Disagreement in attitude- Disagreement about preferences
Knowledge by acquaintance- Knowledge of familiar places or people
Propositional knowledge- Knowledge of something that is true or false
Observation- Used to check the truth of an empirical statement
Mystical experience- Usually a spiritual or religious experience
Merely verbal disagreement- Disagreement brought about by misunderstanding
Reasoning- Truth is being a part of a coherent system of belief
Practical knowledge- Knowledge of skills
Correspondence Theory- Truth is reference to a fact
Theories of truth- Ways of explaining the truth
Pragmatic Theory- Truth is what is beneficial to believe
Coherence theory- Used to check the coherence of the statements
Opinion- An unjustified claim that something is true
Methods of Truth- Ways of knowing the truth
Knowledge- Justified true belief
Intuition- A direct grasping of the truth
Disagreement in belief- Disagreement about facts.
A priori truth- Can be known before any relevant experience
A posteriori truth- Can be known only after some relevant experience
Empirical truth- Established by sense of experience.
Fallacies
Sound Deductive Argument
Informal fallacies
Reasoning
Formal fallacies
Premise
Weak Inductive Argument
Deductive Argument
Conclusion
Inductive Argument
Strong Inductive Argument
Valid Deductive Argument
Invalid Deductive Argument
Unsound Deductive Argument
Cogent Inductive Argument
Uncogent Inductive Argument
THE KINDS OF SOUL ACCORING TO ARISTOTLE
1. SOUL OF PLANTS- VEGETATIVE OR NUTRITIVE SOUL
- it enables plants to perform activities necessary for nourishment, growth, and
reproduction.
2. SOUL OF ANIMALS- SENSITIVE SOUL
- enables animals to perform the activities necessary for nourishment, growth,
reproduction, sensation, and locomotion.
3. SOUL OF HUMANS- RATIONAL SOUL
- enables animals to perform the activities necessary for nourishment, growth,
reproduction, sensation, locomotion, intelligence or rational thinking, and freedom
or free will.
TWO ARGUMENTS OF PLATO FOR THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL
1. THE SOUL MUST BE IMMORTAL OTHERWISE WE CAN NEVER EXPLAIN THE NATURE OF
KNOWLEDGE AS RECOLLECTION.
2. SOULS ARE IMMATERIAL (NONPHYSICAL) THEN THEY ARE NOT COMPOSED OF PARTS.
TWO KINDS OF FALLACIES
1. FORMAL FALLACIES
2. INFORMAL FALLACIES
THREE KINDS OF INFORMAL FALLACIES
1. FALLCY OF AMBIGUITY
2. FALLACY OF RELEVANCE
3. FALLACY OF PRESUMPTION
14 SPECIFIC TYPES OF FALLACIES
FALLCY OF AMBIGUITY- (1) Fallacy of Equivocation
(2) Fallacy of Composition
(3) Fallacy of Division
FALLACY OF RELEVANCE- (1) Fallacy of Argument from Ignorance
(2) Fallacy of Appeal to inappropriate Authority
(3) Fallacy of Appeal to the Person
(4) Fallacy of Appeal to Pity
(5) Fallacy of Appeal to Popular Will
(6) Fallacy of Appeal to Force
FALLACY OF PRESUMPTIONS FALLACY OF PRESUMPTION- (1) Fallacy of Complex Question
(2) Fallacy of False Cause
(3) Fallacy of Begging the Question
(4) Fallacy of Accident
(5) Fallacy of Hasty Generalization