Exam 3 Study Guide
Intrinsic motivation
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Doing something for the inherent enjoyment or personal satisfaction
Extrinsic Motivation
 Driven external rewards like money or grades
1. Drives
2. Instincts
 A species-specific pattern of behavior that is not learned
3. Motivations
Drive Theory
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Lack of homeostasis leads to psychological needs
Homeostasis
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Tendency to maintain a balance or optimal level within a bio system
Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory
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In homeostasis until drive(hunger) kicks in and then one gets motivation to fulfill
need(goes to restaurant)
Yerkes Dodson Law
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Master’s and Johnson
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Sexual Response Cycle
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As arousal increases (theres excitement, a plateau, orgasm, and the resolution)
Universal Emotions
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Theories of Emotions and associated Theories
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Commonsense: I tremble bc I feel afraid (stim-conscious feeling-autonomic arousal)
James-lange: I feel afraid bc I tremble(stim-autonomic arousal-conscious feeling)
Cannon-Bard: the dog makes mee tremble and feel afraid(stimulus- subcortical brain
activity-produces both conscious feeling and autonomic arousal)
Schachter:I label my trembling as fear bc I appraise the situation as dangerous(stimulusautonomic arousal- appraisal-conscious feeling)
Eating Disorders:
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Anorexia: sig low body weight, fear of weight gain
o Restricting type: fasting diet, excess exercise
o Binge eating/purging: recurrent episodes within three months
Bulimia: recurrent binge eating, loss of control and more than avg intake in 2 hr period,
min.once a wk, 3 months
o contributing factors
 temperament: inborn personality traits like impulsivity increase chances of
ED
 genetics
 environmental: cultural norms, food poverty
 malnutrition: diet culture, fat phobia
Body dysmorphia: preoccupy with flaws in physical appearance that are unobservable to others,
repitive behavior like mirror checking, distress to adl, appearance preoccupy not better explained
through concerns with body fat
Sex: bio traits that society associates with being m or f
Gender: cultural meanings attached to being masc or fem which influences personal
identities(man, nonbinary, woman etc)
Sexuality: sexual attraction, practices that may not align with sex and gender
Gender Dysphoria: marked by incongruence btwn experienced gender and assigned gender
 children: dislike of sexual anatomy, strongly prefer opp. Gen. playmates,
 adults: more abt the feeling ex. Woman exploring masculine clothes
Parts of the brain involved in emotion
Parts of the brain responsible for sexual motivation and sexual response cycle
Sensation: process of receiving info via our five senses
Perception: process of interpreting info acquired by 5 senses
Absolute Threshold: weakest amount of a stimuli that a person can detect half the time
Top-Down: previous experience and expectations are first used to recognize stimuli
Bottom-up Processing: we sense basic features of stimuli and then integrate them
Perception Principles:
Closure: will perceive complete circle or shape rather than fragments
Stroop Effect:
Muller lyer illusion
Gestalt Principles:
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Similarity: grouping according to similarity
Proximity: perceive different shapes bc of closeness of dots
Figure/Ground:visual relationship btwn background and image(optical illusion)
Imaginary cliff experiment: appraisal, baby looked for reactions to evaluate danger, if should go
over the fake cliff or not
Sense related disorders (not in DSM): Synesthesia: condition when info meant to stim one sense
stimulates multiple; pairing are for life ex. Graphemes: words have color
Sensory Processing Disorder: senses don’t get organized into appropriate responses; sensory
overload, used to figure out other disorders like adhd
Hallucinogen Persisting Disorder:(in dsm) after doing lsd, shrooms, dmt, elongated trip (telopsia:
perceive objects farther than reality)
Role of senses in processing
Memory: sets of processes used to encode, store and retrieve information
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Encoding: input of memory into memory system
Storage: creation of permanent record of info
Retrieval: act of getting info out of memory and back into conscious awareness
Short Term: a temp storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
Long Term: the continuous storage of info
Types of Encoding:
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Automatic processing: encoding of details like time space and frequency
Effortful processing: work and att. to encode info
Semantic Encoding: encoding of words and their meanings
Visual Encoding: encoding of image
Acoustic Encoding: sounds and words
Process of encoding:
Sensory input- sensory memory(info not transferred is lost)- Short term memory(information is
not transferred is lost)-Long term memory
Causes of encoding failure
Types of Long Term Memory:
Implicit: Procedural(how to do things), Priming(stim exposure affects responses to a later
stim),Emotional Conditioning(classically conditioned emotional responses)
Explicit: Episodic(events and experiences), Semantic(concepts and facts)
Parts of the brain involved in memory
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Amygdala:in temporal lobe, processing and consolidating memory
Hippocampus: long term memory formation, and formulation of location based memories
Flashbulb Memory
Principles of Primacy and Recency: we remember first, and last things said best
