Haramaya University
College of Health and Medical Science
MSc. in Occupational Health and Safety
Advanced Industrial Hygiene
• Dechasa. Adare (MSc.)
• dechasaadare@gmail.com
2023Academic year
1
Course objectives
 Describe the concept and principles
of industrial hygiene
 Discuss industrial hazards
(biological, chemical, physical,
ergonomic and safety)
 Explain basic modes of entry for
 Discuss hazard communication and
occupational limits
 Explain methods used for
assessment of workplace hazards
 Discuss the mechanism of
prevention of industrial hazards
occupational related hazards
2
Introduction
• Industrial Hygiene – the science of protecting the health and
safety of workers through:
 Anticipation,
 Recognition,
 Evaluation, and
 Control
• …of workplace conditions that may cause workers’ injury or
illness.
3
Cont…
 Industrial Hygiene: It the science and art devoted to: Anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of
environmental factors arising in the workplace which may
cause :Sickness
Impaired health and well-being
Significant discomfort
 Inefficiency among workers or among citizens in the
community.
• American Industrial Hygiene Association
4
Cont…
Industrial Hygienist as occupational safety and health professionals
concerned with the control of environmental stresses or occupational
health hazards.
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
5
6
History and Basis of Industrial Hygiene
 The first occupational injury
victim may well have been a by
cave man
 The development of civilized
society led to a division of labor
 During the middle ages, work
was primarily cottage industries,
and workers essentially protected
themselves.
In
1473
Ellenbog
published
about occupational diseases, and
In 1556 Agricola wrote a book
that
included
descriptions
of
injuries and sicknesses of miners
describing:Treatments
Preventions
7
Cont…
 In 1700 Bernardo Ramazzini
published
concerning
occupational diseases.
 A few other advances were made
in the 18th century (linkage of
cancer to chemical exposure)
 The industrial revolution altered
the nature of work and increased
the numbers of workers.
English Factory Acts of 1833
(Compensation
rather
than
safe
practices)
In the first decade of the 20th
century Alice Hamilton:Dedicated to the health and
welfare of workers
Identified hazards and
Raised
public
consciousness
about the safety of workers.
8
Cont…
 In first decade of 20th century
universities
began studies of in occupational
Governmental
Industrial
Hygienists organized
health
 Providing degree in industrial
hygiene (in 1918)
 The
In 1938, American Conference of
1930s;
advances
In 1939, American Industrial
Hygiene Association originated
in
promotion of worker safety
In 1966, the Metal and Nonmetal
Mine Safety Act created.
 The industrial hygiene profession formed
and gained recognition.
The Federal Coal Mine Health
and Safety Act of 1969
9
Scope of Industrial Hygiene
Recognition, Evaluation, and Control of hazards or
agents in the working environment
 Chemical Agents
 Dusts, mists, fumes, vapors,
gases
and
Insects, molds, yeasts, fungi,
bacteria, viruses
 Physical Agents
 Ionizing
Biological Agents
Ergonomic Agents
nonionizing
radiation, noise, vibration,
Fatigue, repetitive motion
and temperature extremes
10
Importance of an Effective Industrial Hygiene
 To prevent occupational injury and illness
 Allows safety professionals to scientifically quantify
worker occupational exposures
 Serve to identify, quantify, and prioritize workplace
hazards.
 Development of corrective measures to control health
hazards
 Improve productivity
11
Principles of Industrial Hygiene
• Five basic principles of industrial hygiene to prevent injury and
illness.
1. Anticipation
2. Recognition
Respect
hierarchy
of controls
5. Confirm
Exposure assessment of
•
Measurement strategy
Evaluation
Basics
IH
3. Evaluation
4. Control
•
Monitoring
•
Evaluation of the results
•
Report
Control
Identification
Identification of
risks
12
Steps for managing industrial hygiene
13
1. Anticipation of Health Hazards
 It is the first principle of industrial hygiene and essential to keeping
workplaces safe
 Typically requires a survey of workplace design, operations, processes,
work tasks, materials , worker population
 A current inventory and their MSDS are used to identify hazards.
 The hazardous properties can help to prioritize which hazards need to
be investigated.
14
2. Recognition of Health Hazards
 It is the second principle of industrial hygiene.
 It is important to recognize and understand the potential hazards in:
The work environment
Internal processes/operation
Job tasks
 It is important to understand occupational exposure limits or
restrictions for the hazardous products identified in inventory.
15
3. Evaluation of Exposure
 Used to evaluate the risk of exposure
Qualitative
 Monitoring should be done by a
analysis of data from monitoring is
qualified professionals.
 Monitoring address the exposure
level of workers during their work
and
quantitative
used to determine if exposure results
are
acceptable,
unacceptable,
or
uncertain.
activities.
 Used to determine exposures level
(above or below limits )
16
17
Evaluating the risk
 Evaluating the risk allows the H&S practitioner to determine the
answers to these questions:
o Is the particular risk from exposure acceptable?
o Does it meet regulatory requirements?
o Will it need controlling to make it healthy and safe?
o Are there special controls for this hazard?
o How much control is needed?
o What is the most effective control mechanism for this process?
18
4. Control over worker exposure
 Although people instinctively
 When hazardous exposure is
think of Personal Protective
determined to be unacceptable,
Equipment or PPE first, it should
controls
be the last control applied after:
need
to
be
 Elimination
implemented.
 The
should
hierarchy
be
decisions.
used
of
controls
to
guide
 Substitution
 Engineering controls
 Administrative control are
considered.
19
Implementing controls measures requires knowledge of:
o The hazard
o
o The degree of risk
o Routes of entry
o Various practicable control
Comparative effectiveness of
different control procedures
o
Costs of implementation
o
User acceptability over long
strategies (elimination,
periods
substitution, PPE etc)
o How much control is required
o
Any
social
impacts
of
implementing controls.
20
5. Confirmation of Control Measures
 This
step
importance
highlights
of
assessing
the
the
performance of:
 Maintaining data and reports
is also key to track and trend
 Hazard control measures
the success in measures to
 Subsequent worker exposures.
prevent
 Investigating existing or potential
issues and applying corrective
 Injury, illness, or
 Negative effects.
actions
21
Industrial Safety Elements And Strategies
 Three elements are responsible
for industrial health and safety
People/Industrial workers
Systems developed to run the
show
The working environment.
22
SAFETY’
 S – System development & working systematically: keys for success of any
safety campaign
 A – Attitude: Active participation, Awareness & Alertness are important to boost
safety
 F – Fundamentals: clear and strong foundation for safety yield desired results
 E – Experience of Past and Expert Advice leads to right approach
 T – Team Work, Training and Timely Accomplishments are mandatory for
success
 Y – You Means you, you – i.e. Participation By Everyone: From Top To Bottom
is a must.
23
Occupational diseases & Industrial Hygiene
Exposure to chemical, physical or biological
hazards can cause occupational diseases.
It can be acute or chronic (gradual or delayed)
reactions and are very diverse.
To avoid occupational diseases: The exposure should be prohibited, regulated,
restricted, limited or controlled by industrial hygiene
practices & IH-programs.
24
Industrial Health Hazards
25
Related terms
Hazard – the potential for something to cause harm– an
intrinsic property…
Risk – the likelihood of that hazard to actually cause
harm…
Risk
= likelihood of an
event
(Probability)
X
severity of
outcome
Industrial gains and adverse impacts.
Direct stockholders –
Industrial workers
Indirect stockholders –
those affected by the
industrial activities.
27
What leads to industrial hazards and what is the solutions ?
28
Industrial Health Hazards
Hazardous substances are substances that can have a harmful effect
on health
Biological
hazards
(Mold,
insects/pests,
communicable
diseases, etc.)
Safety hazards
(Slips, trips and
falls, faulty
equipment,
inappropriate
machine guarding
etc.)
Chemical & dust
hazards
Ergonomic
hazards
(Cleaning
products,
pesticides,
asbestos, etc.)
(Repetition,
lifting, awkward
postures, etc.)
Psychosocial
hazards:
Physical hazards
(stress,
violence, etc)
(Noise,
temperature
extremes,
radiation, etc.)
29
Industrial health hazards
 Immediate or acute reactions
 Shortness of breath or nausea
 Can be caused by a one-time event,
(e.g., a chemical spill).
 Gradual reactions
Delayed reactions or diseases
 Take a long time to develop
Lung cancer or loss of
hearing, can be caused by longterm exposure.
 Asthma or dermatitis (skin rashes)
Reactions can be noticed long
 Can get worse and persist when
after the job is over.
there is exposure over longer
periods
 Reactions tend to last for a longer
time
30
1. CHEMICAL HAZARD
CHEMICAL
HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
31
1. CHEMICAL HAZARD
Forms
• Chemical Hazards
 Dusts
 Mists

