HGI-Smart-Home-Task-Force und SWEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
A.16
iBeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
A.17
IP500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
A.18
KNX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
A.19
Konnektivität KNX/TP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
A.20
KNX/RF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
A.21
LCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
A.22
LON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
A.23
M-Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
A.24
M2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
A.25
NFC, RFID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
A.26
OGEMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
A.27
openHAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
A.28
OSGi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
A.29
SafetyLON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
A.30
TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
A.31
UPnP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
A.32
WLAN(Wi-Fi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
A.33
X10 (Protokoll) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
A.34
ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
A.35
Z-Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Appendix B: Standards and specifications for Smart Home + Building . . . . . . . . 148
B.1
Safety Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
B.2
Entertainment Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
B.3
Health/AAL/Wellbeing Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
B.4
Energy Management Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
B.5
Standards and specifications for building services and Smart Home in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
B.6
Mandates – Smart Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Appendix C: Terms and Definitions [28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6
Sources of the illustrations
Cover Fololia 59595986 L - (Jack Black)
Bild 1
R. Glasberg, N. Feldner. Band 1 Studienreihe zur Heimvernetzung Konsumentennutzen und persönlicher Komfort
Bild 2
DKE
Bild 3
DKE
Bild 4
DKE
Bild 5
DKE
Bild 6
VDE
Bild 7
VDE - (DKE reconstruction)
Bild 8
VDE
Bild 9
DDI
Bild 10
VDE - (DKE reconstruction)
Bild 11
Fololia 38544923 L - (coramax)
Bild 12
Hager Electro GmbH & Co. KG
Bild 13
ProSHAPE Konsortium 2015
Bild 14
Fotolia 71587395 L - (slasnyi)
Bild 15
IP 500 - (Herr Adamski)
Bild 16
IP 500 - (Herr Adamski)
Bild 17
DKE - (Stephan Fertig / Panasonic R&D Langen)
Bild 18
DKE - (Stephan Fertig / Panasonic R&D Langen)
Bild 19
DKE - (Stephan Fertig / Panasonic R&D Langen)
Bild 20
DKE - (Stephan Fertig / Panasonic R&D Langen)
Bild 21
DKE - (Stephan Fertig / Panasonic R&D Langen)
Bild 22
DKE - (Stephan Fertig / Panasonic R&D Langen)
Bild 23
BSH Hausgeräte GmbH (Josef Baumeister)
Bild 24
BSH Hausgeräte GmbH (Josef Baumeister)
Bild 25
Lyn Matten
Bild 26
Bild 27
Bild 28
IP 500 - (Herr Adamski)
Bild 29
IP 500 - (Herr Adamski)
Bild 30
Bundestechnologiezentrum für Elektro- und Informationstechnik e.V. - (Ralph Saßmannshausen)
Bild 31
ELKOnet
Bild 32
Bundestechnologiezentrum für Elektro- und Informationstechnik e.V. - (Ralph Saßmannshausen)
Bild 33
DKE
Bild 34
Presentation: CLICK_Beitrag_Smarte_Technik__Connected_Technologies_home_Connected_Living
Bild 35
Presentation: CLICK_Beitrag_Smarte_Technik__Connected_Technologies_home_Connected_Living
Bild 36
Wikipedia - (Michael Pophal)
Bild 37
Blänkner, M. (Kellendonk G. Zertifizierungsprogramm Smart Home Building Architekturen/Technologien, 2012)
Bild 38
Andreas Bluschke (Teleconnect GmbH)
Bild 39
IP 500 - (Lyn Matten)
Bild 40
IP 500 - (Lyn Matten)
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
7
1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
1
Introductory remarks
The term “Smart Home” has gained currency in recent years as denoting technologies in living
space and buildings where networked devices and systems improve the quality of life, security
and the efficient use of energy. Alternative designations to “Smart Home” include “eHome” and
“Smart Living”.
The continuing digitization and networking of almost all areas of human experience is leading
in the domestic environment to changes which bring with them new opportunities for living and
working at home. Smart Home is embedded in the striving for sustainable development of the
infrastructure and improvement of the quality of life in an urban setting. This covers areas such
as the economy, the living and working environment, the social environment, assistance in mobility and dealings with the authorities. Smart Home is concerned with the integration and use in
the domestic environment of information and telecommunications technologies which facilitate
new experiences and make familiar activities in entertainment, leisure, energy management,
security and health more costeffective or more convenient.
The members of the Smart Home standardization consortium comprise representatives of academic institutions and industrial enterprises in the fields of home automation, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration, lighting, consumer electronics, distributed power supply
and energy management, and from other areas such as system integration or security systems.
The aim of the consortium is to create and maintain an international series of standards which
make the sustainable development of interoperable, safe, portable and reusable applications
and services in the home environment possible.
8
1.1Introduction and background to the
Smart Home + Building standardization roadmap
This German standardization roadmap Smart Home + Building Version 2.0 is an update of the
first standardization roadmap Smart Home + Building Version 1.0, which was published in January 2014.
The standardization roadmap Smart Home + Building is a joint project by DKE, the German
Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE, and the companies interested and involved. The starting point for this work was a preliminary study aimed at
documenting information on existing studies, projects, standards and products from the Smart
Home environment. This information was structured and evaluated in consensus-based work by
the parties involved.
In the Smart Home + Building project, the terms Smart Home, domain and use cases are defined. Groups of applications, such as energy management, security and AAL, are identified in
this document as domains.
The standardization work followed the procedures successfully adopted in recent years at
VDE|DKE, as presented in Version 2.0 of the standardization roadmap E-Energy/Smart Grids.
These procedures are implemented with the use case methodology.
Standardization Roadmap
E-Energy/Smart Grids 2.0
That methodology is based on uniformly defined use cases, which describe actors, processes
and activities from the point of view of the task, and abstract technical details from these.
In this connection, one of DKE’s central functions is the collection, coordination and processing
of use cases and user stories in the Smart Home + Building environment. The objective is coordination spanning various domains of the existing activities on the subject of use cases on the
national, European and international levels. These use cases are described in a standardized
form and stored in the DKE Use Case Management Repository (UCMR). That database can be
accessed remotely at any time, which makes it possible to work on the definition of use cases
from any location. Here, the use cases are compacted to form generic use cases.
The standardization committees deduce technical requirements from the various use cases,
and those technical requirements are then reflected in standards and specifications for the fields
concerned. At an early stage of standardization, use cases therefore map processes and plans
for implementation which are then to be put into practice.
BITKOM series of studies on home networking, volume 1, “Consumer benefit and personal
convenience”
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
9
BITKOM Study series for
Customers’ Needs
Entertainment & Lifestyle
comfort”
Networked house
Devices
Smart Door
Smoke
Detector
Building Safety
ld t
ho en
se em
ou g
H ana
M
Sensors &
Actuators
Door Control
“Consumer use and personal
Smart
Wall
Brightness
Sensor
Smart
Table
Networked
house
Smart
Bed
Smart
Display
Temperature
Sensor
Fashion
Coordinator
Smart
Pen
Smart
Paper
Motion
Sensor
Pressure
Sensor
H
N ea
ut lt
rit h
io &
n
home networking Volume 1
Work &
Communications
Figure 1: Example of devices in the connected home, Glasberg & Feldner, 2008
1.1.1 A brief look at standardization
Observing our own living environment precisely reveals that we come into contact with standardization on a daily basis. Our surroundings would be inconceivable without it.
Specifications provide a host of benefits, such as standardized interfaces, guaranteed interoperability of different components, fulfilment of minimum safety requirements and
1.1.2 Added value from specifications
By taking part in standardization work, companies can express their own interests, come into
contact with other stakeholder groups and extend their knowledge-based lead, as they are playing an active part in defining the global language of technology.
Specifications are to be regarded as recommendations for action which can be used by everyone, making market access easier for manufacturers and providing a uniform basis for negotiations with contractual partners. They bring about increases in efficiency and savings in costs
across all the areas of enterprises, and, last but not least, they increase customers’ confidence
in the product.
10
1.1.3 Specifications with a view to the Smart Home
The consortium sees standardization as a central element in the development of a Smart Home
mass market. As a project plan, the standardization roadmap forms the basis of central project
activities in standardization. Requirements such as ICT, hardware and software interfaces, bus
systems and transmission methods, and cross-cutting topics such as IT security and usability,
are examined within the context of the Smart Home + Building.
There are already some Smart Home solutions on the market, which, however, are technologically limited as they are each optimized for one particular area of application and do not permit
a holistic approach. This standardization roadmap is intended to create a basis on which holistic
Smart Home solutions can be made practicable. This could be a further step towards securing
an international pioneering role for the German market. Compliance with international standards
and specifications is therefore a must for the Smart Home + Building project.
In a first step, existing standards and specifications in the individual connection layers (hardware, software and data) are assessed. Should gaps become apparent, they are closed in
cooperation between interested parties (industry, SMEs, authorities, craftspersons, customers,
experts, etc.) leading to a consensus.
The accent is to be on a joint agreement which enables businesses to have reliable and futureproof access to the market. This should make Germany the leading market in the Smart Home
field.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
11
2 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
2.1 Smart Home
A Smart Home comprises privately used indoor residential and office space (no matter whether
this is owned or rented, a house or a flat, or old or new). The Smart Home is thus also an unlimited entity comprising dwellings in a correspondingly large structure (high-rise or residential
block), provided that the private sphere is catered for and individual needs of the residents for
safety and security, convenience and energy efficiency are fulfilled.
The Smart Building differs from this in that it is a commercially used building.
With the Smart Home, the focus is on private individuals. In contrast, with the Smart Building,
the focus is on the building itself. The mechanisms for signalling should however be the same.
The following attempt at a definition is presented in Volume 1 of the BITKOM series of studies on
home networking (Glasberg & Feldner, 2008):
BITKOM series of studies on home
networking, volume 1, “Consumer
The terms connected home, electronic house, intelligent living, smart home, smart house, etc.
benefit and personal convenience”
cover a series of approaches to future life and work in private residential units. What all these
terms have in common is the necessity to provide the residents with systems which satisfy their
individual needs for convenience, safety and security, and energy efficiency.
A Smart Home is therefore more than a collection of individual smart devices.
1.The needs of the residents are detected by a large number of sensors and smart devices
which provide for intuitive activation.
2.The information collected is processed taking account of the present condition and in anticipation of potential conditions.
3.The information collected and the interpretation based upon it are followed by an action.
This is made possible by a sophisticated Connected Home Network which uses wired and
wireless technology, interfaces and software, etc., to facilitate simple and reliable interaction
between devices from the fields of consumer electronics (CE), information and communications technology (ICT), electrical appliances (cooker, refrigerator, etc.) and building services
(alarm systems, heating and lighting control systems, etc.).
12
2.2 Conformity
Conformity is defined as the agreement of a system with the requirements set down in a specification. The conformity of the interfaces of a system with the corresponding interface specifications is regarded as a precondition for two or more systems allowing themselves to be connected
via those interfaces and then being able to communicate with each other.
2.3 Interoperability
All investigations, studies and market reports are unanimous in their opinion that interoperability
is the most important issue in the success of Smart Home solutions. Volume 3 of the BITKOM
study on home networking deals with this subject as follows.
Interoperability (…) designates the ability of two or more systems to work together to perform a
task by communicating through their interface. The concept of interoperability can be broken
down into several levels, for instance as described in ETSI ETR 130:1994:
• Protocol interoperability
• Service interoperability
• Application interoperability
• User perceived interoperability
One of the fundamental requirements for the networked Smart Home is the interoperability of the
systems involved. This presupposes that the networked components, devices or systems can
exchange data without errors. This is to be implemented by means of a uniform, technologically
neutral, standardized language which thus establishes interoperability between the subscribers.
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13
2.4 Smart Home Domain
The term “domain” is used in this document to refer to a group of applications, such as security,
health, entertainment or suchlike, which serves to give structure to the various smart functions.
It may be that certain individual functions, such as shutter control, are used in several domains.
A shutter controller, for example, serves both the domain of “security” and that of “energy”. For
reasons of clarity, these aspects are located in individual domains. For standardization purposes, however, the resulting situation is that it is necessary for the standards of all domains to be
fulfilled for these applications and their desired interoperability.
In the context of the Smart Home, the following domains are regarded as part of the Smart
Home market::
• Energy management
• Security
• Entertainment/communications
• Health/AAL/wellbeing
• Smart Home infrastructure/automation
An example use case is presented in Figure 13 and Figure 14.
2.5 User Story
A user story is a description from the point of view of a user, normally in text form, of a general
cross-domain Smart Home application.
2.6 Use Case
The user stories can be used to derive a set of the required use cases. These provide a detailed
workflow description from the point of view of the actors and components of the Smart Home
architecture (these will be described in a later chapter).
Several use cases are generally involved in the implementation of a user story. The relationship
between user stories and use cases can be reflected in an allocation table (mapping user stories – use cases).
Use cases can be presented in connection with a text description, as a sequence of individual
steps in the form of sequence diagrams.
14
Several use cases of the same kind are assigned to one or more domains. One such specific
task (user story) is, for example, the air conditioning of a house or a room. For the air conditioning, the following use cases are then required:
• Temperature measurement, for instance for each room (implemented by sensors)
• Possible evaluation of other sensors (window opening, person detection)
• Atmosphere control (implemented by a temperature controller or ventilation controller)
• Control of heating/ventilation (implemented by connected systems or one or more actuators)
2.7 Message
The communication resulting from the use cases requires the use of corresponding messages.
These form the lowest level in the implementation of use cases. The correlation between use
cases and the necessary messages can be established by means of an allocation table (mapping message – use cases).
2.8 Generic Use Cases
Generic use cases are an extract from similar use cases with their device and interface characteristics generalized and reduced to the essentials. Generic use cases are the basis of gap
analyses in the field of standardization.
2.9 Use Case Management Repository (UCMR)
The Use Case Management Repository is a database in which use cases, described in a standardized form, are accessible and can easily be compared. Compaction to form generic use
cases takes place here.
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
15
3STANDARDIZATION
Innovation in the development of Smart Home systems is promoted by standards and specifications. They set down framework conditions which provide all those involved with a certain
degree of investment security. Standardization should take place “openly” enough to ensure
sufficient space remains for the development of innovative systems which stand apart from the
competition. Excessively restrictive specification could prevent future innovation.
Standards and specifications are developed on various levels (national, European and international) in various organizations. Interested parties (manufacturers, traders, universities, consumers, craft tradespeople, testing institutes, authorities, etc.) send their experts to take part
in working groups at standardization organizations. The standardization work is organized and
performed in those groups.
3.1 Standards
Standardization is taken to mean the planned processes and activities for creation and putting
into force of rules by which products and services are made uniform.
Standardization is above all applied when the same or similar objects are used in many different
contexts at various places by various groups of people. The aim of standardization is to avoid
technical obstacles to use and to promote the exchange of goods and services nationally and
internationally within the group of interested parties. Further consequences of standardization
include rationalization, compatibility, fitness for purpose and safety in the use of products and
services.
Standards are taken here to mean de jure standards, in contrast to de facto standards which
are not established by official standardization work on at least the national level. Such de facto
standards may also be “industry standards” and standards established by industrial stakeholder
groups such as the Bluetooth protocols from Bluetooth-SIG or the IrDa protocol from the Infrared Data Association.
Companies may also create internal standards (works standards). These may be imposed on
suppliers as mandatory requirements.
16
3.2 Standards and specifications
Standardization fundamentally means the achievement of uniformity of dimensions, types, procedures or other factors. The objective is to create common specifications and parameters (for
example for tools, production or software components).
Differences between standards and specifications:
Table 1: Properties of standards and specifications
Principle
Standard
Specification
Voluntary
X
X
Public
X
Everyone
X
(X)
X
X
Relevance
X
X
Consensus
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
X
X
Uniformity and freedom
from contradiction
Orientation towards the state
of the art
Orientation towards
economic circumstances
Orientation towards
general benefit
International
X
For better understanding, an overview of the various standardization organizations and their interrelationships is now presented..
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
17
3.3 Structure of the standardization landscape
In the spirit of fully consensual standardization, the International Organization for Standardization, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are the decisive standardization organizations on the international level. The
corresponding standardization organizations responsible on the European and German national
levels are the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and German Institute for Standardization (DIN), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the German Commission for
Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE (DKE) (see Figure 2). The
various national standardization organizations are members of ISO, IEC, CEN and CENELEC.
Standardization
General
Electrical
Engineering
Telecommunications
Regulation
International
International
Regional
(Europe)
National
(Germany)
European
National
Legislation
Figure 2: Fundamental elements of the standardization landscape and their relation-ships with
regulatory levels
18
3.3.1 DIN, CEN and ISO
The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) provides all interested parties with a platform for
the creation of standards and specifications as a service to industry, government and society.
DIN is a private sector organization with the legal status of a non-profit association. The members of DIN are companies, associations, authorities and other institutions from industry, commerce, the craft trades and academia.
The main work of DIN is to compile consensus-based standards together with the stakeholders’
representatives promptly and in a manner suitable for the market. On the basis of a contract with
the German Federal Government, DIN is recognized as the national standardization body within
the European and international standardization organizations.
Today, almost 90 % of the standardization work at DIN has a European and international orientation, with the members of DIN organizing the entire process of non-electrical standardization
on the national level and ensuring German involvement on the European and international levels
via the corresponding national committees. In that context, DIN represents the standardization
interests of Germany as a member of CEN and ISO.
3.3.2 DKE, CENELEC and IEC
DKE represents the interests of the electrical engineering, electronics and IT industries in the
field of international and national electrotechnical standardization work, and is funded by the
German Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies (VDE). It is responsible for the standardization work which is then discussed at the corresponding European and
international organizations (IEC, CENELEC and ETSI). It therefore represents German interests
at both CENELEC and IEC. DKE is a modern, non-profit service organization which works to
ensure the safe and rational generation, distribution and use of electricity and therefore also to
contribute to public welfare.
The function of DKE is to compile and publish standards in the fields of electrical engineering,
electronics and information technology. The results of DKE’s electrotechnical standardization
work are set down in German standards published by DIN and, where they contain safetyrelated provisions, they are also published as VDE specifications and are included in the VDE
Specifications Code of Safety Standards.
The working panels are assigned as German mirror committees to the corresponding Technical
Committees of IEC (and/or CENELEC), so that only one German committee is responsible for the
entire national, European and international work and collaboration in the relevant field.
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3.3.3Standardization mandates from the European Commission
Mandates are orders from the European Commission for various purposes. In the field of standardization, mandates can be issued to the European standardization organizations for the creation of technical standards. The EU Commission uses its mandates as an expression of political
intent. This is based on the idea that the standards are part of the reference system of the EU
Directives.
The process of issuing mandates is governed by Directive 98/34/EEC of 22 June 1998 “laying
down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and of rules on Information Society services” and the Vademecum on European standardization.
3.4 Standards and specifications with a view to the Smart Home
A Smart Home is a complex system which encompasses various areas such as energy, entertainment and ambient assisted living (AAL), but at the same time interacts with adjacent areas
or is a part of further areas (e.g. the smart grid). As a result of the variety of domains, functions,
actors and components, optimum interaction is necessary to ensure efficient and safe function
of the system.
This is also reflected in the standardization of the system of a Smart Home. The standardization
organizations and technical committees which are directly or indirectly concerned are called upon to work together more comprehensively and more closely. The interrelationships in complex
systems like a Smart Home are however frequently so extensive that simple analyses by the individual committees concerned cannot provide adequate results. Management of requirements
on a system level is required, breaking down complex interrelationships into simpler partial
aspects.
Applied to standardization, this means that workflows and relationships in the Smart Home have
to be broken down into individual sequences so that solutions (e.g. specifications and standards) can then be created with the aid of the responsible Technical Committees.
One way in which this work can be performed is the Use Case method. In that method, the system
as a whole is modelled on the basis of a functional architecture, i.e. the system is described in
terms of individual functions which interact with each other. The functional architecture is defined
on the basis of the use cases which are implemented or supported by the system. Use cases
also form the basis for stipulation of the requirements for the system. Furthermore, the actors
which are responsible for the various functions of the system have to be identified so that they
can be appropriately defined and assigned. The functional architecture, use cases, actors and
requirements form the foundation for the standardization of functionality and interfaces. In complex systems, a simplified model approach which describes the main functions of a system and
20
its interactions independently of any particular technology is required for functional modelling.
An example workflow of the use case method is presented in Figure 3:
Figure 3: Sustainable standardization process for Smart Home
The use case method in the field of the smart home is being considered in the Joint Working
Group DKE/GAK_STD 1711.0.2 “Use Cases”. German businesses and Smart Home initiatives
are being intensively involved in this process.
In the context of the Smart Home, the following domains are considered to be an integral part of
the Smart Home market:
• Security
• Entertainment/communications
• Health/AAL/wellbeing
• Smart Home infrastructure/automation
• Energy management
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
21
The existing standards and specifications, sorted by Smart Home domains, are listed in Appendix B. These lists are not to be regarded as complete; the missing standards and specifications
are to be added by the time of publication of the Standardization Roadmap Smart Home 2.0,
and the gaps in the standardization work identified.
The collection and processing of use cases on the basis of textual presentations of scenarios in
the Smart Home environment is a central function which the specially Established Joint Working
Group DKE/GAK_STD 1711.0.2 “Use Cases” is addressing. Within that working group, coordination across the Smart Home domains with existing activities on the national, European and
international levels is also taking place.
The Working Group DKE/AK STD_1711.0.3 “Interoperability” deals with the analysis of the use
cases collected by the “Use Cases” working group and the derivation of generic requirements
for interface signals and functions for specific equipment classes. The results are contributed
to specifications which are then, at the initiative of interested parties and under the leadership
of DKE, transformed into VDE Application Guides. Authorization for that process is obtained by
means of a public objections procedure or from a national standardization committee. Depending on the publication method chosen, the time until publication can range from a few months
to a maximum of one year. The advantage of VDE Application Guides is that they can flow into
European or international standardization within a relatively short time thanks to the DKE’s international network and a tried and tested decision-making process.
The further important topic of information security and data protection is dealt with in the
Work-ing Group DKE/AK STD_716.0.1, which was originally established for the field of “Energy
Man-agement in Buildings” and had its scope extended to cover the Smart Home as a whole
in spring 2014. In this working group, five subgroups work with objectives complementing each
other, and their results are intended to flow into a series of VDE Application Guides.
AK
1711.0.1
GAK
1711.0.2
GAK
1711.0.3
AK
716.0.1
“Standardization
Roadmap”
“Use Cases”
“Interoperability”
“IT Security”
Enterprise/Smart Home Community
Figure 4: Overview of the DKE standardization working groups in the
Smart Home + Building field
22
3.4.1 Cross-cutting topic Smart Grid
The DKE Steering Committee on E-Energy / Smart Grids Standardization coordinates higher
level issues and activities on standardization in the field of “E-Energy / Smart Grids” in cooperation with the technical committees of DKE and DIN, and with various stakeholder groups. The
standardization work proper remains the preserve of the DKE/DIN standardization committees,
which, however, receive suggestions and support from the Expertise Centre.
One special focal area in the work of the Steering Committee is the energy transition and the
in-tegration of energy from renewable sources. In the course of that work, Version 2.0 of the Ger-
Standardization Roadmap
man Standardization Roadmap E-Energy / Smart Grids was compiled by the Steering Commit-tee.
E-Energy/Smart Grids 2.0
The holistic, smart energy supply system described in the standardization roadmap, which includes the operation of active energy distribution and energy transmission networks with new
ICT-based technologies for network automation, is characteristic of the Smart Grid. It also includes the central and distributed energy supply facilities from storage to the consumer, so as to
achieve better networking and control of the system as a whole. The standardization roadmap
describes the interplay between these different components. In addition, the ICT-based networking of the components in the electrical power network forms the essential basis for future
control of the grid. In the smart energy grid of tomorrow, various segments or domains including
terminal devices in industry and households come under consideration. These include:
• Energy management
• Smart meters
• Measuring point operation
• Security products
• Distribution networks
• Transmission networks
• Communications networks
• Power generators
• Storage facilities
• Aggregators
• Electromobility
• Energy markets
• Additional services (“added value services”)
THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
23
Expertise Centre for Standardization
of E-Energy/Smart Grids 2014
STD_1911
Steering Committee on
Standardization of EEnergy/Smart Grids
Chair: Thomas Niemand
STD_1911.1
NeLDE
Chair: Prof. Dr.
Hartwig Steusloff
STD_1911.2
Inhouse
Automation
Chair: Peter
Kellendonk
STD_1911.3
Coordination with
Smart Metering
Chair: Ralf
Hoffmann
STD_1911.4
Network Integation
of Electromobility
Chair: Markus
Landau
STD_1911.0.2
Use cases
STD_1911.11
Smart Grid Information Security
Chair: Klaus
Hemberger
STD_1911.11.5
Information Security for
Electromobility
Chair: Klaus
Hemberger
Figure 5: Structure of STD_1911 Standardization of E-Energy/Smart Grids
The DKE/DIN Steering Committee on E-Energy/Smart Grids Standardization is to take on mirroring of the IEC System Committee “Smart Energy” and be transformed into an “Excellence
Cluster Smart Energy”. The basic orientation and function of being a contact in all standardization matters related to the optimization of intelligent electricity grids and then creating crosssystem standards together with the additionally established DKE System Committee “Smart
Energy” will be preserved.
3.5 The German Standardization Roadmaps
The German standardization roadmaps which have already been compiled contain extensive
All standardization roadmaps
for downloading
24
and in some cases comparative descriptions of the standardization landscape.
3.5.1The German Standardization Roadmap on
Electromobility – Version 3.0
Fossil energy sources represent an important aspect for people’s energy supply. Their availability, for example in the form of petroleum for combustion engines, is decreasing and resulting in
increasing prices. Additionally, exhaust gases produced during combustion have a negative effect
The German Standardization
Roadmap on Electromobility –
Version 3.0
on our environment. Therefore, in order to be able to sustainably meet the mobility demands of
people in the future, energy must be supplied from environmentally friendly sources. Thus, the
future of energy supply lies in sustainable energy sources that are politically reliable and available
in the longterm, and whose ecological “footprint” is minimal. If electromobility uses these sustainable energy sources, it will help to set the course for a future worth living. By establishing cycles
and processes that treat resources with care, progress will be promoted effectively while the same
standard of convenience the users are used to is maintained.
To make electricity from renewable energy sources readily available for use in electric vehicles, a
strategic concept for short, medium and longterm solutions to the approaching challenges is
needed. As regards electric-drive vehicles, thinking globally is first and foremost a question of key
technical parameters: charging performance, charging interfaces, and battery capacity. Ultimately,
functionality, price, ecological awareness and responsibility across national borders will determine
the level of user acceptance. But above all, there is a need for “round tables” at which the various
actors can work together to make progress, implementing this progress in standards and specifications, which can be used as a basis for further developments. Automobile manufacturers,
energy suppliers, grid operators and research institutes have long realised how closely knit the
electromobility network really is. The electric vehicle of the future will be a decisive element of the
“smart grid”. Many new interfaces are emerging which will provide an opportunity to developed
existing interfaces further.
Electric vehicles open the way for new kinds of charging processes, which in particular take account of the integration of the electric vehicles in the Smart Home infrastructure. The electric vehicle of the future cold be used for energy storage, taking up surplus energy especially from domestic
photovoltaic systems. Excesses and shortfalls in electricity supply could be compensated for in
this way in a national smart grid. The networking of ICT (information and communications technology) systems inside and outside the home is an essential condition. Local charging stations, which
can be supplemented by domestic solar carports and local storage batteries, must be integrated
in such a smart grid system.
Standardization is extremely important in this context, as it strengthens the position of German
industry in its European and international environment and provides security for investment.
Domains such as automotive engineering, electrical and power engineering, and information and
communications technology must grow together for successful electromobility and its integration
in the smart home infrastructure. As these previously separate areas come together, new business
relationships and added value will be created.
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The German Standardization Roadmap on Electromobility Version 3.0 builds upon the first The
German Standardization Roadmap on Electromobility which was published in autumn 2010. It
addresses current developments in electromobility and the background conditions, and sets
these in relation to current and necessary standardization activities. The German Standardiza-tion
Roadmap on Electromobility reflects the common understanding of all the actors involved in electromobility. Vehicle manufacturers, the electrical industry, power suppliers and network operators,
and information network providers, associations and politicians were involved in its compilation.
For that reason, the German Standardization Roadmap on Electromobility repre-sents the German
standardization strategy for that field.
3.5.2 The German Standardization Roadmap AAL – Version 2.0
The German Standardization
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) is a topic which developed only a few years ago as a separate
Roadmap AAL
research and work area, but was then quickly taken up and promoted by numerous national and
European players. AAL is characterized by its pronouncedly multidisciplinary nature and, as a
result, the large number of partners from a range of different medical, technological, social and
business-related areas. This also results in a large number of specifications that already exist
and are applied to the individual systems today. However, the mere existence of such specifications does not necessarily live up to the specific requirements of the AAL systems and products.
