‘O’ Level Physics Formula Sheet
Measurements
Base SI Units
Kg
m
s
A
K
mol
Number Prefix
n (10-9)
µ (10-6)
m (10-3)
c (10-2)
d (10-1)
K (103)
M (106)
SI Unit for mass: Kilogram
SI Unit for length: metre
SI Unit for time: second
SI Unit for current: Ampere
SI Unit for Temperature: Kelvin
SI Unit for Amount of substance: molar
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
Kilo
Mega
Kinematics
Dynamics
Newton’s Third Law
Resolving forces
Fhorizontal = Fr cos Ө
Fvertical = Fr sin Ө
A body continues to stay in its state
of rest or uniform motion in a
straight line as long as there is no
net force/moment acting on the
body.
The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
For every force object A acts
on object B, object B will exert an
equal and opposite
force on object A giving rise to
Reaction/Normal Forces
Fr
Fvertical
Ө
Fhorizontal
Mass, Weight, Density
w = Weight
m = mass
g = gravitational field strength
ρ = density
m = mass
V = volume
Weight
w = mg
Density
m
ρ=
V
Turning effect of Force
Moment of Force
M=Fd
1
P = Pressure
F = Force over area, A
A = Area
P = Pressure
ρ = density,
h = height of liquid column
g = gravitational field strength.
Energy, Work and Power
∆d = total distance travelled (area under
speed-time graph)
∆x = total displacement
Average Velocity ∆t = total time taken
∆v = change in velocity
v = ∆x/∆t
Velocity (slope of displacement-time graph)
Acceleration
Acceleration (slope of velocity-time graph)
a = ∆v/∆t
v = u + at
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
x = ut + ½ at2
t = time
v2 = u2 + 2ax
a = acceleration
x = displacement
h = height
vfree fall = �2𝑔ℎ
g = gravitational constant = 9.81 m/s2
Newton’s Second Law
F= ma
Pressure
Pressure
F
𝐏=
A
Pressure of liquid
column
P = hρg
Work Done
W = Fd
Average Speed
s = ∆d / ∆t
Newton’s First Law
∑ 𝐹⃑= 0 at equilibrium
For a body in rotational
Principle of Moment
Σ Anticlockwise Moment equilibrium,
= Σ Clockwise Moment Sum of ACW Moment = sum of
CW Moment
M = Moment
F = force
d = ⊥ distance from force to pivot
Power
P = W/t = Fv
Kinetic Energy
1
𝐄𝐤 = mv 2
2
Gravitational Potential
Energy
Ep = mgh
Conservation of Energy
E1 = E2
W = work done
F= force
d= distance in direction of force
Work done per unit time, t
Ek = Kinetic Energy
m = mass
v = velocity
g = gravity =9.81 m/s
h = height
m = mass
E1 = Total Energy Before
E2 = Total Energy After
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed. It can only be
transformed or converted into other
forms.
Kinetic Model of Matter
Ideal Gas Law
PV ∞ T
P1V1 = P2V2
P = pressure of fixed mass of gas
V = volume occupies by fixed mass
of gas
T = Temperature of gas
Subscript 1 = initial state
Subscript 2 = final state
Thermal Properties of Matter
Specific Heat Capacity c = Specific heat capacity (Energy
required to raise the temperature of
E = m c ∆T
1kg of the object by 1 °C)
m = mass
∆T = change in temperature.
Lfusion = latent heat of fusion (Energy
Latent Heat
required to change 1kg of solid to
For melting,
liquid at the constant temp)
E = m Lfusion
Lvaporization = latent heat of
vaporization (Energy required to
For boiling,
change 1kg of liquid to gas at the
E = m Lvaporization
constant temp)
m = mass
General Wave Properties
Wave Velocity
v=fλ
Wave frequency
1
f=
T
v = velocity of a wave
f = frequency
λ = wavelength
T = Period
f = frequency
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‘O’ Level Physics Formula Sheet
Light
Practical Electricity
Law of Reflection
Өi = Өr
Normal
Electric Power
Өi
2
P = VI = V2/R = I R
Өi = angle of incidence
Өr= angle of reflection
Snell’s Law (refraction)
Normal
n1Sin Өi = n2Sin Өr
Өi
Өi = angle of incidence
Өr = angle of refraction
Critical angle
Өr
Electrical Energy
E = Pt = (VI)t
n1 = refractive index 1
Electromagnetism
Өr
n2 = refractive index 2
Normal
n2
sin 𝚯𝐜 =
n1
Өc
(special case of Snell’s
law where Өr = 90°)
n1 = refractive index 1
(n of air ≈ 1)
Magnification
hi
di
𝐌=
=
ho do
Transformer
Vp Np
=
Vs Ns
(ideal transformer)
VPIP = VsIs
Right hand grip
V = voltage
N = number of coils
I = current
Subscript p = primary coil
Subscript s = secondary coil
n2 = refractive index 2
c = speed of light in vacuum.
v = speed of light in medium
Higher reflective index of a
medium means light travel slower
in the medium
M = magnification
h = height
d = distance from lens
Subscript i = image
Subscript o = object
Refractive Index
c
𝐧=
v
P = Power
V = voltage
R = resistance
I = current
E = energy output
P = power
t = time
V = voltage
I = current
Fleming’s Right Hand
Rule
Current of Electricity
Current = rate of flow of charges
Q = Charge
t=time
V = voltage,
R = resistance
I = current
ρ = resistivity
L = length of wire
A = cross sectional area
Current
I = Q / ∆t
Ohm’s Law
Resistance
R=V/I
Resistance of a wire
R = ρL/A
Fleming’s Left Hand
Rule
D.C. Circuits
Kirchoff’s 1st Law
� Iin = � Iout
Kirchoff’s 2nd Law
� V = E. M. F
Conservation of charges.
∑ Iin = Sum of current going into a
junction
∑ Iout = Sum of current going out
of a junction
∑ V = Sum of potential difference V
across all components in a circuit
E.M.F = Voltage supplied by the
power supply.
Resistance in Series
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
Resistance in Parallel
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
R total R1 R 2 R 3
2
Prepared by etuitionx
(http:/physictuition.blogspot.com)
I
R1
R2
R3
V
R1
R2
R3
References
1. PHYSICS Ordinary Level (Syllabus 5058)
2. Education Haven (http://matchtutor.com.sg)
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