INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
THE HUMAN BODY: ORIENTATION
Anatomy - the study of the structure and shape of the body parts & their
relationships to another. Comes from the Greek term “ana” which means apart
and “tomy” which means to cut.
DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
1. Gross Anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
- The study of large, easily observable structure (visible to naked eye)
Surface anatomy – study of superficial marking
Regional anatomy – study of specific area
Systemic anatomy – study of system
Developmental anatomy – study changes from conception to physical
maturity.
2. Microscopic Anatomy (cytology - cells, histology - tissues)
- The study of every small structure, where a magnifying glass is
needed.
Physiology - the study of how the body and parts work or function
LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL POSITION AND PLANES
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Standing erect
Feet parallel
Arms hanging at the sides
Palms facing forward
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Superficial (external) – toward or at the body surface.
Deep (internal) – away from the body surface; more internal
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Illustration:
BODY PLANES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sagittal
Mid-sagittal
Frontal or Coronal
Transverse or Axial or Horizontal
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BODY CAVITIES
- Are internal chambers holding vital organs. It protects the organs and
allow it to change it shape and size
2 TYPES OF BODY CAVITIES:
1. Dorsal Body Cavity
- Protects the nervous system
Two Subdivisions:
1. Cranial cavity - protects the brain enclosed by the skull.
2. Ventral or Spinal cavity - protects the spinal cord and runs
within the bony vertebral column
2. Ventral Body Cavity
- The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities. It houses
the internal organs collectively called viscera
Two Subdivisions:
1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity
Two parts:
a. Pelvic cavity
Diaphragm - a dome-shaped muscle below the heart and lungs that
separates the two subdivisions of ventral cavity. It is the primary muscle for
respiration.
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND QUADRANT
- Transverse and parasagittal planes divide the cavity into 9 regions.
QUADRANTS
- Are named according to their positions from the subject’s point of view.
MEMBRANES
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
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Line the internal space of organs and tubes that open to the outside,
and lines the cavity
5 TYPES OF MEMBRANES
1. Mucous Membrane aka mucosa
- Line the inside cavities that open directly to the exterior
environment. It lines the respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal,
and reproductive tracts.
2. Serous Membrane aka serosa
- Lines the cavity that do not open to the external environment.
3. Cutaneous Membrane aka skin
- Covers the entire body.
- Skin is the largest organ of the body
4. Synovial Membrane
- The junction where two bones meet is called joint.
- It secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joints to make the motion
easier.
5. Meninges
- Covers the brain. A dense connective tissue membrane
composed of three layers:
1. Dura mater - outermost
2. Arachnoid - middle layer
3. Pia mater - innermost
2 LAYERS OF SEROUS MEMBRANE:
1. Parietal membrane - a layer to line a cavity
2. Visceral layer - a layer to cover an organ
3 TYPES OF SEROUS MEMBRANE
1. Pericardial membrane
2. Pleural membrane
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
3. Peritoneal Membrane
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ORGAN SYSTEM
A group of organs working together to perform a certain function in an organism’s body.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Protects against environmental hazards, regulate body temperature, and provides sensory
information
Main Organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
2 LAYERS OF SKIN
1. EPIDERMIS - outermost layers of skin, provides waterproof barrier
2. DERMIS - beneath epidermis, contains connective tissue, sweat glands, hair follicles
Hypodermis - deeper subcutaneous tissue made of fat and connective tissue
THE EPIDERMIS/ LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS (4-5)
1. Stratum corneum - most superficial/outermost layer also known as the horny layer.
Exposed in the environment
2. Stratum lucidum - translucent thin layer of cells found palms, soles & digits
3. Stratum granulosum - grainy appearance due to further changes in keratinocytes
4. Stratum spinosum - spiny in appearance due to protruding cell processes that join the
cells via a structure called desmosome.
5. Stratum basale - aka Stratum germinativum deepest epidermal layer & attaches the
epidermis to basal lamina
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Merker cells - essential for light touch sensation
DERMIS
- “Core” of the integumentary system. It contains blood, lymph vessels,
nerves and other structures such as hair follicles and sweat glands
HAIR
- Has three major parts: shaft, follicles, root.
Follicle - embedded in the skin. Reproduces stem cells to make
keratinocytes which eventually form hair while melanocytes which produces
melanin which is responsible for skin color.