There is a need to look at the existing specifications to identify and select those that really offer
system relevance.
The broad introduction of networked medical and support technologies depends on having safe,
simple and interoperable systems which are of measurable benefit to the users. Existing gaps –
especially with regard to training of qualified staff and quality assurance – have to be closed. The
challenge is to bring together the various stakeholders and overcome new obstacles by creating
new points of contact and interfaces. With a view to the design of interfaces between different
networks and also between technical devices and systems, there is a resulting need in some
cases for (systematic) standardization.
A holistic understanding and a general view of the various players must be further supported.
Version 2 of the German AAL Standardization Roadmap promotes the common understanding
of all those involved in the AAL environment and makes them receptive to ideas from other
areas. The further developments of the German AAL Standardization Roadmap are being discussed with the working groups, standardization committees and interested groups of professionals involved, and will be pursued.
The AAL environment is also listed as one of the Smart Home domains.
Their infrastructures differ in some respects. For this reason, there has to be close cooperation
between these areas. Suitable public relations measures can identify synergy effects with the
26
fields of smart meters and the smart home. Assistive technology generally refers to that technology which enables users to perform functions and motions which they could not perform
without the technology more simply or autonomously. Sensors installed in the home can record
activities and request the assistance needed. The use of networked health and smart home
technologies can provide for appropriate support, assistance or maintenance of the independence of people in their domestic environments. An example of this connection between assistive
technology and smart home applications is the connection of sensors to entertainment applications, for instance for control by gestures.
The networking of the health service which follows is of great social relevance, both from the
viewpoint of individual citizens and from that of the German health sector, and leads to greater
efficiency and quality of medical care and assists in coping with the insurers’ limited budgets.
The AAL environment is however not limited to the domestic scene only, but also involves the
broader surroundings of the persons concerned if they are mobile and leave the house. G.
Demiris et al. describe smart homes as “Residences equipped with technology that enhances
safety of patients at home and monitors their health conditions” (p.88) [G. Demiris et al., Older
adults’ attitudes towards and perceptions of “smart home“ technologies: A pilot study, Medical
Informatics 29 (2004), 87-94].
3.5.3The German Standardization Roadmap Industry 4.0 –
Version 1.0
The networking of industry and the internet opens up great potential for the future. On the basis
The German Standardization
of its outstanding position in manufacturing, automation and systems technology, Germany has
Roadmap Industry 4.0
the opportunity to play a decisive part in shaping the impending fourth industrial revolution (after
mechanization, industrialization and automation) with networked cyber-physical systems at its
core. Furthermore, Germany will be able to position itself worldwide as one of the most competi-tive locations for industry and a leading supplier of factory equipment. Consensus-based
stand-ards are the decisive precondition for the successful implementation of new concepts
and technologies in industrial practice. The world’s first standardization roadmap, “Industry 4.0”,
compiled by the German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN
and VDE (DKE), is an important step in that direction. For the first time, it provides all the players
with an overview of existing relevant standards and the discernible need for standardization in
the environment of Industry 4.0. In it, the standardization experts define topics such as system
architecture, use cases, reference models and processes, and examine the individual aspects of
implementation with a view to integration of the entire value chain in industrial production.
One central challenge is that of seamlessly linking and integrating the four dimensions of the
value creation process (product, factory and technology life cycle and business process) which
come together at the actual time of product manufacture and are today controlled by a multitude
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of digital tools, by means of horizontal integration (real-time optimized ad-hoc value creation
networks), vertical integration (business processes and technical processes) and the consistency of engineering throughout the life cycle.
The Standardization Roadmap “Industry 4.0” presents important general recommendations for
action in standardization and the future standardization strategy for the following aspects: the
use of harmonized standards as the basis for the Industry 4.0 landscape, the integration of national developments in international standardization, support to the established standardization
committees by provision of additional experts, and training for the research and development
requirements of emerging systems.
DIN and DKE have published the Standardization Roadmap Industry 4.0 as a dynamic status
report and a means of supporting the impending standardization work. Comments, suggestions
and additions are expressly welcomed and will contribute to the development of the document
and thus also to international interoperability of the products and market acceptance of the
technology.
The aim of the new version of the standardization roadmap is to assess the various topics from
a current perspective and identify what has happened in standardization in the meantime, how
great the need for standardization is currently seen to be by industry, and what, if anything, it
should address. Starting with this examination, a prioritization of the topics is to take place, and
following versions of the standardization roadmap will present the status of the time. Publication
of the next version is scheduled for October 2015.
3.5.4 The German Standardization Roadmap IT Security –
Version 2.0
The German Standardization
The aim of this roadmap is to identify areas in which a need for security solutions meets the po-
Roadmap on IT Security
tential for applying standardization. The roadmap is intended to assist in coordinating the standardization activities by indicating the committees in which work has already started or even
been completed. The discussion in professional circles has shown that information technology
can no longer be considered industry by industry, but is rather a horizontal technology which is
used in all sectors. The identification of existing committees and standards is therefore the first
step towards coordination. The roadmap issues recommendations as to which activities should
be initiated in order to meet the demand in the identified areas. As a result of the large degree
of networking which impending trends in information technology indicate, a cross-industry approach is necessary to meet the demands of the situation. In this roadmap, therefore, current
cross-industry and cross-technology topics are addressed and examined in detail.
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3.5.5The German Standardization Roadmap Smart City –
Version 1.0
As places of knowledge and creativity, residential areas will continue to serve as drivers of
economic and social development in the future. Ongoing urbanization and the accompanying
The German Standardization
Roadmap Smart City 1.0
increase in social and geographic inequalities, demographic and social changes in urban communities and climate change are placing enormous demands on the planning and administrative
capacities of cities. The structural crisis of local finances and widely fluctuating trade tax revenues carry great risks for the range of financial options open to cities.
Yet behind all these changes and uncertainties there are also opportunities for bringing about
further synergies. These arise from linking up systems, processes and technologies to help
safeguard public services and increase the quality of life in cities.
With the aid of interested experts from industry, science, various associations and German
cities, the DIN and DKE organizations would like to support these efforts by issuing the German
Smart City Standardization Roadmap. Its purpose is to highlight the need for standards and to
serve as a strategic template for national and international standardization work in the field of
smart city technology.
The standardization roadmap highlights the main activities required to create smart cities. It
does not aim to examine the situation within the different areas of activity, as this is taken care
of in the form of discrete standardization activities. The focus of version 1 of the standardization
roadmap is on the interaction between different areas, their demarcation with regard to need for
action, and the representation of the standardization activities within the areas. Examples of the
approach are taken from initial projects, and the different actors are named. The present version
1 of the Standardization Roadmap is expressly not intended to be used to identify any specific
need for standardization within the individual areas. The question of the actual need for standardization in the specified fields of activity remains to be clarified.
In May 2015, Version 1.1 was published as a supplement to the full version, providing an overview of current standardization work and presenting the results to date.
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4 CURRENT STATUS AND MARKET
DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE SMART HOME
4.1 Potential growth market for the Smart Home
Smart Home + Building opens up considerable potential for the future, from an economic, social
and ecological point of view. Intelligent house and building services with integrated systems,
for instance for energy management, building security or medical assistance, make homes and
buildings more efficient, safer, more economical and at the same time more convenient. They
are also a topic of interest to politicians and society, as they illustrate approaches to mastering
global challenges in the fields of climate protection, scarcity of resources, the ageing population,
health, communications and security.
In Germany in particular, there is an opportunity to use the existing expertise in network technologies and system integration strategically in developing the growth market of the Smart Home.
Smart Home products and services have unfortunately not yet crossed the threshold to a mass
market, although the technological conditions have been fulfilled for some time now and there
has been no lack of initiative behind the development of the Smart Home market. One reason
for the reticence in demand will surely have been the excessive focus on what was technically
feasible instead of taking account of the actual demand and the concrete benefit to the final
customer. Consumers are interested in use scenarios like, for example, the control of home electronics or the surveillance of buildings, which is why it is necessary to place the add-ed value of
Smart Home applications in the foreground.
For a number of years, moreover, there have been agreements relative to safety which the various governments have enshrined in legal regulations. These include for example smoke detectors and burglar alarms. Distinctions are made in these cases as to whether a Smart Home
application or a Smart Building application (professional use) is concerned.
4.2A challenge – the variety of sectors and domains in the
Smart Home market
The term “Smart Home” has now become established among the public as a synonym for the
networking of intelligent components, devices and systems (“smart devices”) in privately used
apartments or houses. In media presentation, distinctions are made between a series of Smart
Home domains which have become established in various sectors of industry, mostly on the
basis of different networking technologies and objectives. The most important domains from the
present point of view are energy management, audiovisual communication and entertainment,
building security and safety, and health/AAL.
In all these domains, the opportunity of mobile control by means of a tablet or smartphone
means additional convenience for the user. Examples include mobile access to recorded television programmes, videos, photos and music, etc. Mobile control of fundamental functions of the
home such as heating, air-conditioning or ventilation is however also possible. The optimum use
30
of in-house energy and fulfilment of the individual’s need for security are certainly the main factors behind added value from the customer’s point of view. In addition, the transformation of the
energy sector towards decentralization of the energy market will create new market roles which
themselves have interfaces to the Smart Home and can therefore definitely be regarded as accelerators of the market development. Increasingly, however, technical assistance systems and
the concept of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) are also being associated with the Smart Home.
Smart Home
Energy Management
Entertainment
and Communications
Home/Building Safety
and Security
Health/Ambient Assisted
Living (AAL)/Wellbeing
Building Automation
and Convenience
Figure 6: Smart Home domains: Energy management, Entertainment/Communications, Health/
AAL/Wellbeing, Safety and Security, and Smart Home Automation/Building Automation
Research and development (R&D) in the field of ambient assisted living (AAL) deals among other
topics with the development of “assistive technologies” which enable people in need of assis-
Further information on the AAL
tance or care to lead self-determined, active lives up to an old age. AAL can be regarded as a
Congress and Future Habitats
domain of the Smart Home.
A study by Bitkom in cooperation with Deloitte [32] sees AAL as an important driving force
behind the development of the Smart Home market, as demographic change is causing the
number of people requiring nursing care to grow constantly, thus increasing the market potential
of AAL. More and more old and needy people will in future be confronted with a pool of nursing staff which continues to be limited. AAL provides elderly people with an alternative means,
based on smart technology, of continuing to lead their lives independently in their accustomed
environment. Specific applications from the AAL field can also allow support services to function
more efficiently and costs to be cut. As soon as large companies from the health, telecommunications and residential sectors are able to offer affordable AAL solutions, this Smart Home
domain will be able to make a breakthrough to the mass market.
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4.3 A retrospective – the development phases of the
Smart Home market
The concept of the Smart Home is really nothing new: As early as the end of the 1980s, there
was initial interest in Europe in intelligent networking in commercial buildings and private homes,
while companies in the USA and Japan had been active as technology and market pio-neers in
the previous years. In Europe, BatiBUS, EHS and EIB were created as competing Smart Home
standards, on the basis of which businesses in the consumer goods and electrical industries
developed specific Smart Home products. In spite of this important technology hub, however,
no Smart Home mass market developed. The competition between the standards and the highly
divergent business models of the consumer goods and electrical industries put a brake on the
dynamism of market development.
At the turn of the millennium, the industry agreed on Konnex (KNX) as the consolidated European bus standard, and in doing so initiated a further technological surge, essentially carried
forward by the idea of individual room temperature control as an energy efficiency measure. The
expected transition into the mass market did not however take place, as neither private users nor
commercial customers such as home builders were inclined to purchase in any great amounts.
In the light of the forecast demographic change, considerable market potential for Smart Home
technologies was identified in the fields of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) and health assistance
systems at the end of the first decade of the 21st century. For various reasons, AAL also did not
meet the expectations of opening the door to the Smart Home mass market.
The topic of the Smart Home is currently linked in discussions with the challenges of the energy
transition. The necessity to establish smart grids is seen as an opportunity to achieve a breakthrough for Smart Home technology in the private residential sector as well. Accordingly, not
only telecommunications companies and niche suppliers, but also large energy companies
are represented on the market. At the same time, the increasing number of players and areas
of application have diversified the market. Whereas in the past the areas for investment by the
industries now involved were clearly demarcated, highly different suppliers with more and more
standardization approaches are now entering the market. After years of unfulfilled forecasts
and disappointed expectations, the market for Smart Home applications is still in an orientation
phase. One important recognition has gained credence, namely that the Smart Home market is
driven less by technologies than by the expected benefit to customers.
32
4.4
Opportunities – the Smart Home market and its customers’
requirements
The establishment of cross-domain Smart Home solutions could be a key to the market success
of Smart Home. This opinion is supported by current studies on customers’ wishes and requirements [CG 2011], [DL 2013]. The combination of applications and control options across domain
boundaries is regarded as a central criterion for success. In the study by Cap Gemini Consulting, 39 % of the people questioned showed interest in Smart Home products which grouped
together applications across three domains of the Smart Home. And 21 % of those questioned
even preferred functions which spanned four segments of the current Smart Home range. A total
of 20 % still mention multiple links as an important criterion for success.
The more, then, a Smart Home product reduces the complexity of a building control system and
thus increases convenience, the greater are the added value and the incentive to buy from the
point of view of the customer. The study by Deloitte [DL 2013] also makes it clear that the customers’ requirements will play the decisive role in the further development of the market. This
finding should be taken into account in future positioning and marketing strategies. Consideration of the requirements of various segments reveals that simple installation and connectivity of
different systems are still central challenges for the products on offer (cf. Figure 7).
LUXURY
PREMIUM
MASS MARKET
Customer
requirements
Existing offers
Challenges
Figure 7: Requirements, offers and challenges by segments (following Deloitte 2013)
A similar picture resulted from questioning in the context of the guideline talks of the Deutsches Dialog Institut with those companies involved in the promotional project “Certification
Pro-gramme Smart Home + Building”. They put the domain combination Energy management
/ Building technology in first place for a central role in Smart Home market development. In the
next places, there followed the combinations of Energy management / Security and Security /
Building technology. The companies were also asked about their experience of motivation in the
purchasing of Smart Home systems. In that context, they gave maximum points to the aspect
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33
of Convenience, followed by Cost control /Cost reduction, Security, Fun and Reduction in the
eco-logical footprint.
In addition, the aspect of IT security is gaining in importance with Smart Home products.
Attacks are relatively simple to mount with software tools that are widely available. Black hat
hackers could already tamper relatively easily with Smart Home systems. They would meet with
hardly any resistance on the part of the users, as private users are only seldom capable of administering their own systems professionally. It is therefore necessary for manufacturers to give
priority not only to the connectivity of different Smart Home products and applications, but also
to the issues of IT security and data protection in the light of the expected mass market.
Numerous experts expect a large market for “smart living”. According to the representative
Forsa poll “DFH Trend barometer 2012” [DFH 2012] commissioned by Deutsche Fertighaus
Hold-ing AG, 57 % of Germans think the integration of innovative building automation systems
in new-build houses is important. More than half (51 %) of those questioned who intend to
have a house built soon would be prepared to invest between 4,000 and 8,000 euros in smart
building technology for more security, convenience and greater energy efficiency. 64 % of all
those questioned and even 84 % of the future owners of new homes think a building technology
function which provides a permanent overview of energy consumption is sensible. 39 % think an
automated heating control system which is optimally adjusted to weather conditions would make
their everyday life significantly easier.
Apart from functions which improve energy efficiency, future home builders also value system
components which increase security and convenience on an everyday basis. According to the
Forsa poll, 66 % of those questioned consider that it would make life much to very much easier
if a Smart Home system automatically called the police or fire brigade on detection of a break-in
or smoke. 43 % of those questioned assess it as very helpful to have automatic ventilation of the
house and watering of the garden, even when they are on holiday.
The German housing industry is still adopting a wait and see strategy on the topic of the Smart
Home. The background is that most of the systems on the market are proprietary solutions from
individual suppliers, which can only be extended with further components from the same manufacturer. The combination of applications in different Smart Home domains is therefore impeded
or indeed made impossible. With investment cycles of 10 to 15 years, the German housing industry feels under these conditions that security of investment is lacking.
In the view of the housing industry, there is a further challenge for Smart Home products in that
the focus is currently above all on retrofitting existing houses. According to the German Energy Agency (DENA), only approx. 180,000 new dwellings were constructed in Germany in 2010
(against 300,000 in 2001 and up to 700,000 in the 1990s). In contrast, there are over 40 million
older dwellings. In the light of these figures there is a need for systems which are specifically
suitable for simple and low-cost retrofitting.
34
This estimation is also supported by the company survey in the course of the project “Certification Programme Smart Home + Building” funded by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs
(BMWi):
WEAK
AGREEMENT
STRONG
Germany STILL has the chance to become
the leading market
The market is continuously developing with
good growth
Successful Smart Home products are designed
to meet customers’ actual needs
The main market is retrofitting existing buildings
(B2B, B2C)
Smart Home products address mature and responsible
customers (autonomy, data security, etc.)
Energy management is the main driving force
in Germany
In Germany, tradespeople remain the central
sales channel
IP-based system solutions are the future for Smart Home
products (time horizon 6-10 years)
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 8: Estimation of the German market by 30 leading companies in the field of Smart
Home + Building; original graphic by DDI on the basis of the guideline talks in the alignment
procedure.
4.5Current status – market development for building
automation systems
The interaction between various disciplines and the processing of events are per se quite old
wishes on the operational side. In reality, however, the wished-for and the achievable often diverge. The reasons for that do not always have to be technical ones; it also has to do with workflows in the construction industry, cost planning and the various stakeholder groups.
The different technical disciplines in buildings are planned, quoted, installed and commissioned
by just as many differently organized professionals. Depending on the requirements in operation, links between disciplines in different functionalities can be useful and have a significant
ef-fect on the productivity of the persons and systems in the building. As a rule, such links also
open up potential for optimization in various directions.
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In the context of the development of renewable sources of energy in the environment of homes
and buildings, the generation and consumption of power have been brought closer together.
On the other hand, industrial-scale generation and distribution of energy has been made more
distant by contractual decoupling (disregarding the generation companies’ closed loop control
systems and their organization here).
As the users are more and more becoming not just consumers, but also producers (“prosumers”) as a result of improved plant, systems and user guidance, and buildings are to be optimized in accordance with the utilization strategy (productivity of the space) while the generators
and distribution facilities are controlled in response to other parameters (e.g. voltage, frequency
and phase angle), it makes sense to optimize these domains individually and “guide” them by
means of incentive systems, e.g. dynamic price models for capacity and energy – for both consumption and generation. Distinctions of that kind on the one hand establish clarity and a step
by step procedure, without always having to call the system as a whole into question.
A further aspect is the possible complexity of the solutions. Closely linked systems become demanding in all phases of the life cycle, and require expert knowledge and experience, promoting
solutions which are on the one hand expensive and on the other hand relatively inflexible. Such
systems are also more sensitive to disruptions during operation, and require professional management.
These obstacles could be lowered by adopting a Building Information Modelling (BIM) approach, reducing the amount of work required for coordination. Which markets demand such
integration and how it is to take place in practice remains to be seen. In the Internet of Things
(IoT) approach, the components in the systems are equal in status, and therefore it is technically
possible to combine them in a useful manner.
A large number of factors affect automation and control in industrial buildings. One important
objective must not be lost from sight: A building, as opposed to a home, is a utilitarian structure
which serves a purpose, and all services have to be concentrated on that purpose in order to
maximize productivity. In contrast to homes, where the residents take direct action to assure
their wellbeing, in utility buildings the result is always a compromise between all the people
working in a particular zone. The objective in this case is indirectly also a kind of wellbeing – that
of being productive.
What influences the market for building space – and thus also indirectly building automation?
In the market for building space there are a large number of currents which on the one hand
demand automation solutions, and on the other hand take account of the changing requirements of a group of stakeholders. In this context, only the automation market itself and the
requirements relevant
36
4.5.1 Let-out areas in a building erected by investors
Generally applicable statements:
• Landlords want to position their “product” (space for rent) attractively and sustainability labels, flexible use, opportunities for extension and the productivity of the persons / means of
production using the space are important.
• Tenants are attracted by scalable and influenceable operating costs, especially when the utilization concept can and is to be mapped in the technology.
Tenants as a rule have their own operational needs and require different automation solutions, in
some cases with their own provision of, for example, refrigeration and ventilation. The interaction between these “tenant solutions” and the “basic fixtures” is decisive for optimization of efficiency and productivity – especially when several tenants and their systems present a challenge
to the central generation and distribution systems (owned by the investor) for, for example, hot
and cold water. In this area, technology can realize tremendous gains by better strategies (interoperability). “Prosumer” modes of operation are more the province of the investor and less
that of the tenant.
4.5.2 Use of areas by the investor himself
In this case, the drivers are clearer and easier to discuss than with rented properties. As the
utilization concept is determined by the investor himself, the interests can flow directly into an
overall solution. Unlike in former times, comparisons of costs between different buildings in similar locations and with a similar standard of fit-out are important, and value for money is playing
an increasingly important role. Rooms are as a rule supplied with those services which enable
them to be productive. Investment and work without benefit are avoided from the planning stage
onwards. “Prosumer” concepts and integration of services are typical of this type of building automation customer.
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4.5.3 Internet of Things and Smart Tagging
Why are these two hypes in particular so promising?
Internet of Things
The technology fundamentally means that sensors, actuators and other elements/automation
systems can be connected direct to a standardized network (typically Ethernet-based) and are
therefore in a position to take part in events without any major infrastructure. Without rules and
standards, that can lead to a Tower of Babel. The experts are therefore called upon to facilitate
sensible – semantic – clarity.
Approaches to rules are available in many projects on standards and agreements. All of these
have common aims:
• Reduction of the possible connections to sensible combinations
• Incorporation of the spatial and/or geographical context
• As correct and rapid establishment of contact as possible with the aid of semantic information
and self-curing effect on failure/restoration of the connection
Smart analyses of the behaviour of one or all subscribers can give rise to unexpected automation functions and render many rules in the systems of today obsolete, because they are selflearning.
Smart Tagging
This technology is not, in itself, new. All the manufacturers have considered it and in some cases
achieved astounding things.
Let us remember VDI paper 3814. There, a very simple form of structured relationship between
the most important elements of building automation (and other technical components) was
documented. In principle, what we are dealing with here is a similar approach to the tagging
of information with meaningful, globally standardized terms. This mechanism should of course
function across and beyond linguistic and cultural borders.
What, then, is the benefit of this technology for the investor and/or the tenant?
An example:
Let us assume that all the components in a closed loop control circuit (measuring point, actuator
and time program) are designated by tags with their function AND geographical location. Let us
also assume that the control system has to be adapted to a change in use. In the ideal case, the
signals do not have to be firmly connected, but can be located by search services and connected automatically.
38
That does not really sound earth-shattering, but does make changes much simpler and safer,
and they can – if the infrastructure permits – be implemented during operation.
If we imagine that such mechanisms can also function across product and supplier boundaries
(new standards), then it becomes really interesting.
4.6 Prospects – on the way to the Smart Home mass market
4.6.1Moves towards standardization and consolidation on the
Smart Home market
Ensuring interoperability across trades and technologies in the Smart Home is a technical challenge which many companies are facing with different strategies, either organized in various
alliances and initiatives or as large individual players. The approaches can be divided into three
fundamental categories:
• Individual companies with a major market presence of their own
• Alliances of companies working together on the protocol level
• Alliances of companies working together on the data model/middleware level
Apple is attempting to establish its own protocol based on Bluetooth LE and Internet Protocol
(IP) for communication between accessories and iPhones/iPads, in the form of HomeKit and the
HomeKit Accessory Protocol (HAP). In the light of the present large share in the global smartphone and tablet market, this proprietary approach could still be successful for Apple.
Other large companies such as Samsung, Deutsche Telekom through QIVICON, AT&T and power supplier RWE approach this issue above the protocol level and are trying to anchor their own
proprietary software platforms in the market.
Other companies are grouping together in alliances and initiatives to achieve as broad a presence for their technologies on the market as possible. A distinction has to be made between
alliances which work on the protocol level and those which work on the data model or middleware level.
Since its establishment in 2010, the IP500 Alliance has focused on the security applications in
Smart Homes and Buildings (smoke, burglary, access control) and, since 2014, has provided a
certified wireless communications platform for the users of larger sensor installations.
ZigBee, Z-Wave and EnOcean are “classical” representatives of wireless-based protocols.
Thread, founded by Google, Samsung and others, is a further alliance aiming to develop a new
protocol.
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A second category of alliances aims at uniformity on the data model level. This is where ontologies of technologically neutral signals and functions are created, with abstractions of devices
which facilitate cross-platform communication between devices in Smart Home systems.
A number of the well-known initiatives and platforms are listed below.
Apple HomeKit
Apple initially presented the concept of home networking via its proprietary operating system
iOS in 2014. Under the name of HomeKit, there was a specification for the development of apps
and devices (accessories) with HomeKit capability. Communication with the devices takes place
via IP (WLAN) or Bluetooth LE from the iPhone or iPad. HomeKit also provides for the incorporation of bridges to enable communication with devices using other wireless protocols such as
Z-Wave. Companies which develop devices for Apple HomeKit and wish to market them must
have those devices certified I the Apple “Made for iPod/iPhone/iPad” programme (Mfi).
Deutsche Telekom – QIVICON
Deutsche Telekom has been marketing the QIVICON Smart Home solution since 2013. In contrast to the other product suppliers on the market, Telekom has backed a partnership strategy
right from the start. The focus is therefore not on Telekom’s own products, but those of its
partners, with Telekom taking on the role of the platform supplier and marketer. QIVICON offers
a gateway corresponding to the platform, to which the partners can connect their hardware and
software. The advantage for the partners is they do not have to develop their own platform or
gateway.
At present, QIVICON supports the protocols ZigBee and BidCos, the proprietary protocol of eQ3. Companies wishing to connect their products to the QIVICON platform have to become partners in order to obtain the specification for the interfaces. Actual certification of the hardware
and software is not then required.
EEBus-Initiative
The EEBus Initiative is a group currently comprising 53 companies which have set themselves
the aim of focusing consistently on standardization to create cross-technology interoperability.
The origin of the EEBus concept is in the field of smart and renewable energy. On the basis of
agreed use cases, the working groups of this initiative have specified common, technologically
neutral data models (“neutral messages”) which form the bridge between different networking
technologies and systems. These neutral messages form the core components of the EEBus
specification. The KEO software system from Kellendonk is a functioning software implementation on the basis of the EEBus specification. It has already demonstrated its functionality in an
interoperability “plug fest” conducted with products from 15 different companies in March 2015.
40
In recent years, the EEBus Initiative has entered into strategic partnerships and cooperative ventures with a series of other initiatives. These include the alliances on networking standards
like BACnet, enOcean, KNX, LonMark and ZigBee. The EEBus Initiative has been working with
the Italian alliance Energy@home since the end of 2012 to arrive at a uniform data model, and
with the French association AGORA to improve the connectivity of the products and components in the Smart Home.
In March 2015, the EEBus Initiative and the Open Interconnect Consortium (OIC) agreed on strategic cooperation to create the needed interoperability of electronic devices and thus decisively
accelerate the development of an all-encompassing market in the Internet of Things.
IP500 Alliance e.V.
Manufacturers of Smart Home security products and systems (OEMs) came together in May
2010 to form a global alliance (www.ip500.org) with the aim of guaranteeing the interoperability
Further information on
IP500 Alliance e.V.
of national and international communications systems relevant to security in the Smart Building
environment on the basis of a wireless platform. German and international requirements (e.g.
those of VdS or EN standards) have been incorporated in the IP500 ECO System. The IP500
platform therefore offers an IPv6/6LowPAN wireless based mesh network for redundant and
secure connection of all smart sensors and actuators in the Smart Home or Smart Building on
the basis of the dual bands in the sub GHz (720-980 MHz) and 2.4 GHz ranges. The solution is
based on a complete CNX100/200 radio module and is suitable for global use (more information
Further information on
CoreNetiX
at www.CoreNetix.com).
AT&T Digital Life
In 2013, AT&T launched its Digital Life product, a Smart Home solution with the focus on building security, on the American market. This product is a self-contained solution which currently
does not provide for any integration with partners. AT&T uses a multitude of protocols for this
product, providing five different interfaces in its gateway. Apart from IP (LAN and 3G), the sensors are connected via Z-Wave and two different proprietary protocols in the 400 and 900 MHz
ranges.
Samsung – SmartThings
The Smart Home solution from SmartThings, kick-started in 2012, was taken over by Samsung
in 2014. SmartThings provides a home network solution for the American market which accommodates its own components and apps and also devices and apps from third party suppliers.
According to the supplier, the SmartThings platform supports around 1000 devices ad 8000
apps, some of which were developed specifically for it. SmartThings uses the two wireless protocols ZigBee and Z-Wave, and the IP interface.
