Session I: Basics Neutral-atom quantum processor • Densely packed qubits (atoms) • Efficient qubit control • Flexible problem encoding • New ways to think quantum computing! 3 Learning objectives By the end of the session, you will be able to: • • • • Explain how neutral atoms can be used as a platform for quantum computing Distinguish analog and digital (gate-based) quantum computing Define field-programmable qubit arrays and exemplify some of their advantages Describe Aquila’s programming range • its Hamiltonian and controllable parameters, limitations of service 4 Qubits by puffing atoms Rb 5 The routine Load MOT in 20-40ms Data to devices Load 60% of traps Image in 5ms Sorting in ~30 ms Tweezer waveforms Results Camera image 6 A neutral-atom quantum processor Dynamics (algorithms) Geometry 7 <latexit sha1_base64="QYVrEvfD4KKguPrU50DP+tUlDn0=">AAAB9XicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgQoZpqY9l0Y3LCvYB7VgyaaYNTTJDklHK0P9w40IRt/6LO//GTFvB54HLPZxzL7k5QcyZNp737uQWFpeWV/KrhbX1jc2t4vZOU0eJIrRBIh6pdoA15UzShmGG03asKBYBp61gdJH5rVuqNIvktRnH1Bd4IFnICDZWuhFMou4RqqKuSJDoFUueW/EyoN+k7E67V4I56r3iW7cfkURQaQjHWnfKXmz8FCvDCKeTQjfRNMZkhAe0Y6nEgmo/nV49QQdW6aMwUrakQVP160aKhdZjEdhJgc1Q//Qy8S+vk5jwzE+ZjBNDJZk9FCYcmQhlEaA+U5QYPrYEE8XsrYgMscLE2KAKNoTPn6L/SbPilk/c46tqqXY+jyMPe7APh1CGU6jBJdShAQQU3MMjPDl3zoPz7LzMRnPOfGcXvsF5/QCJr5FB</latexit> 8 7 <latexit sha1_base64="e4EPAoZyMIeZ8/FzQbFMtL3TIhQ=">AAAB6nicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgapgpvpZFNy4r2ge0Q8mkmTY0yQxJRixDP8GNC0Xc+kXu/BszbQWfB0IO59zLvfeECWfaeN67U1hYXFpeKa6W1tY3NrfK2ztNHaeK0AaJeazaIdaUM0kbhhlO24miWISctsLRRe63bqnSLJY3ZpzQQOCBZBEj2FjpWuC7XrniuVUvB/pNfHf6exWYo94rv3X7MUkFlYZwrHXH9xITZFgZRjidlLqppgkmIzygHUslFlQH2XTVCTqwSh9FsbJPGjRVv3ZkWGg9FqGtFNgM9U8vF//yOqmJzoKMySQ1VJLZoCjlyMQovxv1maLE8LElmChmd0VkiBUmxqZTsiF8Xor+J82q65+4x1dHldr5PI4i7ME+HIIPp1CDS6hDAwgM4B4e4cnhzoPz7LzMSgvOvGcXvsF5/QB1ko3u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="3CV6f/gzFWyesJ1DTUu5SV61ua8=">AAAB8XicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgQoZpsdZl0Y3LCvaBnaFk0kwbmmSGJCOU0r9w40IRt/6NO//GTFvB54GQwzn3cu89YcKZNp737uSWlldW1/LrhY3Nre2d4u5eS8epIrRJYh6rTog15UzSpmGG006iKBYhp+1wdJn57TuqNIvljRknNBB4IFnECDZWuq1V/RPkixSJXrHkuRUvA/pNyu7s90qwQKNXfPP7MUkFlYZwrHW37CUmmGBlGOF0WvBTTRNMRnhAu5ZKLKgOJrONp+jIKn0Uxco+adBM/doxwULrsQhtpcBmqH96mfiX101NdB5MmExSQyWZD4pSjkyMsvNRnylKDB9bgolidldEhlhhYmxIBRvC56Xof9KquOUzt3p9WqpfLOLIwwEcwjGUoQZ1uIIGNIGAhHt4hCdHOw/Os/MyL805i559+Abn9QPubo/N</latexit> max 75 µm 9 min 4µm <latexit sha1_base64="QYVrEvfD4KKguPrU50DP+tUlDn0=">AAAB9XicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgQoZpqY9l0Y3LCvYB7VgyaaYNTTJDklHK0P9w40IRt/6LO//GTFvB54HLPZxzL7k5QcyZNp737uQWFpeWV/KrhbX1jc2t4vZOU0eJIrRBIh6pdoA15UzShmGG03asKBYBp61gdJH5rVuqNIvktRnH1Bd4IFnICDZWuhFMou4RqqKuSJDoFUueW/EyoN+k7E67V4I56r3iW7cfkURQaQjHWnfKXmz8FCvDCKeTQjfRNMZkhAe0Y6nEgmo/nV49QQdW6aMwUrakQVP160aKhdZjEdhJgc1Q//Qy8S+vk5jwzE+ZjBNDJZk9FCYcmQhlEaA+U5QYPrYEE8XsrYgMscLE2KAKNoTPn6L/SbPilk/c46tqqXY+jyMPe7APh1CGU6jBJdShAQQU3MMjPDl3zoPz7LzMRnPOfGcXvsF5/QCJr5FB</latexit> mi n4 µm s 5 3 w ro ~r = 0.1µm 4 2 n <latexit sha1_base64="A3CQbP3CckEl+B1m1DAcJko9swQ=">AAACAXicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vqhvBTbAIroaZ4msjFHXhsoJ9QGcomfROG5rMDEmmUIa68VfcuFDErX/hzr8xfQg+D1zu4Zx7Se4JEs6Udpx3Kzc3v7C4lF8urKyurW8UN7fqKk4lhRqNeSybAVHAWQQ1zTSHZiKBiIBDI+hfjP3GAKRicXSjhwn4gnQjFjJKtJHaxR3vErgm2BsAzeTozLFd7IkUi3ax5NhlZwz8m7j2pDslNEO1XXzzOjFNBUSacqJUy3US7WdEakY5jApeqiAhtE+60DI0IgKUn00uGOF9o3RwGEtTkcYT9etGRoRSQxGYSUF0T/30xuJfXivV4amfsShJNUR0+lCYcqxjPI4Dd5gEqvnQEEIlM3/FtEckodqEVjAhfF6K/yf1su0e20fXh6XK+SyOPNpFe+gAuegEVdAVqqIaougW3aNH9GTdWQ/Ws/UyHc1Zs51t9A3W6we8IZXM</latexit> 1 si ay max 76 µm lw <latexit sha1_base64="y5veRr8O4qHVoeRRsNNK9nK0+Qc=">AAAB8XicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgQoZp0dZl0Y3LCvaBnaFk0kwbmmSGJCOU0r9w40IRt/6NO//GTFvB54GQwzn3cu89YcKZNp737uSWlldW1/LrhY3Nre2d4u5eS8epIrRJYh6rTog15UzSpmGG006iKBYhp+1wdJn57TuqNIvljRknNBB4IFnECDZWuq1V/RPkixSJXrHkuRUvA/pNyu7s90qwQKNXfPP7MUkFlYZwrHW37CUmmGBlGOF0WvBTTRNMRnhAu5ZKLKgOJrONp+jIKn0Uxco+adBM/doxwULrsQhtpcBmqH96mfiX101NdB5MmExSQyWZD4pSjkyMsvNRnylKDB9bgolidldEhlhhYmxIBRvC56Xof9KquOWqe3Z9WqpfLOLIwwEcwjGUoQZ1uIIGNIGAhHt4hCdHOw/Os/MyL805i559+Abn9QPv+o/O</latexit> A <latexit sha1_base64="e4EPAoZyMIeZ8/FzQbFMtL3TIhQ=">AAAB6nicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgapgpvpZFNy4r2ge0Q8mkmTY0yQxJRixDP8GNC0Xc+kXu/BszbQWfB0IO59zLvfeECWfaeN67U1hYXFpeKa6W1tY3NrfK2ztNHaeK0AaJeazaIdaUM0kbhhlO24miWISctsLRRe63bqnSLJY3ZpzQQOCBZBEj2FjpWuC7XrniuVUvB/pNfHf6exWYo94rv3X7MUkFlYZwrHXH9xITZFgZRjidlLqppgkmIzygHUslFlQH2XTVCTqwSh9FsbJPGjRVv3ZkWGg9FqGtFNgM9U8vF//yOqmJzoKMySQ1VJLZoCjlyMQovxv1maLE8LElmChmd0VkiBUmxqZTsiF8Xor+J82q65+4x1dHldr5PI4i7ME+HIIPp1CDS6hDAwgM4B4e4cnhzoPz7LzMSgvOvGcXvsF5/QB1ko3u</latexit> Hardware constraints: Geometry 6 Activity 1: Think-pair-share. What do you think is the origin of each of these constraints? Activity 2: defining qubit positions on Bloqade More details @ https://queracomputing.github.io/Bloqade.jl/dev/capabilities/ 