ART APPRECIATION Lesson 1 What is Art? From Latin word ars- craft, or specialized form of skill, like carpentry or smithing or surgery. – Collingwood, 1938 - Suggest the capacity to produce an intended result from carefully planned steps or methods. Evolution of Art Medieval period - “ any special form of book learning, grammar or logic, magic or astrology” Renaissance Period - craftsmanship 17th Century - began to unfold the problem and idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty. 18th Century - “ fine arts” not delicate or highly skilled arts but “ beautiful arts” Assumption of Art Art is Universal - Art has always been timeless and universal, spanning from generations and continents through and through. Art is Not Nature - Art is man’s perception of nature, man’s way of interpreting nature, and made by man. Art is an individual’s subjective experience of nature. Art Involves Experience - Art depends on experience, and if one is to know art, he must know it not as fact or information but as experience. Lesson 2 Creativity, Imagination, and Expression Creativity - described the role of art as a creative work that depicts the world in a completely different light and perspective, and the source is due to human freedom (Greene, 1995) - Learning to appreciate art, no matter what vocation or profession you have, will lead to a fuller and more meaningful life (Collins & Riley, 1931) - A creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another artist's work. He does not imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and patterns in recreating nature. He embraces originality, puts his own flavor into his work, and calls it his own creative piece. Creativity is the driving force of all artistic processes. Imagination - “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand.”- Albert Einstein - Imagination stimulates change, and it gives us endless possibilities. Expression Robert George Collingwood - An English philosopher who is best known for his work in aesthetics explained in his publication The Principles of Art (1938) that what an artist does to emotion is not to induce it, but to express it. - Through expression, he is able to explore his own emotions and at the same time, create something beautiful out of them. Visual Art - Creations that fall under this category are those that appeal to the sense of sight and are mainly visual in nature. Film - Film refers to the art of putting together successions off still images in order to create an illusion of movement. Performance Art - Performance Art is a live art and the artist's medium is mainly the human body which he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kinds of art such as visual arts, props, or sound. Poetry Performance - An art form where the artist expresses emotions not by using paint, charcoal, or camera but expresses them through words. Architecture - Art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while architecture is the making of beautiful buildings. Dance - Is a series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment. Literary Art - Artists who practice literary arts use words, not paint, musical instruments, or chisels to express themselves and communicate emotions to readers. Theater - Uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience. Applied Art - Incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their aesthetic value. Lesson 3 Function and Philosophical Perspective on Art - According to Aristotle, every particular substance in the world had an end or telos in Greek which means purpose. - Aristotle’s view of reality is bound to achieve a life of fulfillment and happiness, or in Greek, eudaimonia. Man’s natural end, telos, is connected with his function, which is his rationality. Function of Art - An inquiry on the function of art is an inquiry on what an art is for. When it comes to function, different art forms come with distinctive functions. There is no one-to-one correspondence between an art and its function. - They are “functional in so far as they are designed to accomplish some definite end” (Dudley et al., 1960) - Functions of art are classified into three: personal (public display or expression), social (celebration or to affect collective behavior), and physical (utilitarian). Personal Function of Art - The personal functions of art are varied and highly subjective. An artist may create an art out of the form of self-expression, communicating an idea to their audience, and it can also be a mere entertainment intended for the audience. - An art may also be therapeutic. Social Function of Art - Art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a particular collective interest as opposed to a personal interest. Physical Function of Art - The physical functions of art are the easiest to spot and understand. The physical functions of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical purpose. Other Function of Art - Music as an Art Ancient Time: It is mainly for dance and religion Today: Music is made and listened to not just only for the purpose of dancing and worshiping. - Sculpture Ancient Time: Made