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Google – Nest/Dropcam
The Nest company, founded in 2010, was taken over by Google in 2014 with the aim of establishing a Smart Home strategy on its products. The system, first designed as a room thermostat,
has now been expanded into a platform for other devices and services. The thermostat can now
connect lamps, household devices, music systems and medical equipment. Communication between the devices is via the proprietary Nest Weave protocol. That uses both a Personal Area
Network (PAN, 802.15.4) and a wireless LAN (WLAN, 802.11 b/g/n) for communication. In that
way, it is ensured that critical applications such as smoke detectors can communicate with each
other by radio even if the WLAN in the house fails. In the meantime, Google has founded the
Thread Group to develop a new Internet of Things protocol based on IP (see below).
AllSeen Alliance
The AllSeen Alliance, founded in 2014, which brings together companies such as LG, Sharp,
Haier, Panasonic, Sony, Microsoft, Bosch, Electrolux, Cisco, TP-Link and Harman, propagates
the AllJoyn development framework devise by Qualcomm with the aim of promoting interoperability in the Internet of Things, especially in the areas of the smart home, smart TV, smart audio,
broadband gateways and automobiles. Qualcomm has now placed its software under an open
source licence, allowing the development framework to be worked on by third parties.
The AllJoyn framework facilitates the development of devices which can communicate together
direct (point to point) independently of manufacturers or protocols. At present, the framework
supports WiFi, Ethernet, serial and Powerline (PLC) transmission standards.
Products which comply with the AllJoyn specification can be certified. The “Design for Allseen”
label is issued by the AllSeen Alliance as part of a self-certification programme.
OpenInterconnect Consortium
The OpenInterconnect Consortium was founded I 2014 by Intel, Samsung, General Electric,
Cisco and MediaTek.
The technical basis of this consortium is the OpenInterconnect (OIC) framework, which was
created as part of the “IoTivity Project” and is available as open source software. In contrast to
the AllSeen Alliance, therefore, the common framework is not based on the ideas and preliminary work of a single manufacturer. Furthermore, OIC permits not only point to point connections, but also communications between devices via bridges and mesh routers. Otherwise, the
two consortiums appear fundamentally to be pursuing the same objectives.
The OIC framework currently supports the WiFi, Bluetooth, BluetoothLE (low energy), WiFi Direct, ZigBee, Z-Wave and Ant+ transmission standards. There are plans for certification of OIC
compatible products, but no details are available at present.
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Thread Group
Thread Group is an initiative founded in 2014 by Yale Security, Silicon Labs, Samsung Electronics, Nest Labs, ARM, Freescale Semiconductor, Big Ass Fans and ARM. The aim was the
development of Thread as a new IP based wireless network protocol. The reason behind this
development was the problem that the network technologies defined under IEEE 802.15.4 –
WPAN, WiFi and Bluetooth 4.x – are not interoperable, and IPv6 communication is not supported, power consumption is too high and networking no longer functions when even a single
device is defective. Thread is based on tried and tested standards including IEEE 802.15.4, and
consistently relies on IP communication with IETF IPv6 and 6LoWPAN.
Thread is intended to address central requirements such as low energy consumption, a high
level of security, user friendliness and meshing. The two Nest products, smoke detectors and
room thermostats, are the first Thread-compatible products on the market. Certification of devices is planned to start in 2015. This is to be dependent on successful testing of the quality,
safety and interoperability of the device by an independent institution.
4.6.2 Forecasts for the Smart Home market
On account of the supply and demand structures, market forecasts for the Smart Home market
of the future are highly divergent. A meta-study performed in 2012 by the Deutsches Dialog Institut in the course of the subsidized project “Smart Home + Building Certification Programme” evaluated 375 freely available reports, presentations, position papers and articles in trade journals on
the Smart Home market of the future. Only two (!) sources took any account of the customer’s
point of view. On the contrary, the starting point for the forecasts was a market estimation based
on the dissemination of particular technologies or components. In practice, this means that the
focus was more on forecasts concerning smart grids or smart meters, and less on the Smart
Home market. Frequently, criteria which could promote a Smart Home market as infrastructure
are equated with the Smart Home market itself. The resulting uncertainty concern-ing the reliability of the available forecasts is correspondingly great.
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In billion US$
90
Markets & Markets
85
80
Strategy Analytics
70
Research & Markets
Berg Insight
60
60
Juniper Research
50
ABI Research
40
mam.com
36
30
25
22
20
13,4
10
7,6
6,4
5,3
7,9
11
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Figure 9: Home market forecasts from commercial suppliers exhibit significant differences;
original graph from DDI
An examination of the Smart Home projects implemented worldwide reveals different focal areas of application. In the USA, the focus is on health and security, and in Europe more on energy
management. While entertainment and lifestyle are in the foreground in China and South Korea,
the topic tends to be defined in Japan by prefabrication of houses with integrated Smart Home
systems. Given the closeness of this topic to the Smart City, which encompasses the Smart
Home and other “smart” applications and technologies, it is useful to analyse projects of that
type. Pilot projects on the Smart City are already widespread in Asia (China, Japan and South
Korea) and in the Near East (United Arab Emirates).
The strong spread of figures on the international market development shown in the graph above
(Figure 9) means, as mentioned, that they are not very reliable as indicators of quantity. With a
reasonable cautious approximation, however, a number of conclusions can be drawn in general
as to the qualitative aspects of further developments of the Smart Home market. The most decisive obstacle to dynamic market development from the present point of view is the continuing
“battle of standards”. The experts only forecast a reduction in the number of existing standards
or a general networking of Smart Home products via IP (“all IP concepts”) in the coming 5 to 10
years. The decisive step towards the start of dynamic market development may therefore be that
of ensuring interoperability between the solutions in place today by means of a bridging technology. Existing stand-alone solutions for app-controlled applications may also play a supporting
role in opening up the market. In the long term, the plug & play capability of Smart Home devices
can lead to demand-based advantages for Smart Home companies.
44
The most recent market forecasts are also optimistic, but continue to reveal great differences in
dynamics [BIT2014]. In a current estimation by Bitkom e.V., the market for Smart Home applications is in a decisive phase of growth. A breakthrough to mass market status is expected for
2017. Growth of around € 4 billion is forecast in Europe. The greatest dynamism is expected in
the fields of cloud-based home management and health and nursing care.
From the perspective of the final customer, however, there are further fundamental requirements on which purchasing decisions are contingent, and which will be of great importance for
medium and long-term success on the market. These are, for example, future proofing (upward
and downward compatibility) and the modular expandability of Smart Home products, with a
view for instance to system extensions for different needs in individual phases of life. The Smart
Home market will therefore surely exhibit a broad product portfolio which will also reflect cultural
differences for the international market. As equipping and retrofitting existing buildings will initially be of decisive importance for the development of the market, the dynamism of that process
will also be significantly influenced by the pricing of retrofit package solutions for final customers
and residential development companies.
The study by management consultants Deloitte has identified six critical success factors for
the marketing of Smart Home systems (cf. Figure 10). Intelligent pricing is one of the decisive
criteria in the market success of Smart Home products and services. Up to now, many of the
price models have lacked transparency, and so final customers had difficulty in estimating the
total costs. It is therefore necessary for manufacturers to move towards pricing models which
have already been accepted on the market, such as all-inclusive solutions or leasing models.
The actual system should reflect the customer segment to which it is addressed. In the premium
segment, then, investment costs are higher and leasing models may therefore be more attractive
than package offers.
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Use case
oriented
marketing
Emphasis
on consumer
lifestyle
Open
platform
Success factors
in the Smart Home
market
Transparency
of sales
channels
Smart
pricing
Bundling of
product and
installation
IT Security
Figure 10: Success factors on the Smart Home market (following Deloitte 2013)
Furthermore, the technical variety of Smart Home systems makes it important to inform final
customers of the potentials, added value and boundary conditions of the Smart Home products
and services on the market. It is remarkable that, according to a survey by BITKOM e.V., 56 %
of all consumers found the opportunities of home networking interesting for their own homes
af-ter an initial informative meeting. Bundling of hardware and installation work therefore makes it
easier for customers to decide in favour of a Smart Home solution.
For further market development, the usability and connectivity of Smart Home products and
ap-plications will be decisive. A final customer facing the decision on whether or not to set up a
Smart Home will first by motivated by his need to increase the comfort and convenience of his
residence or to save energy. When comparing the available technical solutions, his purchasing
decision will be decisively influenced by the expandability of the system, its combinability with
other systems, the long-term availability of spare parts and IT security. Furthermore, it is in the
interests of the final customer for the process of networking to be handlable without expert
knowledge, ideally in the form of a “plug & play” solution, and for the systems of various types
and functions to be controlled via an intuitively usable, integrated user interface. These requirements for the system rely on the partial systems involved being interoperable, i.e. it being
possible for data to be exchanged without errors, and information and commands understood,
correctly interpreted and implemented. The exchangeability of systems requires the use of a
uniform non-proprietary and standardized language (open platform).
46
To summarize, it can be noted that the Smart Home market will become more dynamic whe
• interoperability and IT security are achieved by standards and ensured between Smart Home
solutions,
• ease of operation is ensured,
• there is discernible added value from function and design,
• modular package solutions are available for Smart Home systems,
• the plug & play capability of the individual devices is a long-term aim,
• the investment costs for retrofitting to existing buildings are reasonable,
• the product design meets the culturally determined desires of customers, and
• transparency is established in sales channels and price models oriented towards customer segments are offered.
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5PROJECTS RELATED TO SMART
HOME + BUILDING
5.1 Smart Home + Building Certification Programme
Brief description
In the “Smart Home + Building Certification Programme”, a new approach to conformity assessment for Smart Home products is to be developed. Attention is paid both to interoperability
and to IT security. The aim is to offer manufacturers testing of corresponding products and
the issue of a seal of quality with which market confidence in the technology offered can be
strengthened. Over and above this, measures are being devised for further mobilization of the
Smart Home market and a Smart Home Community covering various industries is being established.
Challenges
Smart Home products are on the way to becoming a mass market. Initial system solutions,
including some from German manufacturers, have achieved market readiness. Nevertheless,
final customers often hesitate to purchase a Smart Home system as they are overwhelmed by
the variety of Smart Home solutions and technologies. Extendability and ease of operation of the
system, and protection of privacy, are decisive criteria in consumers’ purchasing decisions. There
is a need for optimization above all in cross-system interoperability and IT security. Furthermore,
the cooperation between industries which is required for that purpose is not sufficient-ly ensured.
Objective
The objective of the project is to develop an open networking strategy based on generally accepted standards as a bridging technology. It is to integrate the large number of existing and
successful systems and communications standards, and also to be capable of embedding the
modern all-IP based systems of the present and future.
The test procedure developed in the course of this funding project is to serve as the basis for
the examination and verification of technical feasibility in terms of interoperability, IT security and
data protection.
Furthermore, measures for further mobilization of the Smart Home market are to be devised and
a Smart Home Community covering various industries to be established.
Methods and technologies
In cross-sector cooperation, companies and stakeholder groups are identifying the technical
bases of interoperability and IT security. With the use case methodology, tried and tested in the
course of DKE standardization work, the technical requirements for interface signals and functions are deduced from the application scenarios provided by the companies involved.
48
On the basis of those requirements, DKE is compiling VDE Application Guides (VDE-AR specifications) for cross-system interoperability. These are to be promptly adopted in international
standards and open standards. Furthermore, IT security scenarios are analysed and used to
create standards and specifications for IT security requirements. As the technology partner in
the project, the VDE Testing Institute is creating a test suite for examination of interoperability. In
addition, a test platform is being established for testing of Smart Home products in terms of IT
security and compliance with data protection.
Together with the companies involved, the parameters are being developed for a Smart Home
ready seal which confirms successful testing of interoperability and IT security on the basis of
current standards. Manufacturers of Smart Home products will in future be able to apply on a
voluntary basis to the organization which is yet to be founded for issue of the seal. In addition,
measures for further mobilization of the Smart Home market are being developed and published
jointly with the companies involved in the project.
Figure 11: Many parts make a picture
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Innovation with the Certification Programme
To date
With the Certification Programme
Manufacturers mostly only have points
Suppliers will be able to follow open stan-
of orientation from their own industry or
dards for cross-system interoperability and
system in the development of Smart Home
IT security.
solutions.
Users have no suitable aid to orientation in
The planned Smart Home ready seal will
the selection of compatible Smart Home
cre-ate transparency on the market for
solutions from different suppliers.
dealers, craftspersons and final customers.
The seal will indicate which systems can be
combined interoperably and with IT security.
The seal offers manufacturers the opportunity
to differentiate themselves on the market.
Cross-industry networking of the different
The project will bring about an expansion of
stakeholders on the Smart Home market
the Smart Home community, facilitating an
has not progressed very far.
exchange of ideas and experience between
all the relevant stakeholders on the Smart
Home market.
Consortium partners
VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik Informationstechnik e.V. (consortium leader), Connected Living
e.V., DAI-Labor, Deutsches Dialog Institut DDI, Kellendonk Elektronik GmbH, VDE Prüf- und
Zertifizierungsinstitut gGmbH.
Contacts:
Dr. Wolfgang Klebsch (Wolfgang.Klebsch@vde.com)
VDE Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik e. V.
www.zertifizierungsprogramm-smarthome.de
50
5.2 GUIDED AB
Energy efficiency, convenience and security from networked and self-learning building and home
technology.
Guided AB Architecture
Building
Operator Control
Assistance Platform
Configurations aids
User management
Dual-Reality Interface
Building
apps
G
Configurations
My Home
Companion
Web service
G-APP Store &
Services
Execution
Engine
Internal
Services
Web service
RDF
Web service
Smart Building Manager
IoT
Middleware
SDC
Devices
Actuators
Sensors
...
KNX
...
Building
condition
Interaction
IP-Network
Other
systems
Field bus
Figure 12: GUIDED AB – architecture
Brief description
The objective of GUIDED AB is to develop a new control system for building automation and
home networking, which autonomously adjusts to meet the needs of users and residents. With
the aid of self-learning mechanisms, use patterns are to be automatically detected and evaluated. The result to be achieved is a control system for buildings and home network components
which is tailored to suit the needs of the residents and at the same time is efficient in its use of
resources.
Challenges
In the smart homes and buildings of the future, electrical devices are to function autonomously
and by doing so not only work independently but also use energy efficiently. Apart from monitoring, the devices are therefore to be controllable in response to tariffs. To achieve this, they are to
be linked to corresponding energy management and market place systems, so that, for example, the dishwasher runs precisely when a large amount of electrical energy is available and
power is thus cheapest. Resource-efficient buildings with smart control of building services will
then make an important contribution to the energy transition. The technologically highly complex
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systems place high demands on the internal and external networking capability of the controller
components, their degrees of flexibility and their configurability.
Objective
The GUIDED AB project is aimed at researching innovative concepts for flexible building automation and home networking for smart residential buildings, and implementing them as prototypes on the basis of use cases. In that process, new approaches to systematic detection and
self-learning evaluation of use patterns have to be developed and used as a basis on which to
construct an intuitive and predictive controller. Existing stand-alone solutions are to be integrated in an all-encompassing system and act independently and predictively, The focus is on the
ease of operation and configuration of complex building control systems, including implementation of virtual 3D models of buildings or dwellings (3D dual reality). Furthermore, sensors and
actuators are to be involved, in order to create a hardware basis for the services in GUIDED AB.
The aim is to develop mobile apps with which consumers can organize their domestic devices
individually and have them controlled by learning systems.
Technologies
In the project, concepts are being established for self-learning services for detection and evaluation of use patterns. The project is pursuing a generic, open and expandable approach:
suppliers can add further components or services to the platform and successively expand
it. Together with house building experts from the project partners, use scenarios for energy
efficiency, convenience, quality of life and security in private dwellings are being drawn up. Equal
account is taken in that context of existing building services, for instance in remediation work,
and new systems to be purchased as part of a new build home.
Use Case
Two test laboratories are being constructed for the component, integration and system tests. After trials in the test laboratories, the applications are tested in an environment close to reality and
then applied in a selected residential building.
Consortium partners
Hager Electro GmbH & Co KG (consortium leader), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche
Intelligenz GmbH, FH Dortmund – Institut für Kommunikationstechnik (IKT), INTERACTIVE Software Solutions GmbH, IS Predict GmbH, QBUS eNET GmbH & Co. KG, Scheer Manage-ment
GmbH.
52
5.3 proSHAPE
Hardware and software solutions for flexible energy supply and cost minimization.
Residential
building + home
automation + added
value services
Energy cost
optimization
Demand
forecasts
Energy assistants
(consumption and
costs)
Energy cost
optimization
Distributed
energy management
with generation
and storage
Electricity from
in-house generation
Thermal
storage
Electricity
feed-in
CHP
plant
Heat
Central
energy supply
and grid
connection
Heating
pump
Gas
supply
Electricity
supply
Electricity from
distribution network
Ventilation
Ventilation
system
Figure 13: Approach of the proSHAPE project
Brief description
In a distributed energy management system, proSHAPE uses household-based data on current
and forecast energy consumption to coordinate the power generation in the building by distributed combined heat and power units and the sale or purchase of energy. Using dynamic,
price-based algorithms, the entire energy system in the smart home network can be optimized
in terms of heat and electricity use.
Challenges
Distributed heat and power generation and the availability of variable electricity and gas tariffs
are forcing changes in the structure and function of decentralized energy management systems.
Up to now, with constant energy prices, their function has been predominantly to minimize consumption of heating energy. In future, buildings with power generation and storage facilities are
to be incorporated in a distributed, future-proof energy supply system. The costs of heat and
power are to be reduced with variable gas and electricity prices and the information from the
buildings made usable for more flexible and distributed energy supply (e.g. in the context of
virtual power plants). In the case of network bottlenecks, the building management system contributes to network stabilization by including connected power generation and energy conversion systems. On account of scaling effects in multi-storey buildings, this results in potential
savings of heat and electricity which have not been exploited to date. On this basis, heating and
electricity costs can be minimized for consumers in multi-storey housing, and CO2 emissions
therefore reduced.
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Objective
In the proSHAPE project, the existing home networking platform of the SHAPE project has been
extended by functions which facilitate price-based, flexible and energy-efficient optimization of
heat and power supply in multi-storey residential buildings. The project is intended above all to
address the home building and energy industries as partners and service providers in the new
business field of building and home networking. The development of corresponding business
and billing models forms the fundamental basis for this.
Technologies
Building upon the preparatory work in the previous project, further components are to be incorporated in the energy management system. On the one hand, unit-type combined heat and
power plants are to be integrated for generation of electricity and heat. Depending on demand,
additional energy may be purchased from a utility, or surplus electricity sold and fed into the
upstream network. On the other hand, systems for controlled ventilation are to be integrated,
requiring power to drive fans. In order to compensate for the variable prices of gas, electricity
and infeed of power from the CHP plant to the distribution network, the energy management
system is to be expanded with agent-based added value services to optimize overall costs.
These services will access tariff information transmitted in real time.
Business models are to be developed in cooperation with the energy and housing industries for
the solutions created.
Use Case
The hardware and software developed are to be tested in field trials with partners from the
housing and energy industries. Over 200 residential units in a district of Berlin are to be equipped with a distributed energy management system which is to provide adaptive control for a
unit-type combined heat and power plant.
Consortium partners
Borderstep Institut gemeinnützige GmbH (consortium leader), DAI-Labor (TU Berlin), Dr. Riedel
Automatisierungstechnik GmbH, Wohnungsbaugenossenschaft Zentrum eG, Berliner Energieagentur.
54
5.4 UHCI
Intuitive operator control concepts for modern interaction technologies in the Smart Home.
Figure 14: Mobile interaction technology in the Smart Home
Brief description
In the UHCI project, research is to be conducted into the requirements, conditions and implementation options of multimodal forms of interaction with the aid of which intuitive user interfaces
with a high level of user acceptance can be developed for the various applications in the Smart
Home. Open standards guarantee the compatibility between solutions from different industries
and suppliers.
Challenges
The control of Smart Home applications often lacks convenience and user-friendliness. Some
systems also have limitations to remote control, or have different user interfaces for mobile and
stationary devices. In addition, products from different manufacturers are in many cases incompatible with each other. This frequently leads to a low level of acceptance by users, and low
market penetration for the individual systems.
Objective
A test environment for interaction technologies in the Smart Home is to be created in the UHCI
project. Innovative interaction technologies such as tough, gesture or voice control are to be
developed, combined, examined for usability and tested in prototype application scenarios in
the home environment. The aim is to develop a user interface schema with an intuitive operator
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control system which is suitable for different fields of application in the Smart Home. The use
of open standards is to ensure compatibility between solutions from different industries and
suppliers.
Technologies
Firstly, the requirements, conditions and implementation options for an open user interface
framework and corresponding usability guidelines are being researched and developed for various applications in the Smart Home. With the aid of demonstrators, several application scenarios are then to be created and modified individually for different target groups. The results of use
are then to be evaluated with tools for expectation and acceptance analysis.
Use Case
Several application scenarios are to be examined in the course of the project. Interaction Anywhere is one scenario which provides users with various opportunities for interaction, depending
on their whereabouts and the associated availability, through the design and implementation
of multimodal interfaces (e.g. touch, voice, gesture or 3D models) for input and output devices.
Playing of media outside the home is via a local cloud. In this way, for example, a scenario is
implemented in which multimodal interfaces are applied to meet specific TV requirements from
the project participant Loewe. A demonstrator with adaptive dialogue control based on a digital
cooking assistant is also being created.
Consortium partners
Facit Research GmbH & Co. KG (consortium leader), ART+COM AG, Connected Living e.V., DAI
Laboratory and Quality and Usability Laboratory of the Technical University of Berlin, Design
Research Lab of UdK, DiscVision GmbH, Fraunhofer IDMT, Loewe Technologies GmbH, UMAN
Universal Media Access, Networks GmbH.
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5.5Safety systems in smart buildings – smoke detection with
smoke/heat ex-tractors and evacuation system
Figure 15: Lugano project
Brief description
In the Lugano project, a smoke/heat extraction system in combination with an evacuation system is defined. Smart Buildings are monitored by smoke, CO2 and temperature sensors. The
sensors can also be retrofitted to buildings, and then connected via the IP500 wireless network
to an in-house access point. With the flexibility of the IP500 wireless network, the sensors can
be positioned at any location and therefore cover all critical areas.
If a sensor triggers an alarm, the central controller systematically activates the smoke/heat extraction system. In parallel, the evacuation signals are set and controlled in such a way that the
persons present are always guided out of the danger zone by the safest and quickest route.
Challenges
Smart Buildings have a large number of sensors and actuators installed in a defined area, which
is not the case in a Smart Home. The challenges to wireless networks in Smart Buildings are
therefore significantly greater. The IP500 platform is designed to support a large number of
sensors and actuators with a corresponding network architecture and a large range. A further
challenge is location by means of “IP500 tags” which pass on their coordinates ad-hoc to the
evacuation system and thus indicate an escape route safely and rapidly – for instance also for
wheelchair users.
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Technology
Further information on
The IP500 communications platform uses the sub-GHz (868 MHz) frequency range on the phy-
CoreNeiX
sical radio level and follows the IEEE 802.154. b / 2006 standard. The IP500 wireless mod-ule is
the CNX100/200 from CoreNetiX (www.CoreNetiX.com).
The networking is regulated using the IP500 network mesh technology. The transport layer is
based on the IETF standard (IPv6/6LowPAN). All the fire and temperature detectors can therefore communicate with unique addresses via the IP500 router or direct with the IP500 access
point. In this project, the access point routes the data from the fire detectors to the fire alarm
centres and then on to the building management system which activates the evacuation systems
accordingly.
Objective
The objective is to position the wireless sensors optimally in the building so that in the event
of a fire alarm the appropriate smoke, heat and evacuation systems are activated immediately,
ensuring an effective and rapid evacuation of persons from the danger zone. Mobile IP500 tags
can supply additional location data which are then supplied to the evacuation routes through the
IP500 network.
Consortium partners
IP500 Alliance (Berlin), ESSMANN GRUPPE (Bad Salzuflen), CoreNetiX (Berlin), EATON
(Leamington, UK), OMRON (Tokyo, Japan), iQuest (Frankfurt).
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5.6Natural ventilation, energy management and fire and water
detection in Smart Homes with connection via IP500/GPRS
gateway
Figure 16: Smart Home project in Freiburg
Brief description
In this Smart Home project (in Freiburg, southern Germany), various sensors and actuators are
being installed with wireless links (and therefore without high installation costs) in existing private
households.
Connection of the fire and water sensors and of the service and alarm buttons to a GPRS gateway is effected via the IP500 wireless network. As a result, the individual sensors can be simply
fitted at stipulated locations in the various households with complete interoperability. If a fire or
flood is detected or assistance requested by means of the service button, this information is
transmitted via the IP500 wireless network to the GPRS gateway (which is also the control station), which then sends the alarm to predetermined recipients, which can be mobile smartphones or organized emergency call centres.
Challenges
The different structures of Smart Homes and Smart Buildings present a certain challenge to
wireless networking. In addition, interoperability of the desired sensors and actuators is not always given. Furthermore, the standards and directives on safety and security systems (fire and
access, etc.) are becoming more and more important. Finally, these challenges can only be met
by an open, jointly specified and powerful platform (as an ECO system).
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Objective
With the interoperable IP500 platform and networking, existing private households can retrofit a
range of sensors and services without major installation costs. This increases safety in the case
of fire or flooding in private households, as early detection allows them to be stopped or rectified
at an early stage.
Technology
The IP500 communications platform uses the sub-GHz (868 MHz) frequency range on the physical radio level and follows the IEEE 802.154. b / 2006 standard. The IP500 wireless module is
the CNX100/200 from CoreNetiX.
The networking is regulated using the IP500 network mesh technology. The transport layer is
based on the IETF standard (IPv6/6LowPAN). All the fire and water detectors can therefore communicate via the IP500 router or direct with the IP500 access point. In this project, the access
point is the control panel, with corresponding operator control functions (screen). The information
in the control panel is then passed on when required through the integrated GPRS gateway to
mobile smartphones or cloud facilities (alarm centres).
Consortium partners
IP500 Alliance (Berlin), CoreNetiX (Berlin), Salt (Switzerland), Essmann Gruppe (Bad Salzuflen),
OMRON (Japan), Gisinger Wohnungsbau & Management (Freiburg).
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6 TECHNOLOGIES
6.1 Environment
The desire for a modern home creates a great demand for technology. The need for entertainment, safety, security and energy management has to be catered for by electronic devices,
hardware and software.
Communication between various systems is to be facilitated by simple networking of the devices, and where necessary connection to the internet. Devices are no longer to be side-by-side
stand-alone units, but rather possess common semantics to ensure the exchange of signals and
information.
This interoperable communication gives rise to a host of opportunities to make the private world
of the residents more comfortable and more intelligent.
The architecture of the Smart Home is described below and an introduction to the technology is
provided. The detailed description of the technology is attached as an appendix.
6.2 Home and Building Architecture Model (HBAM) framework
The Home and Building Architecture Model (HBAM) framework describes the topics assigned
to the end-user of a Smart Home or Smart Building from the point of view of standardization. In
this view, the user is the centre of attention, and an ecosystem is constructed around that user.
The HBAM does not set out requirements for IT architectures, but rather describes and models
the complexity of a home or building. Furthermore, it provides a context for the various issues
involved.
The ecosystem mentioned above is divided into three main aspects in order to break down that
complexity. The aspect of interoperability is important, especially with regard to the end-user,
and, with increasingly networked information technology and converging issues, has become a
major criterion for standardization and a necessary condition for the successful placing of Smart
Home products on the market. Distinctions are made between various levels of interoperability,
which can be defined within a manufacturer’s product portfolio or across the boundaries between manufacturers. In the HBAM framework, interoperability does not refer solely to technical
matters, but also to socially relevant developments and regulatory objectives.
A further aspect of the ecosystem is the application domains in the Smart Home or Smart Building. These domains describe the established categories which can already be interlinked in their
own ecosystems, but do not have any standardized access to other application domains. In a
cross-domain approach, new applications can be developed with great added value for, and
therefore increased acceptance by, the end-users. In the area of standardization, too, a crossdomain view is important as it breaks up vertical ways of seeing and facilitates horizontal transitions into other application domains.
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The products and systems available for Smart Home or Smart Building applications may differ
greatly in terms of functionality or degree of integration. The HBAM framework provides for
different integration zones, so that distinctions can be made with regard to the areas of action
of the products or systems, depending on their complexity. These areas of action have a very
large bandwidth and represent an environmental interaction of individual products ranging up to
products and systems completely incorporated in market processes.
