UNIT 1-2
Convergent-Into Each Other, Ocean to ocean, continent to continent, ocean to continent(subduction)
Transform-Move Along Divergent-Move Apart
Earthquakes-Occur at every tectonic boundary
Volcanic-Divergent, Ocean-Continent Convergent, Ocean-Ocean Convergent
Landslide/Flooding-Occur mainly at subduction zone, Meteor(Fe, Si, O) Impacts don't follow patterns
Oceanic lithosphere is denser than Continental lithosphere
Active margin is on edge of continent called plate boundary, passive is not
Lithosphere-rigid solid-O.Si,Al,Ca,Na Asthenosphere-weak plastic solid,-O,Mg,Si Lower Mantl
e-strong plastic solid-O,Mg,Si. Occurs in the lithosphere
Outer Core-liquid-Fe,Ni Inner Core-solid-Fe,Ni,S Rheology- study of rocks when hot
Energy within the Earth comes from radiogenic heat (radiation) and primordial heat (heat from creation)
Chelyabinsk, Russia(big meteor, airburst 2013)
The Chicxulub crater is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico (66 MYA)
Sudbury Impact Crater In Ontario Canada 1.85 Billion Years ago (Major Nickel and Copper Mine)
Earth's materials is governed by v heat, pressure, and composition
UNIT 3-4-6
Elastic Rebound-The rock becomes distorted, or bent, but holds its position until the earthquake occurs
, and the rock snaps back into an unstrained position, releasing energy that produces seismic waves
Elastic Deformation - first build up of strain. Hanging wall moves down, footwall moves up
Stress- Force applied - - - Strain - the response from stress. P Waves - vertical jolt. S waves - secondary
runoff and Surface waves Compression stress = Convergent. Extensional stress = divergent. Slip/strike is
the same as Shear stress = transform. Magnitude is calculated using three measurements: rock rigidity
(strength), amount of slip on the fault (offset of rocks), and rupture area of fault (area of fault that moved)
Liquification - Destabilization of soil or sand when groundwater is removed. Wavelength gets shorter
As it gets closer to shore. ONLY SOME EARTHQUAKES CAUSE TSUNAMIS AND DONT CREST
(Slope of the seafloor - shallow vs. steep Topography of the shoreline - flat vs. steep. 524M highest wave
Offshore barriers present? Rivers present? Urban area (buildings and narrow streets) Vegetation present?)
Run up height is contributed to^.... Faults are fractures upon which the rocks have moved. WIND DOES WAVES
Wave height is the height of the wave before it breaks; flow depth is the depth of the water on land
UNIT 5
Eruption of basalt - the most common type of lava on Earth…Highly explosive volcanic eruptions are driven by
the rapid exsolution of gases that were dissolved in high viscosity melt Eruption of Carbonatite - an
unusual carbon-based lava Carbonatite-Flows Faster and is 500-600 Degree C Basalt-1100-1250 Degree C
and Basalt is more viscous Viscosity- defined as the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency,
due to internal friction. Oceanic Hotspots - Basaltic lava Mafic contains mostly FE and MG (iron and
magnesium)\ More time between eruptions makes lava for FELSIC// Aerosols in the stratosphere reflect the
sun’s light/// Spreading Ridges-(mid atlantic ridge - decompression, melting.) Oceanic Hotspots- (hawaii decompressing, melting) Subduction zones (western south africa - melting through adding of volatiles - ocean
to continent convergent) Continental hot spots - (yellowstone - decompression melting and melting through
adding of heat) Continental Rifts - (East african rift (somalia) decompression melting, addition of heat) All
Volcanoes ERUPT (lava flow), some EXPLODE(primary felsic but all can)
UNIT 7
The larger the developed area, the greater the flood potential IF mitigation is not part of the plan.
Destruction of prairie land or wetlands increases flood severity
More pavement and concrete causes less infiltration of water into the ground. No planning means no mitigation.
Discharge(m^3/s)=Cross-sectional area(m^3) x Velocity(m/s)
Hurricanes form when warm moist air over water begins to rise. The rising air is replaced by cooler air.
This process continues to grow large clouds and thunderstorms.
Hurricanes also form around low pressure areas and are blocked or repelled by high pressure
Regonial (long curve) Flash (fast spike)