particularly for religion. Today: Made to commemorate important figures in history. Commemorative coins for certain personalities are also manifestations of sculpting’s function. - Architecture It is where one can find the intimate connection of functions and forms. We cannot simply dismiss taking into consideration the functions and forms of an architectural structure before construction. Philosophical Function on Art Art as an Imitation - In Plato's metaphysics or view of reality, the things in this world are only copies of the original, the eternal, and the true entities that can only be found in the World of Forms. Art as a Representation - Aristotle considered art as an aid to philosophy in revealing truth. According to him all forms of art, including poetry, music, dance, painting, and sculpture, do not seek to represent reality as it is; rather, they provide a vision of what might be or the myriad possibilities in reality. Art as a Disinterested Judgment - Kant advanced the proposition that even subjective judgments are based on some universal criterion for the said judgment. For him, after perception and the free exercise of his faculties, every human being should appreciate the beauty contained in a work of art. Kant assumes that a judgment of beauty has this kind of universality. Art as a Communication of Emotion - Art, according to Leo Tolstoy, functions as a language, a communication mechanism that articulates feelings and emotions that would otherwise be unavailable to the audience. Lesson 4 Subject and Content Types of Subject ● Non-Representational Art - Non-Representational Art does not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a person, place, thing, or even a particular event . - It is stripped down to visual elements such as shapes, lines, and colors that are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even concept. ● Representational Art - Representational art or figurative art represents objects or events in the real world, usually looking easily recognizable. - Representational works are often favored because they are easier to recognize. ● Abstract Art - Abstract art exists on a continuum, from somewhat representational work, to work that is so far removed from its actual real-world appearance that it is almost impossible to easily discern what is being represented. - Abstract art is always connected to something visual from the real world. Sources and Kind of Subject Nature - Artists throughout history have explored diverse ways of representing nature: from plants or animals. Greek and Roman Mythology - If the belief system of Greeks and Romans was polytheistic with a multitude of gods and goddesses, the Judeo-Christian tradition stems from a belief in a lone creator of the universe or what is called monotheism. Religion - Guided by a host of style and techniques, various media and art forms also experimented with: ● paintings, ● frescos, ● church architecture (overall plan of the ● space, stained glass windows, tabernacles, ● and altars), ● sarcophagus, ● icons and other carvings, ● vestments, ● tapestry, ● illuminated manuscripts, and ● other sacred scriptures. Content in Art 3 Various of Meaning Factual Meaning - The most rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and understanding how these elements relate to one another. Conventional Meaning - Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using motifs, signs, and symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning. Subjective Meaning - When subjects are consulted, a variety of meanings may arise when a particular work of art is read. Lesson 5 Artist and Artisan What is an Artist? An artist is a person who performs all forms of creative arts. The specialty of an artist is that he is able to create art for the sake of art itself without needing any ulterior motives. It is believed that through art the artist can create a change in society. - An artist is a person with the talent and skills to conceptualize and make creative works. - Their art works can take many forms and fit into numerous categories, such as architecture, ceramics, digital art, drawings, mixed media, paintings, photographs, prints, sculpture, and textiles. - They are the individuals who have the desire and ability to envision, design, and fabricate the images, objects, and structures we all encounter, use, occupy, and enjoy every day. What is an Artisan? - An artist is not an artisan, and vice-versa. - An artisan is a worker who practices a trade or a craft. It is synonymous with craftsmen. - An artisan organized themselves into guilds, and these became prevalent during the Middle Ages. Each guild has a specialization or trade, like shoemakers, textiles, and glass workers, carpenters, carvers, masons, armors, and weapon makers, among others. IMPORTANCES Artist - Artists help us to express our thoughts that may not be accepted. - Artisan - Artisans make and install things for individuals, businesses, governmental and non-government organizations. As Leonardo da Vinci stated, “Art is the queen of all sciences communicating knowledge to the generations of the world. - Artisan services reduce