Root - push up the hair until it exits the skin
Shaft - part of the hair that exited the skin
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
NAIL
- Is a plate of keratin that lies on the tip of the fingers and toes.
PARTS OF THE NAIL
Root - called the germinal matrix.
Produces most of the volume of the nail
and nail bed. Lunula is the white
crescent shaped structure.
Nail bed - called the sterile matrix.
Contains blood vessels, nerves, and
melanocytes,
Nail plate- the actual fingernail. Made
of translucent keratin.
Hyponichium - free edge of the nail
Perinychium - the skin that overlies the
nail plate on the side. It is also known as
the paronychial edge
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- A system made of muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments that provide
movement, form and strength, heat production and protection
Main Organ: Skeletal muscles and associated tendons & aponeuroses
Function: provides movement, generates heat and maintains body
temperature.
BONES
- Form the skeleton and support the body and protect vital organs.
- They create blood cells and store calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
206 bones makes the adult skeleton
5 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
CARTILAGE AND BONES
Cartilage - a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that
protects the end of long bones and joints
Joints - also called articulations. It is formed when two or more bones
meet.
There are 400 joints in the human body.
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
1. Fibrous joints - bones held together by connective tissues
2. Cartilaginous joints - bones held together by cartilage
3. Synovial joints - bones separated by a joint cavity
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
HUMAN SKELETON
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
TYPES OF MUSCLES
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- Also known as the Circulatory system. An organ system that permits blood
to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones
MAIN ORGANS:
heart, blood, blood vessels
BLOOD VESSELS
- the main function is to transport blood around the body.
- controls blood pressure
- closed pathway that carries blood from the heart to cells and back to
heart
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERY AND ARTERIOLES
- Strongest of the blood vessel (artery)
- Carry blood away from the heart
- Under high pressure
Vasoconstriction (Systole) - the constriction of blood vessels, which
increases blood pressure.
Vasodilation (diastole)- widening of blood vessels. Relaxation of
smooth muscles
Arterioles -smallest branches of arteries.
Aorta- takes blood from the heart to the body. Largest artery in the body
Coronary arteries - supplies blood to the heart muscle
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
MAJOR ARTERIES
VEINS AND VENULES
Veins - carry deoxygenated blood in the body
Venules - smaller vessels formed when capillaries merge
Superiors/Inferior vena cava - largest veins in the body
Valves - allow blood to flow in one direction. It prevent the backflow
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MAJOR VEINS
MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
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CAPILLARIES
- Branches of arterioles and is the smallest type of blood vessel. Only 1
layer thick. It connects the arterioles to venules
- It facilitates the exchange of certain elements between your blood and
tissues.
THE HEART
- A muscular organ that is about the size of your fist.
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
HEART COVERINGS
1. Pericardium - covers the heart and
large blood vessels attached to the
heart
2. Visceral Pericardium - innermost
layer. Directly on the heart
3. Parietal Pericardium - layer on top
of the visceral pericardium
HEART WALLS
1. Epicardium - outermost layer
2. Myocardium
middle
layer/
primary cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium - innermost layer.
Thin and smooth muscle that
stretches when the heart pumps
THE HEART CHAMBERS
1. Atria - receiving chambers (Right
and left atrium)
2. Ventricles - discharging chambers (Right and left ventricles)
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
HOW DOES BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
FOUR STEPS:
1. The right atrium receives
oxygen-poor blood from the
body and pumps it to the right
ventricle through the tricuspid
valve.
2. The right ventricle pumps the
oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
through the pulmonary valve.
3. The
left
atrium
receives
oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs and pumps it to the left
ventricle through the mitral
valve.
4. The left ventricle pumps the
oxygen-rich blood through the
aortic valve out to the rest of
the body.
TWO TYPES OF BLOOD
CIRCULATION
1. Pulmonary circulation - deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle via
the right and left pulmonary artery
2. Systemic circulation - oxygenated blood is pumped from the left side of
the heart from the left ventricle to the aorta
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
- A group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of heart that send
signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract
Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
- located in the right atrium near the entrance of superior vena cava.