8 Information processing: Analog computing Analog operation Digital operation Designed for the early stage of maturity of the quantum computing resources of today… Robustness to errors Efficient control Single-step large entanglement Universal applicability More on analog processors: Nature volume 607, p. 667–676 (2022) 08 Field Programmable Qubit Arrays (FPQAs) Analog operation Designed for the early stage of maturity of the quantum computing resources of today… Robustness to errors Efficient control Control qubit positions! Control qubit connectivity! Single-step large entanglement Universal applicability Þ Many possibilities! More on analog processors: Nature volume 607, p. 667–676 (2022) 08 Algorithm = time evolution @ i | i = H| i @t <latexit sha1_base64="jJXxLW2EUdUEF8hrHI2y2vkWChs=">AAACJHicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNsAiuyoz4AhGKbrqsYB/QGUomzbShmUxIMkIZ+zFu/BU3Lnzgwo3fYqYdxLYeCBzOuZebcwLBqNKO82UtLC4tr6wW1orrG5tb2/bObkPFicSkjmMWy1aAFGGUk7qmmpGWkARFASPNYHCT+c17IhWN+Z0eCuJHqMdpSDHSRurYl9QLJcKpJ5DUFLHRL4N6BB88oSj0JOI9Rq5gdVro2CWn7IwB54mbkxLIUevY7143xklEuMYMKdV2HaH9NLuHGRkVvUQRgfAA9UjbUI4iovx0HHIED43ShWEszeMajtW/GymKlBpGgZmMkO6rWS8T//PaiQ4v/JRykWjC8eRQmJj8Mcwag10qCdZsaAjCkpq/QtxHpjRtei2aEtzZyPOkcVx2z8qntyelynVeRwHsgwNwBFxwDiqgCmqgDjB4BM/gFbxZT9aL9WF9TkYXrHxnD0zB+v4B7S2lkQ==</latexit> 11 Analog quantum dynamics control 𝐻 Ω 𝑡 Hℏ = $ 2 <latexit sha1_base64="zFgakf0wZ8TsQ7ROciarN4vAkYs=">AAAB6HicbVDLTgJBEOzFF+IL9ehlIjHxRHYNUY9ELxwhkUcCGzI79MLI7OxmZtaEEL7AiweN8eonefNvHGAPClbSSaWqO91dQSK4Nq777eQ2Nre2d/K7hb39g8Oj4vFJS8epYthksYhVJ6AaBZfYNNwI7CQKaRQIbAfj+7nffkKleSwfzCRBP6JDyUPOqLFSo9YvltyyuwBZJ15GSpCh3i9+9QYxSyOUhgmqdddzE+NPqTKcCZwVeqnGhLIxHWLXUkkj1P50ceiMXFhlQMJY2ZKGLNTfE1MaaT2JAtsZUTPSq95c/M/rpia89adcJqlByZaLwlQQE5P512TAFTIjJpZQpri9lbARVZQZm03BhuCtvrxOWldl77pcaVRK1bssjjycwTlcggc3UIUa1KEJDBCe4RXenEfnxXl3PpatOSebOYU/cD5/AKBnjNU=</latexit> 𝑒 !" # |𝑔! ⟩⟨𝑟! | + 𝑒 $!" # |𝑟! ⟩⟨𝑔! | − $ Δ 𝑡 𝑛! + $ 𝑉!& 𝑛! 𝑛& ! ! !%& 𝑛! = 1 ∗ |𝑟! ⟩⟨𝑟! | + 0 ∗ |g ! ⟩⟨g ! | Vij ⇠ dij6 <latexit sha1_base64="RbcMQgrCW4B1em4WHpwjClSc+oU=">AAACAHicbZC7TsMwFIadcivlFmBgYLGokFioElQVxgoWxiLRi9SGyHHc1tR2IttBqqIsvAoLAwix8hhsvA1umgEKv2Tp03/O0fH5g5hRpR3nyyotLa+srpXXKxubW9s79u5eR0WJxKSNIxbJXoAUYVSQtqaakV4sCeIBI91gcjWrdx+IVDQSt3oaE4+jkaBDipE2lm8fdPyU3mdwoCiHYc536Wkj8+2qU3Nywb/gFlAFhVq+/TkII5xwIjRmSKm+68TaS5HUFDOSVQaJIjHCEzQifYMCcaK8ND8gg8fGCeEwkuYJDXP350SKuFJTHphOjvRYLdZm5n+1fqKHF15KRZxoIvB80TBhUEdwlgYMqSRYs6kBhCU1f4V4jCTC2mRWMSG4iyf/hc5ZzW3U6jf1avOyiKMMDsEROAEuOAdNcA1aoA0wyMATeAGv1qP1bL1Z7/PWklXM7INfsj6+AV87lkY=</latexit> 