Solids

Liquids

Gases and vapors

Aerosols - dust, mist, fumes
Chemical
hazard
 Fumes
 Vapors
 Gases
Welding fumes
Spraying mist
32
Effects of chemical exposures:
Health Risk
Safety Risks
o Lung Damage
o Sterility
o Kidney Damage
o Burns
o Liver Damage
o Fire
o Explosion
o Corrosion
o Rashes
33
Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:
 Eye, nose, throat, upper
respiratory, skin irritation
 Difficulty breathing
Memory difficulties
Sleeplessness
Mental confusion
 Fatigue
 Loss of coordination
34
Types of health effects
 Acute
 Chronic
o Immediate
Delayed
o Short-term
Generally for years
o High concentration
Continuous; for long
i.e: H2S exposure within a
periods of time
confined space
i.e: Asbestosis
35
 Chemical effects can be:
 Local - at the site of
exposure
 Systemic:
o Affects the entire body
Local (direct) effects:
o Irritation (dryness, redness,
cracking)
o Corrosion (chemical burn) - acid
o Upper Respiratory Track
o Target organs - organs
Infection – inhaling particles
or systems where
symptoms of exposure
appear
36
Systemic effects:

Hepatotoxins
o
o
Cause liver damage
Carbon tetrachloride,
nitrosamines
 Neurotoxins
o Cause nerve damage
o Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
 Hematotoxins
o Cause blood system damage

Nephrotoxins
o
Cause kidney damage
o
Uranium, halogenated
hydrocarbons
o Carbon monoxide, cyanides
 Anesthetics
o Depress nervous system
o Hydrocarbons, propane, isopropyl
ethers
37
Factors affecting exposures
o
Form and chemical
o
Ability of chemical to be absorbed
o
Metabolism
Dosage, especially
o
Distribution within the body
dose-time relationship
o
Excretion
o
Exposure route
o
Presence of other chemicals
o
Age
o
Sex
activity
o
38
 A chemical is determined to be a
 The degree of worker
risk from exposure to
any given substance
depends on the:
factors:o Toxicity: how much of the substance is
required to cause harm
o Nature and potency of
o Route of exposure
o Dose
the toxic effects
o Magnitude
hazard depending on the following
and
duration of exposure.
o Duration
o Reaction and interaction: other
substances you are exposed
o Sensitivity: how your body reacts to the
substance compared to other people.
39
Toxicology
 The science that studies the poisonous or toxic properties of
substances
Toxic effects:

Dose
o
Concentration – amount
o
Duration of Exposure – time
40
Occupational Exposure Limits (Standards)
 OEL can be defined as the concentration of an air
contaminants and levels of physical agents to which an
employee can be safely exposed for an 8hr period in one
workday without any adverse health effects.
 Exposure limits are numerical values that indicate whether an
exposure may cause harm or not
 At best such values represent bench-marks, or
guides for
protection action.
8/30/2023
41
Maximal Allowable Concentration (MAC)
Peak or maximum concentration of an airborne to which
most workers could be safely exposed.
LD 50 - Dose lethal to 50% of test animals
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)-:
 Average concentration of a substance to which most workers
could be safely exposed over an 8 hr/day or 40 hr/wk
throughout a working lifetime
 Point at which toxicity first appears
 Occurs at the point where the body's
ability to detoxify or repair toxic injury
has been exceeded.
43
Cont…
• Exposure limit/ Threshold Limit Values (TLV) is the
concentration at which a large number of workers can tolerate
without adverse affects on health, even if repeated for
consecutive days.
Also called tolerance levels
• It is most widely used occupational limits
 For gases and vapors,TLV is stated as ppm/ m³ of surrounding
air
 For fumes,mists,and dusts as mg / m³ of surrounding air.
44
TLV is classified in three ways:
1. Time-weighted average (TLV-TWA)
14
exposure limit:
12
• The maximum average concentration
of a chemical in air for a normal 8hour working day and 40-hour week.
• Levels vary over the shift duration
• These limits protect from chronic
diseases
Exposure in PPM
PEL
10
8
6
T
4
2
0
8:00
AM
9:00
AM
10:00
AM
11:00
AM
12:00
PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
Time
45
Cont..
2. Ceiling exposure limit (TLV-C)
 Maximum exposure concentration
60
Ceiling
50
that should not be exceeded under
any circumstance/the work shift
Exposure
40
30
20
 These limits
protect from acute
disease or health effects
10
PEL
0
Time
46
3. Biological limit value (BLVs) or biological tolerance value :
 Is defined as the maximum permissible deviation from the norm of
biological parameters induced by these substances in exposed
humans.
 It can be biological exposure monitoring or biological effect
monitoring
 Can be defined as concentration or rates of formation or excretion
(quantity per unit time).
 BLVs are conceived as ceiling values for healthy individuals.
 Established for blood and urine
47
OEL reference periods
1. 8 hour reference period TLV-TWA –
•
The 8 hour TWA exposure to which it is believed the workers may be for
a working lifetime, without adverse effect
2. 15 minute reference period – called Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
•
The 15 minute TWA exposure that should not be exceeded at any time
during a work day, even if the 8 hour TWA is within the TLV-TWA.
–
•
Above the TLV-TWA but below the TLV-STEL
Should not occur more than 4 times a day, with 60 minutes at least
between successive exposures.
3. Ceiling (TLV-C) – the concentration that should not be exceeded during
any part of the working exposure.
48
Calculation of OEL
• The approach used to set OELs
was based on the:– "no-observed-effectlevel/safety factor“(NOEL/SF)
approach
• NOEL: No-observed-effect-level
 The highest dose that did not
cause an effect in the most
sensitive health endpoint
The LOEL (lowest-observed effectlevel):
 Is the lowest dose that causes an
effect in the most sensitive health
endpoint.
 For calculating the OEL a NOEL
is not available, then a LOEL can
be used.
49
OEL = [(NOEL) x (human body weight)]
[(safety factor)n x (human breathing rate)]
 NOEL is typically in units of milligram of chemical
administered/kilogram of animal body weight/day;
 Human body weight typically is assumed to be 70 kilograms for
an adult male
 Safety factors for accomodating limitations in the data,
 Breathing rate in workers typically is assumed to be 10 m3/8-
hour workday.
50
Example of OEL Calculation
Example: The NOEL in humans has been estimated to be
around 3.5 μg/day. (Because it is reported in these units,
there is no need to multiply by the human body weight).
If one assumes a safety factor of 10 for the human
variability in response and a breathing rate 10 m3/8-hour
workday:..
Determine OEL……………?.
51
What if I work more than eight hours per day or 40 hours per week?
• When working shifts longer than eight
hours, the exposure time is increased
and the recovery period between
exposures is decreased.
52
Principles of Major Organ Physiology
A. Routes of Entry
Inhalation
1. The Respiratory System /inhalation
• Inhalation is the main routs of
entry due to the speed with which
toxic substances are absorbed and
enter the blood stream.
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53
Respiratory Effects of Inhaled particles or dusts
•
Health effects, which may result from exposure to different
types of dust, include:-
1.
Pneumoconiosis (accumulation of dust in the lung)
Asbestosis/white lung/
Silicosis
Byssinosis/brown lung/brown lung disease (caused by endotoxin
produced by bacteria)
Black lung (coal miners' pneumoconiosis) caused by coal dusts
8/30/2023
54
Cont…
2. Lung Cancer
4. Allergic responses
Exposure to much less asbestos +
•
Some dusts may cause
cigarette smoking.
allergic reactions in the
3. Irritation and inflammatory
respiratory system.
lung injuries
• Certain dusts have irritant
effects
up
respiratory
on
tract
the
and
upper
can
produce chronic bronchitis or
• The two main respiratory
diseases of allergic type are:
– Occupational asthma and
– Extrinsic allergic alveiolitis.
it lead to chronic emphysema.
8/30/2023
55
Cont…
B. Gastrointestinal Tract/ ingestion
• GIT is another route of entry
for toxic substances and is a
major route of excretion.
• In the workplace, ingestion of
toxic chemicals is:– Usually accidental and
– Most commonly results from
Ingestion
handling contaminated:
8/30/2023
56
Cont…
C. The Skin
• The skin is not only the largest organ of the
Skin Contact
body, it is also the organ most exposed to the
external environment.
• Effects of Substances on the skin include:– Burns: i.e NaOH, H2SO4, H2O2
– Rashes: i.e Formaldehyde, Benzene
– Dermatitis (skin irritation): Formaldehyde,
Benzene , Xylene
– Skin cancer
8/30/2023
57
Routes of excretion
Gastro-intestinal
(feces)
Renal (urine)
Respiratory
(exhalation)
Skin (sweat)
2. BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Pets
Livestock Wild animals Insects
Food
Water
Air
Fetus and babies
Other humans
Humans
• Transmissible (infectious) disease
• No transmissible diseases
59
• Sources biological hazards :
– Food production,
– Activities where there is contact with animals and/or products of
animal origin,
– Health care
– Clinical, veterinary and diagnostic laboratories
– Refuse disposal plants,
– Sewage purification installations.
60
• Types of biological hazards :
– Viruses (e.g. hepatitis C, yellow fever)
– Fungi or Molds
– Bacteria (e.g, salmonella )
– Plants
– Insects
– Animals
61
Biological agents are classification
based on the level of risk of
G 3 = can cause severe human disease
infection:
and present a serious hazard to workers
• G 1 = unlikely to cause human
disease;
• G 2 = can cause human disease
and might be a hazard to workers
– It is unlikely to spread to the
community
– There is effective prophylaxis
or treatment
• It may present a risk of spreading to
the community
• There is effective prophylaxis or
treatment
G 4 = causes severe human disease and
is a serious hazard to workers
• it may present a high risk of spreading
to the community
• There is usually no effective
prophylaxis or treatment.
Disease
(type of agent)
Deaths per year
Pneumonia and flu
(bacteria and viruses)
3.2 million
HIV/AIDS
(virus)
3.0 million
Diarrheal diseases
(bacteria and viruses)
2.1 million
Malaria
(protozoa)
2.0 million
Tuberculosis
(bacteria)
Hepatitis B
(virus)
Measles
(virus)
1.6 million
1 million
800,000
WHO, 2009