Figure 17: Home and Building Architecture Model (HBAM) framework
The concept of this three-dimensional representation goes back to the highly successful Smart
Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), which was developed by standardization experts on the European level in the Smart Grid Coordination Group (SG-CG). As it was developed for the field of
energy (electricity), it had to be adapted to meet the modelling requirements for smart homes
and buildings.
The application domains in a Smart Home do not correspond to linear value creation as used
in the SGAM. In addition, the perspective of the HBAM is that of the end-user, and therefore the
SGAM domain view can only partially be applied. The aim was to put all the areas of application
relevant to the end-user into a context from the standardization point of view and to describe
a holistic scenario. Electricity is also a fundamental and highly important subject with regard to
smart homes and buildings. For smart and networked applications, however, interfaces to other
domains have to be defined and used.
The HBAM framework is based on a systemic modelling approach. This is not an attempt to
fully map the complexity of individual domains, but rather to describe the interfaces of a system
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which are required for it to interact with other application domains. A system may have any
degree of complexity, depending on the product and application domain. Depending on the
integration zone or interoperability level, transitions to other applications can be defined for that
system. It is therefore important to remember that the modelling approach adopted here does
not result in a full and complete description. In the multimedia field, for example, there are already networked applications which do not facilitate direct links with other application domains.
If these loosely coupled systems are to be linked together, there is a need for interfaces which
functionally remove the complexity of the corresponding application domains.
The edges of the individual segments of the application domains, the interoperability levels and
the integration zones form the interfaces between these subsystems. A subsystem can extend
over several areas, which then also illustrates its complexity. With complex building automation
systems, for example, data modelling and communications technology are highly interdependent. Decoupling of data storage would allow any kind of communications technology to be used
and interoperability to be established on the information level even if that is not possible on the
communications level.
For a more precise consideration of the available products and systems, it is necessary to examine the HBAM framework in greater detail. In the “Energy & Resources” application domain,
for example, various topics for the end-user are grouped together. Classically, this area of
applications includes the relevant methods of heating and the issues concerning energy from
renewable sources which are part of the energy transition. Other topics concerning natural
resources, such as water supply or waste disposal, are grouped together in this complex. It becomes recognizable here that the complexity of the “Energy & Resources” topics in homes and
buildings is much too great for it to be completely described in a modelling approach. Therefore,
only the aspect of “Access to the End-User”, which as a partial aspect of the “Customer Premises” domain for power supply in the SGAM also falls within the “Energy & Resources” application
area of the HBAM framework, is described.
As in the case of the energy industry, the entertainment and health sectors also have their own
ecosystems with individual value chains. These are also not defined in this modelling approach,
which concentrates only on the transition to the end-users in homes and buildings and the interfaces required in each case.
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6.2.1 Interoperability levels
The interoperability levels were derived from the Groupwise Architecture Council - Interoperability Stack. A component level, which models both physical and logical components (e.g. software
modules) has been added to that stack. Virtualization is an extremely important aspect which
has been integrated in the level concept. Even if most of the devices and systems in homes and
buildings are nowadays controlled by software, there is increasing decoupling of the logical control from its physical implementation. The influence of internet services (e.g. cloud applications) is
leading to networked software applications no longer being dependent in their actions on the
local environment of the physical devices. Here, various internet-based software service models
(e.g. SAAS – software as a service) have become established and are gaining importance in the
context of smart homes and buildings. The technical components can be mapped on the levels
of components, communications and information. The service functionality and its de-scription,
in contrast, is part of the “Use Cases and Services” level.
As a result of the change of perspective between the HBAM framework and the SGAM, the level
definitions have been slightly adjusted. As already mentioned, software modules are also mapped on the component level, and services on the use case level. Furthermore, the organizing
level of directives and regulations to be complied with is described as the Organization Level.
This does not merely concern the mapping of business models, but also of the standards which
are relevant to end-users, such as those aimed at preserving data protection.
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Component level
The component level describes all the logical and physical elements. As already mentioned,
the latter covers devices which the user can see and touch. They could be a DVD player, a heat
pump, a blood pressure measuring instrument or a smartphone. Each product has specific
re-quirements which are defined from the relevant application domains. The standards already
de-veloped for these devices are not limited to product safety issues (for instance EMC), but also
take account of how the products are used.
Over and above this, there are increasingly software platforms which enable customized software to be loaded onto a device to make it individually usable by the end-user. For this purpose, software development environments such as SDKs from Android or Smart TVs have been
formed, offering interfaces to devices for third party suppliers. These can be used to give the
end-user additional value from new applications.
Figure 18: Component level
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Communications level
The communications level comprises all layers of communications with regard to their interoperability. There is an established layer model which was defined as a standard by OSI as early
as 1994, and which divides the requirements for an exchange of information by technical means
into seven layers. Communications protocols can be classified in this system, and in some cases also reflect user-specific requirements.
Like the component level, the communications level is not flat. It maps a large number of different protocols which have become established for various areas of application. For a closer consideration of the various implementations of protocols, a more detailed examination of the OSI
layer model is therefore required.
Figure 19: Communications level
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Information level
The information level describes data models and meta-information which can be used for applications in a smart home or building. This requires a distinction between data and communication, in order to establish interoperability with regard to the content of applications. In the multimedia field, various encoding standards (e.g. MPEG) have been created, and are independent of
both their use and the method of data transfer. Flows of video data can therefore be distribut-ed
and played independently of specific applications or communications technologies.
This is the third technical possibility to establish interoperability in the home or building on the
basis of the existing information.
Figure 20: Information level
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Use cases and services level
As the first primarily non-technical level, the use cases and services level describes use cases
which appear appropriate for interoperability of different products and systems. The use case
methodology is relatively new in standardization, and is intended to reflect a snapshot of the
ideas and approaches on which the standards for interfaces can be defined.
Functionalities which transcend the boundaries of application domains do in particular become
very complex very quickly, as vertically established standards often fail to offer any appropriate
interfaces. Making a breakthrough here with a practical implementation is often associated with
a large amount of development work, even if the functionality eventually achieved may initially
appear to be minor.
In order to define as suitable interfaces as possible for these cross-domain use cases, there is
a need for a collection of various scenarios. Those scenarios can be used to deduce requirements which permit a corresponding functional decoupling and satisfy general rather than individual points of view. A standard has been developed on the international level for this purpose,
intended to facilitate a stocktaking of these use cases with a template for the energy field
(IEC 62559).
Technical implementation then requires a specific architecture which can then be incorporated
as an abstract in the HBAM. A functional architecture model for smart electricity meters, for
ex-ample, was published as early as 2011, and all the smart meters in Europe are to comply with
that standard. There are of course specific national implementations, which are nevertheless
based on the European standard. In this area, standardized interfaces will promote individual
competition and facilitate sustainable business models.
Figure 21: Use cases and services level
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Organization level
The organizational interoperability level covers social and economic conditions for the technical
systems in smart homes and buildings. Entrepreneurial viewpoints are not in the primary focus
with regard to the development of an ecosystem around the end-user. Business models in which
the end-users can, where appropriate, be involved must be possible. Here, however, the social
questions concerning standardization and sustainable development are in the foreground.
An ageing society and the implementation of the energy transition while taking account of the
in-terests of end-users require a generally valid organization level. This can describe technical
guidelines from VDE or requirements from the European standardization organizations. Especially if Germany wishes to develop into the leading market for smart homes and buildings, the
incorporation of the technical systems in local or regional ways of life is of decisive importance.
In the area of data protection there are global standards, and regional requirements have to be
observed in their implementation. Data protection in practice has to comply with the European
and national regulations, which will not be identical in all respects to those elsewhere in the
world. It must therefore also be ensured in the case of standards such as ISO 80001 that account is taken of political background conditions.
Figure 22: Organization level
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Summary of interoperability levels
See Table 2 for an overview of the interoperability levels in the HBAM framework.
Table 2: Overview of the HBAM interoperability levels
Interoperability levels
Description
Component level
This level describes all logical and physical units which make
smart homes and buildings possible for the end-user. This comprises software modules and applications, and hardware which
is necessary to provide a service.
Communications level
Communications are a fundamental part of interoperability. This
level describes OSI layers 1 (physical layer) to 7 (application layer), and thus all aspects of communications. This includes both
local communication and, depending on the degree of integration,
wide area communication.
Information level
For end-to-end interoperability, it is important for data storage
and modelling of information to be kept separate from the applications and communications. The data to be transmitted must
be independent of communications standards, and the applications for processing the data must be decoupled.
Use cases and services
Use cases which describe an actual condition at a single point
level
in time and scenarios for the future conceived in the present
are required to describe functionalities and services. These use
cases can be used to firm up the architecture descriptions for
the various application domains, so as to provide suitable interfaces for horizontal interoperability on at least one of the three
technical levels.
Organization level
This level does not necessarily describe technical aspects.
Regu-latory and other socially relevant developments can
be referenced here, and this level is not limited to economic
considerations. The development of the ecosystem should be
oriented towards the benefit of the end-user and therefore follow
a sustainable approach.
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6.2.2 Application domains
The application domains of the HBAM framework stand for themselves and have no direct
interdependency. It is not assumed that all these application domains have to be implemented
in a home or building to fulfil the criteria of a Smart Building. Depending on the end-user’s requirements and needs, the focus is set individually and the solution arrived at will cover one or
more application domains.
For intelligent energy applications in which the aim is the efficient use of resources, the “Customer Premises” domain from the Smart Grid work on SGAM overlaps with the “Energy & Resources” application domain of HBAM. The latter is more broadly defined and includes not only
electricity, but also water and gas supplies. It is therefore important that the use cases under
consideration from Smart Grid work for intelligent power supply run together for end-users in
this domain.
Each application domain, on close consideration, can be divided into further partial domains. All
energy and resource topics overlap from the point of view of the consumer, and are therefore
grouped together in a single application domain. This approach reduces complexity and frees
the HBAM modelling from the need to describe partial domains. The objective is a structured
description of the various areas and their overlapping interfaces. Similarly to the energy sector,
the application domain for health support only includes a description of the end-user’s interface
with a completely independent ecosystem of health and nursing services in the context of homes and buildings. That ecosystem is highly complex and cannot be described in the application domain of the HBAM. The same applies to the application domain of the entertainment
industry and the workflows of the music and film industries which do not have to concern the
end-user when listening to music or watching films.
The application domains thus constitute loosely connected systems which can be more closely
connected if that results in added value for the end-user. The interoperability levels then permit
technical coupling via the component level, communications level and/or information level. On
the component level, one could envisage control via an app on a smartphone, with which the
television picture can be transmitted or the heating system controlled. One could also imagine
a multifunctional button to increase convenience and control both lighting and heating. If these
two systems share a common communications infrastructure, interoperability of the two applications can be achieved on the communications level. In the case of different applications and
communications infrastructures, common data storage in a database with a uniform data format
can result in interoperability of different application domains. A wireless switch could be connected to a database via Bluetooth, for example, to act via WiFi to control the heating system. In
that case, the application domains are different on the component level and the communications
level, and interoperability of the two systems is effected on the information level.
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Energy and resource domain
Environmental aspects are grouped together in the “Energy & Resources” application domain.
This includes energy matters such as gas and electricity, and also waste management and
water supply. This application domain groups all issues in homes and buildings which are primarily concerned with energy and resources. Intelligent heating applications and systems with
optimized consumption in distributed power supply systems can be mapped in this application
domain.
Health-supporting domain
This application domain groups together the health-supporting services for the end-user. In the
light of demographic change and the need for home nursing, extended services can be established in the Smart Home and Building. Building regulations such as barrier-free construction
or the desire of elderly people to stay in their familiar environment are increasingly exerting an
influence on the infrastructure of buildings.
As already mentioned in the introduction to application domains, this application domain only
represents the interface to the health services and makes no attempt to map them in their totality.
The performance of health services requires separate description and definition to provide
answers to the questions of the future and its specific requirements.
Convenience domain
In a Smart Home or Building, applications to increase comfort and convenience are especially
important. By means of automation and the individualization of workflows, the perceived level of
convenience can be significantly increased. That includes applications for smart lighting control
or control of shutters, and is demarcated from the more general concept of convenience by its
involvement with concrete applications.
Applications in all domains should be convenient to use under the given conditions In this respect,
this domain is concerned with specific applications to increase comfort and convenience in the
home.
Security and safety domain
The safety and security of a building can be considerably increased by fire protection systems or products and other systems designed to monitor safe operations. The increasing complexity of the products and systems installed in homes and buildings raises increased demands for the safe operation
of the building as a whole. This should not have any effect on the product safety defined by standards
for those products. On the contrary, the applications concerned here are intended to ensure the safe
operation of a home or building and its protection.
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Protection from burglary is a concrete application in this domain, as are systems for protection from
vandalism. The specific security of information technology is not limited to this application domain. IT
security has to be implemented by every application in the relevant domains and levels. The requirements to be fulfilled are diverse and must be described in relation to the context. As a result, what is
concerned here is the primary objective of concrete applications, with data protection and IT security
applicable to the entire HBAM framework.
From a regulatory point of view, and in the objectives of applications in this domain, there may be
different perspectives. Fire detectors, for example, only recently became compulsory in private houses, whereas there have been extremely strict regulations on them in commercial buildings (offices,
production workshops and so on) for many years now. In the objective of protection, there are also
differences between private dwellings and commercial buildings. While protection of persons is in the
focus with private buildings, protection of investment and compliance with the applicable regulations
are the aims for the operators of commercial property. The access systems used, for example, differ
greatly on account of the highly different requirements.
Audiovisual communications and entertainment domain
Integrated communications applications, with which audio and video communications are possible, are grouped together in the entertainment applications domain. It also contains the classical
entertainment media such as film and music, for which smart televisions have more and more
interfaces and services available. Games consoles, which are no longer limited to games alone,
but now constitute multimedia servers, are also included in this application domain for endusers.
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Summary of HBAM domains
Table 3 below shows the domains with significant effects on people’s individual lives.
Table 3: Overview of the HBAM framework domains
Domains
Description
Energy and resources
This application domain groups environmental issues and energy
topics in homes and buildings together from an end-user’s point
of view. This domain mirrors the work on power supply in the
“Customer Premises” domain of the SGAM framework.
Health support
All applications supporting the end-user with regard to health are
grouped together in this domain. It includes nursing care in the
home and other measures which can be adopted in the domestic
environment.
Convenience
Individualization and increased convenience by automation are
essential components of the Smart Home and Building. These
are grouped together in the Convenience application domain.
Safety and security
Protection of a home or building is of special importance and
requires special systems and applications. Even though the
requirements for private dwellings differ greatly from those of
commercial properties, both aspects are grouped together in
this application domain.
Audiovisual communica-
Smart televisions are becoming more and more popular, and are
tions and entertainment
increasingly also incorporating communications applications.
This application domain covers the products and systems assigned to entertainment and communications.
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6.2.3 Integration zones
The concept of the area of impact or integration zone was introduced as an abstraction of the
complexity of products and systems. Depending on the application domain and interoperability
level, products and systems have a corresponding area of activity, and systems can be defined
in that way. A system does not have to be assignable to one integration zone or application
do-main only. On the contrary, it will normally be the case that complex systems extend over
several zones and levels. The concept of structuring within the HBAM framework is intended to
assist in providing indications of interfaces, so that smart solutions can be classified according
to their complexity and function and rendered interoperable.
The integration zone may be physical or logical. Fundamentally, it describes the flow of data from
smart systems in the home or building. By interaction with the environment, data are collected
or displayed or, quite generally, used. Integration of these data can lead up to market integration,
in which data are incorporated in market processes. In this way of data use, there are various
requirements which have to be fulfilled. These are highly dependent on their context, which is
why segmentation into six zones from data collection to incorporation in market workflows has
taken place.
Depending on the application domain, there will be specific hardware and software (component
level), different communications technologies and also different data models for the presentation of information in the different integration zones. With the integration zones, assignment is
not predominantly geographical or spatial. The focus is on functional structuring, and therefore
assignment by location only takes place in a second step when a concrete architecture is applied to this abstract modelling.
An allocation of system boundaries can then take place on the basis of this classification. A
concrete architecture then specifies the interfaces of the zones, levels and applications. The
requirements which are applied to the zones are described from a systemic point of view in this
model. For example, the collection of measurement data for smart meters and the assignment
of the integration zone for measured data acquisition are stipulated by regulations. Smart meters
provide an interface for the integration of this system in a more complex system, which is not the
case with simple meters without interfaces for further information processing.
Environmental interaction
The “environmental interaction” zone is the area with the least complexity. In this zone, for example, data on functions are detected by sensors. This data collection can take the form of the
recording of speech, the operation of a switch or the measurement of temperature or power
consumption. This zone covers both the collection of data and the implementation of data by
interaction with the environment.
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Near field integration
Switches which turn a lamp on or off by responding to signals also constitute an interaction with
the environment. The display of a video on a television set or a mobile terminal unit would also
be an environmental interaction of a TV set, although not for data collection, but rather for output or use of data.
Internal data processing
The “internal data processing” zone refers to a systemic observation in which a distinction has
to be made between internal and external views. This definition then depends on the actual implementation of the application domains.
In principle, the internal data processing zone is defined as that area in which the end-user has
access to and control of the various issues. That is the case in the implementation of smart
meters in Germany, up to and including the smart meter gateway. Distinctions then have to be
made between different topics and standardization projects, which are to be mapped on the
corresponding levels. They may be regulatory requirements from the organization level or data
models from the information level, or application or communications technologies from the other
technical levels.
External data processing
As a counterpart to internal data processing, the integration zone concept provides for a transition to system-related external data processing. The details are not defined, but this area is no
longer within the direct area of influence of the end-user.
In the case of applications in the entertainment domain, it may be a video uploaded via a platform and in an area accessible to the user but requiring services from an external supplier. Other examples can be found in cloud services where user-specific data are managed and stored.
In most cases, the integration zone transition from internal to external data processing is represented by the connection to a wide area network. This does not have to be the publicly accessible internet, but in general a wide area connection with which a self-contained and functioning
system can be linked with other systems.
In the case of a distributed energy network, it may be the connection of a microgrid or a smart
meter to the head end system of the distribution network operator. The functionalities of the
systems concerned here differ greatly, but they are able to ensure their basic functionality even
without external system links.
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Enterprise integration
The connection and integration of information in business processes is described in the next
integration zone. Here, data are not only used and stored by the end-user, but are also available
to the enterprise for further processing. This process requires mutual consent and should be
defined accordingly in a Service Level Agreement. As that is primarily organizational in nature,
this requirement is assigned to the organization level. There are also clear requirements for
enterprises with regard to the use of data from end-users, which have to be complied with in this
connection. No distinction is made here between or restriction imposed on provision of data for
a consideration or free of charge.
Energy service providers can, for example, evaluate information from their customers and bundle it for further use. A service based on aggregated anonymized information and with the consent of the end-user is conceivable. This could facilitate optimization of the enterprise’s internal
workflows on the basis of the information provided.
This zone therefore describes the incorporation of the data and information generated by devices in entrepreneurial workflows for further processing. The purpose of the processing must be
determined individually and may vary in different application domains.
Market integration
The integration of data in market processes constitutes the most complex integration zone.
Here, the area of impact of the information processed is extended to other market participants
and is not limited to the private or corporate context.
One example is the direct marketing of renewables-based power generation facilities from a certain size upwards, as stipulated in the German Renewable Energy Act. The electricity gener-ated
and the necessary information are then connected to market processes.
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Summary of integration zones
Table 4 below shows a summary of the six integration zones in the HBAM framework.
Table 4: Overview of the integration zones in the HBAM framework
Zones (integration lev-els)
Description
Environmental interaction
This integration zone describes the data collection and implementation which takes place in direct interaction with the vicinity.
Near field integration
The connection of sensors, actuators, displays, etc. is grouped
together in this zone. It is primarily concerned with interfaces for
the exchange of data.
Internal data processing
The internal data processing zone demarcates a system, which
may have different natures depending on the application domain
and use case, from other systems. A perspective directed into
the system is described here.
External data processing
In contrast to internal data processing, the external data processing zone describes the link between a system and other
systems. This covers access to a system from the outside,
without making any specific requirements concerning the actors
or defining any particular relationship between the actors.
Enterprise integration
The integration of information in entrepreneurial workflows defines an entrepreneurial relationship between the actors concerned. The business relationship on which this is based does
not have to be remunerative, but may also involve alternative
concepts.
Market integration
Acting with information for provision of further services defines
a complex relationship between the parties involved. As with
enterprise integration, this link with the marketplace does not
have to have a financial basis, but can be based on barter or
other systems.
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6.3 Smart Home – from actual to specified
Currently, technical stand-alone solutions which already provide smart functions can be found in
many homes. Many of these stand-alone solutions, such as alarm systems, are also intrinsically
integrated. There are also increasingly smart stand-alone solutions to be found in the areas of
heating, photovoltaics or blinds. As these systems do not as yet communicate with each other
and are often not equipped with the technical integration interfaces, they do not have the necessary Smart Home architecture.
Figure 23 below shows how these stand-alone solutions exist side by side. They do not use the
same cable infrastructure, nor do they have the same central control facilities.
Figure 23: Architecture of stand-alone solutions – the actual situation
A real Smart Home, in contrast, requires the integration and interoperability of all the existing
systems. All the sensors, actuators and control centres are then connected by an installation bus
and integrated by means of a coordinated software platform (a framework such as OSGi and
EEBus). The actuators are also connected to the power supply. Figure 24 provides an overview
of what a Smart Home architecture looks like (= specified).
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Domain specific protocol are e.g.:
KNX, ZigBee, SEP 2.0, BACnet, IP500,
Smart Home IP Bus etc.
Domain specific protocol 1 Domain specific protocol 2
Neutral Messages/Neutral Interface
...
EEBUS
Home Management
(manufacturer depent - competition)
Costumer-(Energy)-Management System
Figure 24: Fundamental architecture of a Smart Home – the specified situation
Figure 24 – the fundamental architecture of a Smart Home – shows an example of a modern
topology implemented in a Smart Home. The systems installed, such as KNX / LON / LCN /
ZigBee /… are merely examples standing for any bus system, and are also not intended to represent any particular transmission media such as radio, cable or powerline, etc.
This example is merely intended to make it clear that there will be an opportunity in future to link
entire systems and thus facilitate bidirectional communication. The applications mentioned, such
as domestic appliances, motor cars, inverters, heat pumps and shutters do not at present share
their information through the systems stated, as the systems for these applications have for the
most part not yet been stipulated.
6.3.1 Sensors and actuators
The interaction between sensors and actuators is a fundamental condition for Smart Home
solutions.
Sensors are the first technical component at the start of the measuring chain. They are metrological instruments and detect chemical or physical variables such as temperature, humidity,
brightness and pressure. They can be fitted with a microprocessor which consumes a small
amount of energy. Such microprocessors are broadly referred to as smart sensors, as they possess a certain intelligence, enabling them to detect the desired variable and convert the information directly at the measuring point into a suitable form for processing on a higher level.
The counterparts of the sensors are actuators. These perform actions in response to electrical
signals. They are classified as drive systems. Actuators convert electrical signals into mechanical
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work or other physical variables. These drive elements can be found, for example, in door or
window actuators.
Sensors and actuators can communicate, for example, via bus systems such as KNX and LON.
These systems facilitate an exchange of commands and information within private residences in
accordance with a set of rules.
6.3.2Data created in various use cases in the Smart Home
Various user types and application scenarios which create their own specific data and therefore
require a corresponding data throughput in the home network can be identified. Figure 25 below
represents eight different areas of the Smart Home and their typical data volumes.
Application
TelecommuHome
scenario electronics nications
Energy
supply
Distributed
power generation facilities,
HVAC, energy
management
systems, electrical and thermal
storage, Smart
Meters
Security
Household
Convenience
and safety
appliances
Examples
of devices
IPTV,
television,
video,
photos,
audio,
games console
Telephone,
smartphone,
tablet,
notebook,
PC
Door,
window,
smoke alarm,
sensors for
intrusion,
access,
presence
Data volume
High (Mbit/s)
Medium (kBit/s) Medium (kBit/s) Low (kBit/s)
Security
Low
High
High
Availability
Low
Medium
Power con- High
sumption
(communications node)
Medium
Electromobility
Smart
Metering
Lighting,
temperature,
presence,
door,
window
Washing
machine,
dryer,
dishwasher,
refrigerator,
deep freezer
Electric vehicle, Electricity,
electric scooter, gas,
pedelec
heat,
water,
Smart Meter
Gateway
Low (kBit/s)
Low (kBit/s)
Low (kBit/s)
Low (Mbit/s)
High
Low
Medium
Medium
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
High
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Yes (partly)
No
Regulated
No
No
No
Owner
Home owner/
tenant
Home owner/
tenant
Home owner/
Home owner/
Home owner/
tenant, possibly tenant, possibly tenant
utility
operator
No
No
Yes
Home owner/
tenant
Home owner/
tenant
Utility
Figure 25: Data volume from different Smart Home areas
The pure data communication by the building automation components (control centre, sensors
and actuators) requires only a very small volume of data.
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6.3.3 Gateways
In the classical sense, a gateway in home automation connects different systems. The individual
systems are not necessarily interoperable in themselves. For that reason, gateways are used to
connect the different systems via middleware, so that as a rule information and signals can be
exchanged bidirectionally. The variety of technology has led to gateways with more than two bus
systems being available in recent years.
The growing requirements with regard to the networking of different domains in overall systems
will continue to justify the existence of classical, stationary gateways. Above all the networking
of the smart meter world with the world of energy management or classical home automation
through a smart meter gateway will give rise to new requirements for the implemented interfaces and security systems (WAN / M-BUS / HAN CLS (cf. BSI TR3109)). In addition, the connection to a WAN will also more and more frequently require gateways to adopt additional router
functionalities. In this way, the systems and technologies which have to date been primarily local
are opening themselves up to the outside world (internet).
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7USER STORIES AND USE CASES
The following format has been adopted for the description of user stories and use cases:
A user story is a purely textual description of a Smart Home application, which generally spans
more than one domain, from the point of view of the user. A user story can be broken down into
several, less complex, use cases. Use cases are described from the points of view of different
actors, e.g. user, system, device or function. The following information is compiled from the use
cases in the form of sequence diagrams: definition and derivation of the functions and data,
communication partners and flow direction (cf. TR 62746-2).
7.1 Example of a user story
A user story may exist as a purely textual description. For a clearer presentation of the sequence of
individual steps from the perspectives of the actors, a tabular form can be advantageous. A template has been created, into which the user story is entered together with additional information.
The following user story, “Flexible start of a washing machine” is an example of this method of
presentation.
Table 5: Example user story, “Flexible start of a washing machine”
Identification
Name
Flexible start of a washing machine
Identity no.
US_1
User Story
Definition
Initiating actor
SD (washing machine)
Precondition
There is a connection to the CM. The service provider platform is
active and has electricity prices available.
Postcondition
The current electricity prices are stored on the home service
platform.
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Functionality
Customer Manager (CM)
Smart Device (SD) (in this
case a washing machine)
The user prepares the washing
machine (puts the washing in
and loads washing powder) and
• selects the desired washing
program,
• sets the finish time (e.g. 8 p.m.),
• sets optimization parameters if
applicable (e.g. best tariff, environmental aspects, etc.), and
• switches the machine to
standby.
Process sequence
The washing machine informs
the CM of
• the start of a new program,
• the preselected latest
completion time,
• the selected incentive
variable (e.g. electricity price),
and
• the expected energy
consumption and the duration
of the washing process
The CM determines the
sequence plan on the basis of
the information available:
• The selected optimization
parameters
• Tariff information
• Energy profiles of the provider
• The expected energy
consumption of other
washing machines
• The expected energy
consumption of the requesting
washing machine
The CM sends the calculated
start time to the washing
machine.
Washing machine starts.
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Alternative process
sequences
The user stories enable the expert to describe the functional relationships of a concrete use
case in his own language without being held up by the obstacles of a formal template. The use
case author extracts information from the rather inhomogeneous user stories, including a set
of roles and actors which are used jointly as the basis of the use cases. In this way, mapping
of zone-specific actor’s names (e.g. market actor’s name, legal actor’s name, etc.) to logical
actors takes place.
7.2 Example use cases
The example, “Flexible start of a washing machine” presented in section 7.1 can be divided into
use cases. These can be presented in the form of sequence diagrams, with the individual communication steps between the actors shown as labelled arrows.
The use cases derived from this user story are shown below in the form of sequence diagrams
as examples.
UC1 – SD informs CM
Actor A/Actor B
(Smart Grid)
CM
Smart Device
SD informs CM of flexible start
SD informs CM of latest time for completion
SD informs CM of selected incentive
variable, if applicable
SD informs CM of prospective energy
consumption
SD informs CM of duration of the
programme
Figure 26: Use case 1 – SD informs CM
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UC2 – CM informs SD of calculated start time
Actor A/Actor B
(Smart Grid)
Smart Device
CM
CM informs SD of calculated start time
CM informs SD of remaining time until start
Figure 27: Use case 2 – CM informs SD of the calculated start time
The use cases are also used to identify the data exchanged between actors and the necessity
of confidentiality, availability (quality of service) and integrity (authenticity and nonrepudiability) as
provided for by the data protection and data security requirements is stated.