unemployment, poverty, and social vices by providing vocational and technical skills. DIFFERENCES Artist Artisan - An artist is dedicated only to the - An artisan is essentially a manual creative sides, making visually worker who makes items with his or pleasing work only for the enjoyment her hands, and who through skill, and appreciation of the viewer, but no experience and talent can create functional value. things of great beauty as well as functional value. CHARACTERISTIC OF AN ARTIST AND AN ARTISAN Artistic Value Functional Value Object Artist - the object has a clear Artist - the object has no Artist - the object has a lot of artistic value. functional value. aesthetic value and is appreciated for this quality as Artisan - the object has an Artisan - the object has a it pleases the individual. artistic value. functional value. Artisan - the object through utilitarianism has certain aesthetic attributes to it. The Artisan and The Guild - Craftsmen and builders did not have the same principles as architects and engineers today. - Sense on how materials behaved, how the environment, light, and weather patterns affected structures, and other more intuitive principles of creation. - Experiment and luck must not also be forgotten. - Kind of formalization of craft education in which regulation was set in place. - Skills qualification was needed for an apprentice to register under a particular craft guild. - These guilds were prevalent during the Middle Ages particularly during the thirteenth to fifteenth century. Guilds Guilds were a type of social fellowship, an association structured with rules, customs, rights, and responsibilities. With a lifetime commitment to a particular trade, an artisan develops immense skills and experience in his craft. A master artisan or craftsman would then be open to hiring apprentices who would be under his tutelage and instruction. In these guilds, artistry and technology flourishes under one roof. The Artist and His Studio History of the Artist Studio ● Renaissance Period - The modern artist’s workspace has its roots in the Renaissance when masters taught apprentices in workshops. It was a time when private patrons tried to usurp the dominant influence of the Church on what artworks should look like and what they need to depict. The Bottega and Studiolo - The artist's work was carried out in the Bottega—the workroom—as opposed to the Studiolo, a word that has the sense of a study, a room for contemplation, which would be a separate space. ● 17th Century: Still Life in Slow-Drying Paint - It was inside an atelier that Flemish master Jan van Eyck made important developments in oil painting techniques, which allowed for hyper-realistic depiction of everyday objects over a slow, drawn-out process of mixing, layering and drying. ● The Development of the 19th Century - The École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts founded in Paris in 1816, launched its “exhibition program”. Known as “salons” these shows were organized quite frequently and were conceived to support academic production of art. ● 1870s: En Plein Air- The beginnings of the Industrial Revolution had an interesting ramifications for artists. Artists no longer had to wait for wealthy patrons to commission portraits before they could get to work; they could enjoy painting as an activity of edification and leisure—l'art pour l'art, or "art for art's sake"—on their own. Paint was readily available in aluminum tubes which could be purchased at a store. Other Players in The World of Art In the last century, some of the roles that have existed since the beginning of art history have been properly dealt with- ascribed with a name- and legitimized into a sophisticated network of relationships and exchanges. This network is what we call the art world. Important Players in The Art World Independent Artist - Independent artists, those outside the wing of a gallery as “stable artists”, sometimes require the assistance of an artist manager in order to manage their career and sometimes to help them in promoting themselves to the art world as well. Curator - A curator, on the other hand, is one of the most elusive of roles to pin down. Institutional curators are typically affiliated with museums and galleries, which independent or freelance curators have the leeway to move around various projects, platforms, and art spaces in a multiplicity of terms. Buyers and Collectors - Buyers are those who initially assess and survey the artwork that collectors are interested in. Buyers and collectors are those who acquire and purchase artworks for a variety of reasons: for the appreciation and enjoyment of art; for the scholarship and education opportunity it may provide (donors of study collections); for safeguard and preservation of their prosperity; for investment; for communicating a way of life/lifestyle; among others. Art Dealers - Art dealers are those whose direct hand is in the distribution and circulation of the artworks through a variety of means, such as direct sales, through galleries, and the more recent player in the Philippines, auction houses. Gallery and Museum - These are the main institutions that display, distribute, and circulate different artworks; however, they behave in different ways. The predominant role that museums are mandated to fulfill is the display of artworks for the education of the public and the appreciation of these subjects only. Production Process - The process of creating an artwork does not necessarily follow a linear progression. One of the things that must be accepted is that the arts have an anarchic dimension to them, allowing them to fully harness their creative potential. - There was a form of flexibility given to artists in terms of how to conceptualize and execute their ideas into reality. Process of Art Production Pre-Production Stage - The artist always begins with an idea that he wants to express or communicate with his audience. - Preproduction is the stage of planning almost all the components involved in artistic production, a movie, or any other performance before the action begins. Production Stage - The execution of the art may take a variety of forms such as painting, sculpture, tapestry, photography, film, a routine (dance), or a track or composition (music). Even tricky art forms such as conceptual art, which purports to be solely concerned with the ideas, take a variety of formats, and may even be harder to pull off. - Some Artworks rely on precise and skilled execution, while others need only intuition and kind of judiciousness in the manipulation of material. Post-Production Stage - Once an artwork is finished, it will then be decided on how it will be circulated not only in the art world but the many publics. The Creation of the Object Requires that it be: Seen Heard Touched Experienced - Often, it enters into a new sphere, inside the domain of museums, galleries, performance halls, theater, and other art spaces where interaction can take place. Medium and Techniques Medium - Is one of the aspects of art that directly correlates with its composition and presumed finality of the artwork. - Medium is the mode of expression in which the concept, idea, or message is conveyed. - Concrete or Tangible - for concrete works the objects physically manifest themselves for a prolonged or lasting period. - Ephemeral or Transient - it is durational Techniques - The technique of the artwork shows the level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated. It alludes to the necessity of additional tools or implements (e.g hammer and chisel may come in handy for sculptors) or consideration of time (e.g behavior of different kinds of paint especially in drying time requirements), and the specificity of the site of creation (e.g indoor or outdoor production requirements.) Engagement with Art - Exhibitions provide an opportunity for artists, their work, the arts institution, and many different publics to interact, which is unique in the art world, as most interactions are limited to two players at a time. - The most common way to engage with art is through exhibitions at museums or galleries, but there are other exhibition spaces that have opened up for artists to showcase their works. The exhibition process is an intricate sequence of events made possible by multiple individuals and groups. - Exhibitions can be long-term or temporary, solo or group, or stand-alone or site-specific. - Art engagement occurs in the classroom, studio visits, lectures, workshops, and other events, such as exhibitions, auctions, art fairs, biennials, and triennials. Publications are also a good way to introduce artwork and open it up for appreciation, critique, and analysis. Award and Citation - The arts and culture have entered a phase in which artists can be considered or nominated for awards and citations after honing their skills, establishing relevance, and gaining respect from colleagues. - Arts and culture are supported through state-initiated awards and citations, such as the Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining and - Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan. The Order of National Artists is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts, including music, dance, theater, visual arts, literature, film, broadcast arts, and architecture and allied arts. The first recipient was painter Fernando Amorsolo, who was the sole awardee in 1972. The National Artist Award is a prestigious honor given to 66 awardees across different art forms. It includes the rank and title proclaimed by the President of the Philippines, a medallion or insignia, cash awards, benefits, a state funeral and burial, a place of honor or designated area during national state functions, and recognition or acknowledgment at cultural events. The most recent conferment was in 2016. The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Treasures Award was created in 1992 under the Republic Act No. 7355. The recipients of the GAMABA are sought under the qualification of a "Manlilikha ng Bayan" who is a "citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino whose distinctive skills have been passed on to and widely practiced by the present generation". This artists' practice may fall under the