Healthcare facility, waste mngt and Biological
hazards
• Medical waste refers to all categories of waste generated
from: Health facilities
 Clinics
 Veterinary hospitals
 Clinical laboratories, and
 Home based treatment of patients
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64
 Why healthcare facilities ideal for disease transmission?
 Healthcare staff are constantly exposed to potentially
infectious materials
 Patients may have infections that are easily transmitted
 Patients may be more susceptible to infections due to
illness
 Services are provided in a limited physical space
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 Infectious Medical Waste
Infectious Medical Waste is defined
Waste is considered infectious
when it is:
as: Healthcare wastes that are
Contaminated by pathogenic
organism
suspected to contain: Pathogenic microorganisms
The organism is in significant
quantity to transmit disease.
(or their toxins) in sufficient
concentration or quantity to
Dechasa.A
cause diseases
66
Cont…
 Blood and blood products
 Contaminated sharps,
 Isolation Wastes,
 Laboratory wastes
 Unfixed pathological tissues
 Any materials contaminated by
the BBFs
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Cont…
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Exposure to blood and body fluids
Exposures to blood and fluid borne
pathogens in the medical setting typically
occur as the result of:‣ Puncture from contaminated needles, broken glass, or other
sharps
‣ Contact between skin and infectious blood and body fluids
‣ Direct contact between mucous membranes and infectious
body fluids
Example: A splash in the eyes, nose, or mouth
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Factors increase risk of pathogen transmission
 Infected Source : the disease stage of the source, nature
etc.
 Route of Entry: puncture wound, broken skin, or direct
contact with mucus membrane
 Infective Dose: the amount and type of fluid, as well as
the amount of infectious agent in BBFs.
 Susceptible Host: immunocompromised, health status of
the host..
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Sources of Disease Transmission
 Main sources for contact transmission of infection to patients
is from: Hands of medical staff
 Contaminated equipment used on patients
 Poorly cleaned surfaces and rooms
 Main source of transmission of infection to medical
staff and waste handlers:
 Needle-stick injuries and other contaminated materials
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Routes of Disease Transmission
Skin Contact
 If infectious waste is inadequately
managed, these microorganisms/toxins
can be transmitted by:
– Direct physical contact
– Transfusion or injection
– Inhalation
Inhalation
– Ingestion
Ingestion
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Vulnerable group/host
• Staffs
Mostly exposed to :
 Needle-sticks
 Blood and other fluids
 Pathogenic aerosols
• Patients
Mostly exposed to :
 Improperly discarded sharps
 Exposure to accidental spills
• Community
Waste pickers or collectors
Waste scavengers
Residents in illegal recycling sites
Can be exposed to:
• Discarded medical waste washing up on
beaches
• Infectious waste bags found by children
• Reuse of discarded sharps
 Spread of hospital infections
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Cont…
 Biohazard bags must be labeled with the international biohazard
symbol
 Appropriate wording such as:
“Biohazard,” “Biomedical waste,” “infectious medical waste,”
or “regulated medical waste”
Containers should never be completely filled, nor filled above
the full line indicated on box.
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Cont…
Different color coding has to be used for effective segregation, as:
 Black : Non-Risk waste.
 Red: Risk waste with Sharps.
 Blue: Risk Waste without sharps.
 Yellow: Radioactive waste
 Green: Chemicals like Mercury & Cadmium
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75
Cont…
• When you mix infectious waste and
regular solid waste together, you are not
permitted to separate them.
• Once combined, the entire contents are
considered infectious waste
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76
 Healthcare-associated infection
 Healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) is one of the most
common complications of health care management.
 It is a serious health hazard as it leads to increased: Patients’ morbidity and mortality
 Length of hospital stay and
 The costs associated with hospital stay
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Healthcare-associated Infection prevention and control
 Infection control can be defined as measures, practices, protocols and
procedures to prevent and control infection transmission in health care
settings.
 Application of standard Precautions: Standard precautions include the following components:
Hand hygiene
Respiratory hygiene
Personal protective equipment
Environmental cleaning
Prevention of needle stick and other Waste disposal
sharps injuries
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Reprocessing of patient care equipment
78
Cont…
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79
Infection control for health care providers
The following measures must be implemented to prevent and control
the infections: Pre-placement and safety program Risk assessment
 Health workers immunization
Treatment of exposed health worker
 Personnel health and safety
Regular follow up and monitoring
education
Report and recording of the incidents
 Periodic infectious disease
screening of healthcare workers
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Biological Hazards in the food industry
Biological hazards are organisms, or substances produced by
organisms, that pose a threat to human health.
Major biological hazards include – -
Bacteria
-
Salmonella spp.,
-
Escherichia coli,
-
Campylobacter jejuni,
-
-
Virus ex:
-
hepatitis A virus,
-
Norwalk viruses,
-
Rotavirus
Parasites
-
Toxoplasma gondii,
Listeria monocytogenes
-
Cryptosporidia,
-
Staphlococcus aureus
-
Giardia spp.
-
Clostridium botulinum etc
-
Taenia solium etc.
81
1. Food Borne Infections:
– Result when a person consumes food containing pathogens
2. Food Borne Intoxications
• Result when a person consumes food containing toxins in it; that
cause discomfort or disease.
82
Biological Hazards in the food causes Food Borne Infections
– Result when a person consumes food containing pathogens; which
grow in the human intestine
Food Borne Intoxications
– Result when a person consumes food
containing toxins produced by the
microorganism
– Typical symptoms of a ‘food borne intoxication’ appear