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8SAFETY AND PROTECTION IN THE
SMART HOME + BUILDING
The consciousness of safety in the Smart Home is increasing, both among users and on the
market. A distinction must be made between functional safety and IT security. Functional safety
refers here, as the term indicates, to the safe and reliable execution of the functionalities of the
various use cases, while IT security is more concerned with the protection of data and defence
against attack from outside. The two areas partly merge when, for example, a critical functionality
is to be performed in a network. As a result of increasing networking, a holistic consideration
of this complex of issues and an interoperable safety and security concept are essential for the
Smart Home of the future.
8.1Safety of household and similar electrical appliances
DIN EN 60335-1 (VDE 0700-1), “Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1:
General requirements (IEC 60335-1:2010, modified)” sets down requirements, among others,
on functional safety arrangements for household and similar electrical appliances which use
programmable safety-related electronic circuits (PECs).
It is generally assumed that all components associated with the functional safety of an appliance will fail at some time during the life of the appliance.
The requirements in section 19, together with those in sections 20, 22, 24 and 32 of Part 2 of the
IEC/EN 60335 series, form the functional safety plan referred to in IEC/EN 61508 which must be
covered by the design of the appliance. The tests associated with the sections cited constitute
the validation procedure by which the equipment design is to be assessed.
Programmable electronic components which use software with functions that are covered by
section 19 and sections 20, 22, 24 and 32 of Part 2 must be designed in such a way that they
fulfil the requirements listed in Table R.1 of IEC/EN 60335-1. For certain hazardous equipment
functions, it may also be necessary to have software which fulfils the requirements of Table R.2.
The conditions for the software development and the testing process have been taken from IEC/
EN 61508 and adapted to suit the requirements of the IEC/EN 60335 series of standards.
IEC/TC 61 publishes the latest issue of a guidance document concerning functional safety of
appliances using programmable electronic circuits at irregular intervals. Its contents are reproduced in a national appendix to DIN EN 60335-1 (VDE 0700-1). On the national German level,
the topic is dealt with in DKE/AK 511.0.4, “Functional safety aspects of electronic circuits and
telecontrol (including Smart Grids) in household and similar electrical appliances”.
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8.2 Information security in the Smart Home
A Smart Home comprises privately used indoor residential and office space (no matter whether
this is owned or rented, a house or a flat, or old or new). The Smart Home is thus also an unlimited
entity comprising dwellings in a correspondingly large structure (high-rise or residential block),
provided that the private sphere is catered for and individual needs of the residents for safety
and security, convenience and energy efficiency are fulfilled. The Smart Building differs from this
in that it is a commercially used building. With the Smart Home, the focus is on private individuals. In contrast, with the Smart Building, the focus is on the building itself. The mechanisms for
signalling should however be the same.
Consciousness of the issue of security is also increasing in the Smart Home context: security in
the collection, storage, processing and transmission of data and information is a fundamental
condition of modern and future-proof Smart Home systems – above all with regard to their market acceptance. The functional and non-functional requirements from the individual Smart Home
areas such as safety, convenience, home automation, air conditioning, heating and ventilation,
energy management, telemedicine or ambient assisted living (AAL) are therefore being identified
and collated in cooperation with the responsible standardization committees. Account is to be
taken of the requirements on all levels of a Smart Home system, from an individual sensor to a
cloud management system.
For standardization, this results in the challenge of creating an extensively interoperable and
secure overall system from the many different technologies and stand-alone solutions, facilitating a broad range of use cases from the viewpoints of end-users, manufacturers and service
providers. The interoperability of the different technologies in the Smart Home is to be established by middleware/gateway functionality. The WAN interface of this gateway is of special
im-portance with regard to IT security, as it has to provide a secure way for local devices to
com-municate via the WAN.
Existing standards (e.g. IEC 62351 and IEC 27002/27019 from the Smart Grid domain and
the results from the SGIS) should be taken into account in the security considerations. Special
at-tention is also to be paid to the German and European data protection requirements, as
data on presence, diagnoses and even TV viewing habits can be sensitive information.
The aim is to develop uniform security requirements and standards for all the products and
application areas in the Smart Home, so as to adequately counteract the dangers resulting
from an increasingly networked and interoperable world of applications.
The requirements for the selected security mechanisms for communication inside and outside
the Smart Home reflect the fundamental aims of information security. These are confidentiality,
integrity and availability, with differentiated views of the various use cases. Personal data, for
example, have relatively high confidentiality requirements, while for data relevant to safety the
focus has to be on integrity and availability.
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8.2.1 Communication security
A partial aspect of information security in the Smart Home is communication security, which
defines the requirements for all measures and systems which organize the transmission of data
between any two devices. Communication security can refer both to encryption of the transmission channel and to the reliability of transmission. There are a series of standards and specifications for the encryption of the transmission channel: TLS is mostly used to secure IP connections. Securing of the connection by TLS 1.2 with Perfect Forward Secrecy is recommended
by the BSI [22]. AES-128 is in widespread use as an encryption method and is also used for encryption in many wireless technologies. With TLS 1.2, AES-128 is also mostly used for symmetrical encryption. For narrow band systems, AES-128 should be operated in a mode which does
not require padding. The reliability of communication must take account of the following aspects:
• Susceptibility to disturbance of communication by desired participants
• Susceptibility to disturbance of communication by undesired participants
• Measures to transmit information on disturbance of a transmission channel
• Measures to detect and signal the interruption of a communications link
Depending on the security level and the area of application, appropriate measures are to be
taken and described in the course of further development of the standards for the Smart Home.
In particular, results already obtained from standardization in the fields of professional fire protection and burglary prevention, and the energy and automation sectors, are to be observed and
adapted (fine specification and profiling).
The security concept should also include the topic of data economy, according to the maxim
that data which are not transmitted cannot be misused. Suitable recommendations could be
compiled in this respect and taken into account in the various use cases. This issue can be pursued at the interfaces with corresponding filters. With certain devices, the user should also be
given the opportunity to switch between different data economy modes (e.g. none, unidirectional
or bidirectional WAN communication).
It will be a further challenge to standardization to establish sufficient security for use cases in
which the focus is on small sensors and devices. For cost reasons, these frequently do not have
enough computing power for asymmetrical processes or secure hardware, for example for the
saving of private keys from a PKI. In most cases, there is also no facility for input of pre-shared
keys, as savings were made in the past in the area of security for reasons of cost and userfriendliness. Standardization will have to resolve these issues if end-to-end security is to be
implemented.
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8.2.2 Communication across technology boundaries
As already mentioned, the establishment of interoperability is one of the most important aims
of standardization, and decisive for the success of the Smart Home. A secure “transmission
bridge” in the form of middleware or a gateway has to be implemented to overcome the technology boundaries between the individual stand-alone systems and ensure secure transfer of
data between the technology domains. In the course of the security examination, the different
communications technologies have to be qualified for particular security levels. The bridge between WAN and LAN, especially, has to be handled with great care in standardization, so as to
protect the local network from attacks via the WAN interface. Connection to a cloud or a service
provider, and remote access by the user to his home via the internet are examples of use cases
in which the WAN interface requires a special degree of security.
8.2.3 Protection profile for a Smart Meter Gateway [15]
The increasing feed-in of energy from renewable sources confronts future energy supply systems with very great challenges. On the one hand, the feed-in of energy from renewables takes
place at unpredictable times, and on the other hand energy consumption can lead to considerable peak loads at certain times of the day.
According to the European Union, this situation is to be remedied in future by smart grids which
provide for more flexible and at the same time more secure energy supply. In the course of the
establishment of such smart grids, smart metering systems are to be used at the consumers’
premises. By using these, consumers will have greater transparency concerning their own energy
consumption and the opportunity to reduce energy costs by controlling electricity consump-tion.
As personal consumption data are processed and collected in metering systems and there are
potentially negative feedback effects on the security of energy supply, the requirements for data
protection and data security are high. Attacks by hackers on smart metering systems such as
have been reported in the USA and newer hazards such as the Stuxnet malware clearly illustrate
the necessity of secure solutions for the introduction of smart metering systems in Germa-ny.
In the implementation of its energy strategy, the federal government is planning a step by step
introduction of smart connections to the energy grid for consumers and producers. The share of
renewable sources in electricity generation is to rise to at least 35 % by 2020 and at least 80 %
by 2050.
Against the background of possible threats, the federal government considers legally binding
requirements for the security architecture of smart grids to be necessary, in order to ensure that
data protection and data security are ensured right from the start. The BSI was mandated by the
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Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Technology in September 2010 to create a protection
profile (PP) and thereafter a technical directive (TR) for the communications unit of a smart metering system (Smart Meter Gateway), in order to ensure a uniform technical standard of security
for all market players. The protection profile and the technical directive are enshrined in the Energy
Industry Act (EnWG) and in the energy package which was passed by the German parliament
on 30 June 2011. Since the start of 2011, the BSI has, in close cooperation with the Federal
Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information (BfDI), the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Federal Network Agency (BnetzA) produced a draft of a
“Protection Profile for the Gateway of a Smart Metering System”. In several comments sessions,
associations from the fields of telecommunications, energy, information technology, housing and
consumer protection have been able to make extensive comments on the protection profile and
thus play a decisive part in its development. In the field of standardization, various committees
have been established at DKE to harmonize the national regulatory requirements of the technical
directive with international standardization activities, both from the metrological point of view
and in the area of energy management in the Smart Home. In addition, there are approaches
in the standardization field to using the smart meter gateway as a secure interface in properties
allowing added value services from the Smart Home domain (e.g. AAL) to be transacted.
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8.2.4 Security architecture with data protection zones
Many of the data which are processed and stored in homes are personal or can be related to
persons. In order to avoid undesired conclusions being drawn about the behaviour of residents,
a data protection strategy in the Smart Home is essential. The principle of “privacy by design”
must be a fundament objective ensuring confidentiality. This is both required by law and necessary to ensure acceptance by users.
To reduce the complexity of security considerations, it is proposed that the security architecture
be divided into data protection zones. In private residences – especially rented flats – the responsibility for operational management will not always rest with the user. A distinction between
users and those responsible for data protection is therefore necessary.
The data protection zones may be the following:
• Room
• Apartment
• Building (residential or commercial, etc.)
• Areas of enterprises with protection requirements for cloud services (including data storage
and processing of personal data)
• Application software modules inside a device
Communication between data protection zones is routed through secure channels. For each
protection zone there is a Responsible Operator who ensures, for example, availability and data
protection. For a dwelling, this can be the owner, an appointed third party or the resident. The
ambient conditions which are to be assumed for the purposes of a risk analysis can be described for each data protection zone.
The aim of this architecture concept is to facilitate both private cloud operations and the use of
apps on devices when the requirements for separation have been sufficiently implemented and
verified.
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8.3 Fire protection
Apart from the security and protection of data, the safety of the users and the inventories inside
buildings have to be ensured.
The fire protection regulations valid in Germany are to be complied with in accordance with the
Building Codes of the German federal states and the European Construction Products Directive.
Fire safety in the Smart Home can be increased by the incorporation of smart fire detector and
fire extinguisher systems and the use of construction products with high level classifications in
terms of fire behaviour (e.g. cables with improved behaviour in the case of fire).
8.4 Fire detection systems
In order to ensure that persons in private households are protected from fire, the fire detection
system must be an integral part of the safety concept. It is to be an alarm system which detects
fire, smoke and heat at an early stage. If events are triggered by one or more fire detectors,
these are received and evaluated by the system via a wired or wireless network, and further
protective measures are initiated.
According to DIN 14675, “Fire detection and fire alarm systems - Design and operation”, April
2012, (section 5.1, Protection goals), the fire detection system must achieve at least the following
objectives:
• Detection of fires as they arise
• Rapid information and alarm to the people concerned
• Automatic activation of fire protection and operating facilities
• Rapid alarming of the fire brigade or other organizations providing assistance
• Clear location of the hazardous area and indication thereof
• Compliance with the following standards and guidelines in planning, design, installation
and maintenance:
- DIN 14675:2012-04 – Fire detection and fire alarm systems - Design and operation
- VdS 2095:2010-05 – VdS Guidelines for automatic fire detection and fire alarm systems - Planning and Installation
- DIN VDE 0833-2 VDE 0833-2:2009-06 – Alarm systems for fire, intrusion and hold up - Part 2: Requirements for fire alarm systems
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8.5 Protection from burglary
Private residences gain in security from networking. The large number of sensors in the household can simulate a variety of scenarios, such as the presence of the residents.
Time-dependent control of shutters can thus protect homes from burglars.
8.6 Intruder alarm systems
An intruder alarm system uses sensors to monitor persons and property. Further functions
include evaluating hazard messages and issuing signals. The purpose is to detect and report
break-ins.
The following standards and guidelines are to be followed in planning, design, installation and
maintenance:
• DIN EN 50131-1 VDE 0830-2-1:2010-02 – Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems Part 1: System requirements
• VdS 2311:2010-11 – VdS Guidelines for intruder alarm systems – Planning and installation
8.7Interoperability of safety and security systems in Smart
Homes / Smart Buildings
An extensive safety and security system for Smart Homes or Smart Buildings ideally consists of
different types of sensor whose functionalities complement each other. This increases security
in the building, as for example motion, temperature, CO2 or smoke sensors cover the individual
areas in the building and provide information to the alarm centre when a relevant incident occurs.
The interoperability of such different sensors and actuators in a safety and security system is
dependent on the communications platforms on the physical and protocol levels. That concerns
Smart Homes and Smart Buildings equally, although the networks in Smart Buildings are much
larger (hundreds of sensors) and the sensor systems are more complex.
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Reliable and secure communication across technological boundaries is fundamentally effected
via gateways. Interoperability on the same level (e.g. the product/device level) can only be ensured
when the manufacturers of the sensors and actuators use the same communications platform.
If there is a wireless solution for safety and security systems, the IP500 Wireless Personal Area
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Platform (WPAN) is used for large buildings (e.g. office buildings, trade fair halls, factories or large
sports stadiums) – see the following diagram of the platform.
Figure 28: IP500 platform
The IP500 platform ensures stable and reliable communication for the safety and security products
(fire, access or evacuation) in the wireless network, as does use of the suitable frequency ranges
(sub-GHz and out-of-band) to IEEE and ETSI standards, and the use of IPv6-based protocols in
harmony with EN 5425 or VdS Guidelines.
With this interoperability, safety and security systems can communicate reliably via wireless networks and thus form the platform for the Internet of Things market for Smart Homes and Smart
Buildings.
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8.7.1 Interoperability of wireless sensor networks (WPAN)
Wireless sensors have the great advantage that they can be fitted very simply at a wide range
of locations in a building. Installation costs for sensor products can thus for the greatest part
be avoided. The IP500 access points (A) or router (R) (see diagram below) merely have to be
connected to the local IT network via an Ethernet socket, as is also the case with a WLAN. If
the information from the sensors is to be communicated immediately from the IP500 network
through the WAN, GPRS gateways are installed and pass the data into the cloud, for instance to
mobile smartphones or alarm centres. In the case of safety and security systems, however, there
are also other factors which provide greater redundancy, immunity to interference and availability
for the wireless network and thus also the products relevant to safety or security (nodes (N) or
actuators (F)). With the flexible network technology based on a mesh topology, a high transmission reliability of the nodes in the IP500 network is also guaranteed. That is enormously important,
above all when one network component fails and the information has to be transmitted to the
access point along a different route.
Figure 29: IP500 mesh network topology
The jointly used IP500 platform on the sensor/product level ensures interoperability in the entire
wireless network. As a result of the opportunity to have more than one access point (A1 and A2
in the diagram), the use of the IP500 network services provide for a high level of redundancy in
the network. Direct connection of the access points to the IT network in the building or home is
possible using IPv6/6LowPAN protocols.
In addition, the IP500 access point provides the opportunity to communicate on AT command
level with proprietary or standard systems which are already installed. Finally, then, the entire
network is mapped in the higher level Building Management System (BMS).
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8.7.2 Interoperability in the wireless network on the protocol level
On the basis of a jointly used physical (wireless) communications level and the transmission level
of the mesh and network topology of the IP500 platform, a variety of protocols are supported.
For Smart Buildings, the protocol “BACnet over IP” is used, and is becoming more and more
widespread across the globe. For applications in Smart Homes, the KNX protocol is supported.
However, different protocols such as M-BUS, ECHOnet, etc. will also be supported in future.
This is then effected via the IP500 access point as a gateway, on the basis of AT commands.
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9 QUALIFICATION
A high-quality Smart Building system groups together a wide variety of functions, technologies,
industries and actors with highly divergent origins.
In the light of the highly individual customer wishes for the networking of devices and services
in buildings, they are obliged to a completely new extent to work together and agree upon technical and organizational interfaces.
Apart from a large number of technical problems still to be solved, the systematic initial and further training of people at all the stages of the Smart Home / Smart Building value chain constitute a special challenge. For the current players on the building market have up to now only been
prepared by their professional training for narrow segments of Smart Building integration – if at
all.
If training is left to chance, it can be assumed that “half-educated” players will create Smart
Home solutions which fail to satisfy or even frustrate customers’ wishes.
It would then take many valuable years for this promising field of business to overcome the undesirable evolutionary step with frustrated customers, survival of the fittest on the free market
and a new start. A further impediment is that the rate of innovation in building has proven to be
very slow. New construction and renovation cycles occupy several decades. Willingness to make
a new start after an unsatisfactory implementation will as a rule only set in after several years.
It is therefore of great economic importance to all the market participants for a Smart Building
qualification system to put the actors rapidly and comprehensively in a position to provide integrative advice for, offer, design, implement and support Smart Home solutions.
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9.1 Target groups
For the purposes of Smart Building qualification, distinctions can be made between the following
major target groups with an influence on successful implementation:
• Employees of manufacturers and service providers (sales, support, service, etc.)
• Planners and designers
• Civil engineers
• Tradespeople
• Architects
• Wholesalers and retailers
• Housing industry
vHome owners and users
These target groups differ considerably in terms of qualification with regard to
• their core industry,
• their previous education and training,
• their familiarity with technology,
• their ability to study privately,
• their requirements for a breadth of subjects, and
• their requirements for subject depth
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9.2Requirements for a Smart Building qualification model
Against the background stated above, the requirements for a Smart Building qualification model
can be summarized as follows:
A suitable Smart
Explanatory notes
Building qualification
system for employees
is characterized by:
Step by step introduction
With a view to the pressing demands for expertise from the
current players on the Smart Building market, qualification is to
be introduced in the following steps:
Step 1: Qualification for employees
Step 2: Incorporation of relevant topics in apprenticeships/
university courses
Structuring in
With the enormous breadth of subject matter and the variety of
technical solutions, it rapidly becomes clear that it will hardly be
• “Basic seminars for all”
and
possible to educate individual players in all the relevant topics in
any depth.
It is not realistic for the implementation of complex Smart Home
• “Specialist seminars”
to be selected
projects to be a service “from one pair of hands”. It is important
to structure the course materials in basic expertise and core
disciplines, with a selection of specializations.
Modular structure
The further training of employees must dovetail with the operational requirements of their companies. Courses taking up several
weeks would place too great a strain on firms, both in terms of
time and money.
Decentralized venues with
Entrepreneurs are more willing to register employees for courses
several alternative dates
when they do not involve being there on the day before or travel-
each year
ling a long distance. Furthermore, times at which there is space
in the order book are popular for training. Flexibility of dates is
therefore also important to businesses.
100
Option of lateral entry for
A qualification system will hardly gain acceptance if it forces par-
individuals, depending on
ticipants to attend courses for which they have already acquired
prior knowledge
the know-how elsewhere.
A good Smart Home qualification system for employees is therefore open in its recognition of previous qualifications and courses
outside its own system.
Integration of manufac-
The more proprietary the content of further training courses and
turers’ courses
the shorter the innovation cycles, the more the training centres
have to do and invest in bringing hardware, software and training
staff up to date.
By recognizing and sensibly deploying training courses organized by manufacturers, the training concept remains up to date.
The manufacturers, for their part, require basic knowledge as a
condition for participation in their events and thus concentrate
their work for the training organization on their product specifications.
Meaningful qualifications
Further education and training is only taken on when its benefit
to the participant and the firm is clear. The qualification certificate
must distinguish between broad training and in-depth training.
Promotionally effective
Entrepreneurs are more likely to send their employees to courses
certificates for the
when the firm and its customers can present the additional ex-
business
pertise obtained as an effective method of advertising.
Recognition and
Professional training gains when as many participants as possi-
promotion by as many
ble reach agreement on standard training modules. The results
im-portant market
are greater market penetration, a large-scale regional coverage
players as possible
with a large selection of dates, low distance barriers, and continuous updating of high-quality course contents.
Manufacturers and professional associations are called upon to
point in the same direction.
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Integrated e-learning
Many subjects can be learned independently of a particular loca-
and blended learning
tion. It is however important for learners not to be left alone. The
concepts
integration of (digestible) self-study phases with regular meetings
and online conferences places higher demands on the participants, trainers and training centres, but helps to reduce absence
from work and keep travelling costs low. Pure e-learning approaches in which the students are left to their own devices have
not been very successful in the past, and should only be used in
selected areas.
Central body bearing
responsibility
A further training system must incorporate technical developments and market changes at an early stage. If the updating
and development is left to individual trainers or individual training
centres, the comparability of qualifications will rapidly be undermined.
In various contexts it has proven successful to establish a body
which is responsible for the further development of course
con-cepts and subject matter, and the organization of train-thetrainer events. In the best practice examples (see below) these
are the KNX Organization for KNX and the ELKOnet experts
committee for the expert/specialist course concepts.
Alternatively, such a body can ensure the quality of training by
means of central examination directives. In this way, the training
services providers can be left to fill out the courses (similarly to
apprenticeship examinations, etc.).
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9.3 Best practice examples
9.3.1 KNX qualification system
With its present market success, KNX, as one of the few non-proprietary systems can serve,
with its predecessor EIB, as a model for implementation of a qualification system. Competitors in
the market for installation equipment grouped together under the roof of the EIB Association and
adopted not only certification rules for EIB products, but also certification rules for EIB training
centres and EIB training courses, ensuring that invitations to tender stipulated the demonstration of qualified EIB personnel for the award of contracts. In 1999, the procedure was taken over
without restriction in the KNX standard, in which EIB, BatiBus and EHSA were merged.
Manufacturers offer their own training courses, but require demonstration of attendance at an
EIB basic course in a certified training centre as a condition for participation. Sound qualifications were recognized from the start as a decisive key to the success of a system, and firmly
anchored in that process. The quality of training is ensured by the stipulation of examination
regulations and their monitoring at training centres.
INSTRUCTOR’S COURSE
ADVANCED COURSE
BASIC COURSE
Figure 30: Qualification system of the KNX Association – firmly anchored in the standard right
from the start (picture: Sassmannshausen)
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9.4 Best practice example 2: ELKOnet qualification system
In the ELKOnet association of training centres, further training for employees is available in a
modular form. The modules cover durations of between one and five days. For each training
module called up and passed, the student receives an entry in his Skillcard.
When all the modules of the mandatory area have been passed, the title of “Specialist (ELKOnet)
in ….” is awarded.
If further optional training is pursued, the title of “Expert in ….” Is awarded.
Expert (ELKOnet) for Industrial Automation
from 24 ELKOnet points
Specialist (ELKOnet)
for Automation Systems
18 ELKOnet points
Stage 3: Expert (ELKOnet)
Selection of add-on modules offered
on a regional basis
Preparation and
examination as
Automation
Technician (ZVEI)
3
Industrial
Networking
Level 3
“PLC Automation
Solutions”
5
Metrology examination to
DIN EN 60204 (DIN VDE
0113)/Machinery Directive Distributed Safety
Level 2
“PLC Programming
of Extended
Functions”
5
Frequency converter
technology
Level 1
“PLC Programming
of Elementary
Functions
5
Industrial
Communications
Stage 2: Specialist (ELKOnet)
Stage 1: Training modules
Totally Integrated Automation Portal
(TIA Portal)
3
Closed
loop control
with PLC
3
2
Graph7
2
2
Visualization/
HMIl)
3
5
>
1
>
Figure 31: ELKOnet qualification using the example of industrial automation (source: ELKOnet)
Figure 31 illustrates the ELKOnet qualification process with the example of industrial automation. When the modules in the left-hand column (mandatory area) have been completed, a qualification as “Specialist (ELKOnet) in Automation Technology” is achieved. Further training leads to
the qualification as an “Expert in Automation Technology” (source: ELKOnet).
Many modules lead to the award of a certificate.
If a firm can demonstrate that it employs a specialist or expert, that firm receives the right to use
the title “Specialist contractor for …” or “Expert contractor for …”.
The modules are harmonized and can be obtained from all ELKOnet locations. Comparable
know-how obtained from manufacturers’ seminars is also recognized.
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9.5 Draft of a Smart Home qualification concept
Starting from the ideas presented above, a Smart Home qualification could be structured as
follows:
Smart Home Expert, Specializing in …
Smart Home Specialist
… Specialization A
… Specialization B
… Specialization C
Smart Home
Fundamentals 3
In-depth course A-3
In-depth course B-3
In-depth course C-3
Smart Home
Fundamentals 2
In-depth course A-2
In-depth course B-2
In-depth course C-2
Smart Home
Fundamentals 1
In-depth course A-1
In-depth course B-1
In-depth course C-1
Previous knowledge from training/university and professional practice
Figure 32: Specialist columns
To simplify presentation, the term Smart Home has been used throughout. The system for Smart
Buildings would be exactly the same.
9.5.1 Basic skills and core disciplines
The following topics come into consideration from the present point of view as the fundamental
subjects in the specialist columns (see Figure 32):
• General overview of Smart Home/Smart Building
• Users and their requirements; benefits
• Significance of the energy transition and the ageing population
• Smart Home implementation means teamwork: Who does what with the Smart Home?
• Basic knowledge of building automation
• Transmission media and their properties
• Basic knowledge of data network technology
• Overview of systems and their properties
• Applicable standards, regulations and provisions
• etc.
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9.5.2 Areas of specialization for experts
The specialization skills are intended on the one hand to provide sufficient room to accommodate as many main fields of activity as possible, but on the other hand the number of specializations should preserve clarity for the market partners. A breakdown by main fields of business or
by sectors of industry appears appropriate, e.g.:
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in electrical engineering
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in heating, air conditioning and ventilation
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in household appliances
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in entertainment electronics
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in AAL
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in security systems
• Smart Home Expert, specialization in Smart Home planning
• etc.
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10REQUIREMENTS FOR ACTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Progressive digitization and networking have in the past triggered off a series of paradigm shifts:
letter post and telephone are being increasingly replaced by email, smartphones and social
media. Tablets are becoming an alternative to the personal computer. The press, radio, TV and
home electronics are facing increasing competition from internet-based services. These transitions are being facilitated and accelerated technically by the broadband expansion of the internet
and the mobile telephony networks. It is therefore consistent for the paradigm “living in a home”
to be undergo a dramatic change as a result of the networking of devices and components in
the house and with the outside world. This is then the Smart Home, a basis for cloud services
and smart services. This transition depends on the interplay of suitable technologies and flexible
platforms, and the willingness of the end-users to put up with and take part in this paradigm
shift.
In technical and technological terms, everything necessary to create Smart Home solutions
suitable for the mass market appears to have been in place for years, but the Smart Home is still
at the start of its first period of expansion. In the meantime, further technologies and platforms
have been added, and new alliances on the Smart Home and Internet of Things have formed
worldwide. There is no longer any doubt that Germany is an important and growing market for
Smart Home solutions, and German companies lead the field in many segments. The increasing
pressure of competition on the international level too, and the formation of a multitude of initiatives for various integration platforms and ecosystems illustrate this trend. Energy management
and health assistance systems are, from today’s point of view, the Smart Home segments with
the greatest market potential. This potential could be exploited if, for example, it were possible
to extend the criteria for governmental subsidies such as those under the terms of the German
Reconstruction Loan Corporation (KfW) to Smart Home systems. For that pur-pose, a suitable
reference system would have to be defined, permitting the derivation of the necessary performance requirements. As an example of a similar procedure, reference could be made to thermal
insulation of buildings: for the granting of a KfW loan, insulation requirements which are more
stringent than those of a reference building have to be fulfilled.
In the light of the variety of available networking technologies and platforms, interested endusers often feel more confused and unsettled than well informed. Quite rightly, they expect the
selected system to provide the necessary future-proofing, which, however, in the light of the
increasing competitiveness on the market, cannot in any way be guaranteed. In addition, the
information security and data protection expected during the operation of a system appear still
not to be guaranteed. Networking and configuration of the systems in many cases overtax the
technical skills of the customers, and tradespeople are often unable to provide them with the
necessary advice and support for the maintenance or expansion of their systems. In practice, it
has become apparent that a Smart Home system once successfully configured is only seldom
re-configured, even in the case of a significant change of use, because end-users are reluctant
to bear the costs or cannot find any suitable tradespeople to perform that task. A mass market
cannot form in this way.