following categories: folk, architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic arts, ornament, textile or fiber art, pottery and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. Incentives include a specially designed gold medallion, an initial grant of P100,000 and a P10,000 monthly stipend for life, medical and hospitalization benefits, and funeral assistance or tribute fit for a National Living Treasure. National Artist Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) Fine Arts Indigenous / Ethnic Art Represent Himself or Herself Represent their Whole Community Classical Western Art Cultural Art Lesson 6 Element of Art: Visual Lines - Defined as a moving point in space. - It has length, width, and direction. Shape and Form Shape - Height and width (two dimensional) Form - Height, width, and depth (three-dimensional) Two Broad Categories Geometric - Originate from mathematical propositions often man-made. - The shapes included here are squares, rectangles, circles, cubes, spheres, and cones. Organic - Found in nature - Irregular and asymmetrical Space - It is a sense of depth in an artwork. - Real space is three-dimensional. - Three types of space: positive space, negative space, and three-dimensional space. Positive and Negative Space - The actual object or shapes in an artwork are referred to as positive space. - The white background (space around or between those objects) is the negative space. Three-Dimensional Space - It can be imitated using different types of technique (e.g., shading). - It can be achieved in a two-dimensional work. Color - Light reflected by the objects. - It enhances the appearance of an artwork. - Creates the mood and ambiance. Color Theory by Isaac Newton Properties of Color Hue - It is the origin of colors. Types of Hue: Primary Colors - red, yellow, and blue Secondary Colors - green, orange, and violet Tertiary Colors - formed by mixing primary and secondary colors; six colors. Value - It is the lightness and darkness of colors. Examples of Value: Light colors - source of light Dark Colors - absence of light Range of Value: Tint - lighter color than the normal value. Shade - darker color than the normal value. Intensity - It is the color's brightness or dullness. Types of Intensity: Bright or warm colors - positive energy Dull or cool colors - sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm Color Harmonies Monochromatic harmonies - use any one color along with tints (white), shade (black), and tone (gray). Complementary harmonies - uses two colors opposite each other in the color wheel. Analogous harmonies - uses two colors beside each other in the color wheel. Texture - Experience through the sense of touch. This element makes the artwork tactile. Types of Texture: Texture in the two-dimensional plane - It can be done using different techniques or a combination of the other elements. It is a visual texture that can be described by words. Surface texture - It is the texture of an actual object. Plane and Perspective Picture Plane - Actual surface. - Two-dimensional. Linear Perspective - It is a technique used to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface. Vanishing point - Point of disappearance - Where parallel lines meet Three Types of Perspective - One-Point Perspective - Two-Point Perspective - Three-Point Perspective Elements of Art: Auditory - It is an art that is heard at one particular time. - Example: Music, Hunting, Rituals, Sing and Dance Music It is having the capacity to transcend barriers, even that of differences in language or conventions in sound. Different demographics, groups, and individuals may have specific preferences as to the genre of music. However, in order to establish this preference, listeners often take to its elements for its evaluation. Common Elements of Music Rhythm - The pulse of music Tempo - The speed (beat/second) Beat - Basic unit of music Meter - Arrangement of music Timbre - Tone of music Texture - refers to the individual musical lines (melodies) and the type of layers, and their relatedness in a composition is the texture of music. It may be: ● Monophonic - single melodic lines ● Polyphonic - two or more " ● Homophonic -main melody accompanied by chords. Classical terms for Variation of Tempo: Largo - slowly and broadly Andante - walking pace Moderato - at moderate speed Allegro - fast Vivace - lively Accelerando - gradually speeding up Rallentando - gradually slowing down Allargando - getting slower, broadering Rubato - literally “robbed time”, rhythm is played freely for expressive effect Dynamics - Refers to the loudness or quietness of the music. Classical Term of different levels: Pianissimo [pp] - very quiet Piano [p] - quiet Mezzo-piano [mp] - moderately quiet Mezzo-forte [mf] - moderately loud Forte [f] - loud Fortissimo [ff] - very loud When composers indicate an increase, or decrease in loudness, they use the term crescendo for the former, or decrescendos or diminuendo for the latter. Melody - It is the linear/horizontal presentation of pitch (the highness or lowness of a musical sound). Harmony - It is the verticalization of pitch. Often, harmony is thought of as the art of combining pitches into chords. Principles of Art - refers to the fundamental concepts and guidelines that artists use to create works of art. They are essential in providing structure and organization to a piece of artwork, ensuring that it is aesthetically pleasing and visually appealing. Some of the principles of art include balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm, unity, and proportion. These principles are not rigid rules but rather flexible tools that artists use to create works of art that communicate their intended message effectively. Balance - This principle refers to the distribution of the visual elements in view of their placement in relation to each other. 