quickly.
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3. Physical Hazard
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84
Noise
• Noise is defined as unwanted sound or
noise pollution.
• Noise is measured in decibels (dB).
• An 'A-weighting' sometimes written as
'dB(A)', is used to measure average noise
levels,
• 'C-weighting' or 'dB(C)', to measure peak,
impact or explosive noises.
• Remember every 3 dB doubles the noise.
85
Sound level measurement
•
L = 10 * Log (I/I0)2
L = Sound intensity, decibels (dB)
P = Sound pressure, rms (Pa)
I0 = Reference sound pressure, rms (20  Pa)
Typical Noise Sources
Source
Rocket
Sound Level (dB)
195
Jet Engine
160
Rock Band
115
Power Lawn Mower
95
Factory
90
Noisy Office
80
Conversation
65
Quite Room
40
OSHA Sound Level PEL’s
Sound Level (dB)
< 90
90
95
100
105
110
115
> 115
Exposure Time Limit (hr)
No Limit
8
4
2
1
½
¼
0
Effects of noise
• Hearing impairment and hearing disorders
• Work related stress
• Influence on work tasks
• Disturbance of speech communication
• Noise as a cause of accidents
• Other health effects
89
Hearing impairment and hearing disorders
• Excessive exposures to noise are probably the most
common cause of hearing loss due to damage of the
inner ear.
• Prolonged exposure to sound levels > 85 dB(A) is
potentially hazardous.
• Irreversible damage begins at 130–140 dB(C) peak
level.
– i.e explosions, firearm reports, or electric arcs.
90
Noise & health surveillance
Health surveillance for hearing damage usually means:
– Regular hearing checks in controlled conditions;
– Telling employees about the results of their hearing checks;
– Keeping health records;
– Ensuring employees are examined by the where hearing damage is
identified.
Risk prevention
Actions to prevent risks are :– Assessment of the risks;
– Prevention of exposure, including the use of personal
hearing protection;
– Limitation of exposure in accordance with exposure and
action levels;
– Health surveillance;
– Information, consultation, and training to, with, and of
workers.
92
Risk assessment …
Assessment of risks arising from exposure to noise should consider :
– The level, type, and duration of exposure
– The exposure limit values
– Effects of noise on the H&S of workers in ‘risk groups’;
– Effects on workers' H&S resulting from interactions between noise
and work-related substances
– Any indirect effects on workers
93
Cont..
• Information on noise emission provided by manufacturers
• The alternative work equipment designed to reduce the
noise;
• The extension of exposure to noise beyond normal working
hours
• Information obtained from health surveillance
• The availability of hearing protectors
94
The reduction in risks from exposure to noise should
take into account:
• The choice of suitable work
equipment
• Taking account of the work to be
done
• The design and layout of workplaces
and work stations
• Adequate information and training
95
– The choice of suitable work
equipment
– Taking account of the work to
be done
– The design and layout of
workplaces and work stations
– Adequate information and
training
Cont..
• Noise reduction by technical means:
– Reducing airborne noise by means such as shields,
enclosures etc.
– Reducing structure-borne noise by isolation
• Appropriate maintenance programs for work equipment
• Organization of work to reduce noise, by:
– Limitation of the duration and intensity of the exposure;
– Appropriate work schedules with adequate rest periods.
96
Organizational & administrative
noise control
• Measures should consider:– Noise emissions as an
evaluation factor in a
procurement policy;
– Working methods which
generate less noise;
– Organization of work to
reduce noise..
97
The organization could limit the
duration and Intensity of exposure by:
• Keeping the number of exposed
workers to a minimum;
• Task rotation;
• Scheduling noisy activities
• Appropriate work schedules
Hearing protection
Some types of hearing protection devices :
• Earplugs : Vinyl, silicone, spun fiberglass, cotton/wax combinations,
and closed-cell foam products that are inserted or semi-inserted in the
ear canal
• Earmuffs : Ear cups, usually of rigid plastic material with an absorptive
liner, that completely enclose the outer ear and seal around it.
• Earmuffs With incorporated active noise cancellation : a new
technology that especially for the lower frequency range offers an active
noise-level-dependent attenuation.
98
Information and training
• On the measures taken in order
to eliminate or minimize the
risks;
• The exposure limit and exposure
action levels
• The explanation of their
significance and potential risks
• The characteristics and
properties of the hearing
protectors
• The correct use of hearing
protectors
• Why and how to detect and
report signs of hearing
damage
• The circumstances in which
health surveillance is
applicable;
• Safe working practices to
minimize exposure to noise.
VIBRATIONS
Vibrations
• Vibration is mechanical oscillation about a reference position.
• Vibration is an everyday phenomenon, we meet it in our homes,
during transport and at work.
• Vibration is often a destructive and annoying side effect of a
useful process, but is sometimes generated intentionally to
perform a task.
• For occupational health the exposures to hand-arm vibrations
and whole-body vibrations are concerns.
101
Hand-arm vibrations
• Hand-arm vibration: the mechanical vibration transmitted to
the human hand-arm system, entails risks to the health and safety
of workers.
• The assessment of the exposure is based on the calculation of the
daily exposure value normalized to an 8-hour reference period
102
Whole-body vibrations
• Whole-body vibration: the mechanical vibration transmitted to
the whole body and risks to the health and safety of workers
• The assessment of the exposure to vibration is based on the
calculation of daily exposure expressed as equivalent continuous
acceleration over an 8-hour period
103
Vibrations
Hand-arm
Whole body
OEL
5m/s²
1,15m/s²
Action levels
2,5m/s²
0,5m/s²
Reduction
program
for
exposure
to
vibrations
Technical and/or organizational measures :
• Choice of appropriate work
equipment
• The provision of auxiliary
• Adequate information and
training to instruct workers
• Limitation of the duration and
equipment that reduces vibration
• Appropriate maintenance
programs for work equipment,
the workplace and workplace
systems;
• The design and layout of
workplaces
104
intensity of the exposure
• Appropriate work schedules
with adequate rest periods
• Provision of clothing to protect
from cold and damp
Temperature Extremes
• Heat Stress