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Flexibility of the system, interoperability across system and technology boundaries, information
security and data protection are the central requirements which Smart Home solutions will have
to fulfil in future if they are to be sustainably successful in the impending mass market.
In recent years, a series of alliances and initiatives have been formed and have agreed on
common, non-proprietary protocol standards. Others have focused on integration platforms for
Smart Home applications or, extensively, on the implementation of services in the realm of the
Internet of Things. It is remarkable that all these stakeholder groups have recognized that their
success is decisively dependent on interoperability across the borders of technologies or protocols. By abstraction of device properties and with the aid of standardized application program
ming interfaces, it is to be made considerably easier for software developers to implement attractive Smart Home applications.
As in the past the variety of network technologies finally ruined a breakthrough into the mass
market, the variety of open integration platforms now threatens to construct a similar obstacle.
For this reason, it is important to harmonize the data models on which these platforms are
based, to bring about the necessary convergence of the platforms, and to achieve interoperability
up to the semantic level. A first step in this direction was a European funding project on Smart
Appliances, in which it was possible to derive an all-encompassing, generally valid data reference
model (ontology) from a variety of data models in different platforms; this became known as
SAREF. The SAREF ontology is itself a possible starting point for the creation of a standard for
semantic interoperability.
To summarize, the above statements can be described as three recommendation clusters:
• Promotion of market developments by systems of incentives (e.g. subsidized loans)
• Greater involvement of the craft trades by professional development (training)
• Harmonization of the work on interoperability of systems (sustainability)
In order to achieve market leadership in the field of Smart Home + Building for Germany in the
face of international competition and further expand it, and in order to keep the technological
development and the value creation in Germany, the developments and the underlying interests
will have to be systematically developed and concerted at an early stage. For the successful
positioning of German industry in this context it is important to include the favourable effects of
standardization in this development process from the very start and to exploit them in full.
There are a large number of competing suppliers with different approaches to smart building
automation. The building automation systems which have been developed are complex systems
whose use means greater convenience, higher energy efficiency and significantly improved
security. The European suppliers are well positioned with a large range of functioning systems
and economically usable components.
Nevertheless, all the market players have been waiting for over 10 years for the great breakthrough on the mass market. Smart Home solutions continue to be regarded by consumers as
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luxury goods for wealthy homeowners. All the market players agree that the lack of standards
and specifications, lacking convergence and the lack of a presentation of the benefits have
obstructed that breakthrough for over 10 years. For that reason, the consortium regards this
standardization roadmap as an essential component in a market development strategy.
At the time of writing, the following standardization roadmaps have been compiled by VDE|DKE
and are being put into practice:
• Standardization Roadmap AAL 2.0
• Standardization Roadmap Electromobility 3.0
• Standardization Roadmap E-Energy/Smart Grids 2.0
• Standardization Roadmap Mobile Diagnostic Systems 1.1
• Standardization Roadmap IT Security 2.0
• Standardization Roadmap Industry 4.0, Version 2
The methodology in this Standardization Roadmap Smart Home + Building 2.0 also directs
activities towards the desired functionalities and use cases which are to define a complex
system. The procedure must cross the boundaries between domains. In contrast to the use
cases of the Smart Grid, the use cases of a Smart Home system have already been quite
extensively defined in recent years. Nevertheless, the integration of e-mobility and e-energy/
smart grids topics in the Smart Home system will require adjustment and also new use cases.
Figure 33 below shows the workflow of the use case methodology, and its application as
required by the issue at hand is recommended.
Figure 33: Sustainable process of standardization
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With a jointly agreed domain description and a detailed stipulation of the use cases on the function, information, communications and component levels, this methodology achieves integration
of the various bodies involved in standardization. It is concerned with the definition of requirements for applications, the reduction of complexity, the establishment of consensus and the
creation of a common understanding.
Attention to the many different partial systems and domains in the Smart Home with the corresponding professional groups is to be promoted.
It is recommended that German enterprises and the various Smart Home stakeholder groups
with their extensive experience be intensively involved in the process.
Similarly to the procedure with the Standardization Roadmap on E-Energy/Smart Grids 2.0, it is
recommended that all interested parties be involved by the establishment of an openly accessible
web portal.
There are already many international and national standards in the field of building automation,
which have to be taken into account. Implementation of this aspect requires cooperation on
the national and international levels. In that context, the focus of standardization must be on the
establishment of interoperability and the creation of an ergonomic user interface.
If one considers the focal areas of research for the EU Commission, it becomes apparent that
the various standardization activities on “AAL”, “E-Energy/Smart Grids”, “Electromobility” and
also “Smart Home” are networked under the rubric of “Smart Cities” and in some cases are
to be merged. In this way, the use of common infrastructures in the Smart Home, the use of
comparable approaches and similar methods and standards will create links between Smart
Home systems, smart metering installations, energy management gateways, AAL systems and
electromobility solutions.
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11ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation/Acronym Meaning
AAL
Ambient Assisted Living
AES
Alarmempfangsstellen (alarm receiving points)
AG
Arbeitsgruppe (Working Group)
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
API
Application Programming Interface
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BACnet
Building Automation and Control Networks
BIBBs
BACnet interoperability building blocks
BMBF
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
(Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung)
BMU
German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation
and Reactor Safety
(Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit)
BMWi
German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy
(Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie)
BSI
Federal Office for Information Security
(Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informatik)
112
CCD
Continuity of Care Document
CCR
Continuity of Care Record
CD-R
Compact Disc – Recordable
CDA
Clinical Document Architecture
CE
Consumer Electronics
CECED
Conseil Européen de la Construction d’Appareils Domestiques
CEPT
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
CHAIN
CECED Home Appliances Interoperating Network
Abbreviation/Acronym Meaning
CL
CLICK
CLICK
Connected Living Innovation Component Kit
CORBA
Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
CWMP
CPE WAN Management Protocol (TR-069)
DAI-Labor
Distributed Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DICOM
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
DIN
German Institute for Standardization
(Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.)
DKE
German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE)
(Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik
in DIN und VDE)
DLNA
Digital Living Network Alliance
DPWS
Devices Profile for Web Services
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
DVB
Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-C
Digital Video Broadcasting – Cable
DVB-J
Digital Video Broadcasting – Java
DVB-S
Digital Video Broadcasting – Satellite
DVB-T
Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial
ebXML
Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup Language
EC
European Community
eCall
Emergency call
ECG
Electrocardiography
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
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Abbreviation/Acronym Meaning
114
EHRcom
Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport
EEC
European Economic Community
EHRcom
Electronic Health Record Communication
EHS
European Home System
EIA
Electronic Industries Alliance
EIB
European Installation Bus
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMG
Energie Management Gateway
EN
Europäische Norm
EPG
Electronic Program Guide
ES
ETSI Standard
ETS
ETSI Technical Specification
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EVG
Electronic ballast (Elektronische Vorschaltgeräte)
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
GFSK
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
HANs
Home Area Networks
HBES
Home and Building Electronic Systems
HGI
Home Gateway Initiative
HL7
Health Level Seven
http
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HVACR
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration
ICF
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
ICT
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Abbreviation/Acronym Meaning
IDL
CORBA Interface Definition Language
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IP
Internet Protocol
IP500
Internet Protocol 500
IrDA
Infrared Data Association
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
JTC
Joint Technical Committee
JVM
Java Virtual Machine
KNX
„Konnex“ (kein Akronym)
LAN
Local Area Network
LLCP
Logical Link Control Protocol
LON
Local Operating Network
LR-WPAN
Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network
LTE
Long Term Evolution
M2M
Machine-to-Machine
MAC
Medium Access Control
M-Bus
Metering Bus
MHP
Multimedia Home Platform
NAS
Network Attached Storage
NDEF
NFC Data Exchange Format
NFC
Near Field Communication
OASIS
Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
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Abbreviation/Acronym Meaning
116
OEMG
Open Energy Management Gateway
OMG
Object Management Group
OSGi
Open Service Gateway Initiative
PDA
Personal Digital Assistant
PHMR
Personal Healthcare Monitoring Report
PHY
Physical Layer
PICS
Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement
PID
Patient Information Segment
PLC
Powerline Communication
PnP
Plug and Play
ProfiBus
Process FieldBus
RF
Radio Frequency
SDK
Software Development Kit
SG
Strategic Group
SGB
German Social Code (Sozialgesetzbuch)
SIP
Session Initiation Protocol
SMG
Smart-Meter-Gateway
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SOA
Service Oriented Architecture
SOAP
Simple Object Access Protocol
SSL
Secure Socket Layer
SWEX
Software Execution Environment Task Force
TC
Technical Committee
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TIA
Telecommunications Industry Association
Abbreviation/Acronym Meaning
TLS
Transport Layer Security
TP
Twisted Pair
TU
Technische Universität
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UPnP
Universal Plug and Play
URC
Universal Remote Console
USB
Universal Serial Bus
VDE
Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies
(Verband der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik)
VDI
Association of German Engineers (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure)
VPN
Virtual Privat Network
WAN
Wide Area Network
WAVE
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
WG
Working Group
WHO
World Health Organization
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
WPAN
Wireless Personal Area Network
WS
Web-Services-Specification
WSDL
Web Services Description Language
XD*
(Oberbegriff für XDS, XDR und XDM)
XDM
Cross-enterprise Document Media Interchange
XDR
Cross-enterprise Document Reliable Interchange
XDS
Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing
XML
Extensible Markup Language
XPHR
Exchange of Personal Health Record Content
ZAP
ZigBee Application Profiles
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APPENDIX A: TECHNOLOGIES
The technologies described in this appendix represent a non-exhaustive list of the existing
frameworks and communications systems in the Smart Home field.
A.1 AirPlay
AirPlay is a collection of protocols by Apple for the transmission of audiovisual content. Audio,
photos, videos and screen contents can be streamed using the http live streaming protocol.
With the aid of AirPlay, split screens can also be implemented. Originally reserved for Apple’s
own products, the AirPlay protocol stack can now be licensed by other hardware and software
manufacturers.
AirPlay is based on IP and uses a series of further internet standards such as http, XML, RTP,
RTSP and SDP. AirPlay uses Bonjour (Apple’s implementation of Zeroconf) to locate devices and
services with AirPlay capability. Controllers can divert streams from servers to display units or
players and control them remotely. AirPlay servers use http digest authentication to secure the
contents. Encryption via AES and exchange of keys on the basis of HTTPS provide for additional security. http cookie implements a simple DRM system.
AirPlay can be regarded as a parallel development to UPnP-AV and DLNA.
A.2 BACnet
BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks) is a network protocol for building automation. It was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers). The aim is the creation of a uniform non-proprietary standard for data communication in the field of building automation. BACnet has been implemented
as ANSI/ASHRAE standard 135 and as ISO standard 16484-5.
Interoperability of devices from various manufacturers is achieved by the use of standardized
BACnet interoperability building blocks. These blocks define which services and procedures
have to be supported to implement particular requirements of the system.
DIN EN ISO 16484-5:2013-09 defines services for communication between the devices, for
purposes including joint data use, alarm and event processing, processing of value changes and
device and network management. The standard defines object types for the various data, for example for device objects, analogue inputs, digital inputs, analogue outputs and digital out-puts.
The BACnet protocol consists of four layers, which in the case of BACnet/IP have the following
structure:
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Application Layer (layer 7, application), Network Layer (layers 6, 5, 4, 3, networking), Virtual MAC
Layer (VMAC) (layer 2, security; for BACnet MAC addresses with more than 6 bytes ZigBee,
IPv6) and BACnet Virtual Link Layer (BVLL) (layers 2, 1, security and bit transmission).
Apart from BACnet/IP, the following alternatives are provided for the two bottom layers: Point
to point via RS-232, Master-slave/Token-passing via RS-485, ARCNET, Ethernet, LonTalk and
ZigBee.
A.3 BLE (Bluetooth Low energy, Bluetooth LE, Bluetooth Smart)
BLE is part of the Bluetooth standard version 4.0 and defines the technical availability of ultra
low power, i.e. very low energy consumption with reduced transmission range (approx. 10 m)
in comparison with normal Bluetooth. BLE is optional rather than mandatory for Bluetooth 4.0
products. The main applications are linked devices which exchange small quantities of data at
regular intervals, such as wearables and fitness trackers.
A.4 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is an industrial standard (IEEE 802.15.1) for wireless communication, originally developed by Ericsson in the 1990s. As Bluetooth uses the licence-free ISM band (2.402 GHz to
2.48 GHz), the technology can be used worldwide without permits. As Bluetooth communications can be susceptible to interference from technologies such as WLAN, a frequency hopping
system is used to reduce disturbances. The frequency band is divided into 79 steps at 1 MHz
intervals, which are changed approx. 1600 times per second. From version 2.0 onwards, Bluetooth achieves a maximum transmission rate of 2.1 Mbit/s. In class 1, a range of around 100 m is
achieved with a maximum power of 100 mW. [24]
A.5 Connected Living Innovation Component Kit (CLICK)
Das Connected Living Innovation Component Kit (CLICK) (Bild 34) ist eine Entwicklung des DAILabor (Distributed Artifical Intelligence Laboratory) der TU Berlin im Kontext des Innovationszentrums Connected Living.
120
...
Nutrition
Coach
...
ENOCEAN
Security Suite
Energy
Manager
Media
Assistant
Consierge
ZIGBEE
KNX
EE BUS
App Stores
Media Suite
Devices
CONNECTED LIVING INNOVATION COMPETENT KIT
Body
sensors
Tread- Smart
mill
Bike
Smart
Washing
Lamp
Television
Meter
machine
Rules
Energy Suite
Assistants
Health Suite
...
MEDIA
Tools
ENERGY
Configuration
Projects
Sectors
Middleware Service
HEALTH
...
Figure 34: Connected Living Innovation Component Kit (CLICK) [25]
Its aim is to create an open, interoperable Smart Home Platform. For that purpose, CLICK
makes a toolbox with various components available for various target groups such as installers,
developers, users and providers (Figure 35). These tools provide simple access to all the functions of the home network, and make it easier to operate.
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WORKFLOW
Checks
HOME
ENVIRONMENT
Connected Living OS
CL-SDK
devices
Interaction
Publishes
HOME
CONTROL
CENTER
CL-RUNTIME
Design
develope
ASSISTANTS
AND RULES
CL STORE
USERS
Home specific
Interaction
HOME
VIEWER 3D
Home specific
Context model
DEVELOPER
applications
Checks and releases
Makes available
Context model
HOME
MODELLER
Interaction
INSTALLER
Provisional context model
Needs
CL-ADVISOR
Makes available
INSTALLER
Figure 35: Connected Living workflow [25]
The Connected Living Advisor helps the user to plan a customized Smart Home system based
on his own ideas and objectives, and indicates what steps are necessary for installation of the
system.
The Connected Living Home Modelling Tool facilitates configuration of the home environment for the Connected Living assistant. In a first step, the spaces in the dwelling are defined
with the home modeller. The configuration of the networked devices and their protocols follows
in a second step.
The Connected Living Home Use Rule Editor allows the user to create and monitor smart automation rules for the networked home environment. The editor is part of the Connected Living
home control centre and is based on the same intuitive interaction concept. With user-friendly
interaction techniques such as drag & drop, clear and comprehensible rules for automation of
recurrent processes can rapidly be established.
In the form of the Connected Living Software Development Kit (SDK), developers are provided with a guided introduction to programming of assistants for the Connected Living system.
By entering a few details at the start of the development, a customized project is launched with
a simple assistant whose functionality and interaction design can be expanded at any time. The
Connected Living SDK has an integrated connection with the Connected Living Store, and so
the user’s customized assistant can also be published with only a few clicks.
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The Connected Living Store constitutes a central platform of the provision of assistants and
rules. Developers can upload their newly created assistants and rules direct from the Connected
Living SDK to the Connected Living Store, where the assistants and rules are installed fully
automatically.
The store contains a smart media assistant and a cooking assistant, and also the Smart Home
Energy Assistant (SHEA) which facilitates monitoring and optimization of the household’s energy
consumption in the form of electricity, space heating and hot water, and the associated costs
and greenhouse gas emissions.
The Connected Living Home Control Centre provides the user with a central access point to
the networked home environment. A clearly structured user interface presents the connected
devices and offers intuitive configuration and control options. Apart from the devices, the home
control centre also shows the installed Connected Living assistants – the added value services
for the home environment.
With the bundling of CLICK to form a Connected Living system, the technological basis of the
Connected Living project has been sustainably strengthened. Future Connected Living projects
will benefit from these tools and software packages.
A.6 DALI
DALI stands for “Digital Addressable Lighting Interface” and is a control protocol for lighting systems based on IEC standards. The lighting systems have to be equipped with a DALI interface.
Communication is based on the DALI protocol and covers the exchange of information and
control messages. Each connected device is controlled via its DALI address. The bidirectional
exchange of information enables both the condition of a luminaire to be controlled and its status
to be polled. A DALI controller can control up to 64 devices, and can be used in building automation as a subsystem via DALI gateways.
A.7 DECT
DECT stands for “Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications”, and was originally developed for cordless phones. DECT is a promising standard for control and security systems based
on smartphones. It is a standard used worldwide, available in 110 countries. Frequencies around
1.9 GHz are used for radio transmissions, and modulation is by Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
(GFSK).
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With the distributed structure of DECT and the implemented automatic organization of the radio
channels, DECT systems are highly suitable for the establishment of small-scale cellular radio
networks. Large numbers of subscribers are also possible when several base stations are used,
with a change of base station taking place automatically within a multi-cell wireless network by
forwarding to a different cell.
A.8 DECT ULE
ULE stands for “Ultra Low Energy”, and is a new, extremely energy-saving wireless standard.
ULE is based on the long-established and reliable DECT standard.
Like DECT, ULE also operates in its own exclusive frequency ranges (1,880 – 1,900 MHz), thus
avoiding interference with other common wireless technologies (such as WLAN or Bluetooth).
With ULE, the DECT standard which is now used in millions of systems now has totally new
applications in the areas of home automation, security and air conditioning. Analysts see great
potential for growth in the new markets for home and building automation, as the technology has
a number of advantages over its competitors:
• Range of radio waves up to 50 m within buildings and up to 300 m outside
• Security from standard encryption and authentication
• Exclusive frequency range worldwide (110 countries)
• Extremely low power consumption in the microampere range
• Open, non-proprietary standard
• Conformity assessment ensures interoperability of devices from different suppliers
• The international industrial association “ULE Alliance”, based in Bern, was founded and
started work in 2013 to launch and popularize the ULE technology worldwide. The members
are well-known product manufacturers and semiconductor suppliers.
A.9 DLNA
Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) is an industrial association which has launched a certification programme for multimedia devices in the home. Various manufacturers (Samsung, Sony,
Intel, Panasonic, Microsoft, HP and others) have come together in the association to develop
guidelines for the interaction between multimedia equipment. The aim of the conformity as-sessment is to establish a non-proprietary definition of functionalities which can be used on var-ious
multimedia devices (see Figure 36). The certification programme draws on general stand-ards
such as http, Internet Protocol (IP), JPG, MPG and others for the presentation of pictures, video
and audio. These technologies are themselves subject to their own standardization pro-cedures
by various international bodies.
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DLNA is therefore neither a technology nor a standard in the classical sense. DLNA defines
guidelines which are necessary for conformity assessment.
DLNA Scheme
Digital Media
Controller or
Uploader, etc.
Wired or wireless
network connection
Digital Media
Server
Digital Media
Player or
Dowmloader or
Renderer, etc.
Camera
Television
Mobile
Laptop
Printer
Tablet
DMS
PDA
PDA
Mobile
Laptop
Wired or wireless
network connection
Figure 36: DLNA schematic [26]
A.10 EEBus
EEBus beschreibt ein offenes, standardisiertes und konsensorientiertes Vernetzungskonzept.
Startend mit der Verbindung von Smart Grid und Smart Consumern, entwickelt sich der Ansatz
über Smart Home und Smart Building zu einem ganzheitlichen Konzept für nahezu alle Smart
Devices. Der EEBus kann dabei als Framework für einen Customer Manager (CM) zur Überbrückung der Lücke zwischen High-Level (Energie) Management Systemen und Low-Level
Kommunikationstechnologien betrachtet werden. Er bietet eine einheitliche Schnittstelle für die
Einbeziehung von Geräten mit unterschiedlichen Kommunikationstechnologien.
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Figure 37: The EEBus concept [27]
In the EEBus concept, the Customer Manager has the function of implementing commands and
forwarding them to the devices, and coordinating their actions (e.g. ensuring that high energy
prices transmitted through the WAN lead to switching off or dimming of devices in the household or the use of energy profiles to save power). Its standard also covers those functional areas
which are relevant but do not yet exist, such as power measurement, load management and
price information. This requires standardized descriptions which indicate the way in which a
terminal device can take part in energy management. In addition, the standardization work by
the EEBus Initiative also covers requirements for application-specific interoperable communications. These and the additions to the corresponding standards which they necessitate are being
pursued in consultation with the organizations involved (e.g. KNX Association).
This will achieve a connectivity of devices from different manufacturers and with different interfaces, which are typically installed in networks. One fundamental assumption in the concept
is that there is generally no direct connection between the WAN and the devices in a home or
building.
EEBus acts as middleware supporting the bidirectional exchange of control and measurement
data between household appliances and power supply utilities. Expansion to incorporate further
established standards ensures the interoperability of devices with standardized interfaces.
EEBus can be used in many applications and in different fields. The functions which have been
created against the background of energy management use cases can also be applied in other
areas, such as building automation or convenience and security. In the final analysis, switching
devices on and off in response to energy needs is no different in its implementation than classical building automation. The difference is in the motivation for the action: in energy management
it takes place in response to macro-economic necessities, and in building automation as a result
of a desire on the part of the user.
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EEBus does not have a firm set of device types, but rather uses a set of characteristics to describe devices. This approach has the advantage of great flexibility in the definition of devices.
Any combinations of characteristics can thus be supported.
It should be noted that with EEBus a distinction can be made between pure data models for
communication and actual implementations. The data models and interfaces are completely
independent of the implementation, meaning that EEBus could also be implemented in JAVA
or any other programming language.
A.11 eNet
eNet is a radio system for Smart Home applications. The proprietary system was developed by
GIRA and JUNG in cooperation with INSTA. The system functions bidirectionally, so that sensors and actuators can exchange commands and status information. A frequency of 868.3 MHz
(ISM band) is used, and the transmission rate is 16.384 kBit/s.
The selected modulation method is FSK on the basis of the Manchester encoding. The topology
is freely selectable and up to 250 subscribers per installation can be included. An eNet server is
available for the system, with the aid of which extensive visualization via a browser in HTML5 (on
a PC, tablet or smartphone) is possible.
Fundamentally, however, the organizational form is decentralized and the transmitting cycle is
only 0.1 %/h. Connection of sensors and actuators takes place with simple teach-in mechanisms, and extensive parameterization for customization (e.g. time clocks, links, scenes, presence simulation, etc.) of the system is possible using the eNet server.
Furthermore, there is an opportunity to parameterize and service the system via the WAN or
control it remotely (LTE, UMTS, GSM, etc.).
The range of the system is standard for radio systems, at around 100 m in the open and 30 m
in buildings. There is however the opportunity in this system to extend the range with repeaters.
With the possible number of subscribers, up to 1000 individual channels and 100 scenes can
be implemented. The sensors are supplied with power by batteries and/or by energy harvesting
technology. Depending on the transmitting frequency, the battery life is between 2 and 8 years,
as the transmission power is 25 mW / < 0.1 %.
A special feature of this system is the ease of putting it into service, during which changes can
be made at any time without feedback effects between simple assignment using programming
keys and convenient PC configuration. This freedom is available from the smallest application to
full utilization of system capacity. eNet devices are available for flush mounting, surface moun-
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ting, rail mounting or recessed mounting in suspended ceilings.All the devices comply with VDE
and ESHG standards, and it is recommended to have them installed by a specialist electrician.
eNet permits integral planning for all applications (lighting, shutters, gates/doors, etc.).
A.12 EnOcean
EnOcean is a wireless communications technology for home and building automation. With the
use of energy harvesting methods, suitable components such as sensors and light switches can
be operated without external power supplies or batteries.
The basic principle of energy harvesting is that energy is produced in mechanical or thermal
processes, and can then be used for transmission of radio signals.
The development of this technology is being driven ahead by the EnOcean Alliance, founded by
a group of companies in 2008. The companies involved come from Europe and the USA (including EnOcean GmbH based in Oberhaching near Munich, Texas Instruments and MK Electric).
EnOcean is primarily controlled by Siemens.
The EnOcean technology is not as yet standardized. It can be made available under licence from
the EnOcean Alliance. The EnOcean Alliance is aiming at international standardization, especially
for wireless monitoring and control in the field of building automation.
The EnOcean protocol consists of six layers of the OSI reference model, and the session layer is
not defined.
A.13 Ethernet
Ethernet was originally designed for cable-based data networks (LANs), and specifies both the
software and the hardware components. Data are transmitted in the form of frames, and transmission speeds from 10 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet) through 1 Gbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet) up to 100 Gbit/s are achieved (see Table 6). The Ethernet technology is fundamentally that
of IEEE 802.3 standard, and specifies the physical layer and the data link layer of the OSI model
(layers 1 and 2). The standards of the DIN EN 50173 series specify the requirements for symmetrical copper and optical fibre cabling to support Ethernet (and other LAN types).
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Ethernet is the most widely used technology for local data networks and supports the use of
network protocols such as TCP/IP. Each network participant is unequivocally designated by a
MAC address, a 48 bit identifier code. It is ensured in this way that all the systems in the data
network have different addresses.
Table 6: Performance characteristics of selected Ethernet variants
Ethernet
Gross data
Max. range
Transmission
[variants]
transmission rate
[m]
medium
[bit/s]
100 Base-TX
100 Mbit/s
[type]
100
Symmetrical copper
cable CAT5
100 Base-FX
100 Mbit/s
400/2000
Multimode/Single mode
glass fibre cable
1000 Base-T/TX
1 Gbit/s
100
Symmetrical copper
cable CAT5e/CAT6
1000 Base-SX/LX
1 Gbit/s
550/2000
Multimode/Single mode
glass fibre cable
1 Gbase-T
10 Gbit/s
100
Symmetrical copper
cable CAT6A/CAT7
10 Gbase-LX4
10 Gbit/s
300/10000
Multimode/Single mode
glass fibre cable
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A.14 G.hn
Under the working title of G.hn, ITU-T has been working since 2009 on compiling recommendations for data transfer in the home. In the meantime, these have been adopted as ITU G.9960
(Architecture and Physical Layer), G.9961 (Data Link Layer) and further Recommendations. G.hn
facilitates data rates of up to one Gbit/s, not only via media such as coaxial cable, twisted pair
copper cable or power lines, but also via optical transmission lines. With its universal orientation,
the technology offers significant potential for future-proof new installations, and especially for the
use of existing infrastructure. G.hn is therefore also referred to as Gigabit Home Net-working.
Non-system
domain services
Every medium
Non-system
domain services
Every medium
Bridge to non-system domain
Bridge to non-system domain
Inter-domain bridge (logical function)
Inter-domain bridge (logical function)
Domain 1
Network
node
Domain 2
Network
node
Network
node
Domain
master
Network
node
Inter-domain bridge (logical function)
Network
node
Network
node
Network
node
Network
node
Network Domain
node
master
Network
node
Domain3
Domain
master
Global master (logical function)
Figure 38: G.hn
A G.hn network consists of a maximum of 250 nodes which are connected by a medium. These
are grouped together to form a domain and coordinated by a domain master. An extract from
the architecture is shown in Figure 38. Media access is via TDMA and is optimized by the master by the variable assignment of time slots. The exchange of information can take place directly
(P2P, P2MP for multicast) and indirectly via a further node. In centralized mode, all communications are implemented through the domain master. If a G.hn node has several interfaces it can
belong to several domains and not only act as the bridge between various media, but also establish the connection to other networks such as internet or WLAN.
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The end-to-end encryption based on AES-128 provides for security in the home network. Furthermore, authentication to ITU-T X.1035 and key management are supported. Priority and parameter-based QoS, detection of neighbouring networks and reduction of interference ensure
optimized performance with energy-efficient operation. G.hn complies with the Code of Conduct
of the European Union. G.hn has been expanded with TR-069 for remote maintenance via IP
networks.
G.hn uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) modulation. With its variable parameters, OFDM can be optimally adapted to suit all media, ambient conditions and national
regulations. A comparison of selected parameters can be found in Table 7.