3 Forms of Balance: A. Symmetrical - the elements used on one side are reflected to the other. This offers the most stable visual sense to any artwork. B. Asymmetrical - the elements are not the same (or of the same weight) on each side, putting the heaviness on one side. C. Radial - there is a central point in the composition, around which elements and objects are distributed. Scale and Proportion - Scale pertains to the size in relation to what is normal for the figure or object in question. Proportion can be: A. Natural - relates to the realistic size of the visual elements in the artwork, especially for figurative artworks. When it is the accuracy in relation to the real world that the artist is after, this is now referred to as the principle of scale. B. Exaggerated - refers to the unusual size relations of visual elements, deliberately exaggerating the immensity or minuteness of an object. In relation to this, there are notions in scale that differentiate when an element is smaller than expected (diminutive), and when something appears to be larger than what is presumed (monumental). C. Idealized - most common to those that follow canons of perfection, the sizerelations of elements or objects, which achieve the most ideal size-relations. Emphasis and Contrast Emphasis - allows the attention of the viewer to a focal point(s), accentuating or drawing attention to these elements or objects. Contrast - is the disparity between the elements that figure into the composition. One object may be made stronger compared to other objects (hence, emphasis). This can be done in many ways using the elements of art. Unity and Variety - Unless intended to be otherwise, compositions are intended to imbue a sense of accord or completeness from the artwork. This is unity. Harmony - Like unity and variety that related to the principle of harmony, In which the elements or objects achieve a sense of flow and interconnectedness Movement - This refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes through the artwork, often guided by areas or elements that are emphasized. These focal points can be lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of art, among others. Rhythm - This is created when an element is repeated, creating implied movement. Variety of repetition helps invigorate rhythm as depicted in the artwork. Repetition and Pattern - Lines, shapes, colors, and other elements may appear in an artwork in a recurring manner. This is called repetition. In addition, the image created out of repetition is called pattern. Combined Art and Hybrid Art Combined Art - refers to skills, techniques, or creative processes that are put together to produce interesting and innovative compositions. These are events that incorporate a range of media or elements that may be seen and heard, as well as exist in both place and time. (Ex. dance, theater, and musical play) Combined arts is where different artforms interact and create something new and exciting across outdoor arts, carnival, festivals, spectacle, interdisciplinary work, live art and participatory and social art practice. Diverse City - Creating the world’s first professional integrated circus company - Make extraordinary shows that represent the world as it actually is. - To break barriers and transform performance to change the lives of performers, audiences and communities. Hybrid Art - It is a form of modern art that focuses on the scientific and the technical aspects. Artists incorporate photography, cinema, radio, television, computers, and the internet into their artistic methods, resulting in a hybrid of media art. REGENERATIVE RELIQUARY - Bioprinted scaffold in the shape of a human hand design 3D printed in a biodegradable pegda hydrogel that disintegrates over time. The sculpture is installed in a bioreactor, with the intention that human Mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs from an adult donor) seeded onto that design will eventually grow into tissue and mineralize into bone along that scaffold. DIGITAL ART - Digital art refers to any artistic work or practice that uses digital technology as part of the creative or presentation process. Relevancy of Combined Art and Hybrid Art - They both need a great deal of experience, skills, and abilities in order to generate a final product. Artists may work with production businesses to make money while expressing their creativity and abilities.