REVIEWER IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON (FINAL
EXAM)
EMPIRICAL TRUTH- Established by sense experience.
STATEMENTS AND BELIEFS- Bearers of truth.
PUBLIC TRUTH- Can be known, in principle, by everyone.
A POSTERIORI TRUTH- Can be known only after some relevant experience.
RATIONAL TRUTH- Established by reason.
SUBJECTIVE TRUTH- Dependent by attitudes, preferences, or interests of a person or a group of persons.
NECESSARY TRUTH- True in all possible situations.
ANALYTICAL TRUTH- Does not extend knowledge.
UNIVERSAL TRUTH-
Acknowledge to be true by everyone.
OBJECTIVE TRUTH- Independent of the attitudes, preferences, or interests of a person or a group of persons.
CONTINGENT TRUTH- True only in some particular situations.
SYNTHETIC TRUTH- Extends knowledge.
RELATIVE TRUTH- Acknowledge to be true only by some people.
PRIVATE TRUTH- Can be known only by the person who has the belief or makes the statements.
A PRIORI TRUTH- Can be known before any relevant experience.
CERTAIN TRUTH- Arrived at through deductive reasoning.
PROBABLE TRUTH- Arrived at through inductive reasoning.
1. BEARERS OF TRUTH
a. Statements
b. Beliefs
2. KINDS OF TRUTH
a. Rational Truth VS Empirical Truth
b. A Priori VS A Posteriori Truths
c. Objective Truth VS Subjective Truth
d. Universal Truth VS Relative Truth
e. Public Truth VS Private Truth
f. Contingent Truth VS Necessary Truth
g. Certain Truth VS Probable Truth
THREE COMMON MEANINGS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. PHILOSOPHY refers to ideas, views, principles, perspectives, or beliefs.
2. PHILOSOPHY refers to the activity of reasoning.
3. PHILOSOPHY refers to an academic course or degree.
ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY- the term Philosophy is an English translation of the
Greek word philosophia, which means;
1. PHILO- “love”
2. SOPHIA- “wisdom”
THREE KINDS OF INFORMAL FALLACIES
1. FALLCY OF AMBIGUITY
2. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE
3. FALLACY OF PRESUMPTION
TWO ARGUMENTS OF PLATO FOR THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL
1. THE SOUL MUST BE IMMORTAL otherwise we can never explain the nature of knowledge as
recollection.
2. SOULS ARE IMMATERIAL (NONPHYSICAL) then they are not composed of parts.
14 SPECIFIC TYPES OF FALLACIES
FALLCY OF AMBIGUITY- (1) Fallacy of Equivocation
(2) Fallacy of Composition
(3) Fallacy of Division
FALLACY OF RELEVANCE- (1) Fallacy of Argument from Ignorance
(2) Fallacy of Appeal to inappropriate Authority
(3) Fallacy of Appeal to the Person
(4) Fallacy of Appeal to Pity
(5) Fallacy of Appeal to Popular Will
(6) Fallacy of Appeal to Force
FALLACY OF PRESUMPTIONS FALLACY OF PRESUMPTION- (1) Fallacy of Complex Question
(2) Fallacy of False Cause
(3) Fallacy of Begging the Question
(4) Fallacy of Accident
(5) Fallacy of Hasty Generalization
REVIEW THE FOLLOWING:
1. Discuss what framework questions are and why philosophical questions are regarded as framework
questions.
2. Explain why despite not providing definite answers to the questions that it deals with, philosophy
remains to be a valuable activity.
3. Explain why it is wrong to think that philosophy is a futile activity just because it does not directly
address our material needs.
4. Arguments used to claim that philosophy is a futile activity. Objections to these arguments.
5. Rene Descartes believes that animals do not have mind or not conscious.