Table 7: Transmission profiles
Medium
Bandwidth/MHz
Carrier number
Carrier spacing/kHz
Coaxial cable
50, 100
256, 512
195,3125
Telephone line
50, 100
1024, 2048
48,828125
Power line
25, 50, 100
1024, 2048, 4096
24,4140625
Optical
100, 200
512, 1024
195,3125
For coaxial lines, apart from the basic band, additional ranges of 350-2850 MHz are defined for
50-200 MHz bandwidth. In the form of G.hn lite, there is a low complexity profile available for
power lines at 25 MHz. Notches in the spectrum take account of requirements for EMC, etc. In
return, the number or capacity of the carriers is reduced. The Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM) used for the individual carriers can be adjusted by selection of high or lower variants to
accommodate these restrictions and match the linearity and signal to noise ratio of the channel.
G.hn supports 4096-QAM with up to 12 bits per carrier.
The G.hn activities of ITU are supported by the Homegrid Forum (http://www.homegridforum.org).
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A.15 HGI Smart Home Task Force and SWEX
The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) focuses on description of the architecture and interfaces for
modular access technologies between broadband and home networks (home gateways). This
description takes the form of requirements which are to be regarded as de facto standards for
home gateways. The core of the standards is the bridge between WAN, LAN and WLAN (Home
Gateway Technical Requirements: Residential Profile). Furthermore, requirements are specified
for the Remote Management QoS and its testability. A further important standard is the definition of a modular Software Execution Environment (SWEX) which makes the home gateway an
execution instance for software which is loadable in runtime. Once a year, test events are organized for which HGI members are invited to demonstrate the compliance of their products.
In the Smart Home context, the HGI Smart Home Task Force is working on the expansion of the
HGI architecture to facilitate the connection of further network technologies to the home gateway, the provision of a Device Abstraction Layer for technology-independent control of devices
in the home environment by applications, services and user interfaces, and the implementation
of M2M communication (ETSI M2M). In that way, HGI intends to upgrade the home gateway for
the domains of Home Energy Management (HEM), Ambient Assisted Living/eHealth, Alarms
and Security, Comfort and Media / NG Communications. The SWEX will take on the Device
Abstraction Layer in its architecture and extend the SWEX compliance tests.
A.16 iBeacon
iBeacon was introduced by Apple as a proprietary standard in 2013, in order to facilitate navigation in enclosed spaces. iBeacon is based on Bluetooth Low Energy, and is implemented for
iOS7 and above, and for the present Android devices. iBeacon enables devices with Bluetooth
switched on to determine their approximate position in the room on the basis of short signals
from permanently installed transmitters, and to provide functions specific to that location on the
basis of the transmitter’s UUID.
A.17 IP500
IP500 is a wireless standard for smart devices in buildings, with a special focus on security and
reliability. The IP500 Alliance, which has defined and developed the standard, is composed of
international market leaders in the fields of fire protection, access control and alarm systems.
The IP500 standard is not only a communications protocol, but also a holistic solution. In order
to comply with standards relevant to safety such as DIN EN 54-25 or DIN EN 50131-5-3 and
VdS certification requirements, special actions have been taken on all levels of communication to
implement reliable, robust, secure and energy-efficient communications.
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On the network level, various network services on Deployment, Session Key Management,
BACnet Management, Monitoring etc. ensure that all devices communicate with one another
securely and interoperably, and that only permissible devices may take part in communications.
All communications are necessarily encrypted, with AES128 in wireless networks and Ipsec in
wired networks. All network services can be hosted on any devices outside the wireless network. Asynchronous meshing is used as the network topology (see Figure 39), in order on the
one hand to increase reliability and on the other hand to minimize the cost of communications.
Figure 39: Example of a meshed IP500® network structure with network services
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IP500 combines several internationally recognized standards and adds mechanisms which
serve the aims of the IP500 Alliance. The IP500 standard is based on IEEE 802.15.4-2006 with
O-QPSK modulation. The IEEE standard operates in sub-GHz frequency bands which are specified for short range devices (SRDs) and differ from region to region. The IP500 standard provides not only the highest performance (data rate) but also the greatest penetration and therefore range within buildings. Stipulation of a single type of modulation ensures interoperability
on the radio level. IEEE 802.15.4 also defines the participants in the wireless network, Reduced
Function Devices (RFD), Full Function Devices (FFD) and Edge Routers (ER). The latter serve as a
management instance and provide for the transition into other networks, such as LANs.
Module Application
BACnet Presentation Layer
UDP
ICMP
IPv6
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Transport Layer
Routing
Network Layer
6LowPAN
Forwarding
Link Layer
802.15.4 MAC
802.15.4 PHY
Physical Layer
Figure 40: IP500® Module Protocol Stack
IP500 uses IPv6 (see Figure 40), and is therefore future-proof. Each device has its own IPv6
address which provides for unique identification. To optimize communication in wireless networks, 6LowPAN is used, above all reducing the data generated by IPv6 to a minimum in order
to optimize transmission capacities.
On the application level, BACnet is implemented on each module. All device information has to
be encoded in BACnet. The exchange of information and control of devices take place by means
of BACnet Services. The BACnet Management Module in the network services starts communication centrally and ensures that all devices can be transparently integrated in the BACnet
installation.
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In order to make communications within BACnet interoperable, the IP500 Alliance has defined
an interoperability specification which stipulates mandatory functions and optional features to be
incorporated in BACnet. This information is then non-proprietary and therefore fully available to
all manufacturers. Furthermore, each device can receive any further BACnet information so that
manufacturers can implement additional features.
The IP500 standard therefore provides a turnkey solution for manufacturers of building automation products who wish to connect their products in an IP500 wireless network fully interoperably without any major development work.
A.18 KNX
The KNX standard was developed in 2002 on the technical basis of the EIB bus system (European Installation Bus, INSTABUS since 1990), EHS (European Home Systems) and BatiBUS,
and fulfils
• European standards (CENELEC EN 50090 and CEN EN 13321-1),
• International standards (ISO/IEC 14543-3),
• Chinese standards (GB/Z 20965) and
• US standards (ANSI/ASHRAE 135).
In this way, KNX is compatible with EIB devices. The communications protocol used by KNX
is open and may therefore be used by third party suppliers. KNX was developed to facilitate
connection of all the important systems in building services. Planning can then be conducted
integrally, encompassing all systems. All manufacturers have to have their devices certified so
that all devices are mutually compatible.
The KNX system consists of bus devices (sensors and actuators) and a bus which connects all
the devices for message traffic. Sensors detect physical variables, convert them into messages
(telegrams) and send the messages through the bus. The actuators convert the messages received into actions. It has now however become normal for most of the bus devices to have the
properties of both sensors and actuators. The KNX standard specifies the following transmission media: Twisted Pair (TP), Powerline (PLC), Radio Frequency (RF) and also IP/Ethernet (KNX/
netIP).
No central controller is required, as the control logic is stored in the bus devices (multi-master
system). The topology for installation of an EIB/KNX system was designed in such a way that the
system can be used both for single applications and for complex building control systems.
The facility for adding a “building server” as a bus device allows even extremely complex closed
loop control systems to be established.
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The topology of KNX divides the bus into line segments, lines and areas. Up to 64 bus devices
can be connected to one line segment. Line repeaters can be used to add 3 further line segments. That is then the maximum extent of a line. Line couplers can be used to connect up to 15
lines to form an area. Area couplers allow up to 15 areas to be connected together. This results
in a theoretical maximum number of 57,600 bus devices.
The bus devices are programmed by means of software which first permits allocation of a bus
device to its place in the bus topology (area, line, …). The Engineering Tool Software (ETS) is the
same for all of the over 300 manufacturers of bus devices. These manufacturers now supply
over 7,000 certified product groups. In addition, a second assignment can provide information
on the physical location of the bus device (building elevation, floor, office, etc.). The control of
sensors/actuators can also be defined. This concept produces a highly flexible system suitable
for complex applications.
A.19 Connectivity KNX/TP
For the field of KNX / TP, there are already a large number of gateways available with which a
high level of connectivity is or will be possible.
Gateways are available for the following systems:
• BACNet
• DMX
• DALI
• M-BUS
• Various PLC gateways
• SMI
• TCP/IP
• ISDN
• UPnP
• OPC
• EEBus/Connected Living, in preparation
136
A.20 KNX/RF
KNX/RF has extended the open KNX standard to provide an opportunity to control components
by radio. The information is transmitted in FSK modulation at a frequency of 868.3 MHz. The
transmission power is 1-25 mW. KNX/RF supports devices which can only transmit and devices
which can both send and receive data. As devices which can only transmit data do not have to
be active all the time, they can be implemented in an energy-efficient manner and may only need
a battery for power supply. Devices which have to be ready to receive data at any time must as a
rule have a power pack.
The data rate is max. 16.4 kBit/s with a range of 100 m (in the open) and 30 m (in buildings). The
maximum number of devices is 57,600. Meshed networks are not possible. Project planning is
also in this case performed with the ETS.
A.21 LCN
The company name LCN stands for “Local Control Network”. The bus system consists of LCN
modules which are connected together by 4-wire lines, forming a distributed network. The modules are connected to the power supply lines of the individual devices and can thus collect data
on energy consumption. Together with PE, live and neutral conductors, a further conductor is
available which, together with the neutral wire, is used for data transmission.
When fitted with appropriate add-ons, the modules can function as sensors or actuators, and
can be connected in line, star or tree topologies. Up to 250 devices per segment are possible,
and up to 120 segments can be grouped together. Programming by PC or laptop can take place
at any module via an LCN coupler. A gateway provides for connection to a local network or the
internet.
A.22 LON
LON (Local Operating Network) is a standardized field bus which is mainly used in building
automation. The LON technology was developed by the Echelon Corporation and has been
implemented as an international standard since 2008 in the 14908 series. LON technology is
promoted and organized by LonMark International. The LON concept is based on the approach
of distributed automation, ensuring that information is processed locally wherever possible. The
central element of the hardware is the Neuron chip, which contains three 8-bit processors for
the functions of Media Access CPU (connection to the network), Network CPU (encoding and
decoding) and Applications CPU (user software). For unequivocal identification in the network,
each Neuron chip has a unique ID number (48 bits).The LON Talk protocol defines layers 2 to
7. For the lowest layer 1, various transceivers, for example radio and powerline, are available. In
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order to ensure communication with devices from different manufacturers, Standard Network
Variables Types are stipulated. LON can be incorporated in gateways via the OSGi framework.
A.23 M-Bus
The M-Bus is a standardized field bus for the collection of consumption data, and functions
either with cable or by radio. Cable transmission is serial through a two-wire line which is protected against polarity reversal, by means of which the connected meters (slaves) can also be
supplied.
One station in the bus system is stipulated as the master. Data transmission from the master to
the slaves is by modulation of the supply voltage (24 V / 36 V), while transmission to the master
is effected by modulation of the power consumption of the slaves. The maximum data transfer
rate is 9600 Baud. No particular topology is specified for the cabling. Up to 250 meters per segment can be connected. Larger systems can also be constructed when repeaters are used.
A.24 M2M
Machine to Machine (M2M) is a broad umbrella term for a series of technologies which enable
devices to communicate directly end-to-end, devices to be directly remote controlled by applications or management software, or devices to communicate by themselves with remote applications. The network technologies and communications protocols used are not specified in detail.
The origins of M2M can be traced back to applications in computer network automation, such
as telemetry applications or industrial control systems. With the appearance of mobile radio
networks, M2M became easier to implement, and it can be used at short notice or temporarily
and permits mobile or mobility-supporting applications. Typical applications can be found in the
fields of health monitoring, tracking of persons, goods or vehicles, measured value acquisition
from a wide range of sensor networks, industrial automation or Ambient Assisted Living.
The challenges for M2M in the home context are the automatic deployment and location of
de-vices in the home network and regulated and secure communications with the outside
world. That means in particular that communications protocols and standard interfaces have to
be used and in some cases created, making manual configuration superfluous and permitting
communication through home gateways (see also HGI: M2M Reference Point). ETSI has also
passed a series of specifications on requirements, architecture, security and management of
M2M communications, and in that context devoted closer attention to eHealth, Smart Energy
and automotive applications.
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A.25 NFC, RFID
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a collection of standards for wireless transmission of data
across short distances (a few centimetres) and at a maximum transmission rate of 424 kBit/s.
This technology is used, for instance, in the pairing of devices, for authentication and in mobile
payment systems. NFC is based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) standards and, as a
point to point network type, fulfils the criteria for a Personal Area Network (PAN).
Although NFC has a range of only a few centimetres, it is specialized in secure data transmission and represents an extension of RFID.
A.26 OGEMA
OGEMA (Open Energy Management Gateway) is an open software platform for energy management applications. The standard is publicly accessible as the OGEMA Application Programming Interface (API); all developers and manufacturers can implement their ideas on automated
and more efficient use of energy with the aid of software on the gateway platform.
The OGEMA framework represents a kind of operating system for energy management, which
enables it to execute software applications from various sources on a gateway computer. Furthermore, with the installation of corresponding software drivers, all the systems for home and
building automation can in principle be incorporated. The applications and communications
drivers are connected by data models which are defined in the OGEMA specification. The
OGEMA gateway acts as a firewall between the public and private communications systems and
contains an extensive rights management and monitoring system which limits access to the applications and drivers to the extent required and by doing so creates transparency for the users
and gains their confidence and trust.
Examples of applications which can be installed on the framework include creation of running
schedules and control of household consumers such as electric water heaters, dishwashers,
etc., to make use of low price phases in the variable tariffs of the future, and optimizing the station service consumption of PV systems. The connection of distributed generation facilities and
flexible loads in a virtual power plant is also possible. Other applications in office buildings, heating, air-conditioning and ventilation can be adjusted to suit the use of the premises. The suitability of the framework for these kinds of energy management applications has been demonstrated
in a series of Smart Grid field tests, and valuable findings made for their future development.
The Java-based API of the OGEMA framework with example source code is published on the
OGEMA Alliance website. The licence for OGEMA reference implementation allows the framework to be used for commercial applications and drivers without restriction. Certification is
re-quired if the OGEMA logo is to be used.
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A.27 openHAB
openHAB (Open Home Automation Bus) is a vendor-neutral, protocol-agnostic open source
hardware and software platform which integrates different bus systems, devices and communications protocols through so-called “bindings”.
The basis of openHAB is the OSGi-based runtime environment, which is expanded by the bindings required in the form of OSGi bundles. Communication, which is independent of manufacturer or technology, takes place via the openHAB Event Bus, which allows commands to be
sent and received, and status updates to be obtained. The “item repository” retains the current
states of the devices for access via user interfaces. The openHAB runtime is supplemented by
the automation logic, which also functions at the item repository and performs the definition and
monitoring of automation rules.
There are currently around 40 bus system, device, protocol and service bindings which range from support for individual luminaires through KNX or Bluetooth to cloud services such as
Drop-box or Google Calendar. There are also clients available for web browsers, Android or
iOS. openHAB is rounded off by the “openHAB Designer” which assists in configuration of the
runtime environment.
A.28 OSGi
OSGi (Open Services Gateway Initiative) is a specification for a Java-based software platform
which enables applications and services to be modulized (bundles), and dynamically deployed
and updated during runtime. The specification is maintained by the OSGi Alliance, an industry
consortium consisting of over 150 large and small businesses, and it is currently in its fifth published version.
The core specification is supplemented by the OSGi Compendium, which specifies further useful extensions to the core functionality to standardize the handling of issues such as logging,
remote access and administration, various network technologies, configuration, and so on.
There are various commercial, open source and differently featured implementations of the
specification (OSGi frameworks) which are used in a variety of application domains, including
the automotive industry, building automation, residential (home) gateways, mobile devices, or
also as integrated development environments.
In the Smart Home field, the OSGi Residential Expert Group deals with the creation and updating of specifications for functionalities and interfaces which benefit the handling of devices and
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the networks encountered in the home environment, including for instance a device abstraction
layer or resource monitoring and management. The ZigBee API is specified for communication
by OSGi applications with ZigBee devices. The UPnP standard is already supported in the core.
A.29 SafetyLON
SafetyLON makes the properties and benefits of LON usable for safety-oriented applications in
building automation. LON is used in various industrial applications, but predominantly in building
automation applications, ranging from small to very large buildings, including residential buildings. SafetyLON complies with the SIL 3 standard of IEC 61508, and therefore constitutes a
system with which technical systems which can present hazards to people, the environment or
assets can be operated.
The SafetyLON protocol has a variable data length of up to 228 bytes (EIA 709 / EN 14908). The
residual error probability per event is less than 10-9. The entire sent message is only processed
when the data integrity of the relevant part of the message has been confirmed in both safety
chips and the address has been found to be correct.
The SafetyLON hardware uses a 1oo2 (one out of two) structure, consisting of an EIA 709 chip
as the standard LON communications processor and two safety chips. The integrity of the I/O
hardware is constantly tested, and in this way it is ensured that the hardware is functioning correctly when a secure message is sent or received or when a secure input or output is used.
Specific commissioning and parameterization methods, based on the standard tools from Echelon,
are used for SafetyLON.
A.30 TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a family of network products on which communication in the internet is based. The
abbreviation standards for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
TCP/IP forms a framework for computer network protocols. Communication between subscribers
in the network is facilitated by defined network protocols. These stipulate how the data are formatted, transmitted, forwarded and received.
TCP/IP makes communication between any participants in the network possible.
The Transmission Control Protocol handles data flow control for communication, is responsible
for data security, and determines the action to be taken on loss of data.
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Under TCP, the data flow is split up and provided with a header. The individual data packets are
then reassembled correctly at the receiver.
The Internet Protocol regulates the addressing and relaying of the data packets in the network.
Each device in the network has its individual IP address. In IPv4, this consists of 4 bytes, which
are separated by dots. In IPv6 there are 16 bytes, in which 2 bytes are represented by 4 hexadecimal numbers and the 8 x 2 bytes are separated by colons.
The TCP/IP protocol consists of the following four layers:
• Application Layer: This covers various protocols such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(http) for transmission of data in the network, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for transmission of files via IP networks between the server and client, and the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) for sending of emails.
• Transport Layer: The Transport Layer supports the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
• Network Layer: The Network Layer regulates the correct delivery of the data packets as ad
dressed by IP, and has a decisive influence on the routing.
• Data Link Layer: Among other functions, the Data Link Layer stipulates channel access
mechanisms. These are required for the transmission of the data packets with IP addresses.
A.31 UpnP
Universal Plug & Play (UPnP) is a collection of standards from the UPnP Forum for description
of network-capable devices and the protocols for their control. The UPnP world consists of devices which offer their services and control points, user interfaces or other programs which use
those services. Building on established internet standards such as IP, UDP, TCP, http, SOAP and
XML, protocols for the location of devices and their services in the home network (SSDP – Simple Service Discovery Protocol), for monitoring and control of the devices (SOAP – Simple Object
Access Protocol) and for sending of change notifications (“eventing” with the aid of General
Event Notification Architecture – GENA) are defined.
The standards are essentially independent of manufacturers, application domains or physical
transmission media, but define mechanisms for extension. Standard device types define necessary services from those devices and are constantly developed by the UPnP Forum Working
Committees. The most widespread standards to date are those for audio and video equipment
(UPnP AV Architecture), both for devices that provide multimedia content and those that display
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or play that content. Other organizations such as DLNA base their standards on the UPnP Device Architecture and UPnP AV.
The work of the following Working Committees is especially interesting for the Smart Home
market:
• E-Health & Sensors Working Committee (EHS): works on data models and interfaces of
sensors for interoperability with health information systems.
• Home Energy Management and Smart Grid (HEMS): revises and expands existing and
new device specifications and protocols to enable them for the development of Smart Grid
applications. Apart from the technical standards, the work also focuses on strategic and
marketing aspects.
• Home Automation and Security Working Committee (AUTOMATION): has developed
standards for device types such as security cameras, lighting systems, shutters, heating,
ventilation and air conditioning systems. Further specifications for home security systems
and for the control of power generation systems are pending.
Selected UPnP standards have been adopted by the International Standards Organization
(ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and published as part of the
ISO/IEC 29341 x series of standards.
A.32 WLAN(Wi-Fi)
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is the designation of a local wireless network which complies with the IEEE 802.11 standard and is notable for high data rates and data security, and in
relation to WPAN higher transmission power and correspondingly greater range (see Table 8).
WiFi certification ensures interoperability between all IEEE 802.11-based devices.
The OFDM modulation method is used for the wireless transmission of data. Frequencies
around 2.4 GHz or in the range of approx. 5.2 – 5.7 GHz are used for communication. The
max-imum gross transmission rates range from 11 Mbit/s (Standard 802.11b) through 54 Mbit/s
(802.11 a, g and h) to 600 Mbit/s (802.11n).
As the radio transmission can be read by third parties, encryption of the data is necessary. This
is specified in the security standard IEEE 802.11i, and a high degree of security is achieved by
AES encryption.
Depending on the area of application and the hardware installed, WLAN systems can be operated in different modes. In the infrastructure mode, a wireless access point or a wireless router
coordinates the clients, while in ad hoc mode all devices are peers, allowing local networks with
a small number of devices to be established relatively simply.
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Table 8: Data throughput and ranges of various WLAN standards
WLAN
Gross data
Typical data
Range under
[variants]
transmission rate
throughput
laboratory conditions
[bit/s]
[bit/s]
[m]
802.11
2 Mbit/s
1 Mbit/s
≤ 100 m
802.11a
54 Mbit/s
23 Mbit/s
≤ 120 m
802.11b
11 Mbit/s
4 Mbit/s
≤ 140 m
802.11g
54 Mbit/s
20 Mbit/s
≤ 140 m
802.11n
300 – 600 Mbit/s
120 – 300 Mbit/s
≤ 250 m
A.33 X10 X10 (protocol)
X10 is a power line based home networking protocol which, for example, enables simple
switching processes to be performed through the existing home installation by remote control.
Communication is by means of control signals at 120 kHz, which – to avoid interference such as
occurs with leading edge dimmers – are only transmitted during the mains voltage zeroes. There
are also wireless systems for X10.
A.34 ZigBee
ZigBee is a standard for wireless networks which was developed by the ZigBee Alliance and
is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee is especially interesting for home and energy
management because it supports the corresponding application profiles for communication
be-tween high level devices. These profiles are ZigBee Home Automation and ZigBee Smart
Ener-gy.
ZigBee is designed for short range radio communication (up to 100 m) and works in the ISM
frequency band (Industrial, Scientific and Medical band) and in the sub-GHz range. The data
rate is in the range of 20 to 250 kBit/s.
Low-cost implementation means that ZigBee is widespread in wireless control and monitoring
applications.
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The ZigBee protocol defined by the ZigBee Alliance deals with the upper layers of the transmission protocol, while the two lower layers are defined by IEEE 802.15.4.
The ZigBee protocol consists of the following layers:
• Application Layer: The main functions of the application layer are locating devices and
defining the roles of devices within the network, and stipulating the services supported. It
manages the mapping table for the connection between two devices with the corresponding services and enquiries, and the forwarding of messages between devices. The complete
description of a device with all characteristics and properties can be found there.
• Network Layer: The network layer regulates the structure and adaptation of the network
and the allocation of network addresses, and is responsible for the security of the frames to
be transmitted and the routing of frames in the network.
• IEEE 802.15.4 Data Link Layer: The data link layer controls channel access and regulates
data transmission and synchronization.
• IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer: The following frequency ranges can be set by the physical
layer: 868 MHz for the European area, 915 MHz for the USA and Australia, and the ISM
frequency of 2.4 GHz for worldwide operation.
A.35 Z-Wave
Z-Wave is a wireless communications standard which was designed especially for home automation and energy management. The standard was developed by the Z-Wave Alliance and the
Danish company Zen-Sys, which was taken over by Sigma Designs in 2008.
The Alliance includes many well-known manufacturers who are predominantly interested in
product and protocol standardization.
Z-Wave is not an open standard, but manufacturer-related. That means that only Sigma Designs
implements the stack, which avoids compatibility problems but rules out open access.
Z-Wave works in the ISM band in the area around 900 MHz (868.42 MHz in Europe and 908.42
MHz in the USA) and uses Gaussian FSK for modulation. It is designed for semi-duplex operation and for reliable transmission of short messages from a central node to other nodes in the
network. The system was developed for short ranges. In the open, these extend to approx. 200 m,
while they are typically around 30 m in buildings.
The transmission rate, at 9.6 kBit/s or 40 kBit/s, is significantly below the maximum achievable
data rate of ZigBee.
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The Z-Wave protocol consists of the following five layers:
• Application Layer: The application layer controls the implementation of commands and
responses in the command classes on which communication in the Z-Wave network is
based.
• Routing Layer: The routing layer serves to monitor the network topology and update the
routing list, and regulates the routing of frames between the nodes.
• Transport Layer: The transport layer regulates the exchange of data and the return of signals
between nodes, and employs parity checks and acknowledgements to ensure secure and
error-free data transfer.
• MAC Layer: The MAC layer regulates channel access by monitoring of the frequency band
used, and is responsible for avoiding packet collisions.
• Physical Layer: The ISM band around 900 MHz is used (868.42 MHz in Europe). The type of
modulation is Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK).
Distinctions are made between the following frames for the transmission of commands in the
network:
• Singlecast Frame: Transmission to a particular node, where acknowledgement is possible.
• Acknowledgement Frame: Acknowledgement only or no acknowledgement.
• Multicast Frame: Transmission to several nodes.
• Broadcast Frame: Transmission to all nodes in the network.
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APPENDIX B: STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
FOR SMART HOME + BUILDING
The standards and specifications listed in this Appendix are sorted by the applicable Smart
Home domains. These lists are not to be regarded as exhaustive; it is an aim of standardization
activities to close the gaps, and additions to existing standards are always part of that work.