- the natural pacemaker of the heart
- Initiate heartbeat and determines heart rate
- Stimulates atria to contract
Atrioventricular node (AV Node)
- located at the other side of right atrium near the AV valve
- Serves as electrical gateway to the ventricles
- Receives signal from SA node and passes through the AV Bundle (bundle
of His)
AV bundle (bundle of His)
- Divided into two branches (right and left bundle branches) conduct the
impulses toward the apex of the heart
- Signals are passed to purkinje fibers
Purkinje Fibers
- Network of fibers that receives conducting signals originating at the AV
nodes and simultaneously activating the left and right ventricle by
stimulating the ventricular myocardium
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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Major Organ: Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Functions:
- defends against infection and diseases, returns tissue fluids to the
bloodstream
- reabsorbs interstitial fluid and returns it to the venous circulation, and
prevents this fluid from rising out of control
- transport dietary lipids through lacteal drain into larger lymphatic vessel
and eventually to the bloodstream
- lymphocyte development and the immune response
LYMPH VESSELS
1. Lymphatic capillaries - sites of lymph fluid collection
2. Lymphatic collecting vessels - receives lymph fluid from capillaries
3. Lymphatic trunks - any large lymph vessel
TYPES OF LYMPH TRUNKS:
1. Jugular lymph trunks, located in the neck, drain lymph
fluid from the cervical lymph nodes of the neck.
2. Subclavian lymph trunks, located beneath the clavicle,
drain lymph fluid from the apical lymph nodes around
the armpit, which carry lymph from the arms.
3. Bronchomediastinal lymph trunks, located in the chest,
drain lymph fluid from the lungs, heart, trachea,
mediastinal, and mammary glands.
4. Lumbar lymph trunks are the lower pair of lymph trunks
that drain lymph fluid from the legs, pelvic region, and
kidneys.
5. Intestinal lymph trunk is the unpaired lymph trunk that
receives chyle (lymph mixed with fats) from the
intestines. Chyle typically has a high fatty acid content.
4. Lymphatic ducts - largest lymph vessel. It receives the lymph from the
lymph trunks. It has two types:
1. Right lymphatic duct - drains lymphatic fluid from the right thoracic
cavity, the right arm, and from the right side of the head and neck
2. Thoracic duct - the largest lymph vessel in the body, takes lymph
from the lower and left halves of the body
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
LYMPH NODES
- Small glands that filter lymphs.
- This is where bacteria are phagocytes and
immune cells monitor the fluid for foreign
antigens
SPLEEN
- The largest lymphatic organ.located between the
stomach and diaphragm
- Red pulp contains all elements for circulating
blood
- White pulp is similar to lymphatic nodules
- It filters the blood and stores WBC and platelets
THYMUS
GLAND
- Located behind the sternum. It is divided into
two lobes (left and right)
- It is responsible for t-lymphocytes maturation
enabling them to function against specific
pathogens
- The development of thymus in infant is
conspicuous, while during the puberty it
reaches its maximum size while it decreases in
size during maturity
TONSILS
- Multiple groups of lymphatic nodules
- Located at the mucous membrane and the pharyngeal cavities
- It protects the body against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
- Each tonsil consists of network of crypts that store cells used to fight
infection
1. Palatine tonsils - posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx (2 sides)
2. Pharyngeal tonsils - posterior wall of nasopharynx (upper)
3. Inguinal tonsils - base of the tongue (under)
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PEYER’S PATCHES
- Found in the lining of the small intestine.
- Isolated cluster of lymphatic tissue similar to tonsils
- It destroys bacteria preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
- It generates “memory” lymphocytes for long-term immunity
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
alveoli
MAJOR ORGANS: nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
FUNCTIONS:
- delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
- provides oxygen to the bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
- produces sound for communication
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS:
1. Gas exchange - oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves
2. Regulation of blood pH
3. Voice production
4. Olfaction - sense of smell occurs when airborne molecules are drawn to
nasal cavity
5. Protection - against microorganism by preventing entry & removing
them from respiratory surfaces
EVENTS OF RESPIRATION
1. Breathing moves air in and out of lungs
2. External respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and the blood
3. Gas transport moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and
body tissues
4. Internal respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between blood and body tissues
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
TWO PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Upper respiratory - filters warm air and moistens air
2. Lower respiratory - exchanges gases
UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
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Nasal cavity - produces mucus. It filters warm air and moisten air.
Olfaction
● Sinuses- found in the skull cavity that also warms and moistens the air
● Pharynx- passageway for air and food
Respiratory muscles causes breathing. The intercoastal muscles moves ribs
during breathing.
Diaphragm is the muscle sheet between chest and abdominal cavities and it has
a role in breathing.
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Larynx, bronchi, broncholes, epiglotis, lungs, trachea, alveoli
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Epiglottis- covers larynx during swallowing
Pharynx- passageway for air and food
Larynx - air passageway, prevents food and drink from entering the
respiratory system, voice box
Trachea - connects larynx with bronchi leading to each lung. Conducts air
to and from bronchi
Bronchi- two branches of trachea that conducts air from trachea to the
lungs
Bronchioles- narrow passageways to conduct air from bronchi to alveoli
Lungs- structures that contain alveoli and air passageways. It allows
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between atmosphere and blood
Alveoli- microscopic chambers for gas exchange
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LOBES OF THE LUNGS
3 lobes in the
right
2 lobes in the left
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Ingestion - the act of eating or putting food in the mouth
2. Digestion - mechanical and chemical breakdown of the food into small
particles
3. Absorption - nutrients and water are absorbed from the small molecules
of digested food
4. Elimination - removal of undigested food and other wastes from the
body
2 TYPES OF DIGESTION
1. Mechanical - food is physically broken down into small pieces (chewing)
2. Chemical (mouth, stomach, small intestine) - digestive enzymes break
food into smaller, microscopic molecules
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
TWO MAIN PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PROCESS IN DIGESTION:
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THE SMALL INTESTINE
THE LARGE INTESTINE
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URINARY SYSTEM
MAJOR ORGANS: kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra
FUNCTIONS:
- excretes waste product in the blood
- Removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes
- Maintain the normal concentration of water and electrolytes (pH level)
KIDNEYS
- Remove substances from the blood forming urine. Regulates wastes and
electrolyte balance
URETER
- Tubes that propel urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder
URINARY BLADDER
- Holds urine for disposal through urethra
URETHRA
- Allows for urination/excretion and ejaculation for males
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Urinary Sphincter - is a natural orifice or a muscle that controls that flow of the
urine
Renal vein - carries filtrated blood from kidney to the heart
Renal artery - carries blood from heart to kidney
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MAJOR ORGANS: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, penis, scrotum
FUNCTION: produces male cells (sperm) and hormones
MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT:
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MAJOR ORGANS: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris,
mammary glands
FUNCTION: produces egg cells (oocytes), provides milk, supports
developing embryo from conception to delivery
OVARIES
- two small solid oval structures, located in the pelvic cavity. Produces
hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
- At birth mose female ovaries contain between 200,000 to 400,000
immature ova in each ovary.
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
FALLOPIAN TUBES (OVIDUCTS)
- Connected to uterus and lie close to ovaries
- It serves as the site of fertilization, and propel egg to uterus
UTERUS
- About 3 inch long
- It has three parts:
1. Fundus (upper)
2. Body (middle)
3. Cervix (lower)
- And has 3 layers
CERVIX
- Entrance to the uterus.
- Path where the sperms
swims
- Also holds the baby in the
uterus
VAGINA
- Birth canal
- Receptacle of penis
CLITORIS
- Sensitive organ. Responsible for female stimulation
EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Also known as external genitalia
VULVA
- Consist of mons pubis,
clitoris, labia minora, labia
majora, perineum
BARTHOLIN’S GLAND
- Secretes a fluid into the
vagina. It serves as a
lubricant for females.
- Found near labia minora
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
TABLE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
MAJOR ORGANS: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
FUNCTIONS:
- Controls all of your body activities
- Stores memory
- Directs immediate response to stimuli
2 MAJOR DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain, spinal cord
- Sensory input
2. Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
- Nerves
- Motor output
3 SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS:
1. Receives sensory input
2. Perform integration of all output
3. Generates motor output
MOTOR DIVISION
- Carries motor commands from the
CNS to peripheral tissues and
systems. It includes, SNS and ANS
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Controls skeletal muscle contraction (voluntary muscles)
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Provides automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands,
adipose tissue
RECEPTORS - sensory structures that detect changes in internal or external
EFFECTORS - target organ whose activities change in response to neural
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
MAJOR ORGANS: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland,
gonads, endocrine tissues
FUNCTIONS:
- Second messenger of the body
- Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into blood
- Controls homeostasis body’s stable internal condition
HORMONES - a chemical that is produced by the body and has specific regulatory
effect on target cell or organ
EXOCRINE GLAND- release their secretions into ducts or tubes
Liver - creates bile and released into gallbladder then through the duct into
the small intestine
Pancreas - releases pancreatic juice into small intestine via duct
ENDOCRINE GLANDs are called ductless glands. Release hormones directly to
the bloodstream. Blood transports hormone throughout the body
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
ENDOCRINE HORMONES
Gland
Thyroid
Hormones
Functions
Thyroxine
Regulates metabolism
Calcitonin
Inhibits release of calcium from the bones
Parathyroids
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.
Islet cells (in the
pancreas)
Insulin
Decreases blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose by cells.
Glucagon
Increases blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in
the liver.
Testes
Testosterone
Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex
characteristics.
Ovaries
Estrogen
Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex
characteristics.
Progesterone
Prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
Adrenal cortex
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Stimulates “fight or flight” response.
Causes blood vessels to narrow
Adrenal medulla
Glucocorticoids
Part of stress response, increase blood glucose levels and
decrease immune response.
Aldosterone
Regulates sodium content in the blood.
Testosterone (in both sexes)
Adult body form (greater muscle mass), libido.
Melatonin
Sleep cycles, reproductive cycles in many mammals.
Pineal gland
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
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GLANS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM
-
Also known as hematopoietic system consist of blood, blood vessels, and
blood forming organs (bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, thymus)
BLOOD
- A fluid of connective tissue that circulates around the body. It makes up
to 7% of body weight (about 5.6 liters in a 72 kg man) less in women,
greater in children
FUNCTION OF THE BLOOD
1. Main function is to maintain intercellular homeostasis.
-it carries O2 nutrients to the cells
-it carries CO2 and other wastes away from the cell
2. Production of defense
3. Self repair mechanism
BLOOD COMPONENTSPHARYNX
1. PLASMA - nonliving extracellular matrix about 55% of blood volume
2. FORMED ELEMENTS - about 42% of total blood volume
CENTRIFUGATION - a separation process which uses the centrifugal force to
promote accelerated settling of particles in a solid-liquid mixture
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CELLULAR COMPONENT
1. Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets) less than 1% of the total blood
2. Erythrocyte (RBC) - 45% of the total blood
PLASMA COMPONENTS
- Has 90-92% water
- Plasma proteins make up about 7% of plasma.
1. Albumins (about 60% of total plasma protein) responsible
for normal plasma osmotic pressure
2. Globins act as antibodies (immunoglobulins)
3. Clotting factors responsible for coagulation of blood
- Inorganic salts (electrolytes)
- Nutrients
- Waste product
- Hormones and gases
THREE TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS
1. Erythrocyte (RBC)
2. Leukocyte (WBC)
3. Platelet (Thrombocytes)
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- The body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders
LEUKOCYTES
- Circulate in the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
- They constant patrol and looking for pathogens (foreign invaders)
- WBC are restored in lymphatic organs (thymus, spleen, bone marrow,
lymph nodes)
PHAGOCYTES
- Surrounds and absorbs pathogens and break them down, effectively
eating them.
TYPES OF PHAGOCYTES
- NEUTROPHILS - most common, attacks bacteria
- MONOCYTES - largest type, attacks bacteria and viruses
- MACROPHAGES - patrol of pathogens, remove dead and dying cells
- MAST CELLS - helps heal wounds and defend against pathogen
- EOSINOPHILS - combats parasites, controls asthma and allergy
- BASOPHILS - responsible for inflammatory reactions
LYMPHOCYTES
- Help body to remember previous invaders and recognize them if they
come back
TWO TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES:
1. B-CELLS - produce antibodies and help t-cells.
2. T-CELLS - destroy compromised cells and help alert
leukocytes
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
a. Killer cells - aka cytotoxic t-lymphocytes, kills antigen
b. Helper cells - locates antigens
ANTIGEN - Any substance that can spark immune response. It can be
bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, or foreign body. Short for antibody generators
ANTIBODY - are special proteins that locks into specific antigens. They are part
of the large family of chemicals called immunoglobulins.
Antibodies lock into antigens but they do not kill it, it only mark it for death. The
killing is the job of phagocytes
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
1. Innate immunity
- First line defense of the body (skin and mucous membrane)
2. Adaptive/Acquired immunity
- Build immunity by exposure. Immunological memory
3. Passive immunity
- Borrowed immunity such as vaccines, breast milk, placenta
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE
- Abnormal immune response to a normal body part