Heat cramps


Cramps in the body, usually legs
Heat exhaustion

Dizziness, fainting attack, blurring of vision, cold, clammy
and sweaty skin

Heat stroke

Cyanosis (bluish or grey color of skin), disorientation,
convulsions
Heat stress sources
• Body’s Energy Balance
– Metabolic rate
– Radiation
– Convection
– Sweating
• External Conditions
– Temperature
– Humidity
– Air movement
– Radiation
In a typical healthy individual the internal core body temperature
may rise as much as 3°C during heat stress
Cold Stress
• Less Common in Industrial Situations
– Cold climates
– Refrigerated space
– Wind chill
• Responses to Cold Stress
– Body core temperature is typically 37°C
– Shivering when body Tc < 36°C
– Lose Consciousness at Tc < 34°C
Health Effects of Cold Temperature
• Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized
burning pain and numbness. Fingers,
toes, cheeks, nose, ears are most
susceptible.

trench foot or immersion foot:
numbness, pain, cramps, ulceration
and gangrene.
108
Radiation
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Radiation
• Ionizing
radiation
energy)
– Alpha-Beta-Gamma
(high
• Non-ionizing
energy)
• UV-light
• Visible light
• Infrared
• Radio waves
• Microwaves
radiation
(low
Ionizing radiation (high energy)
• Ionizing radiation is transmitted by radioactive
materials and certain equipment
• It can permeate through many materials
• There are 3 types of ionizing radiation
– Alpha radiation
– Beta radiation
– Gamma radiation
111
Effects of ionizing radiation on health;-
• Radiation sickness occurs after exposure to a very high dose
of radiation.
• It normally leads to death.
• Exposure to a moderate dose can lead to radiation tumors.
• Other effects are changes in the hereditary material (DNA)
like:– Infertility
– Malformation of the unborn child
– Cancer
112
Non-ionizing radiation (low energy)
• Is electromagnetic radiation with a lower frequency.
• There are different types;
– UV : eg. Welding arcs, lasers
– Visible light : lamps, welding arcs, lasers
– Infrared : heat lamps, electrical heaters, welding process
– Radio waves : heating, signal transfer, plastic sealing
– Microwaves : electromagnetic waves
113
Cont..
• High exposure levels can heat up the body tissue.
• Prolonged exposure to low levels could cause health damage,
depending on:• The wavelength
• The energy content
• The depth of the penetration
• Inflammations of the eye
• Skin burns
• Reduced fertility.
114
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Source
Frequency in hertz (Hz)
• X-rays, about 1 billion billion Hz can
penetrate the body and damage
Gamma rays
internal organs and tissues by
damaging important molecules like
X-rays
DNA.
Ultraviolet radiation
• Microwaves, several billion Hz, can
Visible light
have “thermal” or hearing effects on
Infrared radiation
body tissues
Microwaves
• Power frequency of 50 or 60 Hz carry
very little energy, have no ionizing
effects and usually no thermal effects.
• They can, cause very weak electric
currents to flow in the body.
Radio waves
800 - 900 MHz
15 - 30 Hz &
50 - 90 Hz
Very low frequency (VLF)
3,000 - 30,000 Hz
Extremely low frequency
(ELF) 3 - 3,000 Hz
Direct current
22
10
20
10
18
10
16
10
14
10
12
10
10
10
8
10
6
10
4
10
2
10
60 Hz
0
Non-Ionizing Radiation
•
Ultraviolet Radiation
– UV-A
400 to 320 nm
• Harmful only to eyes, causes
• Low frequency -~ 3 m wavelength
• Microwaves -3 m to 3 mm
sun tan
– UV-B
320 to 280 nm
• Causes skin damage (sun
burn), source arc welding
– UV-C
280 to 220 nm
• Severe damage, source
germicidal lamps
• Infrared
-3 mm to 750 nm
• Visible light - 750 nm to 400 nm
• Ultraviolet Radiation
• UV-A
400 to 320 nm
• Harmful only to eyes, causes sun tan
• UV-B
320 to 280 nm
• Causes skin damage (sun burn), source arc welding
• UV-C
280 to 220 nm
• Severe damage, source germicidal lamps
Control measures for radiation
– Implement consequent personal hygiene.
– Leave the packaging of radioactive material intact.
– Do not dismantle radioactive sources.
– Use specific personal protective equipment.
– Place warning signs.
– Cordon off the areas around a radioactive source.
118
Protection from Ionizing Radiation
• Alpha, Beta-
Little protection required
• X-ray, Gamma
- Extensive high density shielding
• Neutrons
Special shielding techniques
-
V: Ergonomic Hazards
Ergonomics is about 'fit': the fit between people, the things they do, the
objects they use and the environments they work, travel and play
in.
• Back pain,
• Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI)
The
Organization
The
Environment
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The task
(Job content &
context)
The
Tool
The
Workstation
120
Cont…
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121
What is ergonomics?, its gool?
• Goal
– To reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
developed by workers
• MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect muscles, nerves,
tendons, ligaments, joints or spinal discs.
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122
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Static posture
Awkward
posture
Extreme range of motion
Forceful exertion
Repetitive movement
Ergonomics
BOSH Training 2009
OSHC
IV: Psychosocial Hazards
 Psychosocial hazards : Those aspects of the design and management of work,
and its social and organizational contexts, which have the potential for causing
psychological or social harm
 Work overload and time pressure
 Lack of influence or control over how day-to-day work is done
 Lack of social support from supervisors or co-workers
 Too little or too much responsibility
 Discrimination or harassment
 Lack of respect for employees and the work they do.
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Job Hazard Analysis
126
The Job Hazard Analysis Defined
• A Job Hazard Analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a
way to identify hazards before they result in injury, illness, property
damage, or worse
• It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools,
and the work environment
• A JHA is also known as a Job Safety Analysis
Completing your JHAs is a good thing!
Benefits of JHAs include:
• Reduced injuries

Sets performance standards
• Reduced absenteeism

Standardizes operations based on acceptable
safe practices and PPE
• Increased productivity

• Increased morale
Provides a documentation regarding the
employee’s knowledge of the job
• It protects employees!
requirements.