12 Hardware constraints: dynamics Activity: Encoding waveforms on Bloqade Piecewise-linear max max <latexit sha1_base64="e4EPAoZyMIeZ8/FzQbFMtL3TIhQ=">AAAB6nicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgapgpvpZFNy4r2ge0Q8mkmTY0yQxJRixDP8GNC0Xc+kXu/BszbQWfB0IO59zLvfeECWfaeN67U1hYXFpeKa6W1tY3NrfK2ztNHaeK0AaJeazaIdaUM0kbhhlO24miWISctsLRRe63bqnSLJY3ZpzQQOCBZBEj2FjpWuC7XrniuVUvB/pNfHf6exWYo94rv3X7MUkFlYZwrHXH9xITZFgZRjidlLqppgkmIzygHUslFlQH2XTVCTqwSh9FsbJPGjRVv3ZkWGg9FqGtFNgM9U8vF//yOqmJzoKMySQ1VJLZoCjlyMQovxv1maLE8LElmChmd0VkiBUmxqZTsiF8Xor+J82q65+4x1dHldr5PI4i7ME+HIIPp1CDS6hDAwgM4B4e4cnhzoPz7LzMSgvOvGcXvsF5/QB1ko3u</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="e4EPAoZyMIeZ8/FzQbFMtL3TIhQ=">AAAB6nicdVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgapgpvpZFNy4r2ge0Q8mkmTY0yQxJRixDP8GNC0Xc+kXu/BszbQWfB0IO59zLvfeECWfaeN67U1hYXFpeKa6W1tY3NrfK2ztNHaeK0AaJeazaIdaUM0kbhhlO24miWISctsLRRe63bqnSLJY3ZpzQQOCBZBEj2FjpWuC7XrniuVUvB/pNfHf6exWYo94rv3X7MUkFlYZwrHXH9xITZFgZRjidlLqppgkmIzygHUslFlQH2XTVCTqwSh9FsbJPGjRVv3ZkWGg9FqGtFNgM9U8vF//yOqmJzoKMySQ1VJLZoCjlyMQovxv1maLE8LElmChmd0VkiBUmxqZTsiF8Xor+J82q65+4x1dHldr5PI4i7ME+HIIPp1CDS6hDAwgM4B4e4cnhzoPz7LzMSgvOvGcXvsF5/QB1ko3u</latexit> tmax = 4µs <latexit sha1_base64="re/7CYAov0fMuaiv50XexeqJFgI=">AAAB9XicdVDLSgMxFL3js9ZX1aWbYBFcDdNSHxuh6MZlBfuAdiyZNNOGJpkhyahl6H+4caGIW//FnX9jpq3g88DlHs65l9ycIOZMG897d+bmFxaXlnMr+dW19Y3NwtZ2Q0eJIrROIh6pVoA15UzSumGG01asKBYBp81geJ75zRuqNIvklRnF1Be4L1nICDZWujbdVOC78WmlIxKku4Wi55a9DOg3KbmT7hVhhlq38NbpRSQRVBrCsdbtkhcbP8XKMMLpON9JNI0xGeI+bVsqsaDaTydXj9G+VXoojJQtadBE/bqRYqH1SAR2UmAz0D+9TPzLaycmPPFTJuPEUEmmD4UJRyZCWQSoxxQlho8swUQxeysiA6wwMTaovA3h86fof9Iou6Uj9/CyUqyezeLIwS7swQGU4BiqcAE1qAMBBffwCE/OrfPgPDsv09E5Z7azA9/gvH4AU5OSaQ==</latexit> Piecewise-constant 13 FPQA = Efficient Problem Encoding Choose possible locations Create an atomic twin Excite atoms to find answer! How to optimally cover Boston with coffee shops? 12 FPQA = Parallelization 15 Summary Architecture Analog operation Digital operation Rb FPQA paradigm Hardware constraints 16 Learning objectives Now you are able to: • • • • Explain how neutral atoms can be used as a platform for quantum computing Distinguish analog and digital (gate-based) quantum computing Define field-programmable qubit arrays and exemplify some of their advantages Describe Aquila’s programming range • its Hamiltonian and controllable parameters, limitations of service 17