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CHAPTER II

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VARIABLES:
1. Sleeping Hours of Students
2. Screen Time of Students
CHAPTER II
Due to the COVID - 19 pandemic, children, or mainly the students, are
always using their phones, laptops, or their computers. These technologies have
become their assistant or companion in their everyday lives and daily learning.
Students are now doing Online Distance Learning (ODL), and this means they are
in for a ride of a long screen time. Every morning, students wake up, get ready for
school, then open their laptops or phones to be ready for their online classes.
Students from the Junior High School have 2 – 4 hours of screen time or classes,
but after those classes, students are still using their laptops or phones. They have
assignments and things to do that their teachers told them to do, and sometimes
they are staying up late to submit their assignments, talk to their friends or play
video games.
On September 3, 2020, the Department of Education set a prescribed screen
time for the students and teachers to follow. These screen times were based on the
suggested guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the World
Health Organization (WHO). The suggested screen times for Junior High School
students from Grade 7 – 8 is in a maximum of 2 hours, and for the students of
Grade 9 – 10 is in a maximum of 4 hours, 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in
the afternoon.
According to Dr. Joanna Cooper, M.D., the bright light from the screens
triggers a part of our brain, that can delay our transition to sleep. In the evening our
brain is too busy because of the things we do, watching the television, chatting
with friends, or playing online games. Not getting enough sleep or having ongoing
sleep deprivation, can cause someone to have excessive daytime drowsiness, lack
of concentration, and having troubles performing their everyday activities.
Children's sleep disorders are a widespread issue that can affect their health
and well-being. With the rise in popularity of electronic devices such as portable
tablets and smartphones in the twenty-first century, children are spending
significantly more time in front of a screen, but the influence of this development
on children's sleep disorders has received little attention thus far. The increased
usage of electronic gadgets for study, leisure, and social networking offers several
advantages. Experts, on the other hand, are growing increasingly worried about the
impact of blue light from these electronic gadgets on the sleep-wake cycle. Two
out of every three teens sleep less than the required amount regularly, and screen
time may be to blame for sleep deprivation and other issues.
Teenagers' screen use has been connected to a variety of sleeplessness
symptoms. Screen time pushes out bedtime by delaying the production of
melatonin, resulting in less restful sleep. Because the majority of teenagers have
fixed school start schedules, sleeping later frequently leads to less total sleep and
greater next-day drowsiness. Over time, chronically late workday bedtimes and
weekend catch-up sleep disturb the circadian rhythm.
There is significant controversy about whether screen usage promotes
insomnia in teenagers or whether kids who have difficulties sleeping are just more
prone to use devices at night. To make matters worse, excessive smartphone usage
has been related to depression and anxiety symptoms, both of which are risk
factors for sleeplessness. Sleep deprivation, screen time, and unpleasant emotions
all may work together to promote harmful habits.
However, the overall opinion is that screen time causes sleeplessness more
than vice versa. According to studies, 57% of kids who use technology in the
bedroom have sleep issues, and teens routinely report poor sleep whether they have
a television or tiny screen in the bedroom, such as a smartphone. Some specialists
feel that technologies that demand interactive usages, such as a smartphone or a
video game console, have a negative impact on sleep. Others believe that because
smartphones are held closer to the face, they may have a greater influence on
melatonin levels than television screens. Similarly, sleep tends to suffer more when
teens use screens in a dark environment, probably because their pupils are more
dilated and allow more blue light to pass through.
The more time a teenager spends each day in front of a screen, the more
likely they are to experience disrupted sleep. Additionally, using a phone to contact
others near night may result in less sleep as teenagers remain up later to await a
response. Finally, keeping a phone turned on and unmuted overnight has been
demonstrated to disrupt sleep when alarms for incoming messages awaken
teenagers.
Youth sleep deprivation can interfere with mood, emotion, and academic
performance. Teens who don't get enough sleep are more prone to clash with their
friends, and chronic sleep deprivation can lead to a weaker immune system,
despair, and suicidal thoughts. Sleep deprivation and screen time are both risk
factors for obesity, especially when screen time replaces exercise. This also
contributes to greater weariness during the day, making the students not focus in
their classes.
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the research design, the sampling technique, the
research instruments, the data gathering technique, and the statistical treatment that
will be used in the study.
Research Design
The researcher will conduct the required procedures by using a correlational
research design. Investigators will administer a survey to a sample or to the entire
population of people to describe the relationship between the screen time and
sleeping time of Junior High School students in Tanza, Cavite.
A systematic method will be used to gather data from a sample to help
identify the relationship between the screen time and sleeping time of Junior High
School students will be conducted to gather information that reflects population’s
attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and beliefs that cannot be observed directly.
Participants
The participants of the study will be selected junior high school students
from three different schools in Tanza, Cavite. The researchers will not include
senior high school students because of the difficulty in scheduling. There will be
ten junior high school students from each school. The expected participants are
students from different levels like; Grade Seven, Eight, Nine, and Ten. The gender
of the participants will be considered. There will be five male and five female
students for each chosen school. To get accurate information on the actual
experience, students (from 12 to 16 years old) will be selected.
Research Locale of the Study
The three schools are in Tanza, Cavite. The community has a population
around 312, 116 residents (as of 2020) with approximately 60, 000 high school
students and approximately 70,000 grade school students. The researcher will
choose from public and private schools. The researcher will choose students from
these schools based on two requirements, namely; their readiness in answering the
questionnaires, and their digital and sleeping experiences.
Sampling Technique
The ten students in each chosen school will be randomly selected using the
stratified sampling technique. The age, and gender are the cluster groups that will
be considered. The actual number of junior high school students will be gathered
through assistance from a teacher or from the Office of the Principal.
Names of all the qualified junior high school students will be written
separately on a piece of paper. These papers will be folded and placed inside a box
for selection. Each student from a group carries an opportunity of being chosen as
part of the sampling process. Researchers will appoint a third part to pick ten
papers or list from the box to maintain unbiased representation and procedure. This
procedure will be done to two other schools in Tanza, Cavite.
Instrument
The study will employ an on-line survey questionnaire. This process will
help researchers gather accurate data safely during the pandemic. The scheduling
and discussion of the survey procedures between the researchers and their
participants will be done using ZOOM, Facebook, or Messenger Platforms.
The questionnaire will have 10-item statements or questions. Each question
will help the researchers identify the relationship between the screen time and
sleeping time of junior high school students. The researcher will make use of
Binary Scale and Likert Scale Survey questionnaire.
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