Complies with many OSHA requirements
JHA process
 The breaking down of a job into its component steps and then
evaluating each step for potential or known hazards
 Each identified hazard is then corrected or a control method of
worker protection (safe practice or PPE) is identified and
implemented
 The final product is a written standard of safe operation for that
particular job.
JHA form
Department Name and Description of Job Assessed
Your basic course of action will be to….
• Involve your employees
• Review your accident history
• Conduct a preliminary job review
• List/rank/set priorities for hazardous jobs
• Finally…Complete a Job Hazard Analysis using the 2010 UAF JHA form!
Involve your Employees…
• They possess a unique understanding of their specific jobs
• This knowledge is important for assessing job details and identifying
hazards
• Helps minimize oversights (by using the experts)
• Ensures a quality analysis
• They will share ownership in their safety and health program
Review your Accident History
• Accidents and occupational illnesses that needed treatment
• Losses that required repair or replacement, and
• Any “near misses” - events in which an accident or loss did not occur,
but could have.
• These events are indicators that the existing hazard controls may not
be adequate and needs further evaluation.
Conduct a preliminary job review
• Brainstorm with your co-workers.
• Start by making a list of the jobs you do
• Discuss with your employees the hazards they know
• Ensure the employees understand you are evaluating the jobs they
perform
• It is a major step in completing a JHA
Which Jobs need a JHA?
• Jobs with high accident and injury rates
• Jobs with the potential to cause a problems
• Jobs where there has been close calls/near misses
• New jobs (never evaluated)
• Jobs with new procedure or process changes
• Jobs complex enough to require written instructions
Prioritize the jobs assessed
• Jobs that present unacceptable risks where hazards are most likely to
occur should be a first priority
– A job with prior related injury resulting in fatality
– The need for medical attention
– The loss of one or more workdays
– Result in loss of consciousness
– Jobs where one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or
injury
Who should perform the JHA?
• Make sure you have a knowledgeable person assist with the assessment.
• It should be a joint effort between:-
– Those actually performing the job
– Supervisors
– Safety personnel
– Maintenance personnel
– Any other persons having specific knowledge of the particular job
being evaluated
Step in performing JHA
Step 1
Watch the job
Step 2
Break the job
down
Step in
performing JHA
Step 3
Identify the
hazards
Video, observation, photos and
sketches
List each job step in order
of occurrence (sequence)
Which, nature, type and effects
Step 4
Recommend actions
Appropriate actions
139
Hazard Communıcatıon
• GloballyHarmonized System of communication (GHS)
• Main objective of hazard communication is:-
• To provide information to employees on how to protect
themselves against hazards in the workplace
How hazard communication works:
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141
Worker Rights
 Workers are entitled to safe and healthful conditions.
 The OSH Act provides workers with the right to:
 Ask OSHA to inspect their workplace;
 Review employers’ records of work-related injuries
and illnesses
 Get copies of their medical records; and
 Receive information and training about hazards and
their prevention, using applicable OSHA standards.
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142
Four Components of HazCom
1. The employer’s responsibilities
2. Written Hazard Communication (HazCom)Program and its
components
3. Describe the requirements of HazCom through labels, and
SDS.
4. Ensure “right to understanding” the provisionsof GHS
requirements.
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143
Seven major elements in the GHS-aligned Hazard Communication
Standard
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144
 Hazard Communıcatıon, applies to hazards, such as
• Health hazards (e.G., Irritation, and carcinogenicity)
• Physical hazards (e.G., Flammability, and corrosion)
• Environmental hazards (e.G. Aquatic toxicity)
• Hazard Communication Standard
• The “Right-to-Know” standard
• Requires employers to inform and train workers about hazards
• Focusing on possible health and physical hazards in the
workplace
• Hazard Communication Standard has 10 sections:
a) Purpose
b) Scope and Application
c) Definitions
d) Hazard Classification
e) Written Hazard Communication Program
f) Labels and Other Forms of Warning
g) Safety Data Sheets
h) Employee Information and Training
i) Trade Secret
j) Effective Dates
Hazard Classıfıcatıon in Haz-com
• The manufacturers are required to classify chemicals with respect to their
hazards by using a full range of available scientific literature or other
evidences concerning potential hazards.
•
It divides hazards into three groups
HAZARDS
Physical
Hazards
Health
Hazards
Environmental
Hazards
• Physical, Health and Environmental hazards are further
classified based on hazard severity expressed by numbers
and letters etc.
Hazard Groups (Physical, Health and Environmental)
Hazard Class (Explosives,Acute Toxicity,…)
Hazard Categories (1,2 or Type A,B…)
Hazard Subcategories (1A,1B, 2A…)
Physical Hazard Classıfıcatıon
• Classification of Physical Hazards
• Explosives
• Substances which, in contact with
water emit flammable gases
• Flammable Gases
• Oxidizing Liquids
• Flammable Aerosols
• Oxidizing Solids
• Oxidizing Gases
• Organic Peroxides
• Flammable Liquids
• Corrosive to Metals
• Flammable Solids
• Self-Heating Substances
Physical Hazard Categories
Hazard Class
Hazard Categories
Unstable
Explosives
Div. 1.1
Flammable Gases
1
2
•
Flammable Aerosols
1
2
•
Oxidizing Gases
1
•
Gases Under Pressure
1
•
Flammable Liquids
1
2
•
Flammable Solids
1
2
•
Self Reactive Substances
Self Heating Substances
Type A
1
Substances which in contact with
water emit flammable gases
•
•
Explosives
•
Div. 1.2
Div. 1.3
3
4
Type B
2
Type C
Type D
Type E Type F Type G
1
2
3
Oxidizing Liquids
1
2
3
•
Oxidizing Solids
1
2
3
•
•
Organic Peroxides
Corrosive to Metals
Type A
1
Type B
Type C
Type D
Type E Type F Type G
•
•
Div. 1.4 Div 1.5
Div 1.6
Physical Hazard Classıfıcatıon
• The flammable liquids class has 4 categories (1, 2,3 and 4), with a hazard
statement, signal word and pictogram
Categories
Hazard Statement
Signal Word
Symbol
(Pictogram)
“Danger”
Flame
“Danger”
Flame
Category 3 Flammable liquid and vapor
“Warning”
Flame
Category 4 Combustible liquid
“Warning”
No symbol
Category 1 Extremely flammable liquid and vapor
(Flash point < 23°C and initial boiling
point ≤ 35°C) (95°F)
Category 2 Highly flammable liquid and vapor
( Flash point < 23°C and initial boiling
point > 35°C) (95°F)
(Flash point ≥ 23°C and ≤ 60°C) (140°F)
Flash point ≥ 60°C (140°F) and ≤ 93°C
(200°F)
Environmental Hazards
• Classification of Environmental Hazards is non-mandatory
Hazardous to the aquatic environment
Acute aquatic toxicity
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Chronic aquatic toxicity
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
• Chronic Aquatic Toxicity hazard class has 4 categories (1,2,3
and 4)
Categories
Hazard Statement
Signal Word
Symbol (Pictogram)
Category 1
Very toxic to aquatic life with
long lasting effects
“Warning”
Fish and tree
Category 2
Toxic to aquatic life with long
lasting effects
No signal word
Fish and tree
Category 3
Harmful to aquatic life with long
lasting effects
No signal word
No symbol
Category 4
May cause long lasting harmful
effects to aquatic life
No signal word
No symbol
Wrıtten Hazard Communıcatıon Program
• Employers are required to maintain a written hazard communication
program in the workplace that must include
• Safety data sheets (sdss), labels and other forms of warning about
the chemicals present
• A list of existing chemicals using a product identifier (unique
name or number) referenced on SDS
• Training information about hazards of non-routine works (e.G.,
The cleaning of reactor vessels)
Wrıtten Hazard Communıcatıon Program – Multiemployer