Types of Amnesia:
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Anterograde: cant remember new but remember things prior to injury
Retrograde: loss of memory for events before trauma
Types of Memory Devices: elaborative rehearsal: use imagery, put info in own words, space out
learning
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Chunking: breaking things into categorizing
Pneumonic devices
False Memories: memory can be altered overtime
Sleep Cycle and stages of sleep:
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Stage1: up to 10 minutes (btwn wakefulness and sleep “I never fell asleep”
Stage 2: 10-25 min eyes roll side to side, sleep spindles, body temp drop
Stage 3:20-40 min, deepest stage, delta waves appear, sleepwalking, difficult to awaken
Stage 4: 5-60 min, rem sleep, dreaming, paralyze limbs, and temp+ waves
Types of Brain waves in sleep cycles:
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Beta wave: awake and high freq and low amplitude
Alpha: higher amp than beta (early stage one)
Theta: lower freq and higher amp(late stage 1)
Sleep spindles: rapid brain wave pulses(interrupt stage 2 theta)
K complex: high amp pattern of brain activity(stage 2)
Delta waves: low freq. and highest amp of sleep(stage 3)
Rem sleep- similar to beta
Circadian Rythmn and the role of light and the brain
Sleep Debt: amount of sleep we should get – amount of sleep we actually get
Effects of sleep deprivation: cognitive impairment, irritability, memory loss, hallucinations, adhd
sympt, risk of hd, obesity, diabetes, impair immune, decrease temp, tremors, aches
Theories of Sleep:
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Inactivity theory: night inactivity is an adaptation for survival to avoid nighttime
predators
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Energy Conservation Theory: reduction of energy metabolism bc of lower body temp and
decrease in calorie demand
Restorative Theory: major restorative functions in the body occur mostly or only while
sleeping
Brain Plasticity: sleep correlation to changes in the structure of brain
Theories of Dreaming:
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Freuds wish fulfillment: psychic safety valve for unacceptable urges
Info Processing: help us sort out days events and consolidate memories
Physiological Function: rem sleep may help preserve and devlelop neuro pathways
Activation-synthesis: a lot of neural activity that evokes random visual memories and our
brain waves weave these into stories
Cognitive development: dream content reflecting cog dev.their knowledge and
understanding
Sleep Disorders
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Sleep-wake disorder: insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy,
breathing-related sleep disorder, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder, non-rem sleep
arousal , nightmare disorder, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless leg syndrome,
substance/medication induced sleep disorder
Chronic insomnia disorder:
o atleast one:falling asleep, staying asleep, waking up too early
o one asoc. Problem: fatigue, att., impaired social performance, mood disturbance,
daytime sleepiness, reduced motivation, clumsy, sleep dissatisfaction
o atleast 3 months
Ideopathic Hypersomnia
o Chronic sleepiness affecting adl
o Prolonged nightime sleep(not refreshed)
o Daytime napping
o Severe sleep inertia
o Brain fog
Types of parasomnias
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Disorders from nonrem sleep (confusional arousals, sleep walking, sleep terrors)
Disorders with rem sleep(rem sleep behavioral disorder, reoccurring sleep paralysis,
nightmare disorder)
Other parasomnias: sleep enuresis, sleep related groaning, sleep ed, exploding head
syndrome, sleep related dissoc disorder
Unique features of social psychology:
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Focus on social movements involves thinking of each individuals mentality v whole
Interactions btwn ppl
Thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by social situations
Intrapersonal topics: emotions attitutdes, self and social cog
Interpersonal:helping behavior, racism, group process
Situationism: the view that our behavior and actions are determined by immed. Environment and
surroundings(social psych)
Dispositionism: the view that our behavior is determined by internal factors (attribute of a person
such as personality traits and temperament).
Areas outside of psychology where social psychology can be applied
-think relationships and interactions
Fundamental Attribution Error: tendency to overemohasize internal factors for behavior of other
ppl and underestimate power of situation
Locus of Control
Self Serving Bias
Just World Hypothesis
Social Roles, Norms and Scripts
Zimbardo, Milgram, Asch
Prison Experiment
Obedience Study
Asch Conformity Study
Persuasion
Foot in the door
Conformity, compliance, obedience
Group Think, Social Facilitation, Social Loafing
Prejudice
Discrimination
Stereotype
Self fulfilling Prophecy
Confirmation Bias
Ingroups
Outgroups
Bystander Effect
For Essay Questions:
Have an understanding of ethical research codes and how they apply to the studies we have
discussed in class
Be able to identify the various mechanisms at work within a group ‘s actions
Be able to discuss the effects of sleep on the brain
-brain unable to perform tasks as well
- cognitive impairment, irritability, memory loss, hallucinations, adhd sympt, risk of hd, obesity,
diabetes, impair immune, decrease temp, tremors, aches
how a person is impacted by disruption during specific stages
stage one: may not know they fell asleep
stage 2:
stage 3: very hard to wake or disturb
4: rem rebound to makeup for disturbance
how parasomnias impact the individual
-hard to get good sleep, disrupt those around you, dangerous bc of unaware of surroundings,
psychological stress, and the same affects as lack of sleep