B.1 Safety Domain
The existing standards in the field of alarm and surveillance systems include, but are not limited
to, the following:
Table 9: Standards – Alarm and surveillance systems
National standard
Title
DIN VDE V 0826-1;
Surveillance systems - Part 1: Hazard warning system for use in
VDE V 0826-1:2013-09
residential buildings, apartments and rooms with similar purposes - Planning, installation, operation, maintenance, devices and
system requirements
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DIN EN 50136-1
Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems and equipment -
(VDE 0830-5-1):2012-08
Part 1: General requirements for alarm transmission systems
DIN EN 50134-3
Alarm systems - Social alarm systems - Part 3: Local unit and
(VDE 0830-4-3):2012-11
controller
Alarm systems - Social alarm systems - Part 3: Local unit and controller
Table 10: Standards in the field of intrusion
National standard
Title
DIN EN 50130-4
Alarm systems - Part 4: Electromagnetic compatibility - Product
(VDE 0830-1-4):2015-04
family standard: Immunity requirements for components of fire,
intruder, hold up, CCTV, access control and social alarm systems
DIN EN 50130-5
Alarm systems - Part 5: Environmental test methods
(VDE 0830-1-5):2012-02
DIN EN 50131-1
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 1:
(VDE 0830-2-1):2010-02
System requirements
DIN CLC/TS 50131-7
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 7:
(VDE V 0830-2-7):2011-06
Application guidelines
E DIN EN 50131-9
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 9:
(VDE 0830-2-9):2010-06
Alarm verification - Methods and principles
DIN EN 50131-10
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 10:
(VDE 0830-2-10):2015-03
Applica-tion specific requirements for Supervised Premises
Transceiver (SPT)
DIN CLC/TS 50131-11
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 11:
(VDE V 0830-2-11):2013-05
Hold-up devices
DIN EN 50131-6
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 6:
(VDE 0830-2-6):2015-03
Power supplies
DIN EN 50131-4
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 4:
(VDE 0830-2-4):2010-02
Warning devices
DIN EN 50131-5-3
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 5-3:
(VDE 0830-2-5-3):2009-06
Requirements for interconnections equipment using radio
frequency techniques
DIN CLC/TS 50131-5-4
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 5-4:
(VDE V 0830-2-5-4):2013-05
System compatibility testing for I&HAS equipments located in
supervised premises
DIN EN 50131-3
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 3:
(VDE 0830-2-3):2010-02
Control and indicating equipment
DIN CLC/TS 50398
Alarm systems - Combined and integrated alarm systems -
(VDE V 0830-6-398):2010-04
General requirements
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DIN EN 50131-2-2
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-2:
(VDE 0830-2-2-2):2008-09
Intrusion detectors - Passive infrared detectors
DIN EN 50131-2-3
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-3:
(VDE 0830-2-2-3):2009-05
Requirements for microwave detectors
DIN EN 50131-2-4
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-4:
(VDE 0830-2-2-4):2008-10
Requirements for combined passive infrared and microwave detectors
DIN EN 50131-2-5
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-5:
(VDE 0830-2-2-5):2009-05
Requirements for combined passive infrared and ultrasonic detectors
DIN EN 50131-2-6
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-6:
(VDE 0830-2-2-6):2009-05
Opening contacts (magnetic)
DIN EN 50131-2-7-1
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-7-1:
(VDE 0830-2-2-71):2014-10
Intrusion detectors - Glass break detectors (acoustic)
E DIN EN 50131-2-7-2
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-7-2:
(VDE 0830-2-2-72):2014-10
Intrusion detectors - Glass break detectors (passive)
E DIN EN 50131-2-7-3
Alarm systems - Intrusion and hold-up systems - Part 2-7-3:
(VDE 0830-2-2-73):2014-10
Intrusion detectors - Glass break detectors (active)
DIN EN 50132-5-2
Alarm systems - CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
(VDE 0830-7-5-2):2012-11
applications - Part 5-2: IP Video Transmission Protocols
DIN EN 50132-5-3
Alarm systems - CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
(VDE 0830-7-5-3):2013-02
applications - Part 5-3: Video transmission - Analogue and digital
video transmission
DIN EN 50132-5-1
Alarm systems - CCTV surveillance systems for use in security
(VDE 0830-7-5-1):2012-11
applications - Part 5-1: Video transmission - General video transmission performance requirements
DIN EN 62676-1-1
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-11):2014-11
Part 1-1: System requirements - General (IEC 62676-1-1:2013)
DIN EN 62676-2-1
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-21):2014-11
Part 2-1: Video transmission protocols - General requirements
(IEC 62676-2-1:2013)
DIN EN 62676-2-2
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-22):2014-11
Part 2-2: Video transmission protocols - IP interoperability implementation based on HTTP and REST services (IEC 62676-2-2:2013)
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DIN EN 62676-2-3
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-23):2014-11
Part 2-3: Video transmission protocols - IP interoperability implementation based on Web services (IEC 62676-2-3:2013)
DIN EN 62676-1-2
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-12):2014-11
Part 1-2: System requirements - Performance requirements for
video transmission (IEC 62676-1-2:2013)
DIN EN 50136-2
Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems and equipment -
(VDE 0830-5-2):2014-08
Part 2: Requirements for Supervised Premises Transceiver (SPT)
DIN EN 50136-1
Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems and equipment -
(VDE 0830-5-1):2012-08
Part 1: General requirements for alarm transmission systems
DIN EN 50136-3
Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems and equipment -
(VDE 0830-5-3):2014-08
Part 3: Requirements for Receiving Centre Transceiver (RCT)
DIN CLC/TS 50136-4
Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems and equipment -
(VDE V 0830-5-4):2005-07
Part 4: Annunciation equipment used in alarm receiving centres
DIN CLC/TS 50136-7
Alarm systems - Alarm transmission systems and equipment -
(VDE V 0830-5-7):2005-07
Part 7: Application guidelines
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B.2 Entertainment Domain
The existing standards in the field of entertainment include, but are not limited to, the following:
Table 11: Standards – Entertainment
National standard
Title
DIN EN 62481-1:2014-09
Digital living network alliance (DLNA) home networked device
interoperability guidelines - Part 1: Architecture and protocols
(IEC 62481-1:2013); English version EN 62481-1:2014
DIN EN 62481-2:2015-03
Digital living network alliance (DLNA) home networked device
interoperability guidelines - Part 2: DLNA media formats
(IEC 62481-2:2013); English version EN 62481-2:2014
DIN EN 62481-3:2015-01
Digital living network alliance (DLNA) home networked
device interoperability guidelines - Part 3: Link protection
(IEC 62481-3:2013); English version EN 62481-3:2014
DIN EN 60065
Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus - Safety require-
(VDE 0860) ):2012-07
ments
DIN EN 55013
Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equip-
(VDE 0872-13):2013-11
ment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of
measurement
DIN EN 55020
Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated
(VDE 0872-20):2007-09
equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and methods
of measurement
DIN EN 61305-x
Household high-fidelity audio equipment and systems - Methods
of measuring and specifying the performance
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B.3 Health/AAL/Wellbeing Domain
The existing standards in the field of medicine include, but are not limited to, the following:
Table 12: Standards – Medical equipment
National standard
Title
DIN EN 60601-1-2
Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-2: General requirements
(VDE 0750-1-2):2011-07
for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral standard:
Electromagnetic disturbances - Requirements and tests
(IEC 60601-1-2:2014)
DIN EN 60601-1-11
Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-11: General requirements
(VDE 0750-1-11):2011-03
for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral Standard:
Requirements for medical electrical equipment and medical
electrical systems used in the home healthcare environment
(IEC 60601-1-11:2015)
Existing standards from medical technology which are taken into account in AAL activities:
Table 13: Standards on medical technology taken into account in AAL activities
National standard
Title
DIN EN 80001-1
Application of risk management for IT-networks incorporating
(VDE 0756-1):2011-11
medical devices - Part 1: Roles, responsibilities and activities
(IEC 80001-1:2010)
DIN EN 60601-1-2
Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-2: General requirements
(VDE 0750-1-2):2007-12
for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral standard:
Electromagnetic disturbances - Requirements and tests
(IEC 60601-1-2:2014)
DIN EN 60601-1-11
Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-11: General requirements
(VDE 0750-1-11):2014-9
for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral Standard:
Re-quirements for medical electrical equipment and medical
electrical systems used in the home healthcare environment
(IEC 60601-1-11:2015)
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Existing standards in the field of social alarms which are taken into account in AAL activities:
Table 14: Standards on social alarms taken into account in AAL activities
National standard
Title
DIN VDE 0833
Alarm systems for fire, intrusion and hold-up
(VDE 0833)
DIN VDE 0834
Call systems in hospitals, nursing homes and similar institutions
(VDE 0834)
DIN VDE 0826
Surveillance systems
(VDE 0826)
DIN EN 50134
Alarm systems - Social alarm systems
(VDE 0830)
Existing Application Guides
Table 15: Application Guides – AAL
Application Guide
Title
VDE-AR-E 2757-1 :2013-05
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) – Terms and
definitions
VDE-AR-E 2757-2:2011-08
Staying at home service - Requirements for
suppliers of combined services
VDE-AR-E 2757-3:2012-01
Staying at home service - Criteria for the
selection and installation of AAL components
VDE-AR-E 2757-4:2012-01
Staying at home service - Quality criteria for
providers, services and products of Ambient
Assisted Living (AAL)
VDE-AR-M 3756-1:2009-10
Quality management for telemonitoring in
medical applications
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B.4 Energy Management Domain
Smart Metering
DLMS – Device Language Message Specification
DLMS is an international series of standards which is administered by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and covers automatic meter reading with end-users. The specification is developed by the DLMS User Association, an international consortium of companies
with over 60 members and the Working Groups IEC/TC 57 WG 09, IEC/TC 13 WG 14 and
CEN/TC 294 WG 2.
DLMS defines various transmission protocols and “communications objects” for electricity,
gas, water and heating meters and makes stipulations for the application level. This layering in
accordance with the OSI model fundamentally permits transmission via any network transmission
protocols.
DLMS also provides for connection of meters using the M-Bus protocol. All in all, therefore, the
standard is suitable for local communications, communications with meters (primary level) and
remote transmission of consumption data (tertiary level).
Meters are already available from various manufacturers. The standards in this context are as
follows:
National standard
Title
DIN EN 61334-4-41:1997-09
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems Part 4: Data communication protocols; Section 41:
Application protocols; Distribution line message specification
(IEC 61334-4-41:1996)
DIN EN 61334-6:2001-05
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems Part 6: A-XDR encoding rule (IEC 61334-6:2000)
DIN EN 62056-21:2003-01
Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading, tariff
and load control - Part 21: Direct local data exchange
(IEC 62056-21:2002)
E DIN EN 62056-3-1
Electricity metering data exchange - The DLMS/COSEM suite -
(VDE 0418-6-3-1):2014-12
Part 3-1: Use of local area networks on twisted pair with carrier
signalling (IEC 62056-3-1:2013)
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DIN EN 62056-42:2003-01
Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading,
tariff and load control - Part 42: Physical layer services and
procedures for connection-oriented asynchronous data exchange
(IEC 62056-42:2002)
DIN EN 62056-46:2007-08
Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading, tariff
and load control - Part 46: Data link layer using HDLC-protocol
(IEC 62056-46:2002 + A1:2006)
DIN EN 62056-47:2007-06
Electricity metering - Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and
load control - Part 47: COSEM transport layers for IPv4 networks
(IEC 62056-47:2006)
DIN EN 62056-5-3:2014-09
Electricity metering data exchange - The DLMS/COSEM suite Part 5-3: DLMS/COSEM application layer (IEC 62056-5-3:2013);
English version EN 62056-5-3:2014
E DIN EN 62056-6-1:2014-10
Electricity metering data exchange - The DLMS/COSEM suite Part 6-1: Object Identification System (OBIS) (IEC 62056-6-1:2013);
English version EN 62056-6-1:2013
E DIN EN 62056-6-2:2014-10
Electricity metering data exchange - The DLMS/COSEM suite Part 6-2: COSEM interface classes (IEC 62056-6-2:2013); English
version EN 62056-6-2:2013
DIN EN 61334-6:2001-05
Distribution automation using distribution line carrier systems Part 6: A-XDR encoding rule (IEC 61334-6:2000)
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B.5 Standards and specifications for building services and
Smart Home in general
The existing standards in the field of interoperability include, but are not limited to, the following:
Table 17: Standards – Interoperability
National standard
Title
DIN EN 62676-2-2
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-22):2014-11
Part 2-2: Video transmission protocols - IP interoperability
implementation based on HTTP and REST services
(IEC 62676-2-2:2013)
DIN EN 62676-2-3
Video surveillance systems for use in security applications -
(VDE 0830-7-5-23):2014-11
Part 2-3: Video transmission protocols - IP interoperability
implementation based on Web services (IEC 62676-2-3:2013)
DIN EN 62457
Multimedia home networks - Home network communication protocol
over IP for multimedia household appliances (IEC 62457:2007)
DIN EN 62481-3:2015-01
Digital living network alliance (DLNA) home networked
device interoperability guidelines - Part 3: Link protection
(IEC 62481-3:2013); English version EN 62481-3:2014
International standard
Title
ISO/IEC 14543-x-y
The standards of the ISO/IEC 14543-x-y series support competing
products on the market and establish interoperability between the
various parts of the series (“x”).
ISO/IEC 18012-1:2004-02
Information technology – Home electronic system – Guidelines for
product interoperability – Part 1: Introduction
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The existing standards in the field of point to point connections and networks include, but are
not limited to, the following:
Table 18: Standards – Point to point connections and networks
National standard
Title
DIN EN 50173-4
Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Part 4: Homes
(VDE 0800-173-4):2013-04
DIN EN 50173-4
Information technology - Implementation of BCT applications using
Supplement 1:2011-06
cabling in accordance with EN 50173-4
DIN EN 50173-4
Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Part 4:
Supplement 2
Homes; Supplement 2: Home cabling infrastructures up to 50 m
(VDE 0800-173-4
in length to support simultaneous and non-simultaneous provision
Supplement 2):2013-04
of applications
DIN EN 50288
Multielement metallic cables used in analogue and digital
communication and control
158
DIN EN 60794
Optical fibre cables
DIN EN 60603-7
Connectors for electronic equipment - Part 7:
(VDE 0627-603-7:2012-08):
Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free and fixed
2012-08
connectors (IEC 60603-7:2008 + A1:2011)
DIN EN 50174-1
Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 1:
(VDE 0800-174-1):2015-02
Installation specification and quality assurance
DIN EN 50174-2
Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 2:
(VDE 0800-174-2):2015-02
Installation planning and practices inside buildings
DIN EN 50174-3
Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 3:
(VDE 0800-174-3):2014-05
Installation planning and practices outside buildings
The existing standards in the field of home electronic systems (HES) include, but are not limited
to, the following:
Table 19: Standards – Home Electronic Systems
International standard
Title
ISO/IEC TR 14543-4:2002
Information technology – Home Electronic System (HES)
architec-ture – Part 4: Home and building automation in a
mixed-use building
ISO/IEC 14543-2-1:2006
Information technology – Home Electronic Systems (HES)
architecture – Part 2-1: Introduction and device modularity
ISO/IEC 14543-3-2:2006
Information technology – Home Electronic Systems (HES)
architecture – Part 3-2: Communication layers – Transport,
network and general parts of data link layer for network based
control of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-3-3:2007
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 3-3: User process for network based
control of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-3-4:2007
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 3-4: System management – Management
procedures for network based control of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-3-5:2007
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 3-5: Media and media dependent layers –
Power line for network based control of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-3-6:2007
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 3-6: Media and media dependent layers –
Network based on HES Class 1, twisted pair
ISO/IEC 14543-3-7:2007
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 3-7: Media and media dependent layers –
Radio frequency for network based control of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-5-1:2010
IInformation technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 5-1: Intelligent grouping and resource
sharing for Class 2 and Class 3 – Core protocol
ISO/IEC 14543-5-4:2010
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 5-4: Intelligent grouping and resource
sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Device validation
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ISO/IEC 14543-4-2:2008
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 4-2: Communication layers – Transport,
network and general parts of data link layer for network
enhanced control devices of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-4-1:2008
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 4-1: Communication layers – Application
layer for network enhanced control devices of HES Class 1
ISO/IEC 14543-5-3:2012
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 5-3: Intelligent grouping and resource
sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Basic application
ISO/IEC 14543-5-21:2012
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 5-21: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing
for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Application profile – AV profile
ISO/IEC 14543-5-5:2012
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 5-5: Intelligent grouping and resource
sharing for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Device type
ISO/IEC 14543-5-22:2010
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Part 5-22: Intelligent grouping and resource sharing
for HES Class 2 and Class 3 – Application profile – File profile
ISO/IEC 14543-5-6:2012
Information technology – Home electronic system (HES)
architecture – Intelligent grouping and resource sharing for HES
Class 2 and Class 3 – Part 5-6: Service type
ISO/IEC 14543-3-10
Information technology – Home Electronic Systems (HES)
architecture – Part 3-10: Wireless Short-Packet (WSP) protocol
optimized for energy harvesting – Architecture and lower layer
protocols
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The existing standards in the field of Home and Building Electronic Systems include, but are not
limited to, the following:
Table 20: Standards – Home and Building Electronic Systems
National standard
Title
DIN EN 50090-1
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 1:
(VDE 0829-1):2011-12
Standardization structure
DIN EN 50090-3-1:1995-04
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 3-1:
Aspects of application; introduction to the application structure
DIN EN 50090-3-2:2004-09
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 3-2:
Aspects of application - User process for HBES Class 1
DIN EN 50090-3-3:2009-09
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 3-3:
Aspects of application - HBES Interworking model and common
HBES data types; English version EN 50090-3-3:2009
DIN EN 50090-4-1:2004-06
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 4-1:
Media independent layers - Application layer for HBES Class 1
DIN EN 50090-4-2:2004-07
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 4-2:
Media independent layers - Transport layer, network layer and
general parts of data link layer for HBES Class 1
DIN EN 50090-4-3
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 4-3:
(VDE 0829-4-3):2015-02
Media independent layers - Communication over IP (EN 13321-2)
DIN EN 50090-5-1:2005-06
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 5-1:
Media and media dependent layers - Power line for HBES Class 1
DIN EN 50090-5-2:2004-09
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 5-2:
Media and media dependent layers - Network based on HBES
Class 1, Twisted Pair
DIN EN 50090-5-3:2007-06
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 5-3:
Media and media dependent layers - Radio Frequency for
HBES Class 1
DIN EN 50090-7-1:2004-09
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 7-1:
System management - Management procedures
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DIN EN 50090-8
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 8:
(VDE 0829-8):2001-04
Conformity assessment of products
DIN EN 50090-9-1
Home and Building Electronic Systems (HBES) - Part 9-1:
(VDE 0829-9-1):2004-11
Installation requirements - Generic cabling for HBES Class 1
Twisted Pair
DIN EN 50491-2
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems
(VDE 0849-2):2011-01
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) Part 2: Environmental conditions
DIN EN 50491-3
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems
(VDE 0849-3):2010-03
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) Part 3: Electrical safety requirements
DIN EN 50491-4-1
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems
(VDE 0849-4-1):2012-11:
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) -
2012-11
Part 4-1: General functional safety requirements for products
intended to be integrated in Building Electronic Systems (HBES)
and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)
DIN EN 50491-5-1
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems
(VDE 0849-5-1):2010-11
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) Part 5-1: EMC requirements, conditions and test set-up
DIN EN 50491-5-2
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems
(VDE 0849-5-2):2010-11
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) Part 5-2: EMC requirements for HBES/BACS used in residential,
commercial and light industry environment
DIN EN 50491-5-3
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Systems
(VDE 0849-5-3):2010-11
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS) Part 5-3: EMC requirements for HBES/BACS used in industry
environment
DIN EN 50491-6-1
General requirements for Home and Building Electronic Sys-tems
(VDE 0849-6-1):2014-10
(HBES) and Building Automation and Control Sys-tems (BACS) Part 6-1: HBES installations - Installation and plan-ning
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B.6 Mandates – Smart Home
There is no separate mandate for the field of “Smart Home + Building” as yet, but some of the
areas involved have already been addressed in previous mandates.
Examples of these include the following:
• M/490 Standardization mandate to support European Smart Grid deployment (final report:
http://www.cenelec.eu/aboutcenelec/whatwedo/technologysectors/smartgrids.html)
• M/487 Standardization mandate in the field of security standards (security and interoperability)
• M/480 Standardisation mandate for the elaboration and adoption of standards for a methodology calculating the integrated energy performance of buildings and promoting the energy
efficiency of buildings, in accordance with the terms set in the recast of the Directive on the
energy performance of buildings (2010/31/EU)
• M/468 Standardisation concerning the charging of electric vehicles
• M/441 Standardisation Mandate in the field of measuring instruments for the development
of an open architecture for utility meters involving communication protocols enabling interoperability (Smart Metering)
• M/403 Standardisation mandate in the field of Information and Communication Technologies
• M/331 Standardisation mandate in support of digital TV and interactive services
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APPENDIX C: TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Term
Definition
Specific to Smart Home
Smart Home
A Smart Home is an intelligent network of components, devices and
systems in a flat, a house or an office with a central control unit, a
mobile human-machine interface and an interface with a Wide Area
Network (WAN) for remote control from the outside and for remote
maintenance.
Smart Home Domain
In the light of the variety of possible networks in a building, these
are conveniently divided into Smart Home domains such as Energy
Management, Entertainment, Safety/Security, Health/AAL and
Building Automation.
User Story
A user story is a description in purely textual form of a Smart
Home application which usually spans several domains, from
the point of view of the user.
Use Case
A use case is a specific application or workflow from the point of
view of an “actor”, which can be a human being, system, device
or function. A user story as defined above can be represented
formally as one or more use cases grouped together.
Use Case Repository
A use case repository is a database in which use cases, described in standardized form, are accessible and their comparability
is made easier. The compaction by which generic use cases are
established takes place there.
Use Case Sequence
A sequence diagram is the graphical representation of functions
Diagram
and data, communication partners and flow directions in a use
case.
Smart Home System
A Smart Home architecture is a logical arrangement of the func-
Architecture
tions in hardware or software which are necessary to implement
a Smart Home as defined above. It is proprietary when it is only
suitable for the products or systems from a single company or
group of companies. It is open when it is based on standards and
specifications and permits competing means of establishing compatibility and developing.
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System Architecture in the
M/490 is the standardization mandate for Smart Grids. In the
European Mandate M/490
course of that work, the interface to the home and the necessary
system architecture for energy and load management in the home
were defined. This architecture is also suitable for applications in
the non-energy domains.
Interoperability
Interoperability is a fundamental requirement for the networked
components, devices or systems in a Smart Home. The European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defines interoperability as the ability of systems, devices, applications or components to function together, and to exchange and use resources and
information. An ETSI report differentiates between types of interoperability as follows: protocol interoperability, service interoperability,
application interoperability and interoperability from the user’s point
of view.
Protocol/Interface
In the case of interoperability from the protocol or interface point
Interoperability
of view, the focus is on the communications interface between the
distributed systems or components, all of the aspects of which
(protocol, data, services, etc.) are defined. The form in which this
is made available to an application – directly or encapsulated in
the form of software function blocks – is not necessarily stipulated
here. Each of the distributed systems (or components) can therefore have a completely different internal architecture and nevertheless be interoperable.
Application Interoperability
In the case of interoperability from the application point of view,
communication in distributed systems is as a rule encapsulated by
software function libraries which are made available to the application in the form of a stable and well defined API. If various systems
can be addressed by that API, it is known as middleware. The
middleware used ensures that all the communications interfaces
involved (protocol, data and services) are well defined and can be
used in a uniform manner.
Information Security
Information security primarily ensures the confidentiality, integrity
and availability of information during collection, storage, pro-cessing, transmission and output.
As a secondary objective, information security provides evidence
of authenticity and origin, and ensures the privacy of information or
communications. Information security ensures that information is
protected, violations of security are detected, and rapid reaction to
security incidents is possible. The information security measures
are suitable for maintaining data protection.
166
Data security
The aim of data security in Smart Home devices is the technical
implementation of measures for data protection to protect the
personal rights of individuals.
Plug & Play
The plug & play capability of a device can be divided into four
technical phases:
Addressing, i.e. the device has a unique address
Discovery, i.e. the device makes itself known in the network
Description, i.e. the capabilities of the device are known in the
network
Control, i.e. the capabilities of the device can be used from the
outside
Plug & Play requirements must be defined from the market point
of view, as the breadth of possible plug & play functionalities in the
Smart Home is very large.
Standardization
Standardization
Standardization is the systematic achievement of uniformity of
material and non-material objects performed jointly in consensus
by interested groups, for the benefit of the general public.
(DIN 820-3:2010-07)
Specification
Specification is the stipulation of technical rules without necessarily involving all the interested parties and without any obligation to
involve the public. In the German standardization strategy, specification work is distinguished from standardization, which is based
on a full consensus.
A specification contains the results of that work and reflects the
state of the art. If public objection proceedings have been performed, it can adopt the status of the “generally accepted state of
the art”. Specifications include, for example, the VDE Application
Guides and DIN SPECs.
VDE Application Guide
A VDE Application Guide is a specification as defined above. It is
the result of specification work which groups findings together with
recommendations and requirements for specific areas of application. The VDE Application Guides are compiled by DKE Working
Groups or other VDE committees, and are part of the VDE Regulations.
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White Paper on
The White Paper is a compilation of the currently valid standards
Standardization
and specifications and the technologies used in the Smart Home
field, and is the point of departure for a standardization roadmap.
Standardization Roadmap
The Standardization Roadmap Smart Home + Building is based
Smart Home + Building
on the White Paper and describes the activities required to close
gaps in standardization which have become apparent from the
user stories and use cases considered relevant to the customers.
Vademecum on European
The Vademecum compiles key documents from the European
Standardization
Commission on European standardisation policy and related
practice. It provides guidance without having legal status.
Inspection and Conformity Assessment
Tests and Inspection
A test is the examination of the characteristics of a device or
- Definition
system on the basis of defined requirements. Inspection is a sequence of defined tests in accordance with a set of standardized
requirements which is classified as complete.
Tests and Inspection
Inspections and tests in the field of Smart Home are performed on
- Requirements
the basis of requirements which are to be individually defined and
agreed. Together with compliance with specifications, interface
standards and safety requirements, the interoperability of components, devices and systems must be ensured.
For Smart Home as a networked system with an internet connection, additional account has to be taken of information and data
security, functional safety and data protection.
168
Tests and Inspection
Interoperability:
- Procedures
A standardized test suite runs through the use cases developed
from user stories on the devices or systems to be inspected. A
test interface is used to test the conformity and interoperability of
communications processes (protocol, data and services).
Information and data security:
The required security and protection measures in the devices and
systems are tested and assessed in a test procedure based on
security standards. The inspection methods include document
checks, visual examination, laboratory tests and weakness tests.
Conformity Assessment
Conformity assessment is defined in the international standard
ISO/IEC 17000:2004, “Conformity assessment - Vocabulary and
general principles” as a “demonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person or body are
fulfilled”.
Conformity assessment is of special importance in Europe in the
regulated area in the assessment of products for compliance with
the requirements of an EU Directive. EU Directives under the terms
of Article 95 of the EC Treaty for the Internal Market set out minimum safety requirements for numerous products which have to be
fulfilled by the manufacturer.
Manufacturers have to demonstrate by means of a conformity
assessment procedure that they have complied with the fundamental safety requirements set down in the Directive or Directives.
The conformity assessment procedure must be performed by the
manufacturer for each product before it is first put on the market.
At the end, the manufacturer issues an EC Declaration of Conformity for the product, declaring that the product conforms with
the requirements of the relevant Directive(s).
Only in the sector of medical products is there the special requirement that not only the product safety has to be demonstrated, but
also the medical and technical performance of the medical products as stated by the manufacturer as a medical indication in the
product literature including advertising.
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Certification
Certification is a process by which compliance with certain requirements is demonstrated. Certification is part of the process
of conformity assessment. Certification is often issued with a time
limit by independent certification bodies such as DQS, TÜV VDE or
DEKRA, and monitored against either independent or proprietary
standards.
Certification platform
A certification platform is the totality of resources and regulations
which are necessary to arrive at the performance of inspection
and certification on the basis of stipulated criteria.
Certification programme
A certification programme contains a set of rules to facilitate
in-spections and certifications on the basis of previously defined
criteria.
Certification process
A process (as part of a certification programme) which a component, device or system has to pass in order to be certified and
obtain a certification mark.
Certification mark/
Graphical or textual marks on products, machines or vehicles
Test mark
which indicate conformity with certain safety or quality criteria are
known as certification marks or test marks. Depending on the
object concerned, they are applied after a single test or recurrent
tests. Certification marks are an integral part of the designation of
goods. They are applied as required by law or voluntarily by the
manufacturer.
One of the best known certification marks in Germany is the TÜV
sticker applied to motor vehicles following the statutory inspection,
or the GS mark for “tested safety”.
Standardization Organizations
CEN
The European Committee for Standardization is a private, non-
http://www.cen.eu/
profit organization whose mission it is to promote European
industry in global trading, ensure the wellbeing of citizens and
promote environmental protection. This is to be done with the aid
of an efficient infrastructure for the development, management and
distribution of coherent standards and specifications throughout
Europe which are accessible to all interested parties. CEN is one
of the three major standardization organizations in Europe.
170
CENELEC
The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization is
http://www.cenelec.eu/
one of the three major standardization organizations in Europe.
CENELEC is responsible for European standardization in the field
of electrical engineering. Together with ETSI (standardization in the
field of telecommunications) and CEN (standardization in all other
technical areas), CENELEC forms the European system of technical standardization.
ETSI
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute is one of
http://www.etsi.org/
the three major standardization organizations in Europe. ETSI is
a non-profit institute aimed at creating uniform specifications for
telecommunications in Europe. It was founded at the initiative of
the European Commission in 1988. The institute has 655 members from over 50 countries, including network operators, service
providers, governmental organizations, users and manufacturers.
It is based in Sophia Antipolis near Nice in France.
ISO
The International Organization for Standardization is the interna-
http://www.iso.org/
tional association of standardization organizations and compiles
international standards in all areas with the exception of electronics and electrical engineering, for which the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is responsible, and telecommunications, for which the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
is responsible. Together, these three organizations make up the
World Standards Cooperation (WSC).
IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission is an international
http://www.iec.ch/
standardization organization based in Geneva and responsible for
standards in the electrical and electronics fields. Some standards
are developed jointly with ISO.
IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a global
http://www.ieee.org/
professional association of engineers in the electrical and IT fields,
based in New York City. It organizes conferences, publishes various professional journals, and forms committees for the standardization of technologies, hardware and software.
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LITERATURHINWEISE
[1] The German Standardization Roadmap
[8] DIN EN 61508-7 (VDE 0803-7): 2011-
E-Energy/Smart Grids - Version 2 [on-
02, Functional safety of electri-cal/elec-
line]. Avail-able at https://www.vde.com/
tronic/programmable electronic safety-
en/dke/std/documents/nr_smart%20
related systems - Part 7: Overview of
grid_v2_en.pdf
techniques and measures
[2] R. Glasberg, N. Feldner. Band 1
Studienreihe zur Heimvernetzung
(IEC 61508-7:2010)
[9] DKE: Muss bei der funktionalen Sicher-
Konsumentennutzen und persönlicher
heit auch die IT-Sicherheit beachtet
Komfort. Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe
werden? http://www.dke.de/de/DKE-
8 “Service- und verbraucher-freundliche
Arbeit/MitteilungenzurNormungsar-
IT” zum dritten nationalen IT-Gipfel
beit/2011/Seiten/Erreichungderfunktio-
2008 [online]. Available at https://
nalenSicherheit.aspx
www.bitkom.org/Publikationen/2008/
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Studie_Konsumentennutzen.pdf
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THE GERMAN STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP SMART HOME + BUILDING – VERSION 2.0
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