Cases
• For multi employer workplaces, each employer should individually
prepare a hazard communication program that
• Includes access to safety data sheets by other employers’
employees
• Provides precautionary measures taken to protect other
employers’ workers from possible hazards
• Has methods to inform the employees of the other employers
about the existing labeling system
Labels and other Forms of Warnıng
• Labels are
• Written, printed or graphical
information elements concerning
hazardous substances
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158
Labels and other forms of warnıng
• Employer can use any labeling system as long as the labels contain
the mandatory sections and information.
• Labels must be
• Legible
• Clearly displayed
• In English (othere languages can be added if needed)
Labels and other forms of warnıng
• Manufacturers, importers and distributors
are required to:-
– Label,
– Mark or tag their chemicals before the
chemicals leave the workplace.
• Labels must contain
• Product identifier
• Symbols (Hazard pictograms)
• Signal word
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary Statement(s)
• Name, Address, Phone Number of manufacturer, importer or
responsible party.
• Sample label
Pıctograms
Health hazard pictogram
Flame pictogram
•Carcinogen
•Flammables
•Mutagen
•Pyrophorics
•Reproductive Toxicity
•Self-Heating
•Respiratory Sensitizer
•Emits Flammable Gas
•Target Organ Toxicity
•Self-Reactives
•Organic Peroxides
Gas cylınder pictogram
•Gases under Pressure
•Substance is compressed,
liquefied, or dissolved at 29
psi or more
Exclamatıon Mark Pictogram
•Irritant (skin and eye)
•Skin Sensitizer
•Acute Toxicity (harmful)
•Narcotic Effects
•Respiratory Tract Irritant
•Hazardous to Ozone Layer (Nonmandatory)
Corrosıon pictogram
•The corrosion pictogram
appears on containers of
chemicals which cause skin
corrosion or burns, and eye
damage
•Skin Corrosion/Burns
•Eye Damage
•Corrosive to Metals
Flame over cırcle pictogram
•Oxidizers
•Substances that release oxygen to
another material for purpose of
combustion
Envıronment pictogram (Non mandatory)
•Aquatic Toxicity
• Toxic to plants and aquatic
life
Skull and crossbones pictogram
•Acute toxicity (severe)
•Overexposure may be
toxic or fatal
Sıgnal words
• Signal words show the severity of the
possible hazard and lead people to
taking precautions.
• Signal words are used to indicate the
severity of the possible hazard and
lead people to taking precautions
Warning
Signal Words
Danger
• Warning - used for less severe hazards
•
Danger - used for more severe hazards
• Signal words for different categories of hazard classes are shown
with different colors
Danger
Warning
No Signal Word
Environmental Hazard Classes
Hazard Categories
Acute Aquatic Toxicity
1
2
3
Chronic Aquatic Toxicity
1
2
3
4
Sıgnal Words Color Coded For Physical Hazards
Physical Hazard Classes
Explosives
Hazard Categories
Div.
Unstable Explosives 1.1
Flammable Gases
1
2
Flammable Aerosols
1
2
Oxidizing Gases
1
Gases Under Pressure
1
Flammable Liquids
1
2
Flammable Solids
1
2
Self Reactive Substances
Type A
Div.
1.2
Div.
1.3
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
Oxidizing Liquids
1
2
3
Oxidizing Solids
1
2
3
Type A
Corrosive to Metals
1
Div
1.5 Div 1.6
Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G
Self Heating Substances
Substances which in contact with water emit flammable
gases
Organic Peroxides
Div.
1.4
Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G
Sıgnal words color coded for health hazards
Health Hazard Classes
Acute Toxicity
Hazard Categories
1
2
3
4
1A
1B
1C
2
Serious Eye Damage/ Eye Irritation
1
2A
2B
Respiratory Sensitization
1
Skin Sensitization
1
Skin Corrosion/Irritation
Germ Cell Mutagenicity
1A
1B
2
Carcinogenicity
1A
1B
2
Reproductive Toxicology
1A
1B
2
Target Organ Systematic Toxicity (Single Exposure)
1
2
3
Target Organ Systematic Toxicity (Repeated Exposure)
1
2
Aspiration Toxicity
1
Effects on or via lactation
Hazard statement
• Hazard statement describes the nature of the hazard(s) of a
chemical for each hazard class (i.e., physical, health,
environmental)
• Examples
• “Causes serious eye damage through prolonged or
repeated exposure.”
• “Toxic if inhaled.”
Precautionary statement
• Precautionary statement helps prevent or minimize adverse effects
of hazardous chemical products during handling, transportation or
storage
• There are four types of precautionary statements
• Prevention (to minimize exposure)
• Response (what to do in case of exposure, e.G., First aid)
• Storage (requirements for storage)
• Disposal (consistent with regulations)
Supplementarytatements
• Producer, importer or employer can add some helpful information
and instructions to labels in the form of supplementary
statements (optional)
• Examples are
• Recommended personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Ingredients in chemical products, etc.
Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
• SDS is a document containing details of specific hazardous
chemicals and their usage
• HCS requires chemical manufacturers, distributors, or importers to
provide SDS to communicate hazards of chemical products
Safety data sheets
• Updated SDSS should be
• Shipped with the first shipment of the hazardous product
• Made available to workers at all times in the workplace
• If the employer notices that the SDS is not available,
• It is required that the manufacturer be informed immediately and the sds be
obtained as soon as possible.
• The manufacturer must send any SDS requested by a customer as soon as
possible
Safety Data Sheets
• Employers shall have a SDS in the workplace for each hazardous
• SDS must be
• In English
• Based on scientific evidence
• Revised within 3 months when new information becomes
available
Safety Data Sheets
• There are 16 sections in SDS, which are as follows:
• Identification
• Hazard(s) identification
• Composition/information on ingredients
• First-aid measures
• Fire-fighting measures
• Accidental release measures
• Handling and storage
Employee ınformatıon and traınıng
• Employees should be informed about
• Training requirements and information on chemicals they will work
with
• Operations in the workplace where hazardous chemicals are located
and used
• Location and availability of the written hazard communication
program, safety data sheets, and list(s) of hazardous chemicals
Employee ınformatıon and traınıng
• Employees should be trained on
• Methods and observations used to detect presence or release of
hazardous substance
• Measures that employees can take to protect themselves
• Details of the hazard communication program developed by employer,
including
• Labels on received containers
• Labeling system of the employer
• Safety data sheets, where to find them, and how to use the
information in SDS.
Risk Assessment
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What is a risk assessment?
The main aim of risk Assessment
Risk assessment is the process of: 
• Identifying hazards,
• Analyzing / evaluating the

To protect workers’ health and
safety.
To minimize the possibility of the
associated risk
workers and environment harmed
•Determining appropriate ways
due to work-related activities
to eliminate or control the
hazard
Risk assessment helps to….
•Determine if existing control measures are adequate or if
more should be done
•Prevent injuries or illnesses when done at the design or
planning stage
•Prioritize hazards and control measures
 How do you do a risk assessment?
• Identify hazards,
•
•
• Review available health and
Evaluate the likelihood of an
safety information
injury or illness and severity,
• Identify actions necessary to
Consider normal operational
eliminate or control the risk
situations as well as non-
• Monitor and re-evaluate to
standard events such as
shutdowns, power cuts,
emergencies, etc.,
confirm the risk is controlled,
•
Keep any documentation or
records that may be necessary
Principle of Crocodile
• Identify the risk
• Substitute the risk
• Evaluate the risk
• Isolate the risk
• Eliminate the risk
• Use PPE
Or else….